Comparative evaluation of the effect of 2% graphene oxide and 5% hydroxyapatite nanoparticles in isolation and in combination on micro tensile bond strength of 5<sup>th </sup>generation adhesive

Simran Kriplani; Shweta Sedani

doi:10.12688/f1000research.133454.1

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Comparative evaluation of the effect of 2% graphene oxide and 5% hydroxyapatite nanoparticles in isolation and in combination on micro tensile bond strength of 5^thgeneration adhesive

[version 1; peer review: 1 approved with reservations]

Simran Kriplani ¹, Shweta Sedani ¹

PUBLISHED 18 May 2023

Author details Author details

¹ Conservative dentistry and Endodontics, Sharad Pawar Dental College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, Maharashtra, 442001, India

Simran Kriplani
Roles: Conceptualization, Investigation, Methodology, Project Administration, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing

Shweta Sedani
Roles: Supervision, Validation

OPEN PEER REVIEW

REVIEWER STATUS

This article is included in the Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research collection.

Abstract

Graphene is the thinnest, strongest and stiffest imaginable material. The biocompatible property of graphene oxide can initiate and facilitate cell adhesion, proliferation and differentiation of periodontal ligament, osteogenic and oral epithelial cells. Furthermore, the antibiofilm and anti-adhesion properties of graphene oxide in prevention of dental biofilm infections, dental caries, dental erosion as well as for implant surface modification and as anti-quorum sensing agent.
Composites are most often utilised materials for restoration in the field of dentistry due to adhesive resins' improved mechanical and cosmetic properties. To safeguard the dentin and prevent dental cavities, dentin adhesives are utilised to affix hydrophobic resin composites to hydrophilic dentin tissue. Dental adhesives have a harder time adhering to dentin because it contains more water and is less mineralized than enamel. This makes the method more sensitive. As a result, it was chosen to assess and contrast the impact of 5% Hydroxyapatite nanoparticles and 2% Graphene oxide nanoparticles, both separately and together, on the Micro tensile bond strength of 5th generation adhesive. Graphene oxide is the most versatile form of Graphite in structural and functional configuration. Graphene oxide possess extraordinary physical, chemical, optical, electrical and mechanical properties. Among the graphene family nanomaterials, the reduced form of Graphite adding the oxygenated functional group to the structure increases the surface area and therefore exhibits enviable excellent interaction ability with metal and ions as well as organic species. Graphene oxide in dentistry has provided outstanding results in antimicrobial action, regenerative dentistry, bone tissue engineering, drug delivery, physicochemical property, enhancement of dental biomaterials and oral cancer treatment.

Keywords

Nanocrystals, Dental adhesive, Graphene oxide, Hydroxyapatite, Anti-microbial, Biocompatibility, Hydrophobic, Micro-tensile bond strength.

Corresponding authors: Simran Kriplani, Shweta Sedani

Competing interests: No competing interests were disclosed.

Grant information: The author(s) declared that no grants were involved in supporting this work.

Copyright: © 2023 Kriplani S and Sedani S. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

How to cite: Kriplani S and Sedani S. Comparative evaluation of the effect of 2% graphene oxide and 5% hydroxyapatite nanoparticles in isolation and in combination on micro tensile bond strength of 5^thgeneration adhesive [version 1; peer review: 1 approved with reservations]. F1000Research 2023, 12:514 (https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.133454.1) First published: 18 May 2023, 12:514 (https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.133454.1) Latest published: 09 Aug 2024, 12:514 (https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.133454.4)

Introduction

Considering their enhanced aesthetics and increased mechanical qualities, the most used materials for restoration in dentistry is dental composite.¹ Dentin adhesives are utilized to treat and prevent dental caries as well as to adhere hydrophobic resin composites to hydrophilic dentin tissue.² Dental adhesives have a harder time adhering to dentin because it contains more water and is less mineralized than enamel. This necessitates meticulous handling as it is highly sensitive to the procedures being performed³ Effectiveness of adherence with dentin in tooth structure is related to the monomers' capacity to extend and enter the gaps between collagen fibers and the stability of the resin-based tags used to create a hybrid layer.⁴ Loss of adhesive bond over time is considered one of the prime causes of composite restorative failure leading to complications.⁵ Bond failure as well as the emergence leading to secondary caries are caused by loss of bond, which results in causing the production of nano-gaps.⁶ To boost dentin interactions with adhesive resins also maybe lessen dentin-adhesive degradation to counteract failure of adhesion over time, also use of inorganic fillers to adhesives is advised.⁷ Recent research has demonstrated that addition of fillers in adhesives can improve their mechanical qualities while reducing water sorption and solubility.⁸^,⁹ Thus, it is extremely desirable to incorporate inorganic nanomaterials as fillers/particles to enhance the physicomechanical characteristics of bonding agents. In recent years, dental researchers have become interested in several materials, including graphene. Materials made of graphene have a large surface area therefore both are thermally and chemically stable.¹⁰ Graphene oxide (GO), a member of the graphene family of nanomaterials, is particularly interesting and is produced by oxidizing graphite.¹¹ Graphene is typically thought of as a hydrophobic material, however, because GO has oxygen in its functional groups compared to other GFNs (graphene family nano particles) it is thought to be hydrophilic.¹² Its hydrophilicity could be viewed as a positive trait because it aids in the formation of stable colloid dispersion so prevents aggregation, making GO more cytocompatible.¹³ Lee et al. incorporated GO into dentin adhesive successfully in 2018 despite using a mix of GO and bioactive glass since it has better antibacterial activity than graphite does.¹⁴ Also, the combination of GO with the remineralizing substance hydroxyapatite (HA) will be tested in this study to see how it affects the adhesive's characteristics. HA is an inorganic, non-toxic bioactive substance that is frequently found as a significant component of tooth structure and is available as nanoparticles.¹⁵ Due to HA's demonstrated ability to remineralize bone, the number of dental materials that include it has increased.¹⁶ Due to the dental adhesives' intimate contact with tooth dentin, incorporation of HA nanoparticles in resin adhesives aids in remineralizing the caries-affected dentin. Moreover, the hybrid dentin layer's interaction with HA to create an organic bond will make it more difficult for it to separate from the tooth.¹⁷ In a study performed earlier, Leitune et al. (2013) found that incorporating nanoparticles of HA in the dental adhesive increased the binding strength between the adhesive and the dentin.¹⁸ In a study performed earlier by Bin-Shuwaish et al. (2010) showed how GO particles might enhance the mechanical properties of glue.¹⁹ In a related earlier study, Mei et al. in 2017 found that the addition of 1 wt % GO-silica particles might enhance compressive strength of the adhesives.²⁰ Also, our study compares the impact of 5% Hydroxyapatite nanoparticles and 2% Graphene oxide nanoparticles, onto micro tensile bond strength when used alone and together. It is anticipated that more GO particles will be added to enhance the experimental dentin's binding capacity, durability, and dentin interaction. The conventional dental adhesive systems clinically being used in dentistry and their physical and mechanical properties varied widely in terms of bond strength and adhesion at the dentin interface which further compromised the prognosis leading to failure of the treatment. To improvise the related required properties in the 5^th generation adhesive system, the graphene oxide and hydroxyapatite nanoparticles will be incorporated considering their promising structural configuration additive physical and mechanical properties aiding in the enhancement of the dental material. The focus of our study is to evaluate increase in the Micro tensile Bond strength of the 5^th Generation Adhesive system after the incorporation of the graphene oxide and hydroxyapatite nanoparticles. Adhesion of the nanoparticles at the dentin interface leading to widespread surface area may further contribute to the increased bond strength, enhancing the mechanical properties.

Discussion

Before materials are marketed in dentistry, it is crucial to conduct and analyze mechanical strength tests on them. Through laboratory investigations, these evaluations are carried out in a variety of ways. Using the TBS test method, the bonding strengths of self-adhesive composite resins with various universal bonding methods were examined in this study. The TBS values increased when the adhesive system was used with universal adhesive systems. As a result, our study's null hypothesis was rejected. The fifth-generation resin adhesive's bond integrity, longevity, and contact with dentin were studied in the current study in relation to the addition of nano-HA and different nano-GO particle concentrations (0.5 wt% and 2 wt%). The Hydroxyapatite-graphene oxide nanoparticles 2% group demonstrated greater micro tensile bond strength than the Hydroxyapatite-graphene oxide nanoparticles 0.5% group, which revealed greater than the controls, according to the data. The idea that adding graphene oxide nanoparticles to the bonding agent would strengthen its binding was therefore considered. Adhesives are essential for the clinical outcome of restorations because inadequate restorative adhesive bonds have been linked to secondary caries development, dentin hypersensitivity (DH), and microleakage.²¹ Dental composites' diverse mechanical and physical qualities are reinforced by the universal use of nanoparticles.²² The nano-HA particles have a great ability to connect with the dental tissues, are biocompatible, and serve as a source of remineralizing ions like Ca and P.²³^,²⁴ According to the current study, adding nano-HA particles to the adhesive produces all the advantages of using HA in adhesives. Nano-HA particles have been proposed in the past as a way to improve mechanical characteristics of adhesive and enhance surface area for adhesion.²⁵ This recommendation was carried out, and nano-HA particles were used in the current study (100 nm in size). Nano-GO particles were added to HA-containing glue at two different concentrations (0.5% and 2.0%) to further enhance the adhesive bonding properties of the experimental adhesives. The inclusion of foreign fillers in the glue must be evenly distributed to reap the full benefits. The optimal performance of the adhesive may be compromised by gaps or cracks created by an incomplete or partial diffusion of filler nanoparticles.²⁶ Microorganisms can live in the dental plaque and produce pulpal irritation and dental cavities. According to a prior study by Cantore et al., in which an alcohol-free mouthwash shows comparable antibacterial effectiveness to regular antimicrobial mouthwash chlorhexidine and can also reduce the risk of plaque formation. Dental caries and pulpal inflammation are prevented by every component of an oral product that is antibacterial and can lower microbial burden.²⁷ Key dental pathogens like Streptococcus mutans are not able to adhere to graphene-based dental adhesives.

Objectives

1. To evaluate the micro tensile bond strength of the 5^th generation bonding agent without incorporating any of the nanoparticles using a universal testing machine.
2. To evaluate the micro tensile bond strength of a 5^th generation bonding agent incorporating 2% Graphene oxide nanoparticles in isolation using a universal testing machine.
3. To evaluate the micro tensile bond strength of 5^th generation bonding agent incorporating 5% Hydroxy apatite nanoparticles in isolation using a universal testing machine.
4. To compare the micro tensile bond strength of 5^th generation bonding agent incorporating 2% graphene oxide and 5% Hydroxyapatite nanoparticles in combination using a universal testing machine.

TRIAL DESIGN: In-vitro study

Protocol

Materials required:

1. Graphene oxide nanoparticles (Nano Research Lab, Jamshedpur, India)
2. Hydroxyapatite nanoparticles (Nano Research Lab, Jamshedpur, India)
3. 5^th generation bonding agent (3M ESPE Adper Single Bond 2)
4. Dentsplyspectrum - composite restoration

Selection Criteria

▸ Inclusion criteria
• 84 Maxillary premolars
• Teeth devoid of restorations
▸ Exclusion criteria
• Teeth with previous root canal treatment.
• Extensively carious tooth.
• Abrasion, attrition, fluorosis, or other enamel defects.
• Teeth with developmental anomalies.
• Teeth with external and internal resorption.

Intervention

➢ A total of 84 samples are used in the study divided into 4 groups, 21 in each group corresponding to the 1, 2, 3, and 4 sample sets.
➢ Group 1 – 5^th generation bonding agent
➢ Group 2-5^th generation bonding agent with graphene oxide nanoparticles.
➢ Group 3-5^th generation bonding agent with hydroxy apatite nanoparticles
➢ Group 4-5^th generation bonding agent with a combination of graphene oxide and hydroxy apatite nanoparticles.

Procedure:

1. Addition of HA to the dentin Adhesive

The nano-HA particles will be silanized after being purchased commercially. 5% silane will be added to the 95% adhesive to help the nano-hydroxyapatite stick to it.

Solvent for silanization using acetone. To create a fifth adhesive system that contains 5 wt% nano-Hydroxyapatite particles, the nano-HA particles will be introduced to the experimental adhesive at a 5% concentration (m/m). The experimental adhesive's nano-hydroxyapatite particles will be dispersed using sonication in a centrifuge to encourage homogenization. To allow the solvent to evaporate, the synthesized adhesives will be stored in isolation for 24 hours at 37 degrees ^oC. Due to their short shelf life, the adhesives will thereafter be stored at 4 degrees ^oC and used for the duration of 20 days after formulation.

1. Adding Graphene oxide to the dentin Adhesive
The graphene oxide powder will be combined with 2 mL of ethanol in a microbial and ultrasonically processed for 10 minutes at room temperature. The dentin adhesive will get this mixture. The nano-graphene oxide particles will first be combined with resin before being sonicated in an ultrasonic bath for 10 minutes so creating a uniform combination. After sonication, the mixture will be homogenized for 60 seconds at room temperature in an ultrasonic homogenizer using pulse on/off technology. Every time the mixture is used, the mix will be homogenized in an ultrasonic homogenizer to ensure that the graphene oxide will disperse uniformly after storage. Calculations will be done to determine the resin volume in milliliters and milligram weight of nanoparticles. Using the following:

Weight / volume % = weight of solute / {volume of solution}^{*} 100

2. Addition of GO and HA to the dentin Adhesive
The graphene oxide powder will be combined with 2 mL of ethanol in a microbiological container before being ultrasonically processed for 10 minutes at room temperature. The nano-HA particles were silanized after being purchased commercially. The 95% acetone solvent will receive an addition of 5% silane for silanization to enhance the adherence of nano-Hydroxyapatite to the adhesive. Once both the nanoparticles are made, the made solvents will be added to the 5^th generation dentin adhesive. To achieve a homogenous mixture, it will be sonicated in an ultrasonicator duration of 10 min. Post-sonication, mixture will be homogenized in ultrasonic homogenizer at pulse on/of for 60 s at room temperature. The mixture will be rehomogenized in the ultrasonic homogenizer before each and every use to ensure that graphene oxide and hydroxy apatite nanoparticles would disperse uniformly after storage. Calculations will be done to determine the resin volume in millilitres and milligrams weight of the nanoparticles. This will allow the solvent to evaporate, the synthesized adhesives will be stored in isolation for 24 hours at 37 degrees ^oC. Due to their short shelf life, the adhesives will thereafter be stored at 4 degrees ^oC and will be used within 20 days of the formulation.

The investigation will use extracted permanent maxillary premolars. All teeth will be kept in the storage media for a maximum of three months in distilled water. The 1, 2, 3, and 4 sample sets will be represented by the groups of the 84 premolars, which will be randomly divided into those groups. There will be Class 1 cavity preparation. The 3 M Scotchbond Universal Etchant (30 – 40% phosphoric acid) will be applied to all groups for 15 seconds. The surfaces will then be washed and dried by air. The surplus glue will then be removed using dental cotton rolls after adhesive systems have been placed for 15 seconds. The surfaces will then be exposed to light for nearly 20 seconds at an intensity of around 800 mW/cm² using a light-curing device. The previously polymerized adhesive layer will be covered with successive 2-mm thick layers using Dentsply Spectrum -restorative material, which will then be light cured for 20 seconds. Following treatment, all of the teeth will be further separated into resin dentin sticks using a diamond discs and water cooling in accordance with ISO/TS 11405, with an average cross-sectional area of 1 mm by 1 mm. The samples will then be kept in deionized (DI) water for 24 hours at 37 °C. Next, utilizing universal testing machine, the created samples will go through a micro-tensile bond strength test. The beams will be secured to a jig with cyanoacrylate adhesive before being put to tensile stresses at a crosshead speed of one millimeter per minute.

Sample size

Primary Variable - Microtensile bond strength

Sample size formula for difference between two means:

N = \frac{{(Zα + Zβ)}^{2} δ^{2}}{Δ^{2}}

Where;

Zα = level of significance at 5% i.e., 95%

Confidence interval $=$ 1.96

Zβ is the power of test $=$ 80% $=$ 0.84

δ1 $=$ SD of MTBS in group 1 $=$ 29.74 ± 3.81

δ2 $=$ SD of MTBS in group 2 $=$ 25.21 ± 3.60

$∆$ $=$ Difference between two means

$=$ 4.53

Pooled std. dev.= (3.81+3.60)/2 =3.71

\begin{matrix} n = \frac{{(1.96 + 0.84)}^{2} {(3.71)}^{2}}{{4.53}^{2}} \\ = 15 \end{matrix}

n $=$ 15 teeth needed in each group

Total sample size is 60

Study Reference: [28]

STATISTICAL METHOD: All the results will be calculated using SPSS version 27 software, a proprietary alternative in which the analysis can be carried out is R Studio. Data for outcomes variables will be tested for normality using kalmogorov-smirnov. The comparative analysis of the micro tensile bond strength will be evaluated on the measurement of Newton. ANOVA will be used to find the significant difference between the mean of the 4 groups. Tukey test will be used for comparative evaluation of measurement in between 2 groups pairwise. P- value ≤ 0.05 will be considered as significant at 5% level of significance and 95% confidence of interval.

Conclusions

It is expected that among the material used in the study, the 5^th generation bonding agent with graphene oxide and nano hydroxyapatite crystals in combination may give better results as compared to the 5^th generation bonding agent with or without incorporation of graphene oxide and nano hydroxyapatite crystals in isolation in routine practice due to its ability of anti-microbial properties, optimal biocompatibility, and increased bond strength.

Dissemination

The focus of our study is to evaluate increase in the micro tensile bond strength of the 5^th generation adhesive system after the incorporation of the graphene oxide and hydroxyapatite nanoparticles. Adhesion of the nanoparticles at the dentin interface leading to widespread surface area may further contribute to the increased bond strength, enhancing the mechanical properties.

Study status

Not started yet.

Ethical considerations

Ethical approval received from Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Sawangi, Wardha

IEC reference number- DMIHER (DU)/IEC/2023/584

Data availability

No data are associated with this article.

Acknowledgements

I would like to thank my institute, my Guide, HOD and my colleagues.

References

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Version 4

VERSION 4 PUBLISHED 18 May 2023

Author details Author details

¹ Conservative dentistry and Endodontics, Sharad Pawar Dental College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, Maharashtra, 442001, India

Simran Kriplani
Roles: Conceptualization, Investigation, Methodology, Project Administration, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing

Shweta Sedani
Roles: Supervision, Validation

Competing interests

No competing interests were disclosed.

Grant information

The author(s) declared that no grants were involved in supporting this work.

Article Versions (4)

version 4

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Published: 09 Aug 2024, 12:514

https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.133454.4

version 3

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Published: 19 Feb 2024, 12:514

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version 2

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Published: 27 Nov 2023, 12:514

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version 1

Published: 18 May 2023, 12:514

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© 2023 Kriplani S and Sedani S. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Kriplani S and Sedani S. Comparative evaluation of the effect of 2% graphene oxide and 5% hydroxyapatite nanoparticles in isolation and in combination on micro tensile bond strength of 5^thgeneration adhesive [version 1; peer review: 1 approved with reservations]. F1000Research 2023, 12:514 (https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.133454.1)

NOTE: If applicable, it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article.

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Open Peer Review

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PUBLISHED 18 May 2023

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Reviewer Report 14 Nov 2023

Ranj Nadhim Salaie, Tishk International University, Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq

Approved with Reservations

https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.146445.r204068

1- Proof reading is required, inappropriate use of grammar, punctuation in some sentences

2- Where are the micro tensile bond strength data? there must be some graphs from the universal tensile machine software.

3- I appreciate that this is a method development study. However, since the authors have conducted statistics, I expect the data and the stats available in the main text. I cant find them anywhere! any explanation please ?

Is the rationale for, and objectives of, the study clearly described?

Yes
Is the study design appropriate for the research question?

Yes
Are sufficient details of the methods provided to allow replication by others?

Partly
Are the datasets clearly presented in a useable and accessible format?

Partly

Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed.

Reviewer Expertise: Dental Implantology, Nano coatings, Nano Dentistry, Dental Biomaterials, Antibacterial Biomaterials, Oral Surgery

I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above.

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Author Response 27 Nov 2023

Simran Kriplani, Conservative dentistry and Endodontics, Sharad Pawar Dental College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, 442001, India

27 Nov 2023

Author Response
1. Proofreading is required, inappropriate use of grammar, and punctuation in some sentences
Answer for the first query - The grammar correction and the proofreading have been done. ... Continue reading
Proofreading is required, inappropriate use of grammar, and punctuation in some sentences

Answer for the first query - The grammar correction and the proofreading have been done. According to the Grammarly app, the version 2 has more than 95% accuracy.

Where are the micro tensile bond strength data? there must be some graphs from the universal tensile machine software.

Answer for the second query- This is the protocol and the method of testing microtensile bond strength designed for the study to be conducted further and so the data and graphs related to same will be posted once the study is performed according to this protocol adopted.

I appreciate that this is a method development study. However, since the authors have conducted statistics, I expect the data and the stats available in the main text. I can't find them anywhere! any explanation, please?

Answer for the third query- As this is a research protocol the statistics mentioned here are for sample size calculation which will be used further for original research, the details of which will be published in the original article.

Thank you for your valuable response.

Proofreading is required, inappropriate use of grammar, and punctuation in some sentences

Answer for the first query - The grammar correction and the proofreading have been done. According to the Grammarly app, the version 2 has more than 95% accuracy.

Where are the micro tensile bond strength data? there must be some graphs from the universal tensile machine software.

Answer for the second query- This is the protocol and the method of testing microtensile bond strength designed for the study to be conducted further and so the data and graphs related to same will be posted once the study is performed according to this protocol adopted.

I appreciate that this is a method development study. However, since the authors have conducted statistics, I expect the data and the stats available in the main text. I can't find them anywhere! any explanation, please?

Answer for the third query- As this is a research protocol the statistics mentioned here are for sample size calculation which will be used further for original research, the details of which will be published in the original article.

Thank you for your valuable response.
Proofreading is required, inappropriate use of grammar, and punctuation in some sentences

Answer for the first query - The grammar correction and the proofreading have been done. According to the Grammarly app, the version 2 has more than 95% accuracy.

Where are the micro tensile bond strength data? there must be some graphs from the universal tensile machine software.

Answer for the second query- This is the protocol and the method of testing microtensile bond strength designed for the study to be conducted further and so the data and graphs related to same will be posted once the study is performed according to this protocol adopted.

I appreciate that this is a method development study. However, since the authors have conducted statistics, I expect the data and the stats available in the main text. I can't find them anywhere! any explanation, please?

Answer for the third query- As this is a research protocol the statistics mentioned here are for sample size calculation which will be used further for original research, the details of which will be published in the original article.

Thank you for your valuable response.

Proofreading is required, inappropriate use of grammar, and punctuation in some sentences

Answer for the first query - The grammar correction and the proofreading have been done. According to the Grammarly app, the version 2 has more than 95% accuracy.

Where are the micro tensile bond strength data? there must be some graphs from the universal tensile machine software.

Answer for the second query- This is the protocol and the method of testing microtensile bond strength designed for the study to be conducted further and so the data and graphs related to same will be posted once the study is performed according to this protocol adopted.

I appreciate that this is a method development study. However, since the authors have conducted statistics, I expect the data and the stats available in the main text. I can't find them anywhere! any explanation, please?

Answer for the third query- As this is a research protocol the statistics mentioned here are for sample size calculation which will be used further for original research, the details of which will be published in the original article.

Thank you for your valuable response.
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Reviewer Response 14 Jun 2024

Ranj Nadhim Salaie, Tishk International University, Erbil, Iraq

14 Jun 2024

Reviewer Response

Accepted
Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed.
Accepted
Accepted
Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Close
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COMMENTS ON THIS REPORT

Author Response 27 Nov 2023

Simran Kriplani, Conservative dentistry and Endodontics, Sharad Pawar Dental College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, 442001, India

27 Nov 2023

Author Response
1. Proofreading is required, inappropriate use of grammar, and punctuation in some sentences
Answer for the first query - The grammar correction and the proofreading have been done. ... Continue reading
Proofreading is required, inappropriate use of grammar, and punctuation in some sentences

Answer for the first query - The grammar correction and the proofreading have been done. According to the Grammarly app, the version 2 has more than 95% accuracy.

Where are the micro tensile bond strength data? there must be some graphs from the universal tensile machine software.

Answer for the second query- This is the protocol and the method of testing microtensile bond strength designed for the study to be conducted further and so the data and graphs related to same will be posted once the study is performed according to this protocol adopted.

I appreciate that this is a method development study. However, since the authors have conducted statistics, I expect the data and the stats available in the main text. I can't find them anywhere! any explanation, please?

Answer for the third query- As this is a research protocol the statistics mentioned here are for sample size calculation which will be used further for original research, the details of which will be published in the original article.

Thank you for your valuable response.

Proofreading is required, inappropriate use of grammar, and punctuation in some sentences

Answer for the first query - The grammar correction and the proofreading have been done. According to the Grammarly app, the version 2 has more than 95% accuracy.

Where are the micro tensile bond strength data? there must be some graphs from the universal tensile machine software.

Answer for the second query- This is the protocol and the method of testing microtensile bond strength designed for the study to be conducted further and so the data and graphs related to same will be posted once the study is performed according to this protocol adopted.

I appreciate that this is a method development study. However, since the authors have conducted statistics, I expect the data and the stats available in the main text. I can't find them anywhere! any explanation, please?

Answer for the third query- As this is a research protocol the statistics mentioned here are for sample size calculation which will be used further for original research, the details of which will be published in the original article.

Thank you for your valuable response.
Proofreading is required, inappropriate use of grammar, and punctuation in some sentences

Answer for the first query - The grammar correction and the proofreading have been done. According to the Grammarly app, the version 2 has more than 95% accuracy.

Where are the micro tensile bond strength data? there must be some graphs from the universal tensile machine software.

Answer for the second query- This is the protocol and the method of testing microtensile bond strength designed for the study to be conducted further and so the data and graphs related to same will be posted once the study is performed according to this protocol adopted.

I appreciate that this is a method development study. However, since the authors have conducted statistics, I expect the data and the stats available in the main text. I can't find them anywhere! any explanation, please?

Answer for the third query- As this is a research protocol the statistics mentioned here are for sample size calculation which will be used further for original research, the details of which will be published in the original article.

Thank you for your valuable response.

Proofreading is required, inappropriate use of grammar, and punctuation in some sentences

Answer for the first query - The grammar correction and the proofreading have been done. According to the Grammarly app, the version 2 has more than 95% accuracy.

Where are the micro tensile bond strength data? there must be some graphs from the universal tensile machine software.

Answer for the second query- This is the protocol and the method of testing microtensile bond strength designed for the study to be conducted further and so the data and graphs related to same will be posted once the study is performed according to this protocol adopted.

I appreciate that this is a method development study. However, since the authors have conducted statistics, I expect the data and the stats available in the main text. I can't find them anywhere! any explanation, please?

Answer for the third query- As this is a research protocol the statistics mentioned here are for sample size calculation which will be used further for original research, the details of which will be published in the original article.

Thank you for your valuable response.
Competing Interests: No competing interests Close
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Reviewer Response 14 Jun 2024

Ranj Nadhim Salaie, Tishk International University, Erbil, Iraq

14 Jun 2024

Reviewer Response

Accepted
Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed.
Accepted
Accepted
Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Close
Report a concern

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Version 4

VERSION 4 PUBLISHED 18 May 2023

Open Peer Review

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Reviewer Reports

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Version 4 (revision) 09 Aug 24		read	read
Version 3 (revision) 19 Feb 24		read	read
Version 2 (revision) 27 Nov 23		read
Version 1 18 May 23	read

Ranj Nadhim Salaie, Tishk International University, Erbil, Iraq
Ahmed Al-Noaman, University of Babylon, Babylon, Iraq
Mohammed Zahedul Islam Nizami, The Forsyth Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, USA

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Reviewer Report

3 Views

23 Aug 2024 | for Version 4

Mohammed Zahedul Islam Nizami, The Forsyth Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA

3 Views Cite this report Responses(0)

Not Approved

I cannot see any visible changes in the manuscript.
Please check all comments carefully and respond point to point to improve the manuscripts.
Please use the track change option to make it clear.

Competing Interests

No competing interests were disclosed.

Reviewer Expertise

Dental biomaterials, restorative dentistry and cariology

I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to state that I do not consider it to be of an acceptable scientific standard, for reasons outlined above.

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Reviewer Report

4 Views

23 Aug 2024 | for Version 4

Ahmed Al-Noaman, University of Babylon, Babylon, Iraq

4 Views Cite this report Responses(0)

Approved With Reservations

Dear editor,
Thank you for sending the new version of the paper (comparative evaluation of the effect of 2%graphene oxide and 5% hydroxyapatite nanoparticles in isolation and combination on micro tensile bond strength of 5^th generation adhesive) for reviewing.

The title of the paper is too long.
The abstract still needs further revision. It should follow the academic writing of the abstract, particularly; the materials and methods section.
The introduction should focused on the main problems of the 5^th generation adhesive and what were the attempts that tried to solve such problems; How were these attempts succeeded or failed?
Briefly mention the use of nano-graphene oxide in dentistry- in particular in conservative and endodontic treatment.
Please clearly state the hypotheses of the study.
Materials and methods: How can the authors confirm the addition of the nano-graphene oxide and nano-HA to the dental adhesive?
Have the authors studied the anti-bacterial action of nano-graphene oxide? Is there any quantitative or qualitative studies?
Authors mentioned: “All teeth will be kept in the storage media for a maximum of three months in distilled water”….. Did they mean by storage media the distilled water? Please revise the statement and mention the reason behind keeping the teeth in distilled water?
Discussion: needs re-structuring with comprehensive discussion of the results.
Conclusion: authors not need to discuss the results in conclusion and please provide further suggestion of your study.
English language needs revision.

Competing Interests

No competing interests were disclosed.

Reviewer Expertise

My research interest is surface modification of dental implant with a bioactive material to enhance osseointegration. In addition to that, research in the prevention of peri-implantitis and use of anti-bacterial agents that inhibit bacterial adhesion and proliferation.

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Reviewer Report

20 Views

01 Aug 2024 | for Version 3

Mohammed Zahedul Islam Nizami, The Forsyth Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA

20 Views Cite this report Responses(2)

Not Approved

Thank you. I hope it will be good research. Authors need more effort to make the points clear to readers. Please improve your writing. I have some suggestions. Hope it helps.
Background
Graphene and graphene oxide are not the same. In the abstract the author misleads graphene and graphene oxide.
“imaginable material” is not scientifically correct.
“Furthermore, the antibiofilm and anti-adhesion -------------- as an anti-quorum sensing agent.” Please make it meaningful.
“Composites are the most often utilized materials for restoration-------cosmetic properties” please mention what composite are you talking about?
Please mention objective and hypothesis.
Materials and Method
“Dental adhesives have a harder time ------- more sensitive. What is this? Please write your proposed study design.
Result
“As a result, it was chosen ----------------- 5th generation adhesive.” Is it the result or objective of the study?

Introduction
Redundancy should be avoided
An overview of clinical problems, existing research, their limitations, possible solutions, and new novel research obligations should be discussed consistently.

Discussion
Redundancy should be avoided
A consistent flow of proposed methods and their predictable outcomes should be discussed with appropriate reference.
The way the conclusion was written is meaningless. Please remove these and conclude your expected result (hypothesis). You cannot introduce the graphene oxide in the conclusion

Conclusion
The aim of the study should be reflected in the conclusion.

Is the rationale for, and objectives of, the study clearly described?

No
Is the study design appropriate for the research question?

Partly
Are sufficient details of the methods provided to allow replication by others?

Partly
Are the datasets clearly presented in a useable and accessible format?

No

Competing Interests

No competing interests were disclosed.

Reviewer Expertise

Dental biomaterials, restorative dentistry and cariology

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Author Response

09 Aug 2024

Simran Kriplani, Conservative dentistry and Endodontics, Sharad Pawar Dental College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, 442001, India

Dear Reviewer,

Corrections have been done. Kindly go through the author response below -

Background
Graphene and graphene oxide are not the same. In the abstract, the author misidentifies graphene and graphene oxide.
“Imaginable material” is not scientifically correct.
Answer: The term has been corrected scientifically, and the changes required are done.

“Furthermore, the antibiofilm and anti-adhesion -------------- as an anti-quorum sensing agent.” Please make it meaningful.
Answer- The sentence has been reframed according to the suggestion of the reviewer.

“Composites are the most often utilized materials for restoration-------cosmetic properties” please mention what composite are you talking about?
Answer- Composite is the restorative material used and preferred now-a-days over conventional restorative material. In this study nanohybrid composite was used. The primary purpose of tooth-colored composite fillings is to treat tooth decay and fractures. Unlike their silver counterparts, these fillings blend seamlessly with the natural tooth color, making them an ideal choice for those who prioritize aesthetics.

Please mention objective and hypothesis.
Answer- Additions and corrections have been done likewise.

Materials and Method
“Dental adhesives have a harder time ------- more sensitive. What is this? Please write your proposed study design.
Answer- The sentence has been reframed and the suggestions are included. The proposed study design has been added in detail in the material and methodology section in the body of the manuscript.

Result
“As a result, it was chosen ----------------- 5th generation adhesive.” Is it the result or objective of the study?
Answer: It is the study objective. Corrections have been made accordingly.

Introduction
Redundancy should be avoided
An overview of clinical problems, existing research, their limitations, possible solutions, and new novel research obligations should be discussed consistently.
Answer: The limitations and clinical perspective with novel future ideas will be added and discussed in detail once the study is conducted. It will very well summarise the future outcomes and ideas for the research to be conducted further.

Discussion
Redundancy should be avoided
A consistent flow of proposed methods and their predictable outcomes should be discussed with appropriate reference.
The way the conclusion was written is meaningless. Please remove these and conclude your expected result (hypothesis). You cannot introduce graphene oxide in the conclusion
Answer: The conclusion has been modified according to the reviewer’s suggestions. The graphene oxide is well addressed in the methodology section and is now added in the conclusion. The hypothesis has been added. Dissemination has been added. The reference has been modified.

Conclusion
The aim of the study should be reflected in the conclusion.
Answer: The conclusion has been modified and the aim of the study is justified.

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Competing Interests

No competing interests were disclosed.

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Reviewer Report

19 Views

05 Mar 2024 | for Version 3

Ahmed Al-Noaman, University of Babylon, Babylon, Iraq

19 Views Cite this report Responses(1)

Approved With Reservations

The conclusion at the end of the text is not coincide with that at the abstract.
- Discussion needs further explanation and the results should be compared with other studies.
- Clear and definitive conclusions should be drawn at the end of the study highlighting the findings of the study.

Competing Interests

No competing interests were disclosed.

Reviewer Expertise

Respond to this report

Responses (1)

Author Response

13 Apr 2024

Simran Kriplani, Conservative dentistry and Endodontics, Sharad Pawar Dental College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, 442001, India

-Discussion needs further explanation and the results should be compared with other studies.
Ans- Discussion has been written with context to the references added and their respective studies highlighting the details of the conclusion. As this is the protocol of the study we are conducting so the final results and their co-relation will be discussed in detail in the original study according to the statistical analysis.
So the results drawn from the original study will be resourceful and will aid in putting up the points concerning discussion of the material.

- Clear and definitive conclusions should be drawn at the end of the study highlighting the findings of the study.
Ans- This is the drafted protocol of the original study which is being conducted and therefore the conclusions/ findings of the same will be aligned once the study is completed and will be discussed in detail.

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Competing Interests

None

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Reviewer Report

16 Views

15 Jan 2024 | for Version 2

Ahmed Al-Noaman, University of Babylon, Babylon, Iraq

16 Views Cite this report Responses(1)

Approved With Reservations

The above mentioned manuscript discussed the effect of adding nano-particle graphene oxide at different concentrations and nano-HA in isolation and in combination on the tensile strength of the 5th generation bonding agent.

Although the manuscript discussed an interesting subject in the field of conservative dentistry, there are certain points that should be addressed before indexing:
- The structure of the study needs further revision - it should follow papers of the scientific research - background, clear aims, objectives, materials and methods, discussion and conclusion.

Abstract: it needs further organization beginning from the background - materials and methods - results and conclusion.
Introduction: it needs a comprehensive revision. In my view, the authors mentioned many studies that used graphene oxide with bioactive glasses or silica or nano-hydroxyapatite alone. Authors can use these studies to compare their results with these studies.
- Authors need to add a clear hypothesis of the study (null hypothesis). Also, more focusing on the aim of the study and should be moved to the last paragraph of the introduction section.
Materials and methods: there is a huge repetition in the preparing the adhesive materials with graphene oxide and nano-HA.
The study lacks important investigation such as SEM to demonstrate the incorporation of graphene oxide and HA into the adhesive materials.
Discussion:
- An explanation for why graphene oxide and nano-hydroxyapatite improved the mechanical bonding of the adhesive materials should be added.
- The main theme of the manuscript is the adhesive strength of the adhesive materials. Was there any correlation between improving the adhesive strength and the bacterial plaque?
Conclusion: should be brief and more focused about the new findings.

Is the rationale for, and objectives of, the study clearly described?

Partly
Is the study design appropriate for the research question?

Partly
Are sufficient details of the methods provided to allow replication by others?

No
Are the datasets clearly presented in a useable and accessible format?

Partly

Competing Interests

No competing interests were disclosed.

Reviewer Expertise

Respond to this report

Responses (1)

Author Response

13 Apr 2024

Simran Kriplani, Conservative dentistry and Endodontics, Sharad Pawar Dental College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, 442001, India

The structure of the study needs further revision - it should follow papers of the scientific research - background, clear aims, objectives, materials and methods, discussion, and conclusion.

Abstract: it needs further organization beginning from the background - materials and methods - results and conclusion.

Answer- In conclusion, the present protocol provides first-hand knowledge of experimental graphene oxide-based silane primers. Based on the results, we may infer that graphene oxide-based and hydroxyapatite-based - silane primers increase the micro-tensile bond strength.

Further the corrections are made and the abstract has been re-organized.

Introduction: it needs a comprehensive revision. In my view, the authors mentioned many studies that used graphene oxide with bioactive glasses or silica or nano-hydroxyapatite alone. Authors can use these studies to compare their results with these studies.

Answer- Definitely, all those studies will help in tapering down to the conclusion of the study we will be conducting. The various authors cited in the protocol used different combinations depicting improvement in the properties of dental adhesives. So we have mentioned the combination of nano-HA and GO- nanoparticles hypothesizing improved properties.

- Authors need to add a clear hypothesis of the study (null hypothesis). Also, more focus on the aim of the study should be moved to the last paragraph of the introduction section.
Null hypothesis- Both Graphene oxide and hydroxyapatite nanoparticles are hypothesized to be equally effective in increasing the micro-tensile bond strength in the dental adhesives.

Materials and methods: there is a huge repetition in preparing the adhesive materials with graphene oxide and nano-HA.

Answer- The detailed preparation of the material involving various steps that will be used for the in vitro study has been elaborated to standardize and henceforth bridge the gap for future studies to be conducted.

The study lacks important investigation such as SEM to demonstrate the incorporation of graphene oxide and HA into the adhesive materials.

Answer- Our study protocol aims to demonstrate and investigate the microtensile bond strength and so the parameter demands the method to test the strength using a Universal testing Machine.

Discussion:
- An explanation for why graphene oxide and nano-hydroxyapatite improved the mechanical bonding of the adhesive materials should be added.
- The main theme of the manuscript is the adhesive strength of the adhesive materials. Was there any correlation between improving the adhesive strength and the bacterial plaque?

Answer- According to Carvalho RM et al in 2012, adhesives are essential for the clinical outcome of restorations because inadequate restorative adhesive bonds have been linked to secondary caries development, dentin hypersensitivity (DH), and microleakage. Solhi L et al in 2012, dental composites' diverse mechanical and physical qualities are reinforced by the universal use of nanoparticles. Nobre CMG et al in 2020 and Pepla E et al in 2014, the nano-HA particles have a great ability to connect with the dental tissues, are biocompatible, and serve as a source of remineralizing ions like Ca and P. According to the current study, adding nano-HA particles to the adhesive produces all the advantages of using HA in adhesives. Nano-HA particles have been proposed in the past as a way to improve the mechanical characteristics of adhesive and enhance surface area for adhesion
- the anti-biofilm and anti-adhesion properties of graphene oxide in the prevention of dental biofilm infections
- Adhesion of the nanoparticles at the dentin interface leading to widespread surface area may further contribute to the increased bond strength, enhancing the mechanical properties.
- Since this is the study protocol, the correlation between improving the adhesive strength and the bacterial plaque has not yet been concluded. Although the previous studies cited in the manuscript described the positive results.

Conclusion: should be brief and more focused on the new findings.

Answer- The newer advances focus on the enhancement of the physical, mechanical, and biological properties by addition of the biocompatible materials in various generations of the Bonding agent by use of advancing technologies and subsequent results aiding in improving the understanding about the dental materials and their properties.
Future research using microtensile testing or a study involving dynamic loading instead of static loading may help to assess, in more detail, the graphene oxide sheet-infused experimental silane primers. Assessment of the elastic modulus of the adhesive layer through finite element analysis would also provide more information and evidence. Although this study explored a load of 0.1 wt% of graphene oxide sheets in silane primers, it is equally important to determine the optimal filler loading in future studies to optimize the mechanical strength of the adhesive layer.

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Competing Interests

No competing interests

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Reviewer Report

26 Views

14 Nov 2023 | for Version 1

Ranj Nadhim Salaie, Tishk International University, Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq

26 Views Cite this report Responses(2)

Approved With Reservations

Is the rationale for, and objectives of, the study clearly described?

Yes
Is the study design appropriate for the research question?

Yes
Are sufficient details of the methods provided to allow replication by others?

Partly
Are the datasets clearly presented in a useable and accessible format?

Partly

Competing Interests

No competing interests were disclosed.

Reviewer Expertise

Dental Implantology, Nano coatings, Nano Dentistry, Dental Biomaterials, Antibacterial Biomaterials, Oral Surgery

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Responses (2)

Author Response

27 Nov 2023

Simran Kriplani, Conservative dentistry and Endodontics, Sharad Pawar Dental College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, 442001, India

Proofreading is required, inappropriate use of grammar, and punctuation in some sentences

Answer for the first query - The grammar correction and the proofreading have been done. According to the Grammarly app, the version 2 has more than 95% accuracy.

Where are the micro tensile bond strength data? there must be some graphs from the universal tensile machine software.

Answer for the second query- This is the protocol and the method of testing microtensile bond strength designed for the study to be conducted further and so the data and graphs related to same will be posted once the study is performed according to this protocol adopted.

I appreciate that this is a method development study. However, since the authors have conducted statistics, I expect the data and the stats available in the main text. I can't find them anywhere! any explanation, please?

Answer for the third query- As this is a research protocol the statistics mentioned here are for sample size calculation which will be used further for original research, the details of which will be published in the original article.

Thank you for your valuable response.

Proofreading is required, inappropriate use of grammar, and punctuation in some sentences

Answer for the first query - The grammar correction and the proofreading have been done. According to the Grammarly app, the version 2 has more than 95% accuracy.

Where are the micro tensile bond strength data? there must be some graphs from the universal tensile machine software.

I appreciate that this is a method development study. However, since the authors have conducted statistics, I expect the data and the stats available in the main text. I can't find them anywhere! any explanation, please?

View more View less

Competing Interests

No competing interests

Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article:

Approved - the paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested

Approved with reservations - A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit.

Not approved - fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions

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Comparative evaluation of the effect of 2% graphene oxide and 5% hydroxyapatite nanoparticles in isolation and in combination on micro tensile bond strength of 5th generation adhesive

Abstract

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Comparative evaluation of the effect of 2% graphene oxide and 5% hydroxyapatite nanoparticles in isolation and in combination on micro tensile bond strength of 5^thgeneration adhesive