Investigating ultrastructural morphology in MIRAGE syndrome (SAMD9)-derived fibroblasts using transmission electron microscopy.

Federica Buonocore; Monika Balys; Glenn Anderson; John C. Achermann

doi:10.12688/f1000research.129559.1

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Research Article

Investigating ultrastructural morphology in MIRAGE syndrome (SAMD9)-derived fibroblasts using transmission electron microscopy.

[version 1; peer review: 3 approved with reservations]

Federica Buonocore ¹, Monika Balys², Glenn Anderson², John C. Achermann¹

PUBLISHED 10 Feb 2023

Author details Author details

¹ Genetics and Genomic Medicine Research and Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
² Histopathology Department, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK

Federica Buonocore
Roles: Conceptualization, Data Curation, Formal Analysis, Investigation, Project Administration, Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing

Monika Balys
Roles: Methodology, Resources, Writing – Review & Editing

Glenn Anderson
Roles: Formal Analysis, Methodology, Resources, Validation, Writing – Review & Editing

John C. Achermann
Roles: Conceptualization, Funding Acquisition, Investigation, Project Administration, Resources, Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing

OPEN PEER REVIEW

REVIEWER STATUS

This article is included in the UCL Child Health gateway.

This article is included in the University College London collection.

This article is included in the Advances in Fibroblast Research collection.

Abstract

Background: Heterozygous de novo variants in the gene SAMD9 cause the complex multisystem disorder, MIRAGE syndrome. Patients are characterised by myelodysplasia, infections, growth restriction, adrenal insufficiency, gonadal dysfunction and enteropathies. Pathogenic variants in SAMD9 are gain-of-function and enhance its role as a growth repressor, leading to growth restriction of many tissues. Two studies have reported changes in skin fibroblasts derived from MIRAGE patients, more specifically identifying enlarged endosomes. We have also previously shown subtle changes in endosome size in patients’ fibroblasts compared to controls. However, these variations in endosomes were not as marked as those described in the literature.
Methods: We have performed an observational study using transmission electron microscopy (EM) in a larger number of cells derived from three patients’ fibroblasts to assess ultrastructure morphology compared to control images.
Results: Consistent changes were observed in cell organelles in all patient samples. In particular, increased endosomal activity was detected, characterised by augmented pinocytosis and vesicle budding, increased endosome number, as well as by large lysosomes and endosomes. Endoplasmic reticulum was also prominent. Mitochondria appeared enlarged in selected cells, possibly due to cellular stress. Cell nuclei did not display major differences compared to controls.
Conclusions: EM is a powerful tool to investigate morphological features of tissues and cell organelles, although EM data could be affected by sample preparation methodology, therefore potentially explaining the variability between independent studies, and its analysis can be dependent on the experience of the researcher. The increased endosomal activity we have observed in patients’ fibroblasts could indicate that SAMD9 regulates endocytosis of receptors, acting as an endosome fusion facilitator, or in lysosomal activation. However, the precise mechanism(s) by which SAMD9 regulates cell growth is still not fully understood, and further studies are needed to elucidate its pathogenic pathway and develop therapeutic approaches to support patients.

Keywords

SAMD9, endosomes, MIRAGE syndrome, transmission electron microscopy.

Corresponding authors: Federica Buonocore, John C. Achermann

Competing interests: No competing interests were disclosed.

Grant information: This research was funded in whole, or in part, by the Wellcome Trust (grant 209328/Z/17/Z). For the purpose of Open Access, the authors have applied a CC-BY public copyright license to any Author Accepted Manuscript version arising from this submission. J.C.A. also has research support from Great Ormond Street Hospital Children’s Charity (grant V2518) and the National Institute for Health Research, Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre (grant IS-BRC-1215-20012). The views expressed are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the National Health Service, National Institute for Health Research, or Department of Health.
The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

Copyright: © 2023 Buonocore F et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

How to cite: Buonocore F, Balys M, Anderson G and Achermann JC. Investigating ultrastructural morphology in MIRAGE syndrome (SAMD9)-derived fibroblasts using transmission electron microscopy. [version 1; peer review: 3 approved with reservations]. F1000Research 2023, 12:155 (https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.129559.1) First published: 10 Feb 2023, 12:155 (https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.129559.1) Latest published: 13 Feb 2024, 12:155 (https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.129559.2)

Introduction

MIRAGE syndrome (myelodysplasia, infection, restriction of growth, adrenal hypoplasia, genital (gonadal) phenotypes, and enteropathy) (OMIM: 617053) is a well-established complex multisystem disorder caused by pathogenic gain-of-function variants in the gene SAMD9.¹^,² Changes in this gene were first described in 2016 and to date more than 100 affected individuals have been reported. We have recently undertaken a meta-analysis of all published SAMD9-associated variants and shown that the range of clinical phenotypes is very variable.³ Increasingly, children with MIRAGE syndrome are diagnosed who do not have adrenal insufficiency, and a large proportion of children and young people with SAMD9 variants present with myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) alone.³^,⁴

SAMD9 has been extensively shown to be a growth repressor in in vitro cellular models, explaining the typical phenotypic growth restriction and tissue hypoplasia observed in children with this condition. However, the molecular mechanism or mechanisms by which SAMD9 affects cell growth and proliferation are still unknown. Two studies have reported characteristic enlarged endosomes in skin fibroblasts derived from MIRAGE patients, including “giant” endosomes in some cells.¹^,⁵ These authors proposed that endosome dysfunction results in reduced recycling of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), with consequent decreased cell growth and proliferation.¹ We have also observed somewhat larger vesicles in our patients’ fibroblasts using transmission electron microscopy (EM) imaging and Rab5a and Rab7a as early- and late- endosomal markers respectively, in live fibroblast cultures.² However, these EM studies were only reviewed at low power and in limited sections, and more detailed high-power imaging was not undertaken.

EM remains an extremely powerful approach for visualising and analysing intracellular structures in biological samples. This technique is extensively used in clinical diagnosis as well as research settings, and therefore represents an invaluable analytical tool. In this study, we have used EM to systematically analyse ultrastructural morphology of skin fibroblasts, which had been previously derived from MIRAGE patients,² to investigate any potential characteristic features that could help elucidate the molecular role of SAMD9.

Methods

Samples

The clinical phenotypes and initial EM findings have been previously described in our original report of MIRAGE syndrome.² In brief, these eight patients were all delivered preterm with fetal growth restriction and needing intensive care. Additional features included primary adrenal insufficiency, recurrent viral and bacterial infections, persistent diarrhoea, and bone marrow dysfunction. Fibroblasts from three of the eight patients were obtained: patient 1 with a c.1376G>A, p.R459Q change; patient 2 with a c.2054G>A, p.R685Q change; patient 3 with c.2948T>G, p.I983S. Patient 3 was also found to harbour a secondary somatic mosaic c.2294delA, p.N765Tfs*13 change in haematopoietic cells. All three patients had a 46,XY karyotype.

Ethics/Ethical statement

Written informed consent of the patients’ parents was obtained for research and diagnosis prior to inclusion in the study (NRES London-Bloomsbury 07/Q0508/24).

Fibroblasts

Skin fibroblasts from three patients and from one control (46,XY) were grown in Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) supplemented with 10% FBS and 1% penicillin/streptomycin at 37°C in a humidified atmosphere (5% CO₂). All fibroblast cultures used were negative for mycoplasma contamination.

Transmission electron microscopy

Fibroblasts were detached from culture flasks by trypsin digestion and centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 15 minutes to form a pellet for EM processing. After removal of the medium, all cell pellets were fixed in 2.5% glutaraldehyde in 0.1 M sodium cacodylate buffer followed by secondary fixation in 1% osmium tetroxide. Samples were dehydrated in graded ethanol, transferred to a transitional fluid (propylene oxide) and then infiltrated and embedded in Agar 100 epoxy resin. Polymerisation was at 60 $°$ C for 48 hours. Ultrathin sections (90 nm) were cut using a Diatome diamond knife on a Leica Ultracut UC7 ultramicrotome (Leica Microsystems, Germany). Sections were picked up on Athene 300 mesh copper grids and stained with 70% alcoholic uranyl acetate and Reynold’s lead citrate for contrast. Sections were then examined using a JEOL 1400 transmission electron microscope (JEOL, Japan) and images recorded using an AMT XR80 digital camera (Advanced Microscopy Techniques, US). Independent images from randomly selected control or patient fibroblasts were studied. A total of 100 fibroblasts were examined from each culture, initially at x1,000 magnification. Representative cells showing particular ultrastructural features were recorded at higher magnifications for further assessment. Interpretation of EM changes was made by comparing patient-derived samples with the control sample that was processed in parallel, as well as based on the extensive experience of EM analysis of one author (G. A.).

Results

All three patient samples showed similar ultrastructural features which were distinct from the control sample. Given the qualitative, observational nature of EM, the major consistent changes are described below.

A general increase in endosome number and activity was observed in the patients’ fibroblasts (Figure 1). Characteristic features of increased endosomal activity included pinocytic vesicles, early endosomes showing chains and clumps of vesicles, as well as vesicle budding (Figure 1). Several late endosomes had multivesicular bodies (MVB) (Figure 2). Evidence of increased endosomal activity was also demonstrated by enlarged empty endosomes and large (over 1.0 μm diameter), single membrane bound lysosomes, which were mainly empty with a rim of electron dense material (Figure 2).

Figure 1. Increased endosomal activity was clear in all patients’ cells.

All three patients’ samples displayed features of increased endosomal activity. These included increased number of pinocytic vesicles, many endosome chains (C) and budding (indicated by arrows), as well as clusters of endosomes (CE). Scale bars 500 nm.

Figure 2. Late endosomes and lysosomes displayed characteristics of increased endosomal activity.

Increased endosomal activity was also demonstrated by the presence of large, mainly empty lysosomes (LY) with dense debris localised to the border; enlarged empty endosomes (EN) and late endosomes filled with multivesicular bodies (MVB). Rough endoplasmic reticulum (rER). Control, Patient 1 and Patient 2 scale bars 500 nm; Patient 3 scale bar 2 μm.

All patient-derived cells displayed a regular array of organelles (Figure 3). Mitochondria did not show any significant pathological features except swelling and internal cristae disruption in a few cells. Endoplasmic reticulum was prominent in several fibroblasts and was mainly of the rough endoplasmic type (rER). A moderate distention of the cisternae was observed, with granular electron dense material. Dilatation of smooth endoplasmic reticulum (sER) was also present, indicated by an irregular outline with granular material within, but without any obvious ribosomes lining the membranes (Figure 3, Patient 1, top left).

Figure 3. Mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum presented dilated.

Both control and patients’ cells displayed a regular array of organelles. Often patients’ mitochondria (MI) were expanded. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (sER) appeared dilated and was filled with granular material (Patient 1), but without any ribosomes lining the membrane. Rough endoplasmic reticulum (rER) was full of granular electron dense material, and a moderate distention of the cisternae was also observed. Lysosomes (LY). Scale bars 500 nm.

No major differences in cell nuclei between control and patient samples were observed (Figure 4). Several features were common in both control and patient cells, including an irregular nuclear envelope with a marginated chromatin pattern, nucleoli often prominent in size and occasionally multiple nucleoli present in one cell.

Figure 4. Nuclei and nucleoli did not display any differences between control and patients’ cells.

Nuclei (N) had an irregular nuclear envelope, with a marginated chromatin pattern in both control and patients’ cells. Nucleoli (indicated by the white asterisk *) were pronounced in size and in various cells multiple nucleoli were seen. Several cytoplasmic features in patients’ cells (described in Figures 1–3) are also seen at lower power here. Scale bars 2 μm.

Discussion

In this study, we have used EM to examine ultrastructural morphology of fibroblasts derived from MIRAGE patients. Although our early specimens were variable,² we have now obtained and systematically analysed more images from our original fibroblast samples. All samples were well preserved with ample numbers of cells for analysis. The three patients’ samples showed essentially similar features and were distinct from the control sample, demonstrating that carrying SAMD9 variants resulted in differences in intracellular structures.

Evidence of increased endosomal activity was present in all patients’ samples. This was reflected by an increase in pinocytosis and budding in early endosomes, and the presence of large endosomes and lysosomes. Endosomes can be broadly classified as early endosomes, late endosomes and recycling endosomes, which will fuse with lysosomes for degradation of waste matter. Lysosomes are single membrane bound organelles filled with hydrolytic enzymes capable of degrading many types of biomolecules, cellular organelles and micro-organisms.⁶ Thus, lysosomes typically appear as sphere-shaped sacks with electron dense contents. Taken together, consistent markers of increased endosome activity in patients’ samples were seen.

We also observed a dilation of both rER and sER. The main function of rER is the synthesis and modification of proteins that need to be delivered to organelles within the cell or secreted from the cell. sER is associated with the synthesis of lipids such as cholesterol and phospholipids, which are essential for the formation of cellular membranes. sER also plays a role in glycogen metabolism.⁷ Glycogen content and intermediate filaments were at varying levels in all samples and no excess lipid was detected.

Mitochondria were easily detected in EM images, as they are bounded by a double membrane and the inner membrane forms the characteristic infolding of lamellar cristae and matrix space. Their major role is the provision of energy by the production of ATP and phosphorylation of ADP to regulate cellular metabolism.⁸ We detected bloated mitochondria in a few cells; however, this is quite a common feature and could indicate a sign of cellular stress, such as a delay in fibroblast preservation.

Cell nuclei did not show any major differences between control and patients’ samples and appeared with an irregular nuclear envelope. Irregularity of nuclear membrane provides an increased area of contact between the nucleus and the cytoplasm and may suggest heightened metabolic activity.⁹

EM is widely used in clinical settings to diagnose specific conditions, such as lysosomal storage disorders, glomerular diseases and metabolic and congenital myopathies,¹⁰^–¹² however, over the past years its use has been valuable in research settings too. Indeed, EM has been used to further investigate the detailed structures of cell organelles to validate potential novel findings discovered through research studies. For example, EM has been used to: a) assess ciliary ultrastructural defects in ciliary disorders¹³; b) identify stored material in lysosomal storage disorders, including neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses and Batten disease¹⁴; and c) isolate highly infectious and contagious microorganisms, primarily viruses, to enable production of vaccines in microbial diseases, e.g. SARS-CoV-2/coronavirus.¹⁵ However, there is no standard protocol for EM and different preparation methods can be used, which can often affect the observed results.

The most widely used method is “traditional ultrathin-section EM”,¹⁶ which in brief consists of a series of steps (fixation, wash, dehydration, embedding) to preserve the specimen before sectioning and staining. This has been proven to maintain cellular integrity and sample structure, without leading to cellular artefacts. This approach is, therefore, potentially more reliable. In our original study, cultured fibroblasts were first pelleted and then fixed in 2.5% glutaraldehyde followed by 1% osmium tetroxide. They were then processed into agar 100 resin, sectioned (90 nm) and stained with uranyl acetate and lead citrate. In contrast, in other studies reporting giant endosomes in MIRAGE patients,¹^,⁵ fibroblasts were seeded on a chamber slide and then fixed with 2.5% glutaraldehyde followed by 1.0% osmium tetroxide. They were then embedded in Epon, sectioned (70 nm) and stained with uranyl acetate and lead citrate. The use of different methodologies, especially the initial step of cell pelleting compared to growing cells directly on chamber slides, might therefore account for some of the variability in the appearance of the vesicles and endosomes in different, independent studies.

Whilst SAMD9-associated conditions provide a fascinating model for the dynamic evolution of genetic disease, the exact mechanism by which SAMD9 regulates cell growth and mediates a cellular effect is yet to be fully established. The paralogous gene SAMD9L has been shown to regulate endosomal fusion through degradation of EGFRs.¹⁷ Several patients with MIRAGE syndrome had characteristic enlarged endosomes,¹^,⁵ therefore SAMD9 could potentially be involved in the regulation of endocytosis of receptors acting as an endosome fusion facilitator,¹ or in lysosomal activation.¹⁸ In our original study, we showed some large vesicles in our patient fibroblasts, but these were quite heterogenous. We also carried out live cell imaging of early and late endosomes and the changes in early endosomes from live imaging were only subtle.² In the present study, all three MIRAGE patients’ fibroblasts exhibited increased endosomal activity compared to controls, as well as large lysosomes. These data could, therefore, still support the role of SAMD9 in recycling of EGFRs.

SAMD9 has also been associated with the viral host defence mechanism, especially poxviruses,¹⁹^–²¹ and tumour suppression.¹⁷^,²² More recently, it has been shown to have nucleic acid binding capacity, important for antiviral and antiproliferative functions.²³ As more insight is obtained on the biological function or functions of SAMD9, detailed data from patient-derived materials, and associated cellular ultrastructural changes, could provide more evidence for underlying disease mechanisms.

This study has several limitations. EM is a powerful tool, however its assessment remains subjective, as it mainly relies on the experience of the individual analysing the images. Qualitative evaluation can be difficult since the cells are in a three dimensions and EM is allowing visualisation of a very thin slice through the cell. The number of individuals with MIRAGE syndrome studied to date is relatively small, so data are limited.

In conclusion, we have observed evidence of increased endosomal activity in patients-derived fibroblasts carrying SAMD9 variants compared to controls. These findings provide more data for ultrastructural morphology of SAMD9-associated conditions and supports the original findings of enlarged vesicles in patients’ fibroblasts. However, more insight into the pathogenic mechanisms of SAMD9 disruption is needed. Indeed, induced pluripotent stem cell lines (iPSC) have been generated from fibroblasts from two MIRAGE patients.²^,²⁴ These represent a potentially important resource to further investigate the disease mechanisms of MIRAGE syndrome and model the underlying molecular basis, at least in vitro. Understanding the molecular function of SAMD9 is extremely important to help us develop personalised management and effective therapies for individuals with SAMD9-associated variants.

Data availability

OSF: Investigating ultrastructural morphology in MIRAGE syndrome (SAMD9)-derived fibroblasts using transmission electron microscopy. https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/Z8WVE.²⁵

This project contains the following extended data:

• Control (17.TIF files)
• Patient1 (19.TIF files)
• Patient2 (19.TIF files)
• Patient3 (21.TIF files)

Data are available under the terms of the Creative Commons BY (CC-BY) 4.0.

Acknowledgments

We are grateful to the physicians and families who contributed to our original report of SAMD9-related disorders.

References

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Comments on this article Comments (0)

Version 2

VERSION 2 PUBLISHED 10 Feb 2023

Author details Author details

Monika Balys
Roles: Methodology, Resources, Writing – Review & Editing

Glenn Anderson
Roles: Formal Analysis, Methodology, Resources, Validation, Writing – Review & Editing

Competing interests

No competing interests were disclosed.

Grant information

This research was funded in whole, or in part, by the Wellcome Trust (grant 209328/Z/17/Z). For the purpose of Open Access, the authors have applied a CC-BY public copyright license to any Author Accepted Manuscript version arising from this submission. J.C.A. also has research support from Great Ormond Street Hospital Children’s Charity (grant V2518) and the National Institute for Health Research, Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre (grant IS-BRC-1215-20012). The views expressed are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the National Health Service, National Institute for Health Research, or Department of Health.
The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

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https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.129559.2

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© 2023 Buonocore F et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Buonocore F, Balys M, Anderson G and Achermann JC. Investigating ultrastructural morphology in MIRAGE syndrome (SAMD9)-derived fibroblasts using transmission electron microscopy. [version 1; peer review: 3 approved with reservations]. F1000Research 2023, 12:155 (https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.129559.1)

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Version 1

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Reviewer Report 19 Jun 2023

Sushree Sangita Sahoo, Department of Hematology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA

Approved with Reservations

https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.142249.r162986

Buonocore and colleagues present a research article titled "Investigating ultrastructural morphology in MIRAGE syndrome (SAMD9)-derived fibroblasts using transmission electron microscopy". The authors have provided a detailed description of SAMD9 patient fibroblast ultrastructure using TEM. In addition, the authors have outlined all specific cellular organelles with major or minor changes, and concluded that SAMD9 patient fibroblasts have increased endosomal activity. The paper's contents are interesting and will be helpful for researchers to focus on the outlined cell organelles to understand the physiological relevance of SAMD9 mutations. However, I have a major concern that the authors do not provide any statistical tests to delineate the mutant-specific cellular differences, especially for their increased endosomal conclusion.

Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature?

Yes
Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound?

Yes
Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others?

Yes
If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate?

Yes
Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility?

Yes
Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results?

Yes

Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed.

Reviewer Expertise: bone marrow failure, myelodysplastic syndromes, HSC biology, experimental hematology

I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above.

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Author Response 13 Apr 2024

Federica Buonocore, Genetics and Genomic Medicine Research and Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK

13 Apr 2024

Author Response

We thank Dr Sahoo for her comments. Quantification of early endosome volume was provided using transfection of Rab5a in the original J Clin Invest manuscript 2017, and shown to be ... Continue reading We thank Dr Sahoo for her comments. Quantification of early endosome volume was provided using transfection of Rab5a in the original J Clin Invest manuscript 2017, and shown to be statistically significantly larger for fibroblasts from two patients (6 and 8). As highlighted in response to Reviewer 1, we feel that TEM analysis is still very qualitative. We have looked at options for better quantification, but this really needs 3-D reconstruction and modelling that is not yet widely available, nor possible here. Our aim here is to provide more extensive TEM image data from the samples we have for the research community, and to show a greater range of changes in ultrastructural morphology in patient fibroblasts.
We thank Dr Sahoo for her comments. Quantification of early endosome volume was provided using transfection of Rab5a in the original J Clin Invest manuscript 2017, and shown to be statistically significantly larger for fibroblasts from two patients (6 and 8). As highlighted in response to Reviewer 1, we feel that TEM analysis is still very qualitative. We have looked at options for better quantification, but this really needs 3-D reconstruction and modelling that is not yet widely available, nor possible here. Our aim here is to provide more extensive TEM image data from the samples we have for the research community, and to show a greater range of changes in ultrastructural morphology in patient fibroblasts.
Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Close
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Author Response 13 Apr 2024

Federica Buonocore, Genetics and Genomic Medicine Research and Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK

13 Apr 2024

Author Response

We thank Dr Sahoo for her comments. Quantification of early endosome volume was provided using transfection of Rab5a in the original J Clin Invest manuscript 2017, and shown to be ... Continue reading We thank Dr Sahoo for her comments. Quantification of early endosome volume was provided using transfection of Rab5a in the original J Clin Invest manuscript 2017, and shown to be statistically significantly larger for fibroblasts from two patients (6 and 8). As highlighted in response to Reviewer 1, we feel that TEM analysis is still very qualitative. We have looked at options for better quantification, but this really needs 3-D reconstruction and modelling that is not yet widely available, nor possible here. Our aim here is to provide more extensive TEM image data from the samples we have for the research community, and to show a greater range of changes in ultrastructural morphology in patient fibroblasts.
We thank Dr Sahoo for her comments. Quantification of early endosome volume was provided using transfection of Rab5a in the original J Clin Invest manuscript 2017, and shown to be statistically significantly larger for fibroblasts from two patients (6 and 8). As highlighted in response to Reviewer 1, we feel that TEM analysis is still very qualitative. We have looked at options for better quantification, but this really needs 3-D reconstruction and modelling that is not yet widely available, nor possible here. Our aim here is to provide more extensive TEM image data from the samples we have for the research community, and to show a greater range of changes in ultrastructural morphology in patient fibroblasts.
Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Close
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Reviewer Report 27 Feb 2023

Timothy S Olson, Cell Therapy and Transplant Section, Division of Oncology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA

Approved with Reservations

https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.142249.r162985

Buonocore and colleagues present a reanalysis of Electron Microscopy samples derived from primary fibroblasts of 3 patients with MIRAGE syndrome originally published in their 2017 J Clin Invest report. In this prior report they had concluded that the endosomal abnormalities identified in MIRAGE fibroblasts by other investigators (Narumi, 2016, etc.) were not a consistent feature in their samples. However, using different prep techniques and a co-author with extensive EM analysis experience, they now conclude that Narumi and colleagues were correct in identifying increased endosomal activity and number, as well as large late endosome/lysosome structure as a characteristic feature of MIRAGE.

Comments:

This study presents a reanalysis of EM studies that have been previously published, and essentially refute the interpretation of these studies that was published in 2017. While I think this update is indeed critical to provide, since it does not involve analysis of new samples or by new techniques and is rather a reinterpretation of the previously published EM studies, this reviewer wonders whether these updated data would be better to include as an erratum to the original study, rather than as an independent report. If the authors feel differently, they should comment as to why these data represent sufficient originality that they should be considered as an independent report.
Have the authors studied EM appearance of fibroblasts from patients with SAMD9/SAMD9L mutations who lack syndromic features of MIRAGE? Do such samples still show endosomal abnormalities, or are those abnormalities characteristic only of a MIRAGE phenotype? What about GoF versus LoF mutations, both of which are associated with MDS, though at distinct ages?
No source of the control fibroblasts is provided. Healthy individual? Age-matched? Cell line? How can the control cell have an irregular nuclear envelope (page 4) if it is in theory a normal cell? Is the irregularity artefactual based on the EM prep?
In the discussion, the authors suggest that the EM prep used in the original study was to fix the fibroblasts after pelleted and before placement on a slide, whereas other investigators have plated live fibroblasts on slides first and then fixed. I'm confused as to which technique was used in the current study, and whether difference in technique can explain why the current study confirms the work of Narumi et al., whereas the previous 2017 work from these investigators saw only mild endosomal abnormalities.

Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature?

Yes
Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound?

Yes
Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others?

Yes
If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate?

Not applicable
Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility?

Yes
Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results?

Yes

Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed.

Reviewer Expertise: MIRAGE Syndrome. Pediatric MDS Predisposition Syndromes. Bone Marrow Failure

CITE

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Author Response 13 Apr 2024

Federica Buonocore, Genetics and Genomic Medicine Research and Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK

13 Apr 2024

Author Response

We thank Dr Olson for providing his review report. We have addressed the comments below.

1. This study presents a reanalysis of EM studies that have been previously published, ... Continue reading We thank Dr Olson for providing his review report. We have addressed the comments below.

1. This study presents a reanalysis of EM studies that have been previously published, and essentially refute the interpretation of these studies that was published in 2017. While I think this update is indeed critical to provide, since it does not involve analysis of new samples or by new techniques and is rather a reinterpretation of the previously published EM studies, this reviewer wonders whether these updated data would be better to include as an erratum to the original study, rather than as an independent report. If the authors feel differently, they should comment as to why these data represent sufficient originality that they should be considered as an independent report.

Thank you for this point.

In our J Clin Invest publication in 2017 we did report endosomal abnormalities, but these were not as marked as shown by Narumi and colleagues and we did not see the massively enlarged endosomes reported by them.

For example, we stated in:

a) Fig 6a and legend- “Electron microscopy of fibroblasts from controls and patients
showed a modest increase in the number and size of cytoplasmic vesicles (V) and mildly dilated rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in a small subpopulation of patient cells, but the effects were very heterogeneous”
b) Supplementary Fig 7 - data
c) Fig 6c and 6d and legend – (Using Rab5a to show early endosomes and Rab7a to show late endosomes in cultured fibroblasts) “Early endosome volumes were greater in fibroblasts from patients 6 and 8 compared with controls, with greater variability in patients’ samples.”……..” A distribution analysis of early endosome volume for all cells studied also showed a shift toward larger early endosome volume for patients 6 and 8.”
d) Results - SAMD9 mutations produce subtle changes in early endosome size. Electron microscopy of patient fibroblasts compared with control cells showed that a small subpopulation of patient cells contained multiple large vesicles (>1.5 μm) as well as dilated endoplasmic reticulum and enlarged mitochondria, but these changes were heterogeneous, and extensive areas of cytoplasm containing large vesicles were not seen (Figure 6, A and B, and Supplemental Figure 7). No marked differences in late endosome structure were seen between patient and control fibroblasts (Figure 6B, green
structures). A modest increase in the size of early endosomes (red structures) was identified in 2 of the patient cell lines (patients 6 and 8), as shown in representative images (Figure 6B) and in quantitative analysis of early endosome size (Figure 6, C and D).”

To clarify this point in context we have changed the introduction from:

“Two studies have reported characteristic enlarged endosomes in skin fibroblasts derived from MIRAGE patients, including “giant” endosomes in some cells^1,5. These authors proposed that endosome dysfunction results in reduced recycling of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), with consequent decreased cell growth and proliferation¹. We have also observed somewhat larger vesicles in our patients’ fibroblasts using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) imaging and Rab5a and Rab7a as early- and late- endosomal markers respectively, in live fibroblast cultures². However, these TEM studies were only reviewed at low power and in limited sections, and more detailed high-power imaging was not undertaken.”

to:

“Two studies have reported characteristic enlarged endosomes in skin fibroblasts derived from MIRAGE patients, including “giant” endosomes in some cells^1,5. These authors proposed that endosome dysfunction results in reduced recycling of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), with consequent decreased cell growth and proliferation¹. We have also observed somewhat larger vesicles in our patients’ fibroblasts using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) imaging and Rab5a and Rab7a as early- and late- endosomal markers respectively, in live fibroblast cultures². Massively enlarged or giant endosomes were not seen. Of note, these TEM studies were only reviewed at low power and in limited sections, and more detailed high-power imaging was not undertaken.”

The aim of the study presented here is to make a larger dataset available of TEM images from SAMD9-MIRAGE fibroblasts, that show a wider range of ultrastructural morphology. We feel sharing any data available for this rare condition is important.

We have also added a comment to the results that “No giant endosomes were seen”

(Note: The co-author with extensive experience of TEM (Dr Glenn Anderson) was a co-author on the original study too.)

2. Have the authors studied EM appearance of fibroblasts from patients with SAMD9/SAMD9L mutations who lack syndromic features of MIRAGE? Do such samples still show endosomal abnormalities, or are those abnormalities characteristic only of a MIRAGE phenotype? What about GoF versus LoF mutations, both of which are associated with MDS, though at distinct ages?

We have not had an opportunity to do this and cannot easily take this forward. It is an interesting and important point and we have added a comment to the discussion. Thank you for raising this.

“It would be of interest to study cellular ultrastructure from individuals with other gain-of-function or loss-of function changes in SAMD9, who do not have classic MIRAGE syndrome features, to see if similar changes are seen there too.”

3. No source of the control fibroblasts is provided. Healthy individual? Age-matched? Cell line? How can the control cell have an irregular nuclear envelope (page 4) if it is in theory a normal cell? Is the irregularity artefactual based on the EM prep?

Control fibroblasts were derived from a healthy individual. We have added “healthy” to the fibroblasts’ method section. These control fibroblasts are routinely used in our lab for several different experiments.

A convoluted nuclear envelope provides an increased area of contact between the nucleus and the cytoplasm and may suggest heightened metabolic activity. In our samples, the nuclear outline was very smooth with fairly dispersed diffused chromatin pattern. This is linked to cell growth and it is not an atypical nuclear envelope. We understand that the word “irregular” might be confusing, so we have now changed this to “convoluted”. We feel that the nuclear envelope is within normal range for the control and MIRAGE samples.

Therefore, we have changed the results and discussion to say “convoluted” instead of irregular, and the Figure 4 legend to:
“Nuclei (N) had a convoluted nuclear envelope, with a marginated chromatin pattern in both control and patients’ cells, within normal range.”

Finally, one co-author (G.A.) has many years’ experience of specialist diagnostic and research electron microscopy and leads the clinical service. He therefore provides extensive insight for the range of typical findings seen in fibroblast TEM, even though we provide data on just one control sample.

4. In the discussion, the authors suggest that the EM prep used in the original study was to fix the fibroblasts after pelleted and before placement on a slide, whereas other investigators have plated live fibroblasts on slides first and then fixed. I'm confused as to which technique was used in the current study, and whether difference in technique can explain why the current study confirms the work of Narumi et al., whereas the previous 2017 work from these investigators saw only mild endosomal abnormalities.

In the current study we have used slides from fibroblast preparations that we also used in the “original study” published in 2017. The method we have used is the traditional ultrathin-section EM, as we describe in the methods section and briefly in the discussion. No new fibroblasts have been prepped in the current study. Potentially, the preparation method can result in structural variability. We feel this is reduced by the method reported, as outlined in the discussion. We have extensive experience of this approach.
We thank Dr Olson for providing his review report. We have addressed the comments below.

1. This study presents a reanalysis of EM studies that have been previously published, and essentially refute the interpretation of these studies that was published in 2017. While I think this update is indeed critical to provide, since it does not involve analysis of new samples or by new techniques and is rather a reinterpretation of the previously published EM studies, this reviewer wonders whether these updated data would be better to include as an erratum to the original study, rather than as an independent report. If the authors feel differently, they should comment as to why these data represent sufficient originality that they should be considered as an independent report.

Thank you for this point.

In our J Clin Invest publication in 2017 we did report endosomal abnormalities, but these were not as marked as shown by Narumi and colleagues and we did not see the massively enlarged endosomes reported by them.

For example, we stated in:

a) Fig 6a and legend- “Electron microscopy of fibroblasts from controls and patients
showed a modest increase in the number and size of cytoplasmic vesicles (V) and mildly dilated rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in a small subpopulation of patient cells, but the effects were very heterogeneous”
b) Supplementary Fig 7 - data
c) Fig 6c and 6d and legend – (Using Rab5a to show early endosomes and Rab7a to show late endosomes in cultured fibroblasts) “Early endosome volumes were greater in fibroblasts from patients 6 and 8 compared with controls, with greater variability in patients’ samples.”……..” A distribution analysis of early endosome volume for all cells studied also showed a shift toward larger early endosome volume for patients 6 and 8.”
d) Results - SAMD9 mutations produce subtle changes in early endosome size. Electron microscopy of patient fibroblasts compared with control cells showed that a small subpopulation of patient cells contained multiple large vesicles (>1.5 μm) as well as dilated endoplasmic reticulum and enlarged mitochondria, but these changes were heterogeneous, and extensive areas of cytoplasm containing large vesicles were not seen (Figure 6, A and B, and Supplemental Figure 7). No marked differences in late endosome structure were seen between patient and control fibroblasts (Figure 6B, green
structures). A modest increase in the size of early endosomes (red structures) was identified in 2 of the patient cell lines (patients 6 and 8), as shown in representative images (Figure 6B) and in quantitative analysis of early endosome size (Figure 6, C and D).”

To clarify this point in context we have changed the introduction from:

“Two studies have reported characteristic enlarged endosomes in skin fibroblasts derived from MIRAGE patients, including “giant” endosomes in some cells^1,5. These authors proposed that endosome dysfunction results in reduced recycling of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), with consequent decreased cell growth and proliferation¹. We have also observed somewhat larger vesicles in our patients’ fibroblasts using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) imaging and Rab5a and Rab7a as early- and late- endosomal markers respectively, in live fibroblast cultures². However, these TEM studies were only reviewed at low power and in limited sections, and more detailed high-power imaging was not undertaken.”

to:

“Two studies have reported characteristic enlarged endosomes in skin fibroblasts derived from MIRAGE patients, including “giant” endosomes in some cells^1,5. These authors proposed that endosome dysfunction results in reduced recycling of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), with consequent decreased cell growth and proliferation¹. We have also observed somewhat larger vesicles in our patients’ fibroblasts using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) imaging and Rab5a and Rab7a as early- and late- endosomal markers respectively, in live fibroblast cultures². Massively enlarged or giant endosomes were not seen. Of note, these TEM studies were only reviewed at low power and in limited sections, and more detailed high-power imaging was not undertaken.”

The aim of the study presented here is to make a larger dataset available of TEM images from SAMD9-MIRAGE fibroblasts, that show a wider range of ultrastructural morphology. We feel sharing any data available for this rare condition is important.

We have also added a comment to the results that “No giant endosomes were seen”

(Note: The co-author with extensive experience of TEM (Dr Glenn Anderson) was a co-author on the original study too.)

2. Have the authors studied EM appearance of fibroblasts from patients with SAMD9/SAMD9L mutations who lack syndromic features of MIRAGE? Do such samples still show endosomal abnormalities, or are those abnormalities characteristic only of a MIRAGE phenotype? What about GoF versus LoF mutations, both of which are associated with MDS, though at distinct ages?

We have not had an opportunity to do this and cannot easily take this forward. It is an interesting and important point and we have added a comment to the discussion. Thank you for raising this.

“It would be of interest to study cellular ultrastructure from individuals with other gain-of-function or loss-of function changes in SAMD9, who do not have classic MIRAGE syndrome features, to see if similar changes are seen there too.”

3. No source of the control fibroblasts is provided. Healthy individual? Age-matched? Cell line? How can the control cell have an irregular nuclear envelope (page 4) if it is in theory a normal cell? Is the irregularity artefactual based on the EM prep?

Control fibroblasts were derived from a healthy individual. We have added “healthy” to the fibroblasts’ method section. These control fibroblasts are routinely used in our lab for several different experiments.

A convoluted nuclear envelope provides an increased area of contact between the nucleus and the cytoplasm and may suggest heightened metabolic activity. In our samples, the nuclear outline was very smooth with fairly dispersed diffused chromatin pattern. This is linked to cell growth and it is not an atypical nuclear envelope. We understand that the word “irregular” might be confusing, so we have now changed this to “convoluted”. We feel that the nuclear envelope is within normal range for the control and MIRAGE samples.

Therefore, we have changed the results and discussion to say “convoluted” instead of irregular, and the Figure 4 legend to:
“Nuclei (N) had a convoluted nuclear envelope, with a marginated chromatin pattern in both control and patients’ cells, within normal range.”

Finally, one co-author (G.A.) has many years’ experience of specialist diagnostic and research electron microscopy and leads the clinical service. He therefore provides extensive insight for the range of typical findings seen in fibroblast TEM, even though we provide data on just one control sample.

4. In the discussion, the authors suggest that the EM prep used in the original study was to fix the fibroblasts after pelleted and before placement on a slide, whereas other investigators have plated live fibroblasts on slides first and then fixed. I'm confused as to which technique was used in the current study, and whether difference in technique can explain why the current study confirms the work of Narumi et al., whereas the previous 2017 work from these investigators saw only mild endosomal abnormalities.

In the current study we have used slides from fibroblast preparations that we also used in the “original study” published in 2017. The method we have used is the traditional ultrathin-section EM, as we describe in the methods section and briefly in the discussion. No new fibroblasts have been prepped in the current study. Potentially, the preparation method can result in structural variability. We feel this is reduced by the method reported, as outlined in the discussion. We have extensive experience of this approach.
Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Close
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Respond or Comment

COMMENTS ON THIS REPORT

Author Response 13 Apr 2024

Federica Buonocore, Genetics and Genomic Medicine Research and Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK

13 Apr 2024

Author Response

We thank Dr Olson for providing his review report. We have addressed the comments below.

1. This study presents a reanalysis of EM studies that have been previously published, ... Continue reading We thank Dr Olson for providing his review report. We have addressed the comments below.

1. This study presents a reanalysis of EM studies that have been previously published, and essentially refute the interpretation of these studies that was published in 2017. While I think this update is indeed critical to provide, since it does not involve analysis of new samples or by new techniques and is rather a reinterpretation of the previously published EM studies, this reviewer wonders whether these updated data would be better to include as an erratum to the original study, rather than as an independent report. If the authors feel differently, they should comment as to why these data represent sufficient originality that they should be considered as an independent report.

Thank you for this point.

In our J Clin Invest publication in 2017 we did report endosomal abnormalities, but these were not as marked as shown by Narumi and colleagues and we did not see the massively enlarged endosomes reported by them.

For example, we stated in:

a) Fig 6a and legend- “Electron microscopy of fibroblasts from controls and patients
showed a modest increase in the number and size of cytoplasmic vesicles (V) and mildly dilated rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in a small subpopulation of patient cells, but the effects were very heterogeneous”
b) Supplementary Fig 7 - data
c) Fig 6c and 6d and legend – (Using Rab5a to show early endosomes and Rab7a to show late endosomes in cultured fibroblasts) “Early endosome volumes were greater in fibroblasts from patients 6 and 8 compared with controls, with greater variability in patients’ samples.”……..” A distribution analysis of early endosome volume for all cells studied also showed a shift toward larger early endosome volume for patients 6 and 8.”
d) Results - SAMD9 mutations produce subtle changes in early endosome size. Electron microscopy of patient fibroblasts compared with control cells showed that a small subpopulation of patient cells contained multiple large vesicles (>1.5 μm) as well as dilated endoplasmic reticulum and enlarged mitochondria, but these changes were heterogeneous, and extensive areas of cytoplasm containing large vesicles were not seen (Figure 6, A and B, and Supplemental Figure 7). No marked differences in late endosome structure were seen between patient and control fibroblasts (Figure 6B, green
structures). A modest increase in the size of early endosomes (red structures) was identified in 2 of the patient cell lines (patients 6 and 8), as shown in representative images (Figure 6B) and in quantitative analysis of early endosome size (Figure 6, C and D).”

To clarify this point in context we have changed the introduction from:

“Two studies have reported characteristic enlarged endosomes in skin fibroblasts derived from MIRAGE patients, including “giant” endosomes in some cells^1,5. These authors proposed that endosome dysfunction results in reduced recycling of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), with consequent decreased cell growth and proliferation¹. We have also observed somewhat larger vesicles in our patients’ fibroblasts using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) imaging and Rab5a and Rab7a as early- and late- endosomal markers respectively, in live fibroblast cultures². However, these TEM studies were only reviewed at low power and in limited sections, and more detailed high-power imaging was not undertaken.”

to:

“Two studies have reported characteristic enlarged endosomes in skin fibroblasts derived from MIRAGE patients, including “giant” endosomes in some cells^1,5. These authors proposed that endosome dysfunction results in reduced recycling of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), with consequent decreased cell growth and proliferation¹. We have also observed somewhat larger vesicles in our patients’ fibroblasts using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) imaging and Rab5a and Rab7a as early- and late- endosomal markers respectively, in live fibroblast cultures². Massively enlarged or giant endosomes were not seen. Of note, these TEM studies were only reviewed at low power and in limited sections, and more detailed high-power imaging was not undertaken.”

The aim of the study presented here is to make a larger dataset available of TEM images from SAMD9-MIRAGE fibroblasts, that show a wider range of ultrastructural morphology. We feel sharing any data available for this rare condition is important.

We have also added a comment to the results that “No giant endosomes were seen”

(Note: The co-author with extensive experience of TEM (Dr Glenn Anderson) was a co-author on the original study too.)

2. Have the authors studied EM appearance of fibroblasts from patients with SAMD9/SAMD9L mutations who lack syndromic features of MIRAGE? Do such samples still show endosomal abnormalities, or are those abnormalities characteristic only of a MIRAGE phenotype? What about GoF versus LoF mutations, both of which are associated with MDS, though at distinct ages?

We have not had an opportunity to do this and cannot easily take this forward. It is an interesting and important point and we have added a comment to the discussion. Thank you for raising this.

“It would be of interest to study cellular ultrastructure from individuals with other gain-of-function or loss-of function changes in SAMD9, who do not have classic MIRAGE syndrome features, to see if similar changes are seen there too.”

3. No source of the control fibroblasts is provided. Healthy individual? Age-matched? Cell line? How can the control cell have an irregular nuclear envelope (page 4) if it is in theory a normal cell? Is the irregularity artefactual based on the EM prep?

Control fibroblasts were derived from a healthy individual. We have added “healthy” to the fibroblasts’ method section. These control fibroblasts are routinely used in our lab for several different experiments.

A convoluted nuclear envelope provides an increased area of contact between the nucleus and the cytoplasm and may suggest heightened metabolic activity. In our samples, the nuclear outline was very smooth with fairly dispersed diffused chromatin pattern. This is linked to cell growth and it is not an atypical nuclear envelope. We understand that the word “irregular” might be confusing, so we have now changed this to “convoluted”. We feel that the nuclear envelope is within normal range for the control and MIRAGE samples.

Therefore, we have changed the results and discussion to say “convoluted” instead of irregular, and the Figure 4 legend to:
“Nuclei (N) had a convoluted nuclear envelope, with a marginated chromatin pattern in both control and patients’ cells, within normal range.”

Finally, one co-author (G.A.) has many years’ experience of specialist diagnostic and research electron microscopy and leads the clinical service. He therefore provides extensive insight for the range of typical findings seen in fibroblast TEM, even though we provide data on just one control sample.

4. In the discussion, the authors suggest that the EM prep used in the original study was to fix the fibroblasts after pelleted and before placement on a slide, whereas other investigators have plated live fibroblasts on slides first and then fixed. I'm confused as to which technique was used in the current study, and whether difference in technique can explain why the current study confirms the work of Narumi et al., whereas the previous 2017 work from these investigators saw only mild endosomal abnormalities.

In the current study we have used slides from fibroblast preparations that we also used in the “original study” published in 2017. The method we have used is the traditional ultrathin-section EM, as we describe in the methods section and briefly in the discussion. No new fibroblasts have been prepped in the current study. Potentially, the preparation method can result in structural variability. We feel this is reduced by the method reported, as outlined in the discussion. We have extensive experience of this approach.
We thank Dr Olson for providing his review report. We have addressed the comments below.

1. This study presents a reanalysis of EM studies that have been previously published, and essentially refute the interpretation of these studies that was published in 2017. While I think this update is indeed critical to provide, since it does not involve analysis of new samples or by new techniques and is rather a reinterpretation of the previously published EM studies, this reviewer wonders whether these updated data would be better to include as an erratum to the original study, rather than as an independent report. If the authors feel differently, they should comment as to why these data represent sufficient originality that they should be considered as an independent report.

Thank you for this point.

In our J Clin Invest publication in 2017 we did report endosomal abnormalities, but these were not as marked as shown by Narumi and colleagues and we did not see the massively enlarged endosomes reported by them.

For example, we stated in:

a) Fig 6a and legend- “Electron microscopy of fibroblasts from controls and patients
showed a modest increase in the number and size of cytoplasmic vesicles (V) and mildly dilated rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in a small subpopulation of patient cells, but the effects were very heterogeneous”
b) Supplementary Fig 7 - data
c) Fig 6c and 6d and legend – (Using Rab5a to show early endosomes and Rab7a to show late endosomes in cultured fibroblasts) “Early endosome volumes were greater in fibroblasts from patients 6 and 8 compared with controls, with greater variability in patients’ samples.”……..” A distribution analysis of early endosome volume for all cells studied also showed a shift toward larger early endosome volume for patients 6 and 8.”
d) Results - SAMD9 mutations produce subtle changes in early endosome size. Electron microscopy of patient fibroblasts compared with control cells showed that a small subpopulation of patient cells contained multiple large vesicles (>1.5 μm) as well as dilated endoplasmic reticulum and enlarged mitochondria, but these changes were heterogeneous, and extensive areas of cytoplasm containing large vesicles were not seen (Figure 6, A and B, and Supplemental Figure 7). No marked differences in late endosome structure were seen between patient and control fibroblasts (Figure 6B, green
structures). A modest increase in the size of early endosomes (red structures) was identified in 2 of the patient cell lines (patients 6 and 8), as shown in representative images (Figure 6B) and in quantitative analysis of early endosome size (Figure 6, C and D).”

To clarify this point in context we have changed the introduction from:

“Two studies have reported characteristic enlarged endosomes in skin fibroblasts derived from MIRAGE patients, including “giant” endosomes in some cells^1,5. These authors proposed that endosome dysfunction results in reduced recycling of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), with consequent decreased cell growth and proliferation¹. We have also observed somewhat larger vesicles in our patients’ fibroblasts using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) imaging and Rab5a and Rab7a as early- and late- endosomal markers respectively, in live fibroblast cultures². However, these TEM studies were only reviewed at low power and in limited sections, and more detailed high-power imaging was not undertaken.”

to:

“Two studies have reported characteristic enlarged endosomes in skin fibroblasts derived from MIRAGE patients, including “giant” endosomes in some cells^1,5. These authors proposed that endosome dysfunction results in reduced recycling of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), with consequent decreased cell growth and proliferation¹. We have also observed somewhat larger vesicles in our patients’ fibroblasts using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) imaging and Rab5a and Rab7a as early- and late- endosomal markers respectively, in live fibroblast cultures². Massively enlarged or giant endosomes were not seen. Of note, these TEM studies were only reviewed at low power and in limited sections, and more detailed high-power imaging was not undertaken.”

The aim of the study presented here is to make a larger dataset available of TEM images from SAMD9-MIRAGE fibroblasts, that show a wider range of ultrastructural morphology. We feel sharing any data available for this rare condition is important.

We have also added a comment to the results that “No giant endosomes were seen”

(Note: The co-author with extensive experience of TEM (Dr Glenn Anderson) was a co-author on the original study too.)

2. Have the authors studied EM appearance of fibroblasts from patients with SAMD9/SAMD9L mutations who lack syndromic features of MIRAGE? Do such samples still show endosomal abnormalities, or are those abnormalities characteristic only of a MIRAGE phenotype? What about GoF versus LoF mutations, both of which are associated with MDS, though at distinct ages?

We have not had an opportunity to do this and cannot easily take this forward. It is an interesting and important point and we have added a comment to the discussion. Thank you for raising this.

“It would be of interest to study cellular ultrastructure from individuals with other gain-of-function or loss-of function changes in SAMD9, who do not have classic MIRAGE syndrome features, to see if similar changes are seen there too.”

3. No source of the control fibroblasts is provided. Healthy individual? Age-matched? Cell line? How can the control cell have an irregular nuclear envelope (page 4) if it is in theory a normal cell? Is the irregularity artefactual based on the EM prep?

Control fibroblasts were derived from a healthy individual. We have added “healthy” to the fibroblasts’ method section. These control fibroblasts are routinely used in our lab for several different experiments.

A convoluted nuclear envelope provides an increased area of contact between the nucleus and the cytoplasm and may suggest heightened metabolic activity. In our samples, the nuclear outline was very smooth with fairly dispersed diffused chromatin pattern. This is linked to cell growth and it is not an atypical nuclear envelope. We understand that the word “irregular” might be confusing, so we have now changed this to “convoluted”. We feel that the nuclear envelope is within normal range for the control and MIRAGE samples.

Therefore, we have changed the results and discussion to say “convoluted” instead of irregular, and the Figure 4 legend to:
“Nuclei (N) had a convoluted nuclear envelope, with a marginated chromatin pattern in both control and patients’ cells, within normal range.”

Finally, one co-author (G.A.) has many years’ experience of specialist diagnostic and research electron microscopy and leads the clinical service. He therefore provides extensive insight for the range of typical findings seen in fibroblast TEM, even though we provide data on just one control sample.

4. In the discussion, the authors suggest that the EM prep used in the original study was to fix the fibroblasts after pelleted and before placement on a slide, whereas other investigators have plated live fibroblasts on slides first and then fixed. I'm confused as to which technique was used in the current study, and whether difference in technique can explain why the current study confirms the work of Narumi et al., whereas the previous 2017 work from these investigators saw only mild endosomal abnormalities.

In the current study we have used slides from fibroblast preparations that we also used in the “original study” published in 2017. The method we have used is the traditional ultrathin-section EM, as we describe in the methods section and briefly in the discussion. No new fibroblasts have been prepped in the current study. Potentially, the preparation method can result in structural variability. We feel this is reduced by the method reported, as outlined in the discussion. We have extensive experience of this approach.
Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Close
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Reviewer Report 16 Feb 2023

Satoshi Narumi, Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan

Approved with Reservations

https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.142249.r162984

In this article by Federica Buonocore and colleagues, skin fibroblasts established from three patients with MIRAGE syndrome (with distinct SAMD9 variants) were analyzed by TEM with a standardized protocol. The authors described the presence of disease-specific features, including ones previously reported and the others (increased pinocytosis and budding in early endosomes) that are novel. These observations suggest that the endosome-lysosome system is not only morphologically but also functionally abnormal. The extended data of this article contain a large number of images, which is highly appreciated as a very useful resource for researchers.

Minor comments

(SAMD9) in the title necessary? I think all three patients had typical MIRAGE syndrome.
Patient 1 in this paper is the same person as Patient 4 in JCI 2017? Patient 2 is this paper is the same person as Patient 6 in JCI 2017?

Cells derived from Patient 3 are unreported?
It would be easier to understand if you clarify the relevance of JCI 2017 and this paper in the Methods section. Did you thaw the frozen stored cells and re-prepare the TEM samples? Or is this a re-observation of a previously prepared TEM samples that were in storage?
All results presented in this study are qualitative. If possible, I think objectivity in the features would be increased if there is something that can be evaluated quantitatively, such as the number and size of organelles per field of view. (If it is difficult, I think it is acceptable to leave it as it is now)

Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature?

Yes
Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound?

Yes
Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others?

Yes
If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate?

Not applicable
Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility?

Yes
Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results?

Yes

Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed.

Reviewer Expertise: molecular genetics; pediatric endocrinology

CITE

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Author Response 13 Apr 2024

Federica Buonocore, Genetics and Genomic Medicine Research and Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK

13 Apr 2024

Author Response
We thank Dr Narumi for providing his review report. We have addressed the comments below.

1. (SAMD9) in the title necessary? I think all three patients had typical MIRAGE ... Continue reading
We thank Dr Narumi for providing his review report. We have addressed the comments below.

1. (SAMD9) in the title necessary? I think all three patients had typical MIRAGE syndrome.

We included SAMD9 in the title to increase the changes of the paper being captured by a search engine, but we agree this seems out of place without further details, and the paper should be accessed through the abstract and keywords. Thus, we have omitted SAMD9 from the title. All three patients had MIRAGE syndrome, although the phenotypic spectrum can be wide.

2. Patient 1 in this paper is the same person as Patient 4 in JCI 2017? Patient 2 is this paper is the same person as Patient 6 in JCI 2017? Cells derived from Patient 3 are unreported?

In this paper, patient 1 refers to patient 4, patient 2 refers to patient 6, patient 3 refers to patient 8 in our original study published in JCI 2017. Fibroblasts from all three patients were included in our cell structure (TEM) and endosome (early Rab5a and late endosomes Rab7a) studies, but the TEM images from patient 3 were not included in JCI 2017 due to space constraints, and only very limited data from patients 1 and 2 were shown.
We have clarified in the methods section (“Samples”) how the current labelling links to the original report.
We now make all these original lower magnification TEM images from JCI 2017 available for all three patients, as well as the new higher magnification TEM images that were generated specifically for this current report (see point 3 below).

3. It would be easier to understand if you clarify the relevance of JCI 2017 and this paper in the Methods section. Did you thaw the frozen stored cells and re-prepare the TEM samples? Or is this a re-observation of a previously prepared TEM samples that were in storage?

Thank you for this comment. Patients’ fibroblast TEM samples were re-imaged using the original TEM samples kept in storage. Higher magnification and more images were taken in order to better analyse ultrastructural features. We have now also made extensive original images available through the Open Science Framework link (2017 Electron Microscopy Images) (the current ID system has been used for consistency).
We have clarified the methods to say:
“For the original preparation and analysis of the samples, fibroblasts were detached from culture flasks……."
We have now added a subsequent paragraph to the methods sections to clarify:
“In the current study, patient and control fibroblast samples prepared for TEM for our original work detailed above² were re-imaged using higher magnification. The aim of this approach was to better analyse a range of ultra-structural features and organelles in more detail, and to make these images (n=78) available as well as the of original set of generally lower magnification TEM images (n=80).”
The Data Availability Statement has been modified to read:
“OSF: Investigating ultrastructural morphology in MIRAGE syndrome-derived fibroblasts using transmission electron microscopy. https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/Z8WVE²⁵.

This project contains the following extended data (2023 Electron Microscopy Images) (n=78):

Control (19 .TIF files)

Patient1 (19 .TIF files)

Patient2 (19 .TIF files)

Patient3 (21 .TIF files)

Data are available under the terms of the Creative Commons BY (CC-BY) 4.0.

Original images taken in general at lower magnification have now also been uploaded (2017 Electron Microscopy Images) (n=80).”

4. All results presented in this study are qualitative. If possible, I think objectivity in the features would be increased if there is something that can be evaluated quantitatively, such as the number and size of organelles per field of view. (If it is difficult, I think it is acceptable to leave it as it is now)

Thank you for this point, which is also raised by Reviewer 3. We agree it would be good to be able to count, measure and characterise features of organelles to be able to quantitate them in more detail. However, this is well-established as being challenging as TEM is 2-dimentional and it can be difficult to accurately define some of the subtle features we report even with large number of images, such as vesicle chains and differences in endoplasmic reticulum. Currently there is much interest in developing artificial intelligence/machine learning approaches for TEM characterisation, but these approaches require large numbers of samples and datasets, and processing. Unfortunately, this is beyond the scope of this current study.
We thank Dr Narumi for providing his review report. We have addressed the comments below.

1. (SAMD9) in the title necessary? I think all three patients had typical MIRAGE syndrome.

We included SAMD9 in the title to increase the changes of the paper being captured by a search engine, but we agree this seems out of place without further details, and the paper should be accessed through the abstract and keywords. Thus, we have omitted SAMD9 from the title. All three patients had MIRAGE syndrome, although the phenotypic spectrum can be wide.

2. Patient 1 in this paper is the same person as Patient 4 in JCI 2017? Patient 2 is this paper is the same person as Patient 6 in JCI 2017? Cells derived from Patient 3 are unreported?

In this paper, patient 1 refers to patient 4, patient 2 refers to patient 6, patient 3 refers to patient 8 in our original study published in JCI 2017. Fibroblasts from all three patients were included in our cell structure (TEM) and endosome (early Rab5a and late endosomes Rab7a) studies, but the TEM images from patient 3 were not included in JCI 2017 due to space constraints, and only very limited data from patients 1 and 2 were shown.
We have clarified in the methods section (“Samples”) how the current labelling links to the original report.
We now make all these original lower magnification TEM images from JCI 2017 available for all three patients, as well as the new higher magnification TEM images that were generated specifically for this current report (see point 3 below).

3. It would be easier to understand if you clarify the relevance of JCI 2017 and this paper in the Methods section. Did you thaw the frozen stored cells and re-prepare the TEM samples? Or is this a re-observation of a previously prepared TEM samples that were in storage?

Thank you for this comment. Patients’ fibroblast TEM samples were re-imaged using the original TEM samples kept in storage. Higher magnification and more images were taken in order to better analyse ultrastructural features. We have now also made extensive original images available through the Open Science Framework link (2017 Electron Microscopy Images) (the current ID system has been used for consistency).
We have clarified the methods to say:
“For the original preparation and analysis of the samples, fibroblasts were detached from culture flasks……."
We have now added a subsequent paragraph to the methods sections to clarify:
“In the current study, patient and control fibroblast samples prepared for TEM for our original work detailed above² were re-imaged using higher magnification. The aim of this approach was to better analyse a range of ultra-structural features and organelles in more detail, and to make these images (n=78) available as well as the of original set of generally lower magnification TEM images (n=80).”
The Data Availability Statement has been modified to read:
“OSF: Investigating ultrastructural morphology in MIRAGE syndrome-derived fibroblasts using transmission electron microscopy. https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/Z8WVE²⁵.

This project contains the following extended data (2023 Electron Microscopy Images) (n=78):

Control (19 .TIF files)

Patient1 (19 .TIF files)

Patient2 (19 .TIF files)

Patient3 (21 .TIF files)

Data are available under the terms of the Creative Commons BY (CC-BY) 4.0.

Original images taken in general at lower magnification have now also been uploaded (2017 Electron Microscopy Images) (n=80).”

4. All results presented in this study are qualitative. If possible, I think objectivity in the features would be increased if there is something that can be evaluated quantitatively, such as the number and size of organelles per field of view. (If it is difficult, I think it is acceptable to leave it as it is now)

Thank you for this point, which is also raised by Reviewer 3. We agree it would be good to be able to count, measure and characterise features of organelles to be able to quantitate them in more detail. However, this is well-established as being challenging as TEM is 2-dimentional and it can be difficult to accurately define some of the subtle features we report even with large number of images, such as vesicle chains and differences in endoplasmic reticulum. Currently there is much interest in developing artificial intelligence/machine learning approaches for TEM characterisation, but these approaches require large numbers of samples and datasets, and processing. Unfortunately, this is beyond the scope of this current study.
Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Close
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Author Response 13 Apr 2024

Federica Buonocore, Genetics and Genomic Medicine Research and Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK

13 Apr 2024

Author Response
We thank Dr Narumi for providing his review report. We have addressed the comments below.

1. (SAMD9) in the title necessary? I think all three patients had typical MIRAGE ... Continue reading
We thank Dr Narumi for providing his review report. We have addressed the comments below.

1. (SAMD9) in the title necessary? I think all three patients had typical MIRAGE syndrome.

We included SAMD9 in the title to increase the changes of the paper being captured by a search engine, but we agree this seems out of place without further details, and the paper should be accessed through the abstract and keywords. Thus, we have omitted SAMD9 from the title. All three patients had MIRAGE syndrome, although the phenotypic spectrum can be wide.

2. Patient 1 in this paper is the same person as Patient 4 in JCI 2017? Patient 2 is this paper is the same person as Patient 6 in JCI 2017? Cells derived from Patient 3 are unreported?

In this paper, patient 1 refers to patient 4, patient 2 refers to patient 6, patient 3 refers to patient 8 in our original study published in JCI 2017. Fibroblasts from all three patients were included in our cell structure (TEM) and endosome (early Rab5a and late endosomes Rab7a) studies, but the TEM images from patient 3 were not included in JCI 2017 due to space constraints, and only very limited data from patients 1 and 2 were shown.
We have clarified in the methods section (“Samples”) how the current labelling links to the original report.
We now make all these original lower magnification TEM images from JCI 2017 available for all three patients, as well as the new higher magnification TEM images that were generated specifically for this current report (see point 3 below).

3. It would be easier to understand if you clarify the relevance of JCI 2017 and this paper in the Methods section. Did you thaw the frozen stored cells and re-prepare the TEM samples? Or is this a re-observation of a previously prepared TEM samples that were in storage?

Thank you for this comment. Patients’ fibroblast TEM samples were re-imaged using the original TEM samples kept in storage. Higher magnification and more images were taken in order to better analyse ultrastructural features. We have now also made extensive original images available through the Open Science Framework link (2017 Electron Microscopy Images) (the current ID system has been used for consistency).
We have clarified the methods to say:
“For the original preparation and analysis of the samples, fibroblasts were detached from culture flasks……."
We have now added a subsequent paragraph to the methods sections to clarify:
“In the current study, patient and control fibroblast samples prepared for TEM for our original work detailed above² were re-imaged using higher magnification. The aim of this approach was to better analyse a range of ultra-structural features and organelles in more detail, and to make these images (n=78) available as well as the of original set of generally lower magnification TEM images (n=80).”
The Data Availability Statement has been modified to read:
“OSF: Investigating ultrastructural morphology in MIRAGE syndrome-derived fibroblasts using transmission electron microscopy. https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/Z8WVE²⁵.

This project contains the following extended data (2023 Electron Microscopy Images) (n=78):

Control (19 .TIF files)

Patient1 (19 .TIF files)

Patient2 (19 .TIF files)

Patient3 (21 .TIF files)

Data are available under the terms of the Creative Commons BY (CC-BY) 4.0.

Original images taken in general at lower magnification have now also been uploaded (2017 Electron Microscopy Images) (n=80).”

4. All results presented in this study are qualitative. If possible, I think objectivity in the features would be increased if there is something that can be evaluated quantitatively, such as the number and size of organelles per field of view. (If it is difficult, I think it is acceptable to leave it as it is now)

Thank you for this point, which is also raised by Reviewer 3. We agree it would be good to be able to count, measure and characterise features of organelles to be able to quantitate them in more detail. However, this is well-established as being challenging as TEM is 2-dimentional and it can be difficult to accurately define some of the subtle features we report even with large number of images, such as vesicle chains and differences in endoplasmic reticulum. Currently there is much interest in developing artificial intelligence/machine learning approaches for TEM characterisation, but these approaches require large numbers of samples and datasets, and processing. Unfortunately, this is beyond the scope of this current study.
We thank Dr Narumi for providing his review report. We have addressed the comments below.

1. (SAMD9) in the title necessary? I think all three patients had typical MIRAGE syndrome.

We included SAMD9 in the title to increase the changes of the paper being captured by a search engine, but we agree this seems out of place without further details, and the paper should be accessed through the abstract and keywords. Thus, we have omitted SAMD9 from the title. All three patients had MIRAGE syndrome, although the phenotypic spectrum can be wide.

2. Patient 1 in this paper is the same person as Patient 4 in JCI 2017? Patient 2 is this paper is the same person as Patient 6 in JCI 2017? Cells derived from Patient 3 are unreported?

In this paper, patient 1 refers to patient 4, patient 2 refers to patient 6, patient 3 refers to patient 8 in our original study published in JCI 2017. Fibroblasts from all three patients were included in our cell structure (TEM) and endosome (early Rab5a and late endosomes Rab7a) studies, but the TEM images from patient 3 were not included in JCI 2017 due to space constraints, and only very limited data from patients 1 and 2 were shown.
We have clarified in the methods section (“Samples”) how the current labelling links to the original report.
We now make all these original lower magnification TEM images from JCI 2017 available for all three patients, as well as the new higher magnification TEM images that were generated specifically for this current report (see point 3 below).

3. It would be easier to understand if you clarify the relevance of JCI 2017 and this paper in the Methods section. Did you thaw the frozen stored cells and re-prepare the TEM samples? Or is this a re-observation of a previously prepared TEM samples that were in storage?

Thank you for this comment. Patients’ fibroblast TEM samples were re-imaged using the original TEM samples kept in storage. Higher magnification and more images were taken in order to better analyse ultrastructural features. We have now also made extensive original images available through the Open Science Framework link (2017 Electron Microscopy Images) (the current ID system has been used for consistency).
We have clarified the methods to say:
“For the original preparation and analysis of the samples, fibroblasts were detached from culture flasks……."
We have now added a subsequent paragraph to the methods sections to clarify:
“In the current study, patient and control fibroblast samples prepared for TEM for our original work detailed above² were re-imaged using higher magnification. The aim of this approach was to better analyse a range of ultra-structural features and organelles in more detail, and to make these images (n=78) available as well as the of original set of generally lower magnification TEM images (n=80).”
The Data Availability Statement has been modified to read:
“OSF: Investigating ultrastructural morphology in MIRAGE syndrome-derived fibroblasts using transmission electron microscopy. https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/Z8WVE²⁵.

This project contains the following extended data (2023 Electron Microscopy Images) (n=78):

Control (19 .TIF files)

Patient1 (19 .TIF files)

Patient2 (19 .TIF files)

Patient3 (21 .TIF files)

Data are available under the terms of the Creative Commons BY (CC-BY) 4.0.

Original images taken in general at lower magnification have now also been uploaded (2017 Electron Microscopy Images) (n=80).”

4. All results presented in this study are qualitative. If possible, I think objectivity in the features would be increased if there is something that can be evaluated quantitatively, such as the number and size of organelles per field of view. (If it is difficult, I think it is acceptable to leave it as it is now)

Thank you for this point, which is also raised by Reviewer 3. We agree it would be good to be able to count, measure and characterise features of organelles to be able to quantitate them in more detail. However, this is well-established as being challenging as TEM is 2-dimentional and it can be difficult to accurately define some of the subtle features we report even with large number of images, such as vesicle chains and differences in endoplasmic reticulum. Currently there is much interest in developing artificial intelligence/machine learning approaches for TEM characterisation, but these approaches require large numbers of samples and datasets, and processing. Unfortunately, this is beyond the scope of this current study.
Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Close
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VERSION 2 PUBLISHED 10 Feb 2023

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Satoshi Narumi, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
Timothy S Olson, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, USA
Sushree Sangita Sahoo, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, USA

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Reviewer Report

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28 Feb 2024 | for Version 2

Satoshi Narumi, Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan

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Approved

The manuscript is well written. I have no further comments on it.

Competing Interests

No competing interests were disclosed.

Reviewer Expertise

molecular genetics; pediatric endocrinology

I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard.

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Reviewer Report

13 Views

19 Jun 2023 | for Version 1

Sushree Sangita Sahoo, Department of Hematology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA

13 Views Cite this report Responses(1)

Approved With Reservations

Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature?

Yes
Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound?

Yes
Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others?

Yes
If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate?

Yes
Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility?

Yes
Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results?

Yes

Competing Interests

No competing interests were disclosed.

Reviewer Expertise

bone marrow failure, myelodysplastic syndromes, HSC biology, experimental hematology

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Author Response

13 Apr 2024

Federica Buonocore, Genetics and Genomic Medicine Research and Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK

We thank Dr Sahoo for her comments. Quantification of early endosome volume was provided using transfection of Rab5a in the original J Clin Invest manuscript 2017, and shown to be statistically significantly larger for fibroblasts from two patients (6 and 8). As highlighted in response to Reviewer 1, we feel that TEM analysis is still very qualitative. We have looked at options for better quantification, but this really needs 3-D reconstruction and modelling that is not yet widely available, nor possible here. Our aim here is to provide more extensive TEM image data from the samples we have for the research community, and to show a greater range of changes in ultrastructural morphology in patient fibroblasts.

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No competing interests were disclosed.

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Reviewer Report

25 Views

27 Feb 2023 | for Version 1

Timothy S Olson, Cell Therapy and Transplant Section, Division of Oncology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA

25 Views Cite this report Responses(1)

Approved With Reservations

This study presents a reanalysis of EM studies that have been previously published, and essentially refute the interpretation of these studies that was published in 2017. While I think this update is indeed critical to provide, since it does not involve analysis of new samples or by new techniques and is rather a reinterpretation of the previously published EM studies, this reviewer wonders whether these updated data would be better to include as an erratum to the original study, rather than as an independent report. If the authors feel differently, they should comment as to why these data represent sufficient originality that they should be considered as an independent report.
Have the authors studied EM appearance of fibroblasts from patients with SAMD9/SAMD9L mutations who lack syndromic features of MIRAGE? Do such samples still show endosomal abnormalities, or are those abnormalities characteristic only of a MIRAGE phenotype? What about GoF versus LoF mutations, both of which are associated with MDS, though at distinct ages?
No source of the control fibroblasts is provided. Healthy individual? Age-matched? Cell line? How can the control cell have an irregular nuclear envelope (page 4) if it is in theory a normal cell? Is the irregularity artefactual based on the EM prep?
In the discussion, the authors suggest that the EM prep used in the original study was to fix the fibroblasts after pelleted and before placement on a slide, whereas other investigators have plated live fibroblasts on slides first and then fixed. I'm confused as to which technique was used in the current study, and whether difference in technique can explain why the current study confirms the work of Narumi et al., whereas the previous 2017 work from these investigators saw only mild endosomal abnormalities.

Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature?

Yes
Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound?

Yes
Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others?

Yes
If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate?

Not applicable
Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility?

Yes
Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results?

Yes

Competing Interests

No competing interests were disclosed.

Reviewer Expertise

MIRAGE Syndrome. Pediatric MDS Predisposition Syndromes. Bone Marrow Failure

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Author Response

13 Apr 2024

Federica Buonocore, Genetics and Genomic Medicine Research and Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK

We thank Dr Olson for providing his review report. We have addressed the comments below.

1. This study presents a reanalysis of EM studies that have been previously published, and essentially refute the interpretation of these studies that was published in 2017. While I think this update is indeed critical to provide, since it does not involve analysis of new samples or by new techniques and is rather a reinterpretation of the previously published EM studies, this reviewer wonders whether these updated data would be better to include as an erratum to the original study, rather than as an independent report. If the authors feel differently, they should comment as to why these data represent sufficient originality that they should be considered as an independent report.

Thank you for this point.

In our J Clin Invest publication in 2017 we did report endosomal abnormalities, but these were not as marked as shown by Narumi and colleagues and we did not see the massively enlarged endosomes reported by them.

For example, we stated in:

a) Fig 6a and legend- “Electron microscopy of fibroblasts from controls and patients
showed a modest increase in the number and size of cytoplasmic vesicles (V) and mildly dilated rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in a small subpopulation of patient cells, but the effects were very heterogeneous”
b) Supplementary Fig 7 - data
c) Fig 6c and 6d and legend – (Using Rab5a to show early endosomes and Rab7a to show late endosomes in cultured fibroblasts) “Early endosome volumes were greater in fibroblasts from patients 6 and 8 compared with controls, with greater variability in patients’ samples.”……..” A distribution analysis of early endosome volume for all cells studied also showed a shift toward larger early endosome volume for patients 6 and 8.”
d) Results - SAMD9 mutations produce subtle changes in early endosome size. Electron microscopy of patient fibroblasts compared with control cells showed that a small subpopulation of patient cells contained multiple large vesicles (>1.5 μm) as well as dilated endoplasmic reticulum and enlarged mitochondria, but these changes were heterogeneous, and extensive areas of cytoplasm containing large vesicles were not seen (Figure 6, A and B, and Supplemental Figure 7). No marked differences in late endosome structure were seen between patient and control fibroblasts (Figure 6B, green
structures). A modest increase in the size of early endosomes (red structures) was identified in 2 of the patient cell lines (patients 6 and 8), as shown in representative images (Figure 6B) and in quantitative analysis of early endosome size (Figure 6, C and D).”

To clarify this point in context we have changed the introduction from:

“Two studies have reported characteristic enlarged endosomes in skin fibroblasts derived from MIRAGE patients, including “giant” endosomes in some cells^1,5. These authors proposed that endosome dysfunction results in reduced recycling of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), with consequent decreased cell growth and proliferation¹. We have also observed somewhat larger vesicles in our patients’ fibroblasts using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) imaging and Rab5a and Rab7a as early- and late- endosomal markers respectively, in live fibroblast cultures². However, these TEM studies were only reviewed at low power and in limited sections, and more detailed high-power imaging was not undertaken.”

to:

“Two studies have reported characteristic enlarged endosomes in skin fibroblasts derived from MIRAGE patients, including “giant” endosomes in some cells^1,5. These authors proposed that endosome dysfunction results in reduced recycling of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), with consequent decreased cell growth and proliferation¹. We have also observed somewhat larger vesicles in our patients’ fibroblasts using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) imaging and Rab5a and Rab7a as early- and late- endosomal markers respectively, in live fibroblast cultures². Massively enlarged or giant endosomes were not seen. Of note, these TEM studies were only reviewed at low power and in limited sections, and more detailed high-power imaging was not undertaken.”

The aim of the study presented here is to make a larger dataset available of TEM images from SAMD9-MIRAGE fibroblasts, that show a wider range of ultrastructural morphology. We feel sharing any data available for this rare condition is important.

We have also added a comment to the results that “No giant endosomes were seen”

(Note: The co-author with extensive experience of TEM (Dr Glenn Anderson) was a co-author on the original study too.)

2. Have the authors studied EM appearance of fibroblasts from patients with SAMD9/SAMD9L mutations who lack syndromic features of MIRAGE? Do such samples still show endosomal abnormalities, or are those abnormalities characteristic only of a MIRAGE phenotype? What about GoF versus LoF mutations, both of which are associated with MDS, though at distinct ages?

We have not had an opportunity to do this and cannot easily take this forward. It is an interesting and important point and we have added a comment to the discussion. Thank you for raising this.

“It would be of interest to study cellular ultrastructure from individuals with other gain-of-function or loss-of function changes in SAMD9, who do not have classic MIRAGE syndrome features, to see if similar changes are seen there too.”

3. No source of the control fibroblasts is provided. Healthy individual? Age-matched? Cell line? How can the control cell have an irregular nuclear envelope (page 4) if it is in theory a normal cell? Is the irregularity artefactual based on the EM prep?

Control fibroblasts were derived from a healthy individual. We have added “healthy” to the fibroblasts’ method section. These control fibroblasts are routinely used in our lab for several different experiments.

A convoluted nuclear envelope provides an increased area of contact between the nucleus and the cytoplasm and may suggest heightened metabolic activity. In our samples, the nuclear outline was very smooth with fairly dispersed diffused chromatin pattern. This is linked to cell growth and it is not an atypical nuclear envelope. We understand that the word “irregular” might be confusing, so we have now changed this to “convoluted”. We feel that the nuclear envelope is within normal range for the control and MIRAGE samples.

Therefore, we have changed the results and discussion to say “convoluted” instead of irregular, and the Figure 4 legend to:
“Nuclei (N) had a convoluted nuclear envelope, with a marginated chromatin pattern in both control and patients’ cells, within normal range.”

Finally, one co-author (G.A.) has many years’ experience of specialist diagnostic and research electron microscopy and leads the clinical service. He therefore provides extensive insight for the range of typical findings seen in fibroblast TEM, even though we provide data on just one control sample.

4. In the discussion, the authors suggest that the EM prep used in the original study was to fix the fibroblasts after pelleted and before placement on a slide, whereas other investigators have plated live fibroblasts on slides first and then fixed. I'm confused as to which technique was used in the current study, and whether difference in technique can explain why the current study confirms the work of Narumi et al., whereas the previous 2017 work from these investigators saw only mild endosomal abnormalities.

In the current study we have used slides from fibroblast preparations that we also used in the “original study” published in 2017. The method we have used is the traditional ultrathin-section EM, as we describe in the methods section and briefly in the discussion. No new fibroblasts have been prepped in the current study. Potentially, the preparation method can result in structural variability. We feel this is reduced by the method reported, as outlined in the discussion. We have extensive experience of this approach.

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Competing Interests

No competing interests were disclosed.

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Reviewer Report

28 Views

16 Feb 2023 | for Version 1

Satoshi Narumi, Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan

28 Views Cite this report Responses(1)

Approved With Reservations

(SAMD9) in the title necessary? I think all three patients had typical MIRAGE syndrome.
Patient 1 in this paper is the same person as Patient 4 in JCI 2017? Patient 2 is this paper is the same person as Patient 6 in JCI 2017?

Cells derived from Patient 3 are unreported?
It would be easier to understand if you clarify the relevance of JCI 2017 and this paper in the Methods section. Did you thaw the frozen stored cells and re-prepare the TEM samples? Or is this a re-observation of a previously prepared TEM samples that were in storage?
All results presented in this study are qualitative. If possible, I think objectivity in the features would be increased if there is something that can be evaluated quantitatively, such as the number and size of organelles per field of view. (If it is difficult, I think it is acceptable to leave it as it is now)

Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature?

Yes
Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound?

Yes
Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others?

Yes
If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate?

Not applicable
Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility?

Yes
Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results?

Yes

Competing Interests

No competing interests were disclosed.

Reviewer Expertise

molecular genetics; pediatric endocrinology

Respond to this report

Responses (1)

Author Response

13 Apr 2024

Federica Buonocore, Genetics and Genomic Medicine Research and Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK

We thank Dr Narumi for providing his review report. We have addressed the comments below.

1. (SAMD9) in the title necessary? I think all three patients had typical MIRAGE syndrome.

We included SAMD9 in the title to increase the changes of the paper being captured by a search engine, but we agree this seems out of place without further details, and the paper should be accessed through the abstract and keywords. Thus, we have omitted SAMD9 from the title. All three patients had MIRAGE syndrome, although the phenotypic spectrum can be wide.

2. Patient 1 in this paper is the same person as Patient 4 in JCI 2017? Patient 2 is this paper is the same person as Patient 6 in JCI 2017? Cells derived from Patient 3 are unreported?

In this paper, patient 1 refers to patient 4, patient 2 refers to patient 6, patient 3 refers to patient 8 in our original study published in JCI 2017. Fibroblasts from all three patients were included in our cell structure (TEM) and endosome (early Rab5a and late endosomes Rab7a) studies, but the TEM images from patient 3 were not included in JCI 2017 due to space constraints, and only very limited data from patients 1 and 2 were shown.
We have clarified in the methods section (“Samples”) how the current labelling links to the original report.
We now make all these original lower magnification TEM images from JCI 2017 available for all three patients, as well as the new higher magnification TEM images that were generated specifically for this current report (see point 3 below).

3. It would be easier to understand if you clarify the relevance of JCI 2017 and this paper in the Methods section. Did you thaw the frozen stored cells and re-prepare the TEM samples? Or is this a re-observation of a previously prepared TEM samples that were in storage?

Thank you for this comment. Patients’ fibroblast TEM samples were re-imaged using the original TEM samples kept in storage. Higher magnification and more images were taken in order to better analyse ultrastructural features. We have now also made extensive original images available through the Open Science Framework link (2017 Electron Microscopy Images) (the current ID system has been used for consistency).
We have clarified the methods to say:
“For the original preparation and analysis of the samples, fibroblasts were detached from culture flasks……."
We have now added a subsequent paragraph to the methods sections to clarify:
“In the current study, patient and control fibroblast samples prepared for TEM for our original work detailed above² were re-imaged using higher magnification. The aim of this approach was to better analyse a range of ultra-structural features and organelles in more detail, and to make these images (n=78) available as well as the of original set of generally lower magnification TEM images (n=80).”
The Data Availability Statement has been modified to read:
“OSF: Investigating ultrastructural morphology in MIRAGE syndrome-derived fibroblasts using transmission electron microscopy. https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/Z8WVE²⁵.

This project contains the following extended data (2023 Electron Microscopy Images) (n=78):

Control (19 .TIF files)
Patient1 (19 .TIF files)
Patient2 (19 .TIF files)
Patient3 (21 .TIF files)

Data are available under the terms of the Creative Commons BY (CC-BY) 4.0.

Original images taken in general at lower magnification have now also been uploaded (2017 Electron Microscopy Images) (n=80).”

4. All results presented in this study are qualitative. If possible, I think objectivity in the features would be increased if there is something that can be evaluated quantitatively, such as the number and size of organelles per field of view. (If it is difficult, I think it is acceptable to leave it as it is now)

Thank you for this point, which is also raised by Reviewer 3. We agree it would be good to be able to count, measure and characterise features of organelles to be able to quantitate them in more detail. However, this is well-established as being challenging as TEM is 2-dimentional and it can be difficult to accurately define some of the subtle features we report even with large number of images, such as vesicle chains and differences in endoplasmic reticulum. Currently there is much interest in developing artificial intelligence/machine learning approaches for TEM characterisation, but these approaches require large numbers of samples and datasets, and processing. Unfortunately, this is beyond the scope of this current study.

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Competing Interests

No competing interests were disclosed.

Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article:

Approved - the paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested

Approved with reservations - A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit.

Not approved - fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions

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Investigating ultrastructural morphology in MIRAGE syndrome (SAMD9)-derived fibroblasts using transmission electron microscopy.

Abstract

Keywords

Introduction

Methods

Samples

Ethics/Ethical statement

Fibroblasts

Transmission electron microscopy

Results

Figure 1. Increased endosomal activity was clear in all patients’ cells.

Figure 2. Late endosomes and lysosomes displayed characteristics of increased endosomal activity.

Figure 3. Mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum presented dilated.

Figure 4. Nuclei and nucleoli did not display any differences between control and patients’ cells.

Discussion

Data availability

Acknowledgments

References

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