Comparison of vitreous/retinal pigment epithelium relative intensity in proliferative vitreoretinopathy and uveitis

Ari Djatikusumo; Andi Arus Victor; Alida Roswita Harahap; Heri Wibowo; Rina La Distia Nora; Rianto Setiabudy; Iwan Sovani; Lukman Edwar; Annisa Citra Permadi; Seruni Hanna Ardhia

doi:10.12688/f1000research.133812.1

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Research Article

Comparison of vitreous/retinal pigment epithelium relative intensity in proliferative vitreoretinopathy and uveitis  

[version 1; peer review: 2 approved with reservations]

Ari Djatikusumo¹, Andi Arus Victor², Alida Roswita Harahap³, [...] Heri Wibowo⁴, Rina La Distia Nora², Rianto Setiabudy⁵, Iwan Sovani⁶, Lukman Edwar ², Annisa Citra Permadi², Seruni Hanna Ardhia⁷

Ari Djatikusumo¹, Andi Arus Victor², [...] Alida Roswita Harahap³, Heri Wibowo⁴, Rina La Distia Nora², Rianto Setiabudy⁵, Iwan Sovani⁶, Lukman Edwar ², Annisa Citra Permadi², Seruni Hanna Ardhia⁷

PUBLISHED 10 Jul 2023

Author details Author details

¹ Doctoral Program in Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
² Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia — Cipto Mangunkusumo Kirana Eye Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
³ Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
⁴ Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
⁵ Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
⁶ Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjajaran — Cicendo National Eye Hospital, Bandung, Indonesia
⁷ Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia

Ari Djatikusumo
Roles: Conceptualization, Funding Acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project Administration, Resources, Validation, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing

Andi Arus Victor
Roles: Supervision, Validation, Writing – Review & Editing

Alida Roswita Harahap
Roles: Supervision, Validation, Writing – Review & Editing

Heri Wibowo
Roles: Methodology, Resources, Software, Supervision, Validation, Writing – Review & Editing

Rina La Distia Nora
Roles: Supervision, Validation, Writing – Review & Editing

Rianto Setiabudy
Roles: Supervision, Validation, Writing – Review & Editing

Iwan Sovani
Roles: Supervision, Validation, Writing – Review & Editing

Lukman Edwar
Roles: Conceptualization, Investigation, Methodology, Project Administration, Resources, Visualization, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing

Annisa Citra Permadi
Roles: Investigation, Methodology, Resources, Writing – Original Draft Preparation

Seruni Hanna Ardhia
Roles: Investigation, Project Administration, Resources, Visualization, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing

OPEN PEER REVIEW

REVIEWER STATUS

Abstract

Background: Quantitative measurements of vitreous inflammation using vitreous/retinal pigment epithelium-relative intensity (VIT/RPE-Relative Intensity) have been described recently. In proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR), inflammation plays a central role in the pathogenesis, inducing retinal fibrosis and contraction. However, no attempts have yet to be made to analyze the severity of inflammation in PVR progression.
Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted by reviewing OCT image sets obtained from patients divided into four groups: (1) proliferative vitreoretinopathy, (2) intermediate and posterior uveitis, (3) panuveitis, (4) normal healthy eyes in Cipto Mangunkusumo Kirana Eye Hospital between April 2021 – December 2021. OCT images were then analyzed in the ImageJ software for VIT/RPE-relative intensity.
Results: A total of 19 PVR eyes, 12 intermediate-posterior uveitis eyes, 16 panuveitis eyes, and 28 normal healthy eyes were recruited for this study. The VIT/RPE-Relative Intensity was significantly higher in PVR eyes (0.415±0.178) than in intermediate-posterior uveitis (0.236±0.043, p=0.002) and panuveitis eyes (0.30±0.07, p=0.023). Compared to the normal eyes, PVR and both uveitis groups have significantly higher VIT/RPE relative intensity (p = <0.001 in each group).
Conclusions: VIT/RPE-relative intensity may offer quantitative measurements of vitreous inflammation in the role of the pathogenesis of PVR. Comparison with cellular inflammation in the vitreous is required to validate this finding.

Keywords

Vitreous/Retinal Pigment Epithelium-Relative Intensity, Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy, Uveitis

Corresponding author: Lukman Edwar

Competing interests: No competing interests were disclosed.

Grant information: The author(s) declared that no grants were involved in supporting this work.

Copyright: © 2023 Djatikusumo A et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

How to cite: Djatikusumo A, Victor AA, Harahap AR et al. Comparison of vitreous/retinal pigment epithelium relative intensity in proliferative vitreoretinopathy and uveitis   [version 1; peer review: 2 approved with reservations]. F1000Research 2023, 12:807 (https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.133812.1) First published: 10 Jul 2023, 12:807 (https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.133812.1) Latest published: 27 Sep 2023, 12:807 (https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.133812.2)

Introduction

Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) can produce some degree of vitreous haziness that may be associated with its severity and prognosis.¹^,² RRD causes neurosensory retina and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) separation, which leads to retinal ischemia and blood-retinal barrier disruption.³^,⁴ These two events serve as initiating inflammatory factors of the pathogenesis of proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR).⁵ Exposure of RPE cells to the vitreous results in the migration of cytokines, inflammatory cells, and growth factors into the vitreous cavity to further stimulate cellular responses that lead to a turbid vitreous. Inflammation plays a central role in stimulating the development of epiretinal membranes and retinal fibrosis, latter findings in PVR.⁵^,⁶

According to the updated Retina Society Classification, PVR is classified into grades; A, B, and C. Grade A is defined as the presence of vitreous haziness and pigment clumping. Grade B is defined as surface retinal wrinkle, rolled edges of retinal breaks, retinal stiffness, and artery-venous tortuosity; and grade C is full-thickness retinal folds and/or subretinal bands.² However, most clinicians use this classification only as prognostic hints and a guideline in which vitreous substitute is used, i.e. gas or silicone oil. It does not address the role of inflammation that generates during RRD development. Vitreous haze caused by inflammation is not specific to PVR, as it can also be present in uveitis or a retinal detachment without PVR.⁷^,⁸ Furthermore, this classification does not offer any information regarding the severity of inflammation, which plays an essential role in the pathogenesis and disease severity in PVR.²^,⁹

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a non-invasive diagnostic procedure that provides cross-sectional images of ocular tissue, allowing qualitative assessment of retinal diseases and automated retinal thickness measurements. Recently, OCT has been described to visualize vitreous haziness in patients with uveitis¹⁰^–¹² Quantitative measurements of vitreous haze or inflammation using OCT images were obtained by measuring the vitreous intensity relative to retinal pigmented epithelium intensity, which is termed VIT/RPE-relative intensity. Studies have reported that the VIT/RPE relative intensity is significantly higher in uveitis eyes than in eyes without vitreous haze; furthermore, validation analysis shows a positive correlation with Nussenblatt vitreous haze scale.¹⁰

This study aims to objectively measure vitreous haziness in PVR compared to uveitis and normal eyes by measuring vitreous intensity relative to retinal pigment epithelium intensity captured through OCT.

Methods

Study design

We obtained OCT image sets from four groups of consecutive patients in Cipto Mangunkusumo Kirana Eye Hospital between April 2021 and December 2021.

Sample

The participants were identified during their visit to Cipto Mangunkusumo Kirana Eye Hospital. Those who met the inclusion criteria and provided informed consent were included. The procedures were done during routine appointments.

The first group of data included images from eyes with RRD and PVR. The inclusion criteria for the RRD and PVR group were patients with macula-off RRD and PVR with grade A or B, age of 18 or above, and RRD onset upon examination of 7 days to 1 month. The exclusion criteria of the RRD and PVR group were patients with media opacification (i.e., cataracts, vitreous hemorrhage), a history of intraocular surgery in less than 3 months, and patients with other eye disease comorbidities (i.e., macular hole, age-related macular degeneration, intraocular tumor).

The second and third groups were obtained from uveitis patients, which were divided into two groups; (1) intermediate and posterior uveitis; (2) panuveitis. We excluded uveitis patients with vitreous hemorrhage, retinal pigment epithelial irregularity such as in age-related macular degeneration, intraocular tumor, and choroidal neovascularization, history of triamcinolone acetate intravitreal within 6 months, and vitrectomized eyes.

The fourth group was the control group, which included image sets from normal eyes that did not show signs of intraocular inflammation or any ocular disease. We only include patients in each group with goodand readable OCT imaging quality, defined as clear visualization of the vitreous cavity, neurosensory layer, and RPE layer in one OCT image.

The estimation sample size for the present study was calculated using correlation coefficient (r) based on the previous study of Keane et al.¹⁰ (r=0.566). By implementing this method, the sample size would be 29 for the uveitis group. The sample size for the PVR and control group will be adjusted with the uveitis group.

Ethical considerations

This study was conducted based on the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia and Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital (KET-87/UN2.F1/ETIK/PPM.00.02/2021) on 8^th February 2021. All subjects provided written informed consent.²¹

Procedure

All participants underwent a complete ocular examination. Clinical data collected from each patient during recruitment and examination include age, sex, and best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) using Snellen chart and converted into LogMAR. Etiology of uveitis patient was obtained from further work-ups. OCT Image was obtained by OCT Cirrus HD 4000 (Carl Zeiss Meditec, Dublin, CA) with HD-line raster scan protocol system in grayscale. This system has a 27,000 A-scans per second imaging speed and an axial resolution of 3.9 mm. Volume scans were centered on the fovea in each OCT image. The OCT images were taken by experienced staff nurses. Each patient will have 4 to 5 images taken until the best image is obtained.

VIT/RPE Relative Intensity was measured with ImageJ software version 1.53 (National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA). The image was manually segmented by a polygonal selection tool. OCT images were measured independently by two graders (ASA and FI). The value that will be included in the correlation analysis is the highest value of VIT/RPE-Relative Intensity obtained from the measurements. All images were randomized and the OCT image graders were masked from patient data and diagnosis to reduce the risk of bias.

Quantitative measurements of the vitreous Inflammation using ImageJ

OCT images were obtained from OCT and imported into free access software ImageJ. This software enables manual segmentation and measurements of OCT images for the intensity of the vitreous and retinal pigment epithelium area. We measured vitreous inflammation or hazziness using the Vitreous/RPE Relative Intensity. Images were set to 8-bit type before measurement. The boundaries definition for measurements was based on the previous study by Keane et al.¹⁰ Boundaries of the vitreous area consist of (1) “vitreous top”, the upper limit of the vitreous area visible in OCT; (2) internal limiting membrane (ILM), the inner border of the neurosensory retina. Vitreous absolute intensity is defined as the intensity of the vitreous area, which is the area between the vitreous top and internal limiting membrane. Boundaries for the RPE area consisted of (1) inner-retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), the inner border of RPE; and (2) outer-RPE, the outer boundary of the RPE. The RPE intensity is described as the space between the RPE’s inner and outer boundaries.

Statistical analysis

Clinical and imaging data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. T-independent test was used for the VIT/RPE relative intensity mean value between groups. P values<0.05 were considered statistically significant. All analyses were performed using IBM SPSS, version 26 (IBM Corp), and GraphPad Prism 9.0 (GraphPad Software, Inc., San Diego, CA).

Results

A total of 29 eyes in the uveitis group and 37 eyes in the RRD-PVR group were eligible for the study.¹⁹^,²⁰ However, there were only 28 eyes in the uveitis group and 19 eyes in the RRD-PVR group that met the criteria of good and readable OCT. A finaltotal of 19 PVR eyes, 28 uveitis eyes (12 intermediate-posterior uveitis eyes and 16 panuveitis eyes), and 28 normal healthy eyes were recruited for this study. The mean age of patients was 43±11.95 years in the PVR group with 63.16% male patients. In the intermediate-posterior uveitis group, the mean age was 36.58±12.17 years with an equal of six male and female patients, and in the panuveitis group, the mean age was 34.75±10.88 years with 62.5% female patients. Visual acuity in the three groups ranged between 0 to 2.5 LogMAR units. The clinical characteristics of each group are described in Table 1.

Table 1. Baseline characteristics of PVR, uveitis, and control subjects.

Characteristic	PVR (n=19)	Uveitis (n=12)	Panuveitis (n=16)	Normal (n=28)
Age (years)	43(±11.95)	36.58(±12.17)	34.75(±10.88)	29.07(±1.41)
Gender
Male	12(63.16%)	6(50%)	6(37.5%)	6(21.4%)
Female	7(36.84%)	6(50%)	10(62.5%)	22(78.6%)
BCVA (LogMAR)	0.67(0-2.5)	0.67(0-2.5)	1.08(±0.62)	0.0

Characteristics of patients in the rhegmatogenous retinal detachments and proliferative vitreoretinopathy group are described in Table 2. RRD duration upon examination was mostly 0-7 days (52.6%). All patients included in the study were PVR grade B.

Table 2. Characteristics of Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment (RRD) patients.

Characteristics	RRD (n=19)
Duration (days)
0-7	10(52.6%)
8-30	9(47.4%)
PVR Grade
A	0(0%)
B	19(100%)

From 28 uveitis patients that were included in the study, the most common etiologies were toxoplasma (28.6%) and sifilis (25%). The characteristics of uveitis patients were summarized in Table 3.

Table 3. Characteristics of Uveitis patients.

Characteristics	Uveitis (n=28)
Location
Intermediate + Posterior	12(41.4%)
Panuveitis	16(58.6%)
Etiology
Toxoplasma	8(28.6%)
Sifilis	7(25%)
CMV	1(3.6%)
VKH	1(3.6%)
Tuberculosis	6(21.4%)
Paraneoplastic syndrome	2(7.14%)
Idiopathic	3(10.7%)

The VIT/RPE-Relative Intensity of each group (“proliferative vitreoretinopathy”, “intermediate-posterior uveitis”, “panuveitis”, and “normal eyes”) are described in Figure 1. The VIT/RPE-Relative Intensity index in the PVR eyes (0.415±0.178) was found to be significantly higher in PVR than in intermediate-posterior uveitis (0.236±0.043) (p=0.002) and in panuveitis eyes (0.30±0.07) (p=0.023). A significant difference was also found between the intermediate-posterior uveitis and panuveitis groups (p=0.008). Compared to the healthy controls, PVR and both uveitis groups have significantly higher VIT/RPE relative intensity (p≤0.001 in each group).

Figure 1. The mean difference of VIT/RPE-Relative Intensity (VRI) of PVR, Uveitis (Int-Post=intermediate-posterior), pan (panuveitis), and normal eyes.

Discussion

Vitreous haze is defined as the accumulation of inflammatory cells and protein exudate in the vitreous cavity, resulting in the decreased visibility of the retina and optic nerve. In uveitis, vitreous haziness is one of the important clinical outcomes in disease evaluation.⁷^,¹³ OCT imaging enables direct visualization of vitreous haze.¹⁴ Recent studies have developed an objective, quantitative measurement of vitreous signal intensity, compared to RPE-absolute intensity. VIT/RPE-Relative Intensity is used to acquire quantitative measurements of vitreous haze in uveitis eyes, as studies reported to be significantly higher compared with normal eyes.¹⁰^,¹¹

Previous studies reported increased levels of cytokines, growth factors, and inflammatory cells in the vitreous of RRD-PVR eyes, including macrophages, transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8.⁶^,¹⁵^–¹⁸ These inflammatory cells, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and growth factors facilitate RPE cell migration, proliferation, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition, which leads to the development of retinal fibrosis and contraction.¹⁷

Our study showed that VIT/RPE-Relative Intensity in the PVR group is significantly higher than intermediate-posterior uveitis, panuveitis, and normal eyes. We also compared intermediate-posterior uveitis with panuveitis, with the result of the value of VIT/RPE Relative Intensity in the panuveitis group being significantly higher than the intermediate-posterior uveitis (p=0.008). Both uveitis groups also are significantly higher compared to normal eyes. These results may indicate that the inflammation and protein exudate into the vitreous cavity of PVR is higher than in uveitis cases. This study also showed similar findings for the VIT/RPE-Relative Intensity of uveitis eyes described in previous studies.¹⁰^–¹²

These results are a preliminary finding in validating the VIT/RPE-Relative Intensity use for measuring vitreous inflammation objectively in the role of the pathogenesis of PVR and may be useful to obtain a new standard classification of PVR that corresponds to the inflammatory status of the disease. The higher value of VIT/RPE-Relative Intensity in PVR than in uveitis may indicate the need for anti-inflammatory drug use in PVR, in addition to surgery, to decrease disease severity.

We understand that this study had some limitations regarding the subject number, with only 19 subjects in the PVR group. A larger study comparing the VIT/RPE-Relative Intensity index and vitreous inflammatory cells, cytokines, and growth factors in PVR patients will be required to validate our significant findings.

Data availability

Underlying data

Figshare: Comparison of Vitreous/Retinal Pigment Epithelium Relative Intensity in Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy and Uveitis. https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.22632715.v1.¹⁹

• Characteristics of Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy, Uveitis, and Normal Patients

Mendeley Data: OCT images of Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy, Intermediate+Posterior Uveitis, Panuveitis, and Normal Eyes. https://doi.org/10.17632/hbr5pwk5w5.1.²⁰

• OCT images of Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy, Intermediate+Posterior Uveitis, Panuveitis, and Normal Eyes

Extended data

Figshare: Informed Consent – Comparison of VIT/RPE-Relative Intensity in PVR and Uveitis (Translated to English). https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.22707988.v1.²¹

• Informed Consent – Comparison of VIT/RPE-Relative Intensity in PVR and Uveitis (Translated to English)

Data are available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license (CC-BY 4.0).

Acknowledgments

The authors wish to thank all healthcare providers in the Faculty of Medicine – Cipto Mangunkusumo Kirana Eye Hospital that was involved in the completion of the study.

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