Control study of <i>Musca domestica</i> (Diptera, Muscidae) in Misan Province

Rasha Alsaad

doi:10.12688/f1000research.132636.2

Home Browse Control study of Musca domestica (Diptera, Muscidae) in Misan Province

ALL Metrics

Views

Downloads

Get PDF

Get XML

Export

▬

✚

Research Article

Revised

Control study of Musca domestica (Diptera, Muscidae) in Misan Province

[version 2; peer review: 3 approved]

Rasha Alsaad

PUBLISHED 15 Nov 2023

Author details Author details

Microbiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Misan University, Misan, 62001, Iraq

Rasha Alsaad
Roles: Conceptualization, Data Curation, Formal Analysis, Funding Acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project Administration, Resources, Software, Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing

OPEN PEER REVIEW

REVIEWER STATUS

Abstract

Background

Houseflies are the most common type of Diptera, specifically Muscidae, worldwide, representing more than 90% of all species. This family has over 170 genera and 4200 species, but a few are of medical significance. This study aimed to estimate and assessing the measures to control and prevent grow-up inside houses and flying of the housefly (Musca domestica Linnaeus, 1758) in Misan.

Methods

The study occurred over 12 months, from December 2020 to December 2021. Using plastic containers, Musca domestica were collected from all potential breeding sites in the study region (inside and around houses). Sticky oil paper and traps were used to collect the insects. The collected insects were transferred to sealed plastic containers and then to the laboratory of the Department of Microbiology.

Out of 200 randomly selected houses, 150 (75%) contained insects. Light traps and sticky oil papers were the most effective control measures, with 26.7% and 25.9% of the Musca domestica collected from these methods, respectively. The ratio of male (233) to female (456) Musca was 1:2, with a significant difference between the frequencies (P<0.05). A large population of houseflies was collected during the hot season (501, 72.7%), whereas fewer Musca were collected during the cold months (188, 27.3%), with a strongly significant difference (P<0.05). The percentage of HI was 54.4%, the CI was 21.9%, and the BI was 79.9%. The overall larval densities (LD) were at a medium level.

Conclusions

Misan has a high density of Musca domestica, with females being more prominent than males. Hot climate, humid sites, and dirty places are responsible for the breeding of houseflies. The overall larval density was medium. Therefore, the risk of transmitting infectious diseases by houseflies is high within the boundaries of Misan province, and effective control parameters should include measures like light traps and sticky oil.

Keywords

Musca domestica, Housefly, Container Index, House Index, larvae

Corresponding author: Rasha Alsaad

Competing interests: No competing interests were disclosed.

Grant information: The author(s) declared that no grants were involved in supporting this work.

Copyright: © 2023 Alsaad R. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

How to cite: Alsaad R. Control study of Musca domestica (Diptera, Muscidae) in Misan Province [version 2; peer review: 3 approved]. F1000Research 2023, 12:459 (https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.132636.2) First published: 02 May 2023, 12:459 (https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.132636.1) Latest published: 15 Nov 2023, 12:459 (https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.132636.2)

Revised Amendments from Version 1

The article has been revised, many of the vocabulary and concepts have been modified, and many definitions have been added to the abbreviations that were in the research in the conclusion and introduction, as well as in the method of work and results. A map of Maysan Governorate has been added, with the percentage of collection and presence of house flies during the research period written on it. This amendment to my research came as a result of reading the valuable comments that the reviewers sent to us.

See the author's detailed response to the review by Meltem Kökdener
See the author's detailed response to the review by Muhammad Kashif Zahoor

Introduction

Musca domestica (Order Diptera, family Muscidae) is a major concern for human health because they are vectors of many tropical and subtropical diseases.¹^,² Houseflies are abundant in regions like dirty places; they prefer warm environments and occur in moist regions during the daytime.³ They frequently transit around dirty places, animals, and food sources, defecating during feeding, making them ideal disease vectors for spreading microorganisms. Several studies have reported that these vectors transmit several communicable illnesses via pathogens collecting on their body parts, such as female laying eggs on decomposed materials.⁴^,⁵ Houseflies can transmit leprosy, anthrax, tuberculosis (TB), dysentery, typhoid, diphtheria, and gastrointestinal parasites. Additionally, they play a role as mechanical vectors or intermediate hosts for nematodes and cestodes.⁶

In developing countries, Musca domestica can cause the spreading of gastroenteritis and trachoma among children because they have thinner skin, play outside the home and mostly don’t cover their whole body by clothes, and they can also transmit nosocomial infections in hospital environments.⁷^–¹³ Mullen and Durden¹⁴ and Sales et al.¹⁵ identified different parasites and worm eggs in fly feces, including Diphyllobothrium sp., Trichuris trichiura, Hymenolepis sp., Strongyloides stercoralis, Ascaris lumbricoides, Enterobius vermicularis, Toxocara cani, Giardia sp., Taenia sp., Trichomonas sp., Entamoeba histolytica, and fungi.

Houseflies can be controlled through physical and chemical means. Vector control is the most common method for protecting communities against vector-borne illnesses.¹⁶^–¹⁸ Traditionally, control processes have focused on killing insects by using different insecticides. Environmental treatment involves removing breeding sites through microbiological ovicides, chemical larvicides and pupacides in regions where endemic-borne diseases occur.¹⁷ Musca domestica breeds can live in various habitats, including freshwater habitats, water in mangrove forests, septic tanks, domestic waste, desert coolers, indoor and outdoor environments with stagnant water conditions as humidity, clear roots of aquatic plants, and damp places.¹⁸ It takes seven to 10 days for Musca to complete its life cycle under good conditions as median temperature and moderate humidity and not rainy weather, while it can take up to two months under poor conditions like hotter temperatures, heavy rain and colder weather. In temperate locations, twelve generations may occur during one year, whereas in the tropics and subtropics, it may take more than 20 generations.¹⁹ Evaluating larval habitats in terms of species composition and resources helps to understand the ecology, control measures, and proper identification of different species, as well as monitoring density, which is important for controlling houseflies.²⁰^–²³

This study aimed to estimate and assess the measures used to control the housefly (Musca domestica Linnaeus, 1758) in Misan.

Methods

Ethics approval

The approval was granted by the University of Misan, Faculty of Medicine Committee Board (ID No. 103/Oct 2020).

• Ethical committee approved the selection of private houses for the study: Faculty of Medicine, University of Misan
• The approval number: 103

Study regions

Misan province comprises six sub-districts, including Al-Amarah, Al-Kehlaa, Ali Al-Gharbi, Al-Majar Alkabeer, Qal’at Saleh, and Al-Maymouna (Figure 1). The study occurred over 12 months, from December 2020 to December 2021.

Figure 1. Misan province map showing the rates of Musca domestica.

Insect collection

Using plastic containers, Musca flies were collected from all potential breeding sites in the study region (inside and around houses). Sticky oil paper (insect glue snares) (FLYING, China, Cat. No. 15-B) and traps containing light (Moth UV light trap, Japan, Cat. No. DSCF199055) were used to collect the insects by placing papers and traps randomly indoor and outdoor the houses and in the collecting habitats. They were then placed in Petri dishes (ATACO, China, Cat. No. 34809) which were filled with distilled water (BDH, UK, Cat. No. 45550W) according to Alsaad and Kawan²⁴ and kept till the time of examination and identification (Figure 2).

Figure 2. Container for collecting House flies.

The collected insects were transferred to sealed plastic containers and then to the laboratory of the Department of Microbiology. The houseflies were identified based on their shapes, morphologies, and sizes using single concave microscope slides which are helpful in fixing insect (AmScope, US, Cat. No. 660LOO) and anatomical microscope (Olympus, Japan, Cat. No. 2033789). The adult male housefly has reddish eyes positioned closely to each other, and spongious mouthparts. The male is 5–8 mm in length and has four dark stripes on a dull gray thorax, on the dorsal side and pronounced upward bends in the fourth longitudinal wing vein. The basal portions of the abdomen are yellowish, especially on both sides’ alignment. Typically, males show a greater laterally yellowish color than females. Dark longitudinal bands run along the median dorsal region of the anterior portion of abdominal segments. Adult female houseflies’ eyes are more widely separated than males’. In female houseflies, the bends in the fourth longitudinal wing veins are distinctly more upward than in males. The female is 3–8 mm in length, and have a lightly golden checkered abdomen, more so than males, according to Yeates et al.²⁵ and Geden et al.²⁶

Study equipment

The tools used in the study included pipettes (Quawell, USA, Cat. No. R2033), plastic bottles (EASTMED, China, Cat. No. T75400), plastic bags (ATACO, China, Cat. No. 38662), specimen stoppers (ATACO, China, Cat. No. 56988), pens (ATACO, China, Cat. No. 10076), and sticky oil paper (Verlge, Germany, Cat. No. 38662).

Larval densities

Three insect indices, including the Breteau Index (BI), Container Index (CI), and House Index (HI), were measured. In BI, If the percentage of >20%, this represents a high risk of transmission while If it <20% is considered low risk for BI. In CI, if percentage >50%, this represents a high risk of disease transmission, whereas if it <50%, this reflects a low risk for CI. In HI, if percentage ≥5%, this represents a high risk of transmission while that <5% consider low risk for HI.²⁷ The density of the larval index description is a combination of HI, CI, and BI and is rated on a scale of 1–9, as shown in Table 1, according to the Queensland Government.²⁸ The indices scoring is subdivided into three groups: LD = 1 for low, LD = 2–5 for medium, and LD = 6–9 for high (Table 1).

Table 1. Larva densities, indices and degrees.²⁷

LD	HI	CI	BI	Degree
1-2	1 – 3	1 – 2	1 – 4	Low
3-5	4 – 37	3 – 20	5 – 49	Medium
6-9	38 – />77	21 – />41	50 – />200	High

Statistical analysis

All findings were analyzed using SPSS Statistics version 22 (IBM Corporation, New York, US). Categorical data were presented as frequencies and percentages. The chi-square (χ²) test was used to describe the association between categorical variables, with a P-value of <0.05 considered statistically significant.

Results

The houses selection was made randomly, the author visited every city of Misan province by car as well as each town and village of that city. When reaching the place, the author went through the ethics process from their Institution. Additionally, I used my identity card of College of Medicine to take permission for placed papers and traps in collecting regions) Out of 200 randomly selected houses, 150 (75%) contained insects, while 50 (25%) did not have any larvae. Houses were the location of samples collection. The housefly collected in this study were collected from these houses by the homeowners using traps and sticky papers supplied by the researcher. I distributed papers and traps to the household owner for free, and collected insects at every visit. The householder gave me consent to collect insects from papers and traps that I bought and gave them freely. Houses were selected for being nearby large water sources and farms or many trees, or regions of good conditions for grow-up of houseflies like moderate humidity and medium temperatures. The distribution of Musca in their habitats was as follows: indoors (48, 6.9%), outdoors (115, 16.8%), plastic cups (69, 10.0%), traps (184, 26.7%), oil papers (179, 25.9%), and sewage water (94, 13.7%) with a high statistical significance (P = 0.001). Light traps and sticky oil papers were the most effective control measures, with 26.7% and 25.9% of the Musca collected using these methods, respectively (Table 2).

Table 2. Distribution of Musca domestica in habitats.

Habitats	Number of houses	%	Number of Musca domestica	%
Cups	15	7.5	69	10.0
Indoor	10	5	48	6.9
Outdoor	25	12.5	115	16.8
Light trap	40	21	184	26.7
Sticky oil	39	19	179	25.9
Sewage water	20	10	94	13.7
No insect	50	25	-	-
Total	200	100.0	689	100.0
	X² = 6.28, df = 4, P = 0.022		X² = 38.28, df = 6, P = 0.001

In this study, the ratio of male (233) to female (456) Musca was 1:2, with a significant difference between the frequencies (P < 0.05) (Table 3 and Figure 3).

Table 3. Musca distribution according to sex.

Sex	Number	%
Male	233	33.8
Female	456	66.2
Total	689	100.0
X² = 12.14, df = 2, P < 0.05

Figure 3. Head of male (A) and female (B) Musca domestica (housefly).

The study period was divided into two parts of the year: hot months (March, April, May, June, July, August, September and October) and cold months (November, December, January and February) (Table 4). A large population of houseflies was collected during the hot season (501, 72.7%), whereas fewer Musca were collected during the cold months (188, 27.3%), with a strongly significant difference (P < 0.05).

Table 4. Musca domestica larvae distribution in relation to weather.

Weather	No.	%
Hot months	501	72.7
Cold months	188	27.3
Total	689
X² = 10.15, df = 3, P < 0.05

The percentage of HI was 54.4%, the CI was 21.9%, and the BI was 79.9% (Table 5). The overall LD was at a medium level.

Table 5. Distribution of Musca according to indices.

Index	Larval densities (LD) (No.) [%]	Degree
House Index (HI)	5 (375) [54.4]	Medium
Container Index (CI)	2 (151) [21.9]	Low
Breateau Index (BI)	8 (551) [79.9]	High

Discussion

The presence of houseflies in different habitats revealed their ability to survive in a particular environment and female oviposition preference in that habitat. Depending on the tolerance range of Musca spp., changes in the physio-chemical and biotic-biology features of the habitats may make other environments favorable or unfavorable to successful breeding.²⁹ According to Zulkarnaini and Dameria³⁰ and Madewell et al.,³¹ when the HI, CI, and BI are greater than 50%, it indicates a high risk of illness spreading, which is very high in that population. This requires public health professionals and government to use multiple tools to control vectors such as houseflies.

Improving environmental sanitation is fundamental for achieving long-term control of houseflies. Sanitation is the mainstay for controlling houseflies in and around farms or homes. Environmental control involves cleaning garbage areas to reduce odors and prevent housefly breeding.³² Insecticides, natural biological suppression of houseflies, proper management of poultry manure, flytraps, ultraviolet light traps, space sprays containing synergized pyrethrins, baits (excellent selective adulticides), Z-9-triclosan, larvicides, and Neporex are effective in controlling houseflies.³³^,³⁴

The breeding of flies is closely correlated with the food source where flies forage and breed. In settlements, residents throw garbage daily, attracting flies and contributing to their breeding. The density of flies is closely related to the source of infectious diseases. According to Prabowo,³⁵ M. domestica is found in very high densities in landfills, markets, and kitchens due to the large quantities of food processed in these areas. Arroyo³⁶ reported that they are found in many chicken farms, garbage areas, and in animal and human feces.

In this study, only M. domestica was collected in each region because it is commonly found in almost all places, especially food waste and dirt from human activities.³⁷ Additionally, the lifecycle of M. domestica requires ingesting a large amount of food, making it closely related to humans themselves.³⁸

In this study, houses were randomly selected, and 150 (75%) contained insects, while 50 (25%) had no larvae. This is similar to reports from Adenusi and Adewoga,³⁹ who mentioned that epidemiological investigations found houseflies were carriers of intestinal parasites in dirty places and garbage. Azrul⁴⁰ and Sigit et al.⁴¹ documented that the flying distance of houseflies can reach between 200 to 2 km. However, the flying distance from population-dense areas is not more than 500 m, and they do not fly continuously as they often stop to forage in the garbage. Ginanjar⁴² stated that houseflies are found in high numbers in dwellings with human activities.

In this study, the male-to-female ratio (M:F) was 1:2, and a large population of houseflies was collected during the hot season. HI, CI, and BI percentages were 54.4%, 21.9%, and 79.9%, respectively. Similar findings have been reported by several studies.⁴³^–⁵⁰ Many authors have stated that M. domestica has the highest population among flies and is widely found in residential environments, food sources, dirty cooling places, and landfills near human activities.⁴¹^,⁵¹^,⁵² Musca’s larval life history parameters are affected by the prey quantities, types of foods, and densities of rearing of housefly.⁴⁶

Conclusions

Misan province has a high density of houseflies, with females being more prominent than males. Hot climates, humid sites, and dirty places are responsible for the breeding of houseflies. The overall larval density was at a medium level. Therefore, the risk of transmission infectious diseases by houseflies is high within the boundaries of Misan province, and effective control measures such as light traps and sticky oil should be implemented.

Data availability

Underlying data

Zenodo: Musca domistica distribution, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7738706.⁵³

This project contains the following underlying data:

- Musca Alsaad.xlsx (Musca domistica sex, habitats, distribution, and indices)
- 1.jpg (Container for insect collection)
- 2.jpg (Sticky oil paper)
- 3.jpg (Sticky oil paper)
- 4.jpg (Light trap)
- 5.jpg (Light trap)

Data are available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license (CC-BY 4.0).

References

1. Nmorsi OP, Ukwandu NC, Agbozele GE: Detection of some gastrointestinal parasites from four synanthropic flies in Ekpoma, Nigeria. J. Vector Borne Dis. 2006 Sep; 43(3): 136–139. PubMed Abstract
2. Chaiwong T, Srivoramas T, Sukontason K, et al.: Survey of the synanthropic flies associated with human habitations in ubon ratchathani province of northeast Thailand. J. Parasitol. Res. 2012; 2012: 613132. Epub 2012 Aug 9. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text
3. Sobur MA, Islam MS, Haque ZF, et al.: Higher seasonal temperature enhances the occurrence of methicillin resistance of Staphylococcus aureus in house flies (Musca domestica) under hospital and environmental settings. Folia Microbiol. (Praha). 2021 Sep 26; 67: 109–119. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
4. Graczyk TK, Knight R, Tamang L: Mechanical transmission of human protozoan parasites by insects. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 2005; 18(1): 128–132. Publisher Full Text
5. Chin HC, Sulaiman S, Othman HF: Evaluation of Neopace, Neopace-F101 and Malaysia Assurance Rats Glue for trapping Musca domestica (Dipthera: Muscidae) in the field. J. Trop. Med. Parasitol. 2008; 31: 1–5.
6. Merchant ME, Flanders RV, Williams RE: Seasonal abundance and parasitism House fly (Diptera: Muscidae) pupae in enclosed, shallow-pit poultry houses in Indiana. Environ. Entomol. 1978; 16: 716–721.
7. Graczyk TK, Knight R, Gilman RH, et al.: The role of non-biting flies in the epidemiology of human infectious diseases. Microbes Infect. 2001 Mar; 3(3): 231–235. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
8. Reilly LA, Favacho J, Garcez LM, et al.: Preliminary evidence that synanthropic flies contribute to the transmission of trachoma- causing Chlamydia trachomatis in Latin America. Cad. Saude Publica. 2007 Jul; 23(7): 1682–1688. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
9. Graczyk TK, Grimes BH, Knight R, et al.: Mechanical transmission of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts by flies. Wiad. Parazytol. 2004; 50(2): 243–247. PubMed Abstract
10. Boiocchi F, Davies MP, Hilton AC: An Examination of Flying Insects in Seven Hospitals in the United Kingdom and Carriage of Bacteria by True Flies (Diptera: Calliphoridae, Dolichopodidae, Fanniidae, Muscidae, Phoridae, Psychodidae, Sphaeroceridae). J. Med. Entomol. 2019 Oct 28; 56(6): 1684–1697. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
11. Onwugamba FC, Fitzgerald JR, Rochon K, et al.: The role of 'filth flies' in the spread of antimicrobial resistance. Travel Med. Infect. Dis. 2018 Mar-Apr; 22: 8–17. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
12. Raele DA, Stoffolano JG Jr, Vasco VI, et al.: Study on the Role of the Common House Fly, Musca domestica, in the Spread of ORF Virus (Poxviridae) DNA under Laboratory Conditions. Microorganisms. 2021 Oct 20; 9(11): 2185. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text
13. Fürnkranz U, Walochnik J: Nosocomial Infections: Do Not Forget the Parasites!. Pathogens. 2021 Feb 19; 10(2): 238. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text
14. Mullen GL, Durden LA: Medical and Veterinary Entomology. New York: Academic Press; 2002.
15. Sales Mde S, da Costa GL , Bittencourt VR: Isolation of fungi in Musca domestica Linnaeus, 1758 (Diptera: Muscidae) captured at two natural breeding grounds in the municipality of Serop dica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz. 2002 Dec; 97(8): 1107–1110. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
16. Sharma VP: Health hazards of mosquito repellents and safe alternatives. Curr. Sci. 2001; 80(3): 341–342.
17. Benelli G: Plant-borne ovicides in the fight against mosquito vectors of medical and veterinary importance: A systematic review. Parasitol. Res. 2015; 114: 3201–3212. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
18. Service M: Medical Entomology for Students. Cambridge University Press; 2008; pp. 140–141.
19. Sanchez-Arroyo H, Capinera JL: House fly: Musca domestica. Featured Creatures. Retrieved 20 September 2017.
20. Walsh SB, Dolden TA, Moores GD, et al.: Identification and characterization of mutations in housefly (Musca domestica) acetylcholinesterase involved in insecticide resistance. Biochem. J. 2001; 359(Pt 1): 175–181. Portland Press Ltd. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text
21. DeBach P, Rosen D: Biological Control by Natural Enemies. CUP Archive. 1991; p. 348.
22. Capinera JL: Encyclopedia of Entomology. Springer Science & Business Media; 2008; 1880.
23. Agarwal S, Sohal RS: DNA oxidative damage and life expectancy in houseflies. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1994; 91(25): 12332–12335. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text
24. Alsaad RKA, Kawan MH: An epidemiological study of cutaneous leishmaniosis in human and dogs. Ann. Parasitol. 2021; 67(3): 417–433. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
25. Yeates DK, Meier R, Wiegmann B: Phylogeny of True Flies (Diptera): A 250 Million Year Old Success Story in Terrestrial Diversification. Flytree. Retrieved 24 May 2016.
26. Geden CJ, Nayduch D, Scott JG, et al.: House Fly (Diptera: Muscidae): Biology, Pest Status, Current Management Prospects, and Research Needs. J. Integr. Pest Manag. 2021; 12(1): 39. Publisher Full Text
27. Meltem Kökdener M, Filiz KF: Effects of Larval Population Density and Food Type on the Life Cycle of Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae). Environ. Entomol. 2021; 50(2): 324–329. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
28. Queensland Government: The Queensland Mosquito Management Plan 2010-2015. Fortitude Valley: Queensland Health; 2011.
29. Mukhtar M, Ensink J, Van der Hoek W, et al.: Importance of waste stabilization ponds and wastewater irrigation in the generation of vector mosquitoes in Pakistan. J. Med. Entomol. 2006; 43(5): 996–1003. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
30. Zulkarnaini SYI, Dameria A: Environmental Sanitation Conditions relationship Households with Dengue Mosquito Larvae in Dumai City at 2008. J. Environ. Sci. 2009; 3: 115–122.
31. Madewell ZJ, Sosa S, Brouwer KC, et al.: Associations between household environmental factors and immature mosquito abundance in Quetzaltenango, Guatemala. BMC Public Health. 2019 Dec 23; 19(1): 1729. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text
32. Jin BL: HOUSE FLY, Musca domestica L. (DIPTERA: MUSCIDAE), INDICES AND INSECTICIDE RESISTANCE PROFILES IN POULTRY FARMS IN PENANG. Thesis of degree of Master of Science. UNIVERSITI SAINS MALAYSIA.2010.
33. Hanley ME, Dunn DW, Abolins SR, et al.: Evaluation of (Z)-9-tricosene baited targets for control of the housefly (Musca domestica) in outdoor situations. J. Appl. Entomol. 2004; 128(7): 478–482. Publisher Full Text
34. Kočišová A, Petrovský M, Toporčák J, et al.: The potential of some insect growth regulators in housefly (Musca domestica) control. Biologia, Bratislava. 2004; 59(5): 661–668.
35. Prabowo K: Practical Instructions for Control of Pests & Pests Jakarta: Education of Sanitation & Environmental Health Associate Experts. Ministry of Health RI; 1992.
36. Arroyo HS: Distribution and importace – life Cycle and description- damage Economic injury Level Management Selected of Univ of Florida Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences Depart of Entomology Nematology.1998. Reference Source
37. Akiner MM, Caglar SS: Musca domestica L D. J Vector Ecol. 2006;31(1):58-64. Corrected and republished in: J Vector Ecol. 2006 Dec; 31(2): 426–432. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
38. Sişli MN, Boşgelmez A, Koçak O, et al.: Karasinek, mucsa domestica l., (diptera: muscidae), populasyonlarina malathion, fenitrohion ve propoxur'un etkisi [The effects of malathion, fenitrothion and propoxur on the house fly, Musca domestica I. (Diptera: Muscidae), populations]. Mikrobiyol. Bul. 1983; 17(1): 49–62. Turkish. PubMed Abstract
39. Adenusi AA, Adewoga TO: Studies on the potential and public health importance of non-biting synanthropic flies in the mechanical transmission of human enterohelminths.2013; 107(12): 812–818.
40. Azrul A: Introduction to Environmental Health Science: Jakarta.1992.
41. Sigit HS, Koesharto UK, Gunandini FX, et al.: Indonesian settlement pests. Pest Control Study Unit (UKPHP) Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Agricultural Institute Bogor; 2006.
42. Ginanjar A: Identification of intestinal worms and protozoa in the fly's body.2005; 13(34): 1–5.
43. Juwono S: A study of the fly fauna that breeds in a garbage heap in Yogyakarta Municipality. Community Medical News. 1987; III(10): 20–25.
44. Barragan-Fonseca KB, Dicke M, van Loon JJA : Influence of larval density and dietary nutrient concentration on performance, body protein, and fat contents of black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens). Entomol. Exp. Appl. 2018; 166: 761–770. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text
45. Dzepe D, Nana P, Fotso A, et al.: Influence of larval density, substrate moisture content and feedstock ratio on life history traits of black soldier fly larvae. J. Insects Food Feed. 2020; 6: 133–140. Publisher Full Text
46. Harnden LM, Tomberlin JK: Effects of temperature and diet on black soldier fly, Hermetia illucens (L.) (Diptera: Stratiomyidae), development. Forensic Sci. Int. 2016; 266: 109–116. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
47. Hussein M, Pillai VV, Goddard JM, et al.: Sustainable production of housefly (Musca domestica) larvae as a protein-rich feed ingredient by utilizing cattle manure. PLos One. 2017; 12: e0171708. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text
48. Kökdener M, Kiper F: The impact of diet protein and carbohydrate on select life-history traits of the housefly Musca domestica Linnaeus, 1758 (Diptera: Muscidae). Mun. Ent. Zool. 2020; 15: 171–179.
49. Kökdener M, Gündüz NEA, Zeybekoğlu U, et al.: Effects of larval crowding on some biological characteristics of the blowfly, Calliphora vicina (Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830) (Diptera: Calliphoridae). Turk. J. Entomol. 2020; 44: 101–109.
50. Morimoto J, Nguyen B, Dinh H, et al.: Crowded developmental environment promotes adult sex-specific nutrient consumption in a polyphagous fly. Front. Zool. 2019; 16: 4. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text
51. Ariyani S, Suhermanto K: The Presence of Flies and Intestinal Parasites in Settlements in the TPA Talang Gulo Jambi area. Sanitation. 2018; 10(2): 58–103.
52. Kokdener M, Kiper F: Effects of Larval Population Density and Food Type on the Life Cycle of Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae).2020; 50(2): 324–329.
53. Rasha A: Musca Housefly distribution. F1000Res. 2023. Publisher Full Text

Comments on this article Comments (0)

Version 2

VERSION 2 PUBLISHED 02 May 2023

Author details Author details

Microbiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Misan University, Misan, 62001, Iraq

Competing interests

No competing interests were disclosed.

Grant information

The author(s) declared that no grants were involved in supporting this work.

Article Versions (2)

version 2

Revised

Published: 15 Nov 2023, 12:459

https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.132636.2

version 1

Published: 02 May 2023, 12:459

https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.132636.1

© 2023 Alsaad R. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Download

Export To

metrics

	Views	Downloads
F1000Research	-	-
PubMed Central Data from PMC are received and updated monthly.	-	-

Citations

SEE MORE DETAILS

CITE

how to cite this article

Alsaad R. Control study of Musca domestica (Diptera, Muscidae) in Misan Province [version 2; peer review: 3 approved]. F1000Research 2023, 12:459 (https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.132636.2)

NOTE: If applicable, it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article.

track

receive updates on this article

Track an article to receive email alerts on any updates to this article.

Open Peer Review

Current Reviewer Status: ?

Key to Reviewer Statuses VIEW HIDE

ApprovedThe paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested

Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit.

Not approvedFundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions

Version 2

VERSION 2

PUBLISHED 15 Nov 2023

Revised

Views

Reviewer Report 14 Jun 2024

Namariq Al-Saadi, University of Misan, Amarah, Iraq

Approved

https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.158405.r228191

In detail, it is a new era in Iraq that needs to be covered. Also, the abstract and introduction are very well written. The figures and tables look nice and display the main idea for the paper. Finally, the discussion ... Continue reading

Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature?

Yes
Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound?

Yes
Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others?

Yes
If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate?

Yes
Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility?

Yes
Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results?

Yes

Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed.

Reviewer Expertise: Molecular biology and genetics. General biology

I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard.

CITE

Report a concern

Respond or Comment

Views

Reviewer Report 14 Dec 2023

Muhammad Kashif Zahoor, Department of Zoology, Government College University Faisalabad (GCUF), Faisalabad, Pakistan

Approved

https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.158405.r223167

The article has been improved. I ... Continue reading

CITE

Report a concern

Respond or Comment

Version 1

VERSION 1

PUBLISHED 02 May 2023

Views

Reviewer Report 12 Oct 2023

Muhammad Kashif Zahoor, Department of Zoology, Government College University Faisalabad (GCUF), Faisalabad, Pakistan

Approved with Reservations

https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.145570.r207554

The house fly has been considered a vector of more than a hundred diseases; which signifies its importance. It acts both as a biological as well as a mechanical vector. Different control measures have been devised but still this menace is not properly managed yet. The article titled 'Control of Musca domestica (Diptera, Muscidae) in Misan Province' is a good approach towards house fly control.

The manuscript, overall, is well written. However, minor changes are required in the Abstract, Introduction, Materials & Methods; whereas, major changes are required in the Results and Discussion sections before its indexing in its final version.

Title: Control study of Musca domestica L. (Muscidae: Diptera) in Misan Province

Abstract section:

Methods:

"The study was conducted over 12 months...".
Use M. domestica or house fly; don't use Musca flies in the manuscript.

Keywords:

Italicize Musca domestica
House fly (House flies are written with space not as Housefly).

Introduction:

The very first word ... Musca domestica
Different control measures (chemical control and environmental etc.) have been mentioned in this section. You should add some of the drawbacks/loopholes of these measures in favor of or to justify your methods applied in the present study.

Materials & Methods:

How were traps and papers placed/installed? Method of installation? How many traps/papers per house?
What did you put/insert inside the trap? Any chemical or pheromone?
If the larvae were identified? How?
Green bottle/blue bottle flies also visit along with house flies; how can you differentiate them? Did you let them pupate and then to emerge as the adults for identification? It means you took alive larvae from the collection sites?

Figure 1:

Heading: Container for collecting house flies.

Results:
First paragraph needs to be rephrased (in passive voice).

The house selectionwas made randomly, ethical procedure was followed as prescribed by the institution. Out of 200 selected houses, 150 (75%) contained flies, while 50 (25%) did not have any larvae. The collection was made using traps and sticky papers. It is to mention that the houses were selected for being nearby large water sources and farms or trees, or regions of good conditions for grow-up of houseflies like moderate humidity and medium temperatures. The distribution of house flies in these habitats was as follows: indoors (48, 6.9%), outdoors (115, 16.8%), plastic cups (69, 10.0%), traps (184, 26.7%), oil papers (179, 25.9%), and sewage water (94, 13.7%) with a high statistical significance (P = 0.001). Light traps and sticky oil papers were the most effective control measures, with 26.7% and 25.9% of the house flies collected using these methods, respectively (Table 2).

Figure 2:

Head of male (A) and female (B) Musca domestica L.
Caption or legend needed for this Figure 1 which can describe what is A and B. Also you can indicate the difference between (A) and (B) with the help of arrows.

Table 2: There is confusion in statistical analysis/values. Your sample size is 6 or 7 for number of houses, how is the df 4?
Similarly for the number of Musca domestica your sample size is 6, so how df = 6 is possible?

Tables 3, 4 - Your sample size is 2 in Table 3 (male and female category) and Table 4 (Hot months and cold month) while the author gave df = 2 in both Tables - how?

The df values throughout the article indicate that the author need to confirm the sample size/data for statistical analysis. Then also confirm if the subsequent analysis and other value i.e. P-values and X² be correct.

The correct statistical analysis is a key to conclude the study in a pragmatic way; otherwise the results couldn’t be the actual presentation of what the study was aimed. I suggest you to correct the statistical analysis.

Discussion:
This section looks like the introduction section in the start while in the remaining part of the discussion, the results of the present study are poorly discussed with previous studies. Latest and recent references should be cited. Overall, this section needs to be improved.

Conclusions; the author concluded that hot climate, humid sites and dirty places are responsible for the breeding of houseflies. Did the author evaluate these parameters in the present study? Where is the data representing these parameters?
You should correlate your collected population of Musca domestica with these parameters. And if it’s reported in previous studies you can discuss in the discussion part instead of making it the conclusion of your present study.

Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature?

Yes
Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound?

Yes
Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others?

Yes
If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate?

Partly
Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility?

Partly
Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results?

No

Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed.

Reviewer Expertise: Entomology, Genetics, Molecular Biology

I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above.

CITE

Report a concern

Author Response 27 Nov 2023

rasha alsaad, Microbiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Misan University, Misan, 62001, Iraq

27 Nov 2023

Author Response

Hello Professor, thank you very much for the beautiful comments. I have completed the amendments that you suggested:

Regarding the question about working methods: The traps were light-electric, working ... Continue reading Hello Professor, thank you very much for the beautiful comments. I have completed the amendments that you suggested:

Regarding the question about working methods: The traps were light-electric, working on light energy to catch all the insects, and then I would sort them according to their anatomical and morphological characteristics.

As for the number of stickers, 2-3 are placed for each house in different places, in addition to one number of traps.

F2 The difference between females and males and the method of separating them through anatomical and formal characteristics was explained.

As for statistics, the statistician is the one who analyzed the samples.

As for the conclusions, we have complete statistics about the climate of Maysan Governorate

Thank you. I hope that my information is acceptable to you. Please accept my regards.

Greeting with appreciation
Hello Professor, thank you very much for the beautiful comments. I have completed the amendments that you suggested:

Regarding the question about working methods: The traps were light-electric, working on light energy to catch all the insects, and then I would sort them according to their anatomical and morphological characteristics.

As for the number of stickers, 2-3 are placed for each house in different places, in addition to one number of traps.

F2 The difference between females and males and the method of separating them through anatomical and formal characteristics was explained.

As for statistics, the statistician is the one who analyzed the samples.

As for the conclusions, we have complete statistics about the climate of Maysan Governorate

Thank you. I hope that my information is acceptable to you. Please accept my regards.

Greeting with appreciation
Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Close
Report a concern
Respond or Comment

COMMENTS ON THIS REPORT

Author Response 27 Nov 2023

rasha alsaad, Microbiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Misan University, Misan, 62001, Iraq

27 Nov 2023

Author Response

Hello Professor, thank you very much for the beautiful comments. I have completed the amendments that you suggested:

Regarding the question about working methods: The traps were light-electric, working ... Continue reading Hello Professor, thank you very much for the beautiful comments. I have completed the amendments that you suggested:

Regarding the question about working methods: The traps were light-electric, working on light energy to catch all the insects, and then I would sort them according to their anatomical and morphological characteristics.

As for the number of stickers, 2-3 are placed for each house in different places, in addition to one number of traps.

F2 The difference between females and males and the method of separating them through anatomical and formal characteristics was explained.

As for statistics, the statistician is the one who analyzed the samples.

As for the conclusions, we have complete statistics about the climate of Maysan Governorate

Thank you. I hope that my information is acceptable to you. Please accept my regards.

Greeting with appreciation
Hello Professor, thank you very much for the beautiful comments. I have completed the amendments that you suggested:

Regarding the question about working methods: The traps were light-electric, working on light energy to catch all the insects, and then I would sort them according to their anatomical and morphological characteristics.

As for the number of stickers, 2-3 are placed for each house in different places, in addition to one number of traps.

F2 The difference between females and males and the method of separating them through anatomical and formal characteristics was explained.

As for statistics, the statistician is the one who analyzed the samples.

As for the conclusions, we have complete statistics about the climate of Maysan Governorate

Thank you. I hope that my information is acceptable to you. Please accept my regards.

Greeting with appreciation
Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Close
Report a concern

Views

Reviewer Report 19 Sep 2023

Meltem Kökdener, Department of Social Services, Faculty of Health Science, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Samsun, Turkey

Approved

https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.145570.r201470

I have made the necessary corrections to the text - please see the PDF file linked here for additional comments.

The discussion part of the article can be expanded a little more, a map showing the study areas can be added, and the author can explain the work they plan to do in the future based on this study.

The author should include the hypothesis of the study. It can be indexed after corrections and necessary additions are made. Make sure that all references are included in the text.

Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature?

Yes
Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound?

Yes
Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others?

Yes
If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate?

Yes
Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility?

Yes
Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results?

Yes

Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed.

Reviewer Expertise: entomology, forensic entomology

I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard.

CITE

Report a concern

Author Response 28 Nov 2023

rasha alsaad, Microbiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Misan University, Misan, 62001, Iraq

28 Nov 2023

Author Response

I am sending you my research after making the modifications that suit the research's goal, science, and purpose. Some were neglected because they were mentioned in the research but in ... Continue reading I am sending you my research after making the modifications that suit the research's goal, science, and purpose. Some were neglected because they were mentioned in the research but in another place. Please accept my regards
Rasha
I am sending you my research after making the modifications that suit the research's goal, science, and purpose. Some were neglected because they were mentioned in the research but in another place. Please accept my regards
Rasha
Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Close
Report a concern
Respond or Comment

COMMENTS ON THIS REPORT

Author Response 28 Nov 2023

rasha alsaad, Microbiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Misan University, Misan, 62001, Iraq

28 Nov 2023

Author Response

I am sending you my research after making the modifications that suit the research's goal, science, and purpose. Some were neglected because they were mentioned in the research but in ... Continue reading I am sending you my research after making the modifications that suit the research's goal, science, and purpose. Some were neglected because they were mentioned in the research but in another place. Please accept my regards
Rasha
I am sending you my research after making the modifications that suit the research's goal, science, and purpose. Some were neglected because they were mentioned in the research but in another place. Please accept my regards
Rasha
Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Close
Report a concern

Comments on this article Comments (0)

Version 2

VERSION 2 PUBLISHED 02 May 2023

Open Peer Review

Reviewer Status

Reviewer Reports

	Invited Reviewers
	1	2	3
Version 2 (revision) 15 Nov 23		read	read
Version 1 02 May 23	read	read

Meltem Kökdener, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey
Muhammad Kashif Zahoor, Government College University Faisalabad (GCUF), Faisalabad, Pakistan
Namariq Al-Saadi, University of Misan, Amarah, Iraq

Comments on this article

All Comments(0)

Add a comment

Browse by related subjects

Back to all reports

Reviewer Report

2 Views

14 Jun 2024 | for Version 2

Namariq Al-Saadi, University of Misan, Amarah, Iraq

2 Views Cite this report Responses(0)

Approved

Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature?

Yes
Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound?

Yes
Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others?

Yes
If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate?

Yes
Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility?

Yes
Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results?

Yes

Competing Interests

No competing interests were disclosed.

Reviewer Expertise

Molecular biology and genetics. General biology

I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard.

Respond to this report

Responses (0)

Back to all reports

Reviewer Report

7 Views

14 Dec 2023 | for Version 2

Muhammad Kashif Zahoor, Department of Zoology, Government College University Faisalabad (GCUF), Faisalabad, Pakistan

7 Views Cite this report Responses(0)

Approved

The article has been improved. I don't have further comments.

Competing Interests

No competing interests were disclosed.

Reviewer Expertise

Entomology, Genetics, Molecular Biology

I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard.

Respond to this report

Responses (0)

Back to all reports

Reviewer Report

15 Views

12 Oct 2023 | for Version 1

Muhammad Kashif Zahoor, Department of Zoology, Government College University Faisalabad (GCUF), Faisalabad, Pakistan

15 Views Cite this report Responses(1)

Approved With Reservations

"The study was conducted over 12 months...".
Use M. domestica or house fly; don't use Musca flies in the manuscript.

Keywords:

Italicize Musca domestica
House fly (House flies are written with space not as Housefly).

Introduction:

The very first word ... Musca domestica
Different control measures (chemical control and environmental etc.) have been mentioned in this section. You should add some of the drawbacks/loopholes of these measures in favor of or to justify your methods applied in the present study.

Materials & Methods:

How were traps and papers placed/installed? Method of installation? How many traps/papers per house?
What did you put/insert inside the trap? Any chemical or pheromone?
If the larvae were identified? How?
Green bottle/blue bottle flies also visit along with house flies; how can you differentiate them? Did you let them pupate and then to emerge as the adults for identification? It means you took alive larvae from the collection sites?

Figure 1:

Heading: Container for collecting house flies.

Head of male (A) and female (B) Musca domestica L.
Caption or legend needed for this Figure 1 which can describe what is A and B. Also you can indicate the difference between (A) and (B) with the help of arrows.

Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature?

Yes
Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound?

Yes
Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others?

Yes
If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate?

Partly
Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility?

Partly
Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results?

No

Competing Interests

No competing interests were disclosed.

Reviewer Expertise

Entomology, Genetics, Molecular Biology

Respond to this report

Responses (1)

Author Response

27 Nov 2023

rasha alsaad, Microbiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Misan University, Misan, 62001, Iraq

Hello Professor, thank you very much for the beautiful comments. I have completed the amendments that you suggested:

Regarding the question about working methods: The traps were light-electric, working on light energy to catch all the insects, and then I would sort them according to their anatomical and morphological characteristics.

As for the number of stickers, 2-3 are placed for each house in different places, in addition to one number of traps.

F2 The difference between females and males and the method of separating them through anatomical and formal characteristics was explained.

As for statistics, the statistician is the one who analyzed the samples.

As for the conclusions, we have complete statistics about the climate of Maysan Governorate

Thank you. I hope that my information is acceptable to you. Please accept my regards.

Greeting with appreciation

View more View less

Competing Interests

No competing interests were disclosed.

Back to all reports

Reviewer Report

17 Views

19 Sep 2023 | for Version 1

Meltem Kökdener, Department of Social Services, Faculty of Health Science, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Samsun, Turkey

17 Views Cite this report Responses(1)

Approved

Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature?

Yes
Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound?

Yes
Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others?

Yes
If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate?

Yes
Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility?

Yes
Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results?

Yes

Competing Interests

No competing interests were disclosed.

Reviewer Expertise

entomology, forensic entomology

I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard.

Respond to this report

Responses (1)

Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article:

Approved - the paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested

Approved with reservations - A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit.

Not approved - fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions

[1] 1. Nmorsi OP, Ukwandu NC, Agbozele GE: Detection of some gastrointestinal parasites from four synanthropic flies in Ekpoma, Nigeria. J. Vector Borne Dis. 2006 Sep; 43(3): 136–139. PubMed Abstract

[2] 2. Chaiwong T, Srivoramas T, Sukontason K, et al.: Survey of the synanthropic flies associated with human habitations in ubon ratchathani province of northeast Thailand. J. Parasitol. Res. 2012; 2012: 613132. Epub 2012 Aug 9. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text

[3] 3. Sobur MA, Islam MS, Haque ZF, et al.: Higher seasonal temperature enhances the occurrence of methicillin resistance of Staphylococcus aureus in house flies (Musca domestica) under hospital and environmental settings. Folia Microbiol. (Praha). 2021 Sep 26; 67: 109–119. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text

[4] 4. Graczyk TK, Knight R, Tamang L: Mechanical transmission of human protozoan parasites by insects. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 2005; 18(1): 128–132. Publisher Full Text

[5] 5. Chin HC, Sulaiman S, Othman HF: Evaluation of Neopace, Neopace-F101 and Malaysia Assurance Rats Glue for trapping Musca domestica (Dipthera: Muscidae) in the field. J. Trop. Med. Parasitol. 2008; 31: 1–5.

[6] 6. Merchant ME, Flanders RV, Williams RE: Seasonal abundance and parasitism House fly (Diptera: Muscidae) pupae in enclosed, shallow-pit poultry houses in Indiana. Environ. Entomol. 1978; 16: 716–721.

[7] 7. Graczyk TK, Knight R, Gilman RH, et al.: The role of non-biting flies in the epidemiology of human infectious diseases. Microbes Infect. 2001 Mar; 3(3): 231–235. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text

[8] 8. Reilly LA, Favacho J, Garcez LM, et al.: Preliminary evidence that synanthropic flies contribute to the transmission of trachoma- causing Chlamydia trachomatis in Latin America. Cad. Saude Publica. 2007 Jul; 23(7): 1682–1688. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text

[9] 9. Graczyk TK, Grimes BH, Knight R, et al.: Mechanical transmission of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts by flies. Wiad. Parazytol. 2004; 50(2): 243–247. PubMed Abstract

[10] 10. Boiocchi F, Davies MP, Hilton AC: An Examination of Flying Insects in Seven Hospitals in the United Kingdom and Carriage of Bacteria by True Flies (Diptera: Calliphoridae, Dolichopodidae, Fanniidae, Muscidae, Phoridae, Psychodidae, Sphaeroceridae). J. Med. Entomol. 2019 Oct 28; 56(6): 1684–1697. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text

[11] 11. Onwugamba FC, Fitzgerald JR, Rochon K, et al.: The role of 'filth flies' in the spread of antimicrobial resistance. Travel Med. Infect. Dis. 2018 Mar-Apr; 22: 8–17. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text

[12] 12. Raele DA, Stoffolano JG Jr, Vasco VI, et al.: Study on the Role of the Common House Fly, Musca domestica, in the Spread of ORF Virus (Poxviridae) DNA under Laboratory Conditions. Microorganisms. 2021 Oct 20; 9(11): 2185. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text

[13] 13. Fürnkranz U, Walochnik J: Nosocomial Infections: Do Not Forget the Parasites!. Pathogens. 2021 Feb 19; 10(2): 238. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text

[14] 14. Mullen GL, Durden LA: Medical and Veterinary Entomology. New York: Academic Press; 2002.

[15] 15. Sales Mde S, da Costa GL , Bittencourt VR: Isolation of fungi in Musca domestica Linnaeus, 1758 (Diptera: Muscidae) captured at two natural breeding grounds in the municipality of Serop dica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz. 2002 Dec; 97(8): 1107–1110. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text

[16] 16. Sharma VP: Health hazards of mosquito repellents and safe alternatives. Curr. Sci. 2001; 80(3): 341–342.

[17] 17. Benelli G: Plant-borne ovicides in the fight against mosquito vectors of medical and veterinary importance: A systematic review. Parasitol. Res. 2015; 114: 3201–3212. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text

[18] 18. Service M: Medical Entomology for Students. Cambridge University Press; 2008; pp. 140–141.

[19] 19. Sanchez-Arroyo H, Capinera JL: House fly: Musca domestica. Featured Creatures. Retrieved 20 September 2017.

[20] 20. Walsh SB, Dolden TA, Moores GD, et al.: Identification and characterization of mutations in housefly (Musca domestica) acetylcholinesterase involved in insecticide resistance. Biochem. J. 2001; 359(Pt 1): 175–181. Portland Press Ltd. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text

[21] 21. DeBach P, Rosen D: Biological Control by Natural Enemies. CUP Archive. 1991; p. 348.

[22] 22. Capinera JL: Encyclopedia of Entomology. Springer Science & Business Media; 2008; 1880.

[23] 23. Agarwal S, Sohal RS: DNA oxidative damage and life expectancy in houseflies. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1994; 91(25): 12332–12335. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text

[24] 24. Alsaad RKA, Kawan MH: An epidemiological study of cutaneous leishmaniosis in human and dogs. Ann. Parasitol. 2021; 67(3): 417–433. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text

[25] 25. Yeates DK, Meier R, Wiegmann B: Phylogeny of True Flies (Diptera): A 250 Million Year Old Success Story in Terrestrial Diversification. Flytree. Retrieved 24 May 2016.

[26] 26. Geden CJ, Nayduch D, Scott JG, et al.: House Fly (Diptera: Muscidae): Biology, Pest Status, Current Management Prospects, and Research Needs. J. Integr. Pest Manag. 2021; 12(1): 39. Publisher Full Text

[27] 27. Meltem Kökdener M, Filiz KF: Effects of Larval Population Density and Food Type on the Life Cycle of Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae). Environ. Entomol. 2021; 50(2): 324–329. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text

[28] 28. Queensland Government: The Queensland Mosquito Management Plan 2010-2015. Fortitude Valley: Queensland Health; 2011.

[29] 29. Mukhtar M, Ensink J, Van der Hoek W, et al.: Importance of waste stabilization ponds and wastewater irrigation in the generation of vector mosquitoes in Pakistan. J. Med. Entomol. 2006; 43(5): 996–1003. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text

[30] 30. Zulkarnaini SYI, Dameria A: Environmental Sanitation Conditions relationship Households with Dengue Mosquito Larvae in Dumai City at 2008. J. Environ. Sci. 2009; 3: 115–122.

[31] 31. Madewell ZJ, Sosa S, Brouwer KC, et al.: Associations between household environmental factors and immature mosquito abundance in Quetzaltenango, Guatemala. BMC Public Health. 2019 Dec 23; 19(1): 1729. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text

[32] 32. Jin BL: HOUSE FLY, Musca domestica L. (DIPTERA: MUSCIDAE), INDICES AND INSECTICIDE RESISTANCE PROFILES IN POULTRY FARMS IN PENANG. Thesis of degree of Master of Science. UNIVERSITI SAINS MALAYSIA.2010.

[33] 33. Hanley ME, Dunn DW, Abolins SR, et al.: Evaluation of (Z)-9-tricosene baited targets for control of the housefly (Musca domestica) in outdoor situations. J. Appl. Entomol. 2004; 128(7): 478–482. Publisher Full Text

[34] 34. Kočišová A, Petrovský M, Toporčák J, et al.: The potential of some insect growth regulators in housefly (Musca domestica) control. Biologia, Bratislava. 2004; 59(5): 661–668.

[35] 35. Prabowo K: Practical Instructions for Control of Pests & Pests Jakarta: Education of Sanitation & Environmental Health Associate Experts. Ministry of Health RI; 1992.

[36] 36. Arroyo HS: Distribution and importace – life Cycle and description- damage Economic injury Level Management Selected of Univ of Florida Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences Depart of Entomology Nematology.1998. Reference Source

[37] 37. Akiner MM, Caglar SS: Musca domestica L D. J Vector Ecol. 2006;31(1):58-64. Corrected and republished in: J Vector Ecol. 2006 Dec; 31(2): 426–432. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text

[38] 38. Sişli MN, Boşgelmez A, Koçak O, et al.: Karasinek, mucsa domestica l., (diptera: muscidae), populasyonlarina malathion, fenitrohion ve propoxur'un etkisi [The effects of malathion, fenitrothion and propoxur on the house fly, Musca domestica I. (Diptera: Muscidae), populations]. Mikrobiyol. Bul. 1983; 17(1): 49–62. Turkish. PubMed Abstract

[39] 39. Adenusi AA, Adewoga TO: Studies on the potential and public health importance of non-biting synanthropic flies in the mechanical transmission of human enterohelminths.2013; 107(12): 812–818.

[40] 40. Azrul A: Introduction to Environmental Health Science: Jakarta.1992.

[41] 41. Sigit HS, Koesharto UK, Gunandini FX, et al.: Indonesian settlement pests. Pest Control Study Unit (UKPHP) Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Agricultural Institute Bogor; 2006.

[42] 42. Ginanjar A: Identification of intestinal worms and protozoa in the fly's body.2005; 13(34): 1–5.

[43] 43. Juwono S: A study of the fly fauna that breeds in a garbage heap in Yogyakarta Municipality. Community Medical News. 1987; III(10): 20–25.

[44] 44. Barragan-Fonseca KB, Dicke M, van Loon JJA : Influence of larval density and dietary nutrient concentration on performance, body protein, and fat contents of black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens). Entomol. Exp. Appl. 2018; 166: 761–770. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text

[45] 45. Dzepe D, Nana P, Fotso A, et al.: Influence of larval density, substrate moisture content and feedstock ratio on life history traits of black soldier fly larvae. J. Insects Food Feed. 2020; 6: 133–140. Publisher Full Text

[46] 46. Harnden LM, Tomberlin JK: Effects of temperature and diet on black soldier fly, Hermetia illucens (L.) (Diptera: Stratiomyidae), development. Forensic Sci. Int. 2016; 266: 109–116. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text

[47] 47. Hussein M, Pillai VV, Goddard JM, et al.: Sustainable production of housefly (Musca domestica) larvae as a protein-rich feed ingredient by utilizing cattle manure. PLos One. 2017; 12: e0171708. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text

[48] 48. Kökdener M, Kiper F: The impact of diet protein and carbohydrate on select life-history traits of the housefly Musca domestica Linnaeus, 1758 (Diptera: Muscidae). Mun. Ent. Zool. 2020; 15: 171–179.

[49] 49. Kökdener M, Gündüz NEA, Zeybekoğlu U, et al.: Effects of larval crowding on some biological characteristics of the blowfly, Calliphora vicina (Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830) (Diptera: Calliphoridae). Turk. J. Entomol. 2020; 44: 101–109.

[50] 50. Morimoto J, Nguyen B, Dinh H, et al.: Crowded developmental environment promotes adult sex-specific nutrient consumption in a polyphagous fly. Front. Zool. 2019; 16: 4. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text

[51] 51. Ariyani S, Suhermanto K: The Presence of Flies and Intestinal Parasites in Settlements in the TPA Talang Gulo Jambi area. Sanitation. 2018; 10(2): 58–103.

[52] 52. Kokdener M, Kiper F: Effects of Larval Population Density and Food Type on the Life Cycle of Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae).2020; 50(2): 324–329.

[53] 53. Rasha A: Musca Housefly distribution. F1000Res. 2023. Publisher Full Text

Control study of Musca domestica (Diptera, Muscidae) in Misan Province

Abstract

Background

Methods

Conclusions

Keywords

Revised Amendments from Version 1

Introduction

Methods

Ethics approval

Study regions

Figure 1. Misan province map showing the rates of Musca domestica.

Insect collection

Figure 2. Container for collecting House flies.

Study equipment

Larval densities

Table 1. Larva densities, indices and degrees.27

Statistical analysis

Results

Table 2. Distribution of Musca domestica in habitats.

Table 3. Musca distribution according to sex.

Figure 3. Head of male (A) and female (B) Musca domestica (housefly).

Table 4. Musca domestica larvae distribution in relation to weather.

Table 5. Distribution of Musca according to indices.

Discussion

Conclusions

Data availability

Underlying data

References

Comments on this article Comments (0)

Open Peer Review

Comments on this article Comments (0)

Open Peer Review

Reviewer Status

Reviewer Reports

Comments on this article

Browse by related subjects

Competing Interests Policy

Stay Updated

Table 1. Larva densities, indices and degrees.²⁷