Effect of Yogasana and Pranayama on cardiopulmonary functions on sawmill, sugar cane and bidi workers in the rural sector

Milind Abhimanyu Nisargandha; Shweta Dadarao Parwe; Vaishali Vasant Kuchewar; Chhaya Anil Saraf

doi:10.12688/f1000research.136645.1

Home Browse Effect of Yogasana and Pranayama on cardiopulmonary functions on sawmill,...

ALL Metrics

Views

Downloads

Get PDF

Get XML

Export

▬

✚

Study Protocol

Effect of Yogasana and Pranayama on cardiopulmonary functions on sawmill, sugar cane and bidi workers in the rural sector

[version 1; peer review: 1 approved with reservations, 1 not approved]

Milind Abhimanyu Nisargandha¹, Shweta Dadarao Parwe², Vaishali Vasant Kuchewar³, Chhaya Anil Saraf⁴

PUBLISHED 29 Dec 2023

Author details Author details

¹ Physiology, Saveetha Medical College and Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 602105, India
² Panchakarma, Mahatma Gandhi Ayurved College, Hospital & Research Centre, Salod (H), Wardha, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education & Research, Wardha, Maharashtra, 442001, India
³ Kayachikitsa, Mahatma Gandhi Ayurved College, Hospital and Research Centre, Salod (H), Wardha, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education & Research, Wardha, Maharashtra, 442001, India
⁴ Physiology, Dr D Y Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Centre, Pimpri. Dr D Y Patil Vidyapeeth, Pimpri, Pune, Maharashtra, 411018, India

Milind Abhimanyu Nisargandha
Roles: Visualization, Writing – Review & Editing

Shweta Dadarao Parwe
Roles: Conceptualization, Methodology, Writing – Original Draft Preparation

Vaishali Vasant Kuchewar
Roles: Funding Acquisition, Visualization

Chhaya Anil Saraf
Roles: Resources, Validation

OPEN PEER REVIEW

REVIEWER STATUS

This article is included in the Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research collection.

Abstract

Background

The rural sector is an essential component of the country’s economy, and the economy is based on the large number of workers involved in various activities such as agriculture, forestry, and small and large-scale industries. People work in different industries like sawmills, sugarcane and Bidi factories for their livelihoods. These workers, among other factory workers, are frequently exposed to hazardous working conditions that can have a negative impact on their health. These workers are at high risk of developing respiratory and cardiovascular diseases due to prolonged exposure to dust, smoke and other harmful substances. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of yoga and pranayama on cardiopulmonary function in the sawmill, sugar cane and Bidi workers in the rural sectors.

Methods

348 workers will be randomly assigned to the Yogasana and Pranayama group or the control group. The intervention of the Yogasana and Pranayama group will be planned for a 20-week program, while the control group will be continuing their as-usual activities. Cardiopulmonary function will be assessed for baseline parameters, and after the intervention has been completed similar parameters will be recorded.

Conclusions

It could be concluded that the Yogasana and Pranayama may be effective for improving the cardiopulmonary function in sawmill, sugar cane, and Bidi workers in rural sectors.

Registration

CTRI/2023/07/055733.

Keywords

Bidi Workers; Cardiopulmonary Functions; Sawmill Workers; Sugar Cane ; Workers; Praṇayama; Yogasana.

Corresponding author: Shweta Dadarao Parwe

Competing interests: No competing interests were disclosed.

Grant information: The author(s) declared that no grants were involved in supporting this work.

Copyright: © 2023 Nisargandha MA et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

How to cite: Nisargandha MA, Parwe SD, Kuchewar VV and Saraf CA. Effect of Yogasana and Pranayama on cardiopulmonary functions on sawmill, sugar cane and bidi workers in the rural sector [version 1; peer review: 1 approved with reservations, 1 not approved]. F1000Research 2023, 12:1607 (https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.136645.1) First published: 29 Dec 2023, 12:1607 (https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.136645.1) Latest published: 29 Dec 2023, 12:1607 (https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.136645.1)

Introduction

The likelihood of developing cardiopulmonary disease is increased due to high exposure to dust and pollution, which occurs with many people working in the industrial area.¹ This high level of impact of exposure in the sawmill, sugar cane and Bidi workers leads to respiratory disorders. Yogasana and pranayama is an essential yogic practice that changes cardiopulmonary and autonomic variables.² Yoga reduces stress and autonomic function, and the Yogic breathing practice was reported to benefit cardiovascular and autonomic variables.³ This cardiopulmonary risk is more associated with the people working in the industries.⁴ In India, in most markets, people work in many small- (sawmill, Bidi company) and large-scale industries (sugarcane). The majority of the people who work in these factories are from poor socio-economical backgrounds.⁵ While working, they are directly or indirectly exposed to dust and pollution in their workplace. In India, Maharashtra state is one of the major sugar, sawmills and Bidi producers. In the Wardha districts, Samudrapur Tehsil is where people’s primary income source is rolling the Bidi. Many of these workers are exposed to snuff powders while working for long durations. These people are regularly exposed to the risk of inhalation directly.

This study aims to investigate the effect of Yogasana and Pranayama on the cardiopulmonary functions of the workers in the rural sector who are engaged in sawmills, sugar cane, and Bidi industry work. These industries expose workers to high levels of air pollution, which can harm their health, mainly their cardiopulmonary function.⁶^–⁸ This study seeks to determine whether the practice of Yogasana and Pranayama can mitigate the adverse effect of industrial air pollution on the workers’ cardiopulmonary function.⁹^,¹⁰ The study is essential as it can provide insight into the potential of Yogasana and Pranayama as a preventive measure against the adverse health effects of exposure to industrial air pollution in the workplace.¹¹

Sugar cane workers are highly exposed to wood dust (Bhusa) while working near the boiler to generate steam. This high exposure to dust and air pollution by sugar cane workers leads to cardiopulmonary diseases such as asthma, cardiovascular diseases, respiratory diseases and due to this leads to deaths were reported¹² in a few studies over the last decade.¹³^,¹⁴

Another study assessed the ventilator function of persons exposed to sawdust with rhinitis symptoms.¹⁵ A total of 500 sawmill workers in Ibadan were studied to evaluate occupation-induced lung damage due to exposure to sawdust. Occupational-related problems were measured through a structured questionnaire. The study was conducted on 500 workers at University College Hospital (UCH) Ibadan and served as age and sex-matched with control. Findings reported that respiratory symptoms are common in the sawmill workers and 4.1% workers suffered airway obstruction.¹⁶

In a study published on Bidi workers where raw tobacco dust is a known sensitizing agent,¹⁷ there was evidence of alveolitis in the manufacturing industry of tobacco. Some workers in tobacco manufacturing sectors were found to experience respiratory-related symptoms and lung fibrosis.¹⁸

Another study was conducted to determine the rice husk dust effect on pulmonary function in the rice mill workers. In this study the population was 150 male rice mill workers from 6 different rice mills with 50 as control of similar age, sex ethnic group, and agriculture work background. Out of which 28 rice mill workers suffered with obstructive diseases, whereas eight suffered from restrictive pulmonary impairment.¹⁹

The study conducted by Patil SN in 2008 conducted pulmonary function tests on sugar cane workers. The workers exposed to sugar cane dust were compared with normal healthy adults as a control group. In this study, they found dysfunction in high duct exposure in sugarcane workers in a specific region of Western Maharashtra, India.²⁰

Rhinitis is one of the common clinical conditions found in occupational-related disorders. It affects the respiratory upper airway and also involves the lower respiratory tract along with considerable airflow limitation.²¹ Exposure of sawdust leads to symptoms related to rhinitis.²²

Clip pipe workers are also exposed to high-concentration airborne mold spores. A few cases were reported in Finland, where they suffered from allergic alveolitis. In this study, they compared the immunological and clinical effects of continuous mould spore exposure, where eight non-smoking workers, six on-chip pipes, and two on-bark pipes were evaluated, and chronic bronchitis symptoms were reported due to exposure to wood dust.²³^,²⁴

Exposure to this pollution is related to an enhanced risk of cardiopulmonary morbidity.²⁵ Most of the studies on the subject are related to the urban population. This study will compare sawmills, sugar cane, and Bidi workers’ occupational hazards and incidences of respiratory symptoms. Recently, from 2001 there are no published studies on the comparison of these three groups regarding cardiopulmonary risks treated with the intervention of Yogasana in the Indian scenario. This paucity of data and the risk of cardiopulmonary problems observed in the factory workers can be resolved through the investigation of our study.

Rationale

Yogasana and Pranayama is an ancient traditional Yogic practice from Ayurveda for reducing stress and improve autonomic function. Yogasana (postural exercise) and Pranayama (breathing exercise) were reported to produce a positive effect on cardiovascular and autonomic function variables.²⁶ Cardiopulmonary risk is more highly associated with people working in the industrial area.²⁷ They are highly exposed to dust and air pollution in the environment where they work. Keeping this view in mind, the aim of the study is to evaluate the effect of Yogasana and Pranayama on cardiopulmonary function in sawmills, sugar cane, and Bidi workers in rural sectors.

Objectives

1. To evaluate the effect of cardiopulmonary function in sawmill, sugar cane, and Bidi workers.
2. To evaluate the effect of Yogasana and Pranayama on autonomic function test in sawmill, sugar cane, and Bidi workers.
3. To compare the effect of Yogasana among the sawmill, sugar cane, and Bidi workers.

Methods

Trial design

This will be parallel group, single blind, randomized control trial.

Study setting and recruitment

The study will be conducted in the Department of Physiology, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College Sawangi (M) Wardha and Mahatma Gandhi Ayurved College and Hospital and Research Centre Salod (H) Wardha.

Selection of the subjects will be done from outdoor patients (OPD) and indoor patients (IPD) of the Medicine Department, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College Sawangi (M) Wardha and Department of Panchakarma, Mahatma Gandhi Ayurved College Hospital, and Research Centre Salod (H) Wardha. Also, subjects will be selected at their respective mills by organizing camps in the factory.

Participants

In this study, 348 subjects will be required according to the sample size calculation. The inclusion criteria will be: 1) sawmill, sugar cane, and Bidi workers aged between 25 and 40 years; 2) minimum exposure (i.e., employed in the industry) of 5 years and above; 3) those who have respiratory symptoms like breathlessness and cough. The exclusion criteria will be: 1) sawmill, sugar cane, and Bidi workers not exposed for more than 5 years; 2) Bidi workers who are BidiBidi smokers (confounder); 3) sawmill, sugar cane, and Bidi workers with hypertension (HTN), metabolic disorders, and congenital anomalies in cardio-respiration; 4) those who are addicted to alcohol. The allocation sequence was generated used computer-generated random numbers. The allocation concealment mechanism was a central telephone method.

Sample size

A sample of 348 has been calculated using Epi Info statistical software version 7.2.

To calculate the sample size for this study, several factors need to be considered, including the level of significance, power of the study, and effect size.

Assuming a level of significance of 0.05, a power of 0.80, and a moderate effect size of 0.5, the sample size can be calculated using the following formula:

n = (Zα / 2 + Zβ) 2^{*} (SD) 2 / (d) 2

Where:

• n = sample size
• Zα/2 = the critical value of the standard normal distribution at 0.05 level of significance (1.96)
• Zβ = the critical value of the standard normal distribution at 0.80 power (0.84)
• SD = standard deviation of the population (assumed to be 10 based on previous studies)
• d = effect size (0.5)

Plugging in these values, we get:

\begin{matrix} n = (1.96 + 0.84) 2^{*} (10) 2 / (0.5) 2 \\ n = 86.4 \end{matrix}

n = 87 (Group A = 87, Group B = 87, Group C = 87 and Control Group = 87) = 348

Therefore, a sample size of at least 87 participants per group would be needed for this study. However, it is important to note that the sample size may need to be adjusted based on the specific population being studied and any potential confounding variables smoking history, family history of diabetic, hypertension.

Interventions

To improve adherence

We will motivate the participants by showing them videos of different exercises to build confidence among them for improvement. Every day we will send a reminder and motivational video on the WhatsApp group.

Concomitant care

If they are on bronchodilator or any other medication, subjects will not be included in this study, as this may change the results of the study.

Blinding (masking)

No unblinding is permitted in this study.

Data collection

The pulmonary function test (PFT) will be carried out through the Med Spiro PC based digital spirometer used for determining the peak expiratory flow rate, peak inspiratory flow rate, vital capacity, and maximum voluntary ventilation. Subjects will be given instruction on how to perform the pulmonary function test in this study, the intervention will be given as Yogasana and Pranayama with the help of a yoga teacher. The trained Yoga teacher will teach the experimental groups specific Asana like Halasana (plough), Akarna-dhanurasana (reverse bow posture), Ardh-matsyendrasana (half spine twist), Ushtrasana (camel), Bhujangasana (cobra), and Surya namaskar (sun salute) for their flexibility, physical strength and to improve their endurance. They will be required to do these exercises every day for 60 minutes after the 20-minute physical training or practicing different Yogasana. They will also be trained in the Pranayama for breathing exercise i.e., alternate nostril breathing, Kapalbhati, Bhastrika, and Bhramari Pranayama for improve their lung efficiency. This practice will be given to the subjects every day for up to 20 weeks under the supervision of a Yoga teacher. After the 20 weeks of training, their parameters will be assessed again. The study is expected to take 18-24 months.

Data management

After data collection, all data entry will be performed by a trained data operator, who will code the patients’ name, OPD and IPD number, and these will be safely stored with a password on the excel sheets.

Statistics

Analysis of the population and missing data

Data will be maintained with a hard copy on file. If data are missing, it will be optioned from hard copy. Dropout or follow up can be separately recorded in the entry registers.

Harms

In this study there are no drugs, hence no adverse effects are predicted. However, overstretching may cause muscle pain, and in osteoporosis patients fractures may happen. Some patients may also experience asthma attacks due to the exertion.

Data access

Data will be access via a separate excel sheet and it will be password-protected.

Trial registration

This trail is registered under the Clinical Trail Registry India and the registration number for this trail is CTRI/2023/07/055733.

Randomization

Participants who meet the eligibility criteria will be randomized into the internal group ABC and control group D. They will be randomly divided into four groups, Group A, Group B, and Group C, and the control group D. In each group, there will be 87 subjects included. All the baseline parameters will be recorded at the time of recruitment in the hospital. A lung function test will be carried out for determining the relatively affected cardiopulmonary status among the workers of the sawmill, sugar factory, and Bidi rolling workers.

Blinding of groups

Participants, research assistants and the clinicians will be unaware of which group the subjects will be assigned to in this study. The blinded group codes will be kept absolutely confidential during the trial to observe for any improvement in any specific group due to the intervention.

Screening investigation

Baseline parameters will be assessed in the participants: complete blood count (CBC), measuring the pulse with a pulse meter, blood pressure with digital sphygmomanometer, lipid profile, BMI, hip waist ratio, and computerized spirometer recoded force vital capacity (FVC), force expiratory volume for 1 second in percentages (FEV1 %), peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR), peak inspiratory flow rate (PIFR).

Post investigation

After 20 weeks of the intervention of Yogasana and Pranayama, the same parameters will be assessed again.

Criteria for discontinuing and modifying allocations

The subjects will be withdrawn from the study if they are not able to complete the training, if they start any bronchodilators or other medication than alters pulmonary function value, or if any problems emerge with them like asthma attack or, while performing Yogasana, severe pain. They will be noted along with their dropout criteria. They will be allowed to continue Yogasana and Pranayama if they feel comfortable.

Outcome of the study

We will observe for any significant changes in the groups after 20 weeks of the intervention.

PICO model

In this study, the PICO model will be incorporated. The population is sawmill, sugar cane, and Bidi workers; the intervention is Yogasana and Pranayama; the comparison will be among the different groups of sawmill, sugar cane, and Bidi workers with a control group; and the outcome of the study will be the benefits of Yogasana and Pranayama.

Participation timeline

The predicted timeline for this study is presented in Table 1.

Table 1. Participant timeline.

	Study period
	Enrolment	Allocation	Pre-allocation	Post-allocation	Closed out	Analysis
Time point	√		O day	20 weeks
Enrolment
Eligibility screen	√
Informed consent	√
(List other procedures)	√
Allocation		√
Intervention			√	√
(Intervention A) (Intervention B)			√	√
Assessments
(List baseline variables)	√	√
(List outcome variables)					√	√
(List other data variables)				√	√	√

Discussion

We expect to find that practising Yogasana and Pranayama positively affects the cardiopulmonary function of the sawmill, sugar cane, and Bidi workers in the rural sector. We expect the workers will show significant improvement in lung capacity, oxygen saturation level, and heart rate variability after regular practice of Yogasana and Pranayama.

In this study, we expect to find that regular practice of Yogasana and Pranayama may lead to a positive effect on the cardiopulmonary function of sawmills, sugar cane, and Bidi workers in the rural sector. The workers who will be doing regular practice of Yogasana and Pranayama may improve their lung function, blood pressure, and decrease their heart rate compared to those who did not.

Pranayama is a form of breathing exercise that originated in ancient India and is now practised worldwide. It involves controlling the breath to improve physical, mental, and emotional health.²⁸ A previous study suggests that some of the benefits of practising Pranayama for reduce stress and anxiety.²⁹ The Pranayama may calm the mind and reduce stress and anxiety levels. It may also promote relaxation and a sense of well-being.³⁰

We expect the study will suggest that deep breathing is used in Pranayama, which may be helps to increase the lung’s capacity and oxygen intake. This will have the potential to improve overall respiratory health. Pranayama may improve the movement of oxygen and blood throughout the body, which can strengthen the immune system and overall wellness. Pranayama can aid in the integration of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems, which can improve overall health and well-being. Pranayama can also help to improve digestive issues such as constipation, bloating, and indigestion.³¹ A few other studies suggest that Pranayama can help to improve mental clarity and focus, which can improve productivity and performance.³²^–³⁴

In this study, we will not consider the socio-economical background and lifestyle factors of the participants, which may influence the results. This study did not collect information on factors such as dust exposure, occasional consumption of alcohol, and diet, which may affect the cardiopulmonary function of the participants. Therefore, the study findings should be interpreted in the context of the limitations mentioned above.

In terms of generalizability, the study findings may apply to similar populations of sawmill, sugar cane, and Bidi workers in rural sectors. However, the findings cannot be generalizable to other populations such as urban workers or individuals with different occupational exposures, therefore, the study findings should be considered in the context of the specific population in rural sectors.

Dissemination

The work will be presented conferences and published in an indexed journal.

Study status

Not yet started, it will start in September 2023.

Ethical considerations

The study is approved by the Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences Institutional Ethical Clearance Committee (protocol no: DMIMS (DU)/IEC/2021/664) after due consultation and gatekeepers’ consent and presentation. The I.E.C. letter was provided by ICE DMIMSU (DU) on 18.12.2021 Wardha, Maharashtra, India.

Re- regd no: ECR/440/Inst/MH/2013/RR-2019.

Consent

Informed written consent will be obtained for the purpose of the study from all the participants. Anonymity and confidentiality will be explained to them before the study begins, and they will voluntary sign the consent form. The informed consent agreement will include that the participants can withdraw his or her name from the study at any point if they no longer feel comfortable.

Data availability

No data are associated with this article.

Reporting guidelines

SPIRIT checklist for ‘Effect of Yogasana and Pranayama on cardiopulmonary functions on sawmill, sugar cane and bidi workers in the rural sector’ https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8010744.

Acknowledgements

We would like to express our sincere gratitude to all those who have contributed to the drafting of this protocol. First and foremost, we would like to thank our co-authors for their invaluable insights and contributions to the writing the manuscript of protocol. We extend our appreciation to the faculty members of the Department of Physiology SIMATS who provided constructive feedback and helped to improve the quality of the protocol. We also acknowledge the Physiology Faculty team at JNMC for their support.

References

1. D’Amato G, Liccardi G, D’Amato M, et al.: Environmental risk factors and allergic bronchial asthma. Clin. Htmlent. Glyphamp. Asciiamp. Exp. Allergy. 2005 Sep [cited 2023 Aug 13]; 35(9): 1113–1124. Publisher Full Text
2. Nivethitha L, Mooventhan A, Manjunath NK: Effects of Various Prāṇāyāma on Cardiovascular and Autonomic Variables. Anc. Sci. Life. 2016; 36(2): 72–77. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text
3. Wenger MA, Bagchi BK: Studies of autonomic functions in practitioners of yoga in India. Behav. Sci. 1961 [cited 2023 Aug 11]; 6(4): 312–323. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
4. Kivimaki M: Work stress and risk of cardiovascular mortality: prospective cohort study of industrial employees. BMJ. 2002 Oct 19 [cited 2023 Aug 11]; 325(7369): 857–857. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text
5. Alemseged EA, Takele AK, Zele Y, et al.: Assessment of Chronic Respiratory Health Symptoms and Associated Factors Among Flour Mill Factory Workers in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2019: A Cross-Sectional Study. J. Asthma Allergy. 2020 Dec 31 [cited 2023 Aug 11]; 13: 483–492. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text
6. Berglund B, Brunekreef B, Knöppe H, et al.: Effects of Indoor Air Pollution on Human Health. Indoor Air. 1992 [cited 2023 May 2]; 2(1): 2–25. Publisher Full Text
7. Environmental factors in cardiovascular disease|Nature Reviews Cardiology.[cited 2023 May 2]. Reference Source
8. The mechanisms of air pollution and particulate matter in cardiovascular diseases|SpringerLink.[cited 2023 May 2]. Publisher Full Text
9. Baklouti S, Fekih-Romdhane F, Guelmami N, et al.: The effect of web-based Hatha yoga on psychological distress and sleep quality in older adults: A randomized controlled trial. Complement. Ther. Clin. Pract. 2023 Feb 1 [cited 2023 May 2]; 50: 101715. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text Reference Source
10. Rani DS: Yoga: Its Origin, History and Development.2(5).
11. Yang N: A Critical Review of Yoga Interventions and Anxiety: Characteristics, Components, and Effects. Pepperdine University; 2022. [PhD Thesis].
12. Kumari S, Kumbhar-Patkar V, Patil Y: Measuring the Impact of Technology Trends and Forecasts in Sugar Industry Towards Sustainable Health-Care Services. Indian J. Public Health Res. Dev. 2017 Oct 1; 8: 939. Publisher Full Text
13. Alves F: Por que morrem os cortadores de cana? Saúde E Soc. 2006; 15(3): 90–98. Publisher Full Text
14. Ribeiro H: Sugar cane burning in Brazil: respiratory health effects. Rev Saúde Pública. 2008; 42: 370–376. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
15. Dunga JA, Alkali NH, Adamu YM, et al.: FEV1, FVC, FEV1/FVVC as predictors of rhinitis among saw mill workers in north central Nigeria. Niger. J. Med. 2016; 25(2): 152–158. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
16. Ige OM, Onadeko OB: Respiratory symptoms and ventilatory function of the sawmillers in Ibadan, Nigeria. Afr. J. Med. Med. Sci. 2000; 29(2): 101–104.
17. Jäppinen P, Haahtela T, Liira J: Chip pile workers and mould exposure A preliminary clinical and hygienic survey. Allergy. 1987; 42(7): 545–548. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
18. Huuskonen MS, Husman K, Järvisalo J, et al.: Extrinsic allergic alveolitis in the tobacco industry. Occup. Environ. Med. 1984; 41(1): 77–83. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text
19. Singh SK, Nishith SD, Tandon GS, et al.: Some observations of pulmonary function tests in rice mill workers. Indian J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 1988; 32(2): 152–157. PubMed Abstract
20. Patil SN, Somade PM, Joshi AG: Pulmonary function tests in sugar factory workers of Western Maharashtra (India). J. Basic Clin. Physiol. Pharmacol. 2008; 19(2): 159–166. PubMed Abstract
21. Parwe SD, Ingle AS, Nisargandha MA, et al.: Healthcare Workers Novel Coronavirus (NCOVID 19) life-threatening situation during the pandemic. Int. J. Res. Pharm. Sci. 2020; 11: 1222–1225. Publisher Full Text
22. Chandra K, Arora VK: Occupational Lung Diseases in Sewage Workers: A Systematic Review.2018; 19: 2.
23. Hurrass J, Heinzow B, Aurbach U, et al.: Medical diagnostics for indoor mold exposure. Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health. 2017; 220(2): 305–328. Publisher Full Text
24. Alwis KU: Occupational exposure to wood dust.1998.
25. Pope CA III, Burnett RT, Thun MJ, et al.: Lung Cancer, Cardiopulmonary Mortality, and Long-term Exposure to Fine Particulate Air Pollution. JAMA. 2002 Mar 6 [cited 2023 Aug 12]; 287(9): 1132–1141. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text
26. Choudhary S, Chawla VK: EFFECT OF YOGA AND PHYSICAL EXERCISE ON RESTING CARDIO-VASCULAR AND CARDIO-VASCULAR AUTONOMIC FUNCTION PARAMETERS: A COMPARISON. Int. J. Basic Appl. Physiol. 2021; 10(1): 48.
27. Kivimäki M, Leino-Arjas P, Luukkonen R, et al.: Work stress and risk of cardiovascular mortality: prospective cohort study of industrial employees. BMJ. 2002; 325(7369): 857. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text
28. Nisargandha MA, Parwe SD: Does Obesity Lead to Sciatic Pain: A Comparative Study. Int. J. Curr. Res. Rev. 2020; 12: 120–125. Publisher Full Text
29. The effect of pranayama on test anxiety and test performance - PubMed.[cited 2023 Aug 12]. Reference Source
30. Yoga Breathing, Meditation, and Longevity - Brown - 2009 - Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences - Wiley Online Library.[cited 2023 Aug 12]. Publisher Full Text
31. Ranjita R, Hankey A, Nagendra HR, et al.: Yoga-based pulmonary rehabilitation for the management of dyspnea in coal miners with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A randomized controlled trial. J. Ayurveda Integr. Med. 2016 Jul 1 [cited 2023 May 30]; 7(3): 158–166. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text Reference Source
32. Physiological Effects of Yogic Practices and Transcendental Meditation in Health and Disease - PMC.[cited 2023 May 30]. Reference Source
33. Drigas A, Mitsea E: Breathing: A Powerfull Tool for Physical & Neuropsychological Regulation. The Role of Mobile Apps. Tech. Soc. Sci. J. 2022; 28: 135–158. Publisher Full Text Reference Source
34. Thapa A, Oliya R, Das R, et al.: Integrating Yogic Practices to Conventional Medicine in Preventing and Treating Medical Disorders.2022 Apr 27; 5: 036.

Comments on this article Comments (0)

Version 1

VERSION 1 PUBLISHED 29 Dec 2023

Author details Author details

Milind Abhimanyu Nisargandha
Roles: Visualization, Writing – Review & Editing

Shweta Dadarao Parwe
Roles: Conceptualization, Methodology, Writing – Original Draft Preparation

Vaishali Vasant Kuchewar
Roles: Funding Acquisition, Visualization

Chhaya Anil Saraf
Roles: Resources, Validation

Competing interests

No competing interests were disclosed.

Grant information

The author(s) declared that no grants were involved in supporting this work.

Article Versions (1)

version 1

Published: 29 Dec 2023, 12:1607

https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.136645.1

© 2023 Nisargandha MA et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Download

Export To

metrics

	Views	Downloads
F1000Research	-	-
PubMed Central Data from PMC are received and updated monthly.	-	-

Citations

SEE MORE DETAILS

CITE

how to cite this article

Nisargandha MA, Parwe SD, Kuchewar VV and Saraf CA. Effect of Yogasana and Pranayama on cardiopulmonary functions on sawmill, sugar cane and bidi workers in the rural sector [version 1; peer review: 1 approved with reservations, 1 not approved]. F1000Research 2023, 12:1607 (https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.136645.1)

NOTE: If applicable, it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article.

track

receive updates on this article

Track an article to receive email alerts on any updates to this article.

Open Peer Review

Version 1

VERSION 1

PUBLISHED 29 Dec 2023

Views

Reviewer Report 05 Jun 2024

Maheshkumar Kuppusamy, Physiology, Government Yoga Medical college and Hospital, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India

Approved with Reservations

https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.149789.r240553

1. The introduction could provide more background information on the specific occupational hazards and exposures faced by sawmill, sugar cane, and Bidi workers, and their potential impact on respiratory and cardiovascular health.

2. Discuss the prevalence and burden of respiratory and cardiovascular diseases in these occupational groups, both in the local context and globally, if relevant data is available.

3. Highlight the importance of implementing preventive and therapeutic interventions to mitigate the health risks associated with these occupations.

4. Explain why Yogasana and Pranayama were chosen as the interventions of interest, and provide a brief overview of the existing evidence supporting their potential benefits for respiratory and cardiovascular health.

5. Clearly state the gaps in the current literature that this study aims to address, particularly in the context of occupational health in rural sectors.

6. Consider the broader implications of the study for promoting holistic health and wellness in occupational settings, and the potential for integrating traditional practices like Yogasana and Pranayama into workplace wellness programs.

7. Regarding sample size, it would be better to explain the sample size calculation in a clear narrative rather than just providing the formula. Describe the parameters used (effect size, power, significance level, etc.) and justify the chosen values based on previous similar studies or relevant guidelines.

8. In the methods section, provide more details on the pulmonary function tests (PFTs) that will be conducted. Cite the specific guidelines or standards that will be followed for conducting and interpreting the PFTs, such as the American Thoracic Society (ATS) or European Respiratory Society (ERS) guidelines.

9. The statistical analysis section needs more elaboration. Specify the statistical tests that will be used for different types of data (e.g., t-tests, ANOVA, regression analyses) and the assumptions that will be checked. Describe how you will handle missing data and any planned subgroup or sensitivity analyses.

10. Discuss the potential limitations of the study, such as the relatively small sample size, the possibility of selection bias, lack of long-term follow-up, and the inability to control for all potential confounding factors (e.g., lifestyle, environmental exposures).

11. Elaborate on the expected outcomes and potential implications of the study findings. How might the results contribute to our understanding of the effects of Yogasana and Pranayama on cardiopulmonary function in occupational settings? Discuss the potential for implementing these interventions as preventive or therapeutic measures in high-risk occupational groups.

12. Consider adding a section on the ethical considerations and informed consent process for the study, as this is an essential aspect of any research involving human participants.

13. Provide more details on the data management plan, including procedures for data entry, storage, and quality control measures to ensure data integrity and accuracy.

14. Discuss the potential for generalizability of the study findings to other occupational groups or settings beyond the specific population studied (sawmill, sugar cane, and Bidi workers).

15. Discuss the potential mechanisms by which Yogasana and Pranayama may improve cardiopulmonary function, drawing from existing literature and theoretical frameworks.

16. Compare and contrast the findings of this study with those of previous studies that have investigated the effects of Yogasana, Pranayama, or similar interventions on respiratory and cardiovascular health.

17. Explore the potential implications of the study findings for occupational health policies and practices, particularly in the context of the rural sectors where the study population is based.

18. Discuss the feasibility and potential challenges of implementing Yogasana and Pranayama interventions in occupational settings, considering factors such as time constraints, worker compliance, and workplace infrastructure.

19. Highlight the strengths and limitations of the study design, and discuss how these might have influenced the observed results.

20. Suggest future research directions based on the findings of this study, such as investigating the long-term effects of Yogasana and Pranayama, exploring the effectiveness of different intervention durations or intensities, or examining the potential for combining these interventions with other preventive or therapeutic measures.

21. Discuss the potential impact of the study findings on the overall health and well-being of the target population, beyond just respiratory and cardiovascular outcomes

22. Consider including a brief section on the potential impact of the study, highlighting how the findings could contribute to improving occupational health and safety or informing policies and interventions in this area.

23. Reference 1, 2 3, 6 13, 18, 24, are very old. Replce with New references like

for ref 2, you can cite following references,
Kuppusamy M, et. Al., 2018 (Ref 1)
Shobana R, et.al., 2022 (Ref 2)

Along with Reference 28, add following references
remove Ref 29, and cite more appropriate citations like
Jagadeesan T, et. al., 2022 (Ref 3)
Malarvizhi M, et.al., 2019 (Ref 4)

Is the rationale for, and objectives of, the study clearly described?

Yes
Is the study design appropriate for the research question?

Yes
Are sufficient details of the methods provided to allow replication by others?

Yes
Are the datasets clearly presented in a useable and accessible format?

Yes

References

1. Kuppusamy M, Kamaldeen D, Pitani R, Amaldas J, et al.: Effects of Bhramari Pranayama on health - A systematic review.J Tradit Complement Med. 2018; 8 (1): 11-16 PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
2. Shobana R, Maheshkumar K, Venkateswaran ST, Geetha MB, et al.: Effect of long-term yoga training on autonomic function among the healthy adults.J Family Med Prim Care. 2022; 11 (7): 3471-3475 PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
3. Jagadeesan T, R A, R K, Jain T, et al.: Effect of Bhramari Pranayama intervention on stress, anxiety, depression and sleep quality among COVID 19 patients in home isolation.J Ayurveda Integr Med. 2022; 13 (3): 100596 PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
4. M. M, K. M, M. B, B. H: Effect of 6 months of yoga practice on quality of life among patients with asthma: A randomized control trial. Advances in Integrative Medicine. 2019; 6 (4): 163-166 Publisher Full Text

Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed.

Reviewer Expertise: Good for policy making

I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above.

CITE

Report a concern

Respond or Comment

Views

Reviewer Report 21 May 2024

Gopal Nambi, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz Universit, Al Kharj, Saudi Arabia

Not Approved

https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.149789.r251343

The title of the study is not clear and self-explanatory.
Abstract:

Please include background of the study.
Mention the study design, study duration and study setting.
Mention the character of the

The title of the study is not clear and self-explanatory.
Abstract:

Please include background of the study.
Mention the study design, study duration and study setting.
Mention the character of the study participants.
Mention the intervention provided to the participants in short.
The outcome measures used in the study are not sufficient.
Mention the statistical tests used for the study.
Present the reports with 95%CI with upper and lower limits for all outcome variables.
The conclusion of the study is not clear; it should be drawn on the basis of study reports.

Manuscript:

Please elaborate the introduction part as it is not scientifically written.
Provide a reference for Pranayama and yogasana for saw mill and bedi workers.
Mention the application procedure, merits, and demerits of Pranayama and yogasana for saw mill and bedi workers.
The need for the study is not mentioned clearly in recent references.
Mention the gaps monitored by the researcher in the previous studies.
Include the clinical significance of the study for the researchers, clinicians and patients.
Mention the study design, study duration and study setting.
Include the ethical approval and clinical trial registration number.
Follow the CONSORT guidelines to present the study.
Mention the character of the study participants.
Mention the randomization and allocation procedure in clear.
Mention the blinding procedure in detail.
Include the diagnostic criteria of the disease and its ICD classification.
Mention who has diagnosed the participants and their qualifications and experience.
Mention the outcome variables with their reliability and validity.
Include the figures for the intervention program, for study replication.
Mention the intervention parameters of study interventions.
Include the sample size calculation with a suitable reference.
The samples included in the study are not sufficient to generalize the results.
The statistical tests included are not apt for this study.
Mention how the covariables are controlled and how the homogeneity is measured.
Mention the treatment compliance rate, dropout rate and adverse effects.
Present the reports with 95%CI with upper and lower limits for all outcome variables.
Include the MCID score and effect size of all the variables.
Summarize the discussion part.
Include the mechanism behind the changes in the outcome variables with these intervention modalities in these patients.
The conclusion of the study is not clear; it should be drawn based on study reports.
Include the real-time limitations faced by the researcher.
Include the future recommendations of the study.

Is the rationale for, and objectives of, the study clearly described?

No
Is the study design appropriate for the research question?

No
Are sufficient details of the methods provided to allow replication by others?

No
Are the datasets clearly presented in a useable and accessible format?

No

Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed.

Reviewer Expertise: Rehabilitation

I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to state that I do not consider it to be of an acceptable scientific standard, for reasons outlined above.

CITE

Report a concern

Author Response 30 Dec 2024

Shweta Parwe, Panchakarma, Mahatma Gandhi Ayurved College & Research Centre Wardha Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, India

30 Dec 2024

Author Response

Dear sir/ madam,
This brings to your attention that this is a stduy protocol, not an original article. Your suggestion of the study is appreciated, as this is the study ... Continue reading Dear sir/ madam,
This brings to your attention that this is a stduy protocol, not an original article. Your suggestion of the study is appreciated, as this is the study protocol. The study is yet to be completed; after completion, the study will provide all data; hence, it could not be corrected as suggested by the reviewer.

Thank you very much for your kind attentions

Dr shweta Parwe
Dear sir/ madam,
This brings to your attention that this is a stduy protocol, not an original article. Your suggestion of the study is appreciated, as this is the study protocol. The study is yet to be completed; after completion, the study will provide all data; hence, it could not be corrected as suggested by the reviewer.

Thank you very much for your kind attentions

Dr shweta Parwe
Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Close
Report a concern
Respond or Comment

COMMENTS ON THIS REPORT

Author Response 30 Dec 2024

Shweta Parwe, Panchakarma, Mahatma Gandhi Ayurved College & Research Centre Wardha Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, India

30 Dec 2024

Author Response

Dear sir/ madam,
This brings to your attention that this is a stduy protocol, not an original article. Your suggestion of the study is appreciated, as this is the study ... Continue reading Dear sir/ madam,
This brings to your attention that this is a stduy protocol, not an original article. Your suggestion of the study is appreciated, as this is the study protocol. The study is yet to be completed; after completion, the study will provide all data; hence, it could not be corrected as suggested by the reviewer.

Thank you very much for your kind attentions

Dr shweta Parwe
Dear sir/ madam,
This brings to your attention that this is a stduy protocol, not an original article. Your suggestion of the study is appreciated, as this is the study protocol. The study is yet to be completed; after completion, the study will provide all data; hence, it could not be corrected as suggested by the reviewer.

Thank you very much for your kind attentions

Dr shweta Parwe
Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Close
Report a concern

Comments on this article Comments (0)

Version 1

VERSION 1 PUBLISHED 29 Dec 2023

Open Peer Review

Reviewer Status

Reviewer Reports

	Invited Reviewers
	1	2
Version 1 29 Dec 23	read	read

Gopal Nambi, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz Universit, Al Kharj, Saudi Arabia
Maheshkumar Kuppusamy, Government Yoga Medical college and Hospital, Chennai, India

Comments on this article

All Comments(0)

Add a comment

Browse by related subjects

Back to all reports

Reviewer Report

5 Views

05 Jun 2024 | for Version 1

Maheshkumar Kuppusamy, Physiology, Government Yoga Medical college and Hospital, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India

5 Views Cite this report Responses(0)

Approved With Reservations

Is the rationale for, and objectives of, the study clearly described?

Yes
Is the study design appropriate for the research question?

Yes
Are sufficient details of the methods provided to allow replication by others?

Yes
Are the datasets clearly presented in a useable and accessible format?

Yes

References

Competing Interests

No competing interests were disclosed.

Reviewer Expertise

Good for policy making

Respond to this report

Responses (0)

Back to all reports

Reviewer Report

5 Views

21 May 2024 | for Version 1

Gopal Nambi, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz Universit, Al Kharj, Saudi Arabia

5 Views Cite this report Responses(1)

Not Approved

The title of the study is not clear and self-explanatory.
Abstract:

Please include background of the study.
Mention the study design, study duration and study setting.
Mention the character of the study participants.
Mention the intervention provided to the participants in short.
The outcome measures used in the study are not sufficient.
Mention the statistical tests used for the study.
Present the reports with 95%CI with upper and lower limits for all outcome variables.
The conclusion of the study is not clear; it should be drawn on the basis of study reports.

Manuscript:

Please elaborate the introduction part as it is not scientifically written.
Provide a reference for Pranayama and yogasana for saw mill and bedi workers.
Mention the application procedure, merits, and demerits of Pranayama and yogasana for saw mill and bedi workers.
The need for the study is not mentioned clearly in recent references.
Mention the gaps monitored by the researcher in the previous studies.
Include the clinical significance of the study for the researchers, clinicians and patients.
Mention the study design, study duration and study setting.
Include the ethical approval and clinical trial registration number.
Follow the CONSORT guidelines to present the study.
Mention the character of the study participants.
Mention the randomization and allocation procedure in clear.
Mention the blinding procedure in detail.
Include the diagnostic criteria of the disease and its ICD classification.
Mention who has diagnosed the participants and their qualifications and experience.
Mention the outcome variables with their reliability and validity.
Include the figures for the intervention program, for study replication.
Mention the intervention parameters of study interventions.
Include the sample size calculation with a suitable reference.
The samples included in the study are not sufficient to generalize the results.
The statistical tests included are not apt for this study.
Mention how the covariables are controlled and how the homogeneity is measured.
Mention the treatment compliance rate, dropout rate and adverse effects.
Present the reports with 95%CI with upper and lower limits for all outcome variables.
Include the MCID score and effect size of all the variables.
Summarize the discussion part.
Include the mechanism behind the changes in the outcome variables with these intervention modalities in these patients.
The conclusion of the study is not clear; it should be drawn based on study reports.
Include the real-time limitations faced by the researcher.
Include the future recommendations of the study.

Is the rationale for, and objectives of, the study clearly described?

No
Is the study design appropriate for the research question?

No
Are sufficient details of the methods provided to allow replication by others?

No
Are the datasets clearly presented in a useable and accessible format?

No

Competing Interests

No competing interests were disclosed.

Reviewer Expertise

Rehabilitation

Respond to this report

Responses (1)

Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article:

Approved - the paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested

Approved with reservations - A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit.

Not approved - fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions

[1] 1. D’Amato G, Liccardi G, D’Amato M, et al.: Environmental risk factors and allergic bronchial asthma. Clin. Htmlent. Glyphamp. Asciiamp. Exp. Allergy. 2005 Sep [cited 2023 Aug 13]; 35(9): 1113–1124. Publisher Full Text

[2] 2. Nivethitha L, Mooventhan A, Manjunath NK: Effects of Various Prāṇāyāma on Cardiovascular and Autonomic Variables. Anc. Sci. Life. 2016; 36(2): 72–77. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text

[3] 3. Wenger MA, Bagchi BK: Studies of autonomic functions in practitioners of yoga in India. Behav. Sci. 1961 [cited 2023 Aug 11]; 6(4): 312–323. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text

[4] 4. Kivimaki M: Work stress and risk of cardiovascular mortality: prospective cohort study of industrial employees. BMJ. 2002 Oct 19 [cited 2023 Aug 11]; 325(7369): 857–857. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text

[5] 5. Alemseged EA, Takele AK, Zele Y, et al.: Assessment of Chronic Respiratory Health Symptoms and Associated Factors Among Flour Mill Factory Workers in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2019: A Cross-Sectional Study. J. Asthma Allergy. 2020 Dec 31 [cited 2023 Aug 11]; 13: 483–492. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text

[6] 6. Berglund B, Brunekreef B, Knöppe H, et al.: Effects of Indoor Air Pollution on Human Health. Indoor Air. 1992 [cited 2023 May 2]; 2(1): 2–25. Publisher Full Text

[7] 7. Environmental factors in cardiovascular disease|Nature Reviews Cardiology.[cited 2023 May 2]. Reference Source

[8] 8. The mechanisms of air pollution and particulate matter in cardiovascular diseases|SpringerLink.[cited 2023 May 2]. Publisher Full Text

[9] 9. Baklouti S, Fekih-Romdhane F, Guelmami N, et al.: The effect of web-based Hatha yoga on psychological distress and sleep quality in older adults: A randomized controlled trial. Complement. Ther. Clin. Pract. 2023 Feb 1 [cited 2023 May 2]; 50: 101715. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text Reference Source

[10] 10. Rani DS: Yoga: Its Origin, History and Development.2(5).

[11] 11. Yang N: A Critical Review of Yoga Interventions and Anxiety: Characteristics, Components, and Effects. Pepperdine University; 2022. [PhD Thesis].

[12] 12. Kumari S, Kumbhar-Patkar V, Patil Y: Measuring the Impact of Technology Trends and Forecasts in Sugar Industry Towards Sustainable Health-Care Services. Indian J. Public Health Res. Dev. 2017 Oct 1; 8: 939. Publisher Full Text

[13] 13. Alves F: Por que morrem os cortadores de cana? Saúde E Soc. 2006; 15(3): 90–98. Publisher Full Text

[14] 14. Ribeiro H: Sugar cane burning in Brazil: respiratory health effects. Rev Saúde Pública. 2008; 42: 370–376. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text

[15] 15. Dunga JA, Alkali NH, Adamu YM, et al.: FEV1, FVC, FEV1/FVVC as predictors of rhinitis among saw mill workers in north central Nigeria. Niger. J. Med. 2016; 25(2): 152–158. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text

[16] 16. Ige OM, Onadeko OB: Respiratory symptoms and ventilatory function of the sawmillers in Ibadan, Nigeria. Afr. J. Med. Med. Sci. 2000; 29(2): 101–104.

[17] 17. Jäppinen P, Haahtela T, Liira J: Chip pile workers and mould exposure A preliminary clinical and hygienic survey. Allergy. 1987; 42(7): 545–548. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text

[18] 18. Huuskonen MS, Husman K, Järvisalo J, et al.: Extrinsic allergic alveolitis in the tobacco industry. Occup. Environ. Med. 1984; 41(1): 77–83. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text

[19] 19. Singh SK, Nishith SD, Tandon GS, et al.: Some observations of pulmonary function tests in rice mill workers. Indian J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 1988; 32(2): 152–157. PubMed Abstract

[20] 20. Patil SN, Somade PM, Joshi AG: Pulmonary function tests in sugar factory workers of Western Maharashtra (India). J. Basic Clin. Physiol. Pharmacol. 2008; 19(2): 159–166. PubMed Abstract

[21] 21. Parwe SD, Ingle AS, Nisargandha MA, et al.: Healthcare Workers Novel Coronavirus (NCOVID 19) life-threatening situation during the pandemic. Int. J. Res. Pharm. Sci. 2020; 11: 1222–1225. Publisher Full Text

[22] 22. Chandra K, Arora VK: Occupational Lung Diseases in Sewage Workers: A Systematic Review.2018; 19: 2.

[23] 23. Hurrass J, Heinzow B, Aurbach U, et al.: Medical diagnostics for indoor mold exposure. Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health. 2017; 220(2): 305–328. Publisher Full Text

[24] 24. Alwis KU: Occupational exposure to wood dust.1998.

[25] 25. Pope CA III, Burnett RT, Thun MJ, et al.: Lung Cancer, Cardiopulmonary Mortality, and Long-term Exposure to Fine Particulate Air Pollution. JAMA. 2002 Mar 6 [cited 2023 Aug 12]; 287(9): 1132–1141. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text

[26] 26. Choudhary S, Chawla VK: EFFECT OF YOGA AND PHYSICAL EXERCISE ON RESTING CARDIO-VASCULAR AND CARDIO-VASCULAR AUTONOMIC FUNCTION PARAMETERS: A COMPARISON. Int. J. Basic Appl. Physiol. 2021; 10(1): 48.

[27] 27. Kivimäki M, Leino-Arjas P, Luukkonen R, et al.: Work stress and risk of cardiovascular mortality: prospective cohort study of industrial employees. BMJ. 2002; 325(7369): 857. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text

[28] 28. Nisargandha MA, Parwe SD: Does Obesity Lead to Sciatic Pain: A Comparative Study. Int. J. Curr. Res. Rev. 2020; 12: 120–125. Publisher Full Text

[29] 29. The effect of pranayama on test anxiety and test performance - PubMed.[cited 2023 Aug 12]. Reference Source

[30] 30. Yoga Breathing, Meditation, and Longevity - Brown - 2009 - Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences - Wiley Online Library.[cited 2023 Aug 12]. Publisher Full Text

[31] 31. Ranjita R, Hankey A, Nagendra HR, et al.: Yoga-based pulmonary rehabilitation for the management of dyspnea in coal miners with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A randomized controlled trial. J. Ayurveda Integr. Med. 2016 Jul 1 [cited 2023 May 30]; 7(3): 158–166. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text Reference Source

[32] 32. Physiological Effects of Yogic Practices and Transcendental Meditation in Health and Disease - PMC.[cited 2023 May 30]. Reference Source

[33] 33. Drigas A, Mitsea E: Breathing: A Powerfull Tool for Physical & Neuropsychological Regulation. The Role of Mobile Apps. Tech. Soc. Sci. J. 2022; 28: 135–158. Publisher Full Text Reference Source

[34] 34. Thapa A, Oliya R, Das R, et al.: Integrating Yogic Practices to Conventional Medicine in Preventing and Treating Medical Disorders.2022 Apr 27; 5: 036.

Effect of Yogasana and Pranayama on cardiopulmonary functions on sawmill, sugar cane and bidi workers in the rural sector

Abstract

Background

Methods

Conclusions

Registration

Keywords

Introduction

Rationale

Objectives

Methods

Trial design

Study setting and recruitment

Participants

Sample size

Data collection

Trial registration

Randomization

Blinding of groups

Screening investigation

Post investigation

Criteria for discontinuing and modifying allocations

Outcome of the study

PICO model

Participation timeline

Table 1. Participant timeline.

Discussion

Dissemination

Study status

Consent

Data availability

Reporting guidelines

Acknowledgements

References

Comments on this article Comments (0)

Open Peer Review

Comments on this article Comments (0)

Open Peer Review

Reviewer Status

Reviewer Reports

Comments on this article

Browse by related subjects

Competing Interests Policy

Stay Updated