Effect of lactoferrin in oral nutrition supplement (ONS) towards IL-6 and IL-10 in failure to thrive children with infection

Nur Aisiyah Widjaja; Azizah Hamidah; Marissa Tulus Purnomo; Eva Ardianah

doi:10.12688/f1000research.130176.3

Home Browse Effect of lactoferrin in oral nutrition supplement (ONS) towards IL-6...

ALL Metrics

Views

Downloads

Get PDF

Get XML

Export

▬

✚

Research Article

Clinical trial

Revised

Effect of lactoferrin in oral nutrition supplement (ONS) towards IL-6 and IL-10 in failure to thrive children with infection

[version 3; peer review: 2 approved]

Nur Aisiyah Widjaja¹, Azizah Hamidah¹, Marissa Tulus Purnomo¹, Eva Ardianah¹

PUBLISHED 19 Dec 2023

Author details Author details

¹ Child Health, Airlangga University, Surabaya, East Java, 60286, Indonesia

Nur Aisiyah Widjaja
Roles: Conceptualization, Formal Analysis, Methodology, Supervision, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing

Azizah Hamidah
Roles: Data Curation, Investigation, Supervision, Writing – Review & Editing

Marissa Tulus Purnomo
Roles: Data Curation, Methodology, Visualization, Writing – Review & Editing

Eva Ardianah
Roles: Data Curation, Formal Analysis, Methodology, Writing – Review & Editing

OPEN PEER REVIEW

REVIEWER STATUS

This article is included in the Global Public Health gateway.

This article is included in the Agriculture, Food and Nutrition gateway.

This article is included in the All trials matter collection.

Abstract

Background

Growth failure due to infection in children is a major health problem throughout the world. It provokes a systemic immune response, with increased interleukin (IL)-6 and reduced IL-10. Lactoferrin (Lf) is a multifunctional iron-binding protein that can be found in whey protein inside formula milk such as oral nutrition supplement (ONS), which is able to upregulate anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10) and modulate pro-inflammatory cytokines. We conducted this study to investigate the effect of Lf supplementation in ONS on IL-6 and IL-10 levels in children with failure to thrive and infection.

Methods

We performed a quasi-experimental pre- and post-study in children aged 12–60 months old with failure to thrive due to infectious illness. The subjects received 400 ml of oral nutritional supplements (ONS, 1 ml equivalent to 1 kcal) each day for 90 days, and their parents received dietary advice and medication based on the underlying illness. Blood was drawn to measure IL-6 and IL-10 before and after the intervention.

Results

There were 75 subjects recruited and divided into group-1 and group-2 based on age. The incidence of undernutrition was 37.33%. Lf in ONS intervention improved body weight and body length. Lf also reduced IL-6, although there was not a significant difference before and after the intervention. However, the IL-6 reduction was significantly higher in subjects with undernutrition compared with subjects with weight faltering. Pre-intervention IL-6 levels were higher in children with stunting than in children with normal stature. There was a greater change in IL-6 in children with severe stunting than in children with normal stature or stunting. IL-10 was significantly reduced after the intervention.

Conclusions

In addition to improving body weight and length, Lf supplementation in ONS improved immune response homeostasis by balancing IL-6 and IL-10 levels and by improving the IL-6/IL-10 ratio.

ClinicalTrials.gov number ID: NCT05289674, dated May 3rd 2022.

Keywords

IL-6, IL-10, lactoferrin, growth failure

Corresponding author: Nur Aisiyah Widjaja

Competing interests: The authors received research support from Danone Indonesia in the form of oral nutritional supplement.

Grant information: This work was supported by Medical Faculty Research Funding from Airlangga University (212/UN3/2021).

Copyright: © 2023 Widjaja NA et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

How to cite: Widjaja NA, Hamidah A, Purnomo MT and Ardianah E. Effect of lactoferrin in oral nutrition supplement (ONS) towards IL-6 and IL-10 in failure to thrive children with infection [version 3; peer review: 2 approved]. F1000Research 2023, 12:897 (https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.130176.3) First published: 28 Jul 2023, 12:897 (https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.130176.1) Latest published: 19 Dec 2023, 12:897 (https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.130176.3)

Revised Amendments from Version 2

Introduction: kwarshiorkhor, we changed it as suggested with kwarshiorkor
Results, second paragraph. The sentences “Table 2 summarized the test of normality and homogeneity for each variable which was needed for further statistical test. It showed that body weight, body length/height, WAZ, LAZ/HAZ, and WLZ/WHZ had normal distribution and homogenous, so the independent sample T-test and oneway anova could be ruled out.” was taken places at the last paragraph, we moved it to the last sentences of second paragraph, as the structure of tables were changed, as Reviewer’s suggested
Results: we changed the Tables’ order, we moved Table 7 as table 2.
Discussion: we added our study’s limitation in the last paragraph, and several sentences needed grammar revisions.

See the authors' detailed response to the review by Vinutha U. Muktamath
See the authors' detailed response to the review by Rachael Anyim and Mallory Peters

Introduction

Growth failure is an important health problem, with weight-for-age z-score (WAZ) and length-for-age z-score (LAZ) declining during the golden period or golden 1,000 days (period during pregnancy until second years of life),¹ and insignificant growth thereafter.² Nutritional intervention during this period will impact a child’s growth, development and ability to thrive.¹ Infection in children causes growth failure by provoking a systemic immune response which affects the nutritional status,³ especially as a result of a reduction of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1).⁴

Undernutrition refers to children who are underweight, stunted, or wasted, or those with nutrient deficiencies, which render them vulnerable to infections.⁵ Stunting, defined as a height-for-age z-score (HAZ) or length-for-age z-score (LAZ) less than -2 standard deviations (SD),⁶^,⁷ is a linear growth failure resulting from chronic malnutrition that is irreversible. Wasting, characterized by being too thin, is defined as a weight-for-height z-score (WHZ) less than -2 SD, representing acute malnutrition, while underweight is identified by a low weight-for-age z-score (WAZ) using the WHO child growth standards as the indicator.⁸ The prevalence of stunted and severely stunted children under two-years-old was 33.7%⁹ and 45.4% in Nigerian children,¹⁰ which was higher compared to this study. While the prevalence of underweight in two- to five-year-old children population in Gaza was 19.6%.¹¹ The prevalence of stunted/severely stunted children was higher in group-1 compared to group-2 in our study, which was similar to the study conducted in Nigeria, accounting for 45.5% vs. 12.2%.¹⁰ However, a study in West Sulawesi, Indonesia found that children aged two to five years had a higher incidence of stunted/severely stunted growth compared to children aged one- to two-years-old, 33.64 vs. 23.12%.¹²

Undernutrition leads to a chronic inflammation through immune defects, resulting in recurrent infections.¹³ This immune alteration is known to be associated with an increased mortality risk in undernourished children.¹⁴ The interaction between undernutrition and infections occurs in two ways: undernutrition heightens children's susceptibility to infection, and infection, in turn, contributes to undernutrition.¹⁵ In particular, infection inhibits or slows growth velocity, leading to stunting.¹⁶ Moreover, infection induces the acute phase response, suspected as a cause of stunting.¹⁷ The induction of the acute phase response and the production of proinflammatory cytokines by infection directly impact bone remodeling, crucial for long bone growth,³ and also inhibit chondrogenesis.¹⁸ Proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) have been found to be elevated in stunted children, leading to increased leptin levels and a subsequent decrease in appetite.⁴ These proinflammatory cytokines also contribute to bone breakdown.¹⁸ IL-6, with both anti- and pro-inflammatory functions, stimulates hepatocytes in the liver to produce acute-phase proteins and cytokines via multiple signaling pathways when it binds with IL-6 receptors.¹⁹

Interleukin-10 (IL-10) is an anti-inflammatory cytokine with essential roles.²⁰ It functions to dampen and minimize damage resulting from the pro-inflammatory response²¹ by inhibiting the activation of lymphocyte, thereby terminating the immune reaction.²² An animal study using malnutrition models indicated that IL-10 levels remain within the normal range in malnourished mice but are elevated in kwashiorkor mice,²³ which supports by another finding.²⁴ Malnutrition downregulates type 1 cytokines (IL-2, IFNγ) but upregulates type 2 cytokines (IL-4 and IL-10), as observed in marasmic children.²² This condition will make undernourished children become more susceptible to infections, with the potential for fatality leading to death. The risk of infection correlates directly with malnutrition degree, in which children with WAZ or HAZ below -3 SD have a 37% risk of diarrhoea.²⁵

The prevalence of tuberculosis (TB) is high in Indonesia, with an increase observed during 2017-2019, rising from 429,219 to 523,614 individuals, or from 167 per 100,000 to 196 per 100,000.²⁶ The manifestation of TB in children varies, depending on the type of TB, such as the presence of chronic cough, fever, weight loss, or failure-to-thrive.²⁷ The burden of TB in the pediatric population remains significant, with 1.2 million out of 10 million children affected by TB, resulting in a mortality rate of 16%.²⁸ Urinary tract infection (UTI) contributes to the incidence of stunting in children, as it causes anorexia, leading to a stagnant or inadequate weight gain.²⁹

Oral nutritional supplements (ONS), also known as food for special medical purposes, contains both macro- and micronutrients that are sufficient to meet daily nutritional needs for those at risk of malnutrition.³⁰ ONS is prescribed to increase nutritional intake due to insufficiency in diets to meet daily nutritional requirements,³¹ particularly protein and calories.³² ONS not only offers benefits for hospitalized patients, including a reduced length of hospital stay (LOS), lower inpatient costs, decreased complication rates, and rates of readmission,³³ but it also enhances lean body mass recovery. Furthermore, ONS contributes to improved energy intake and positively influences nutritional indicators such as body weight, length, and mid-arm circumference.³⁴ For children, ONS is a dairy milk-based product, which is designed to provide an energy density of 1–1.5 kcal/ml, and is expected to be effective to improve growth.³⁵

Lactoferrin (Lf) concentration within the whey protein that is contained in the modified cow’s milk formula is only 0.1 mg/ml.³⁶ ONS contains 10.8 g of protein per 100 g, comprising 46% whey and 54% casein. The effect of Lf supplementation (dose 0.6 g/L and 1.00) compared to standard infant formula on body weight showed no significant difference in children until 12 months old. Lf acts as an innate immune regulator and defense mechanism due to its antimicrobial properties.³⁸ As an immunodulatory, Lf acts by balancing the regulation of innate and adaptive immune cells (up- or down-regulate) to create the immune homeostasis.³⁸ Lf can also interact with the immune system, such as influencing cytokine activity by upregulating anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-4 and IL-10) or modulating proinflammatory cytokines.³⁹ An in vitro study demonstrated that administering Lf at a dosage of 10 mg/mouse intravenously before thymectomy resulted in a 70% reduction in IL-6 and a 30% reduction in TNF-α levels four hours after the operation.⁴⁰ A study in adults showed that Lf reduced systemic inflammatory biomarkers by 61%, improved immune function by 75%, changed immune cell activity by 40% and reduced respiratory tract infection outcome by 60%. In adults, lactoferrin has been shown to reduce IL-6 by 24.9 pg/mL.⁴¹

Here, we investigate the effect of lactoferrin in ONS towards IL-6 and IL-10 in failure to thrive children with infections during a 90-day intervention. Our hypothesis is that lactoferrin influences the immune systems of children with failure to thrive and infections, particularly in relation to IL-6 and IL-10.

Methods

Ethical statement

The study passed ethical exemption and was declared to be ethically appropriate by the Health Research Ethics Committee, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia, number 226/EC/KEPK/FKUA/2021 on October 4^th 2021 and registered on ClinicalTrials.gov number ID: NCT05289674, initial released on May 3^rd, 2022.

Participants

A quasi experimental pre- and post- study design was performed from October 2021 until July 2022 recruiting children aged between 1 years (12-months-old) and 5 years (60-months-old) with failure to thrive due to infectious illness (mainly urinary tract infection and tuberculosis (TB)) diagnosed by a paediatrician (the researcher) based on clinical and laboratory findings at Husada Utama Hospital outpatient unit, Surabaya, Indonesia. The subjects included in the study were excluded if they had fluid retention, organomegaly, a tumor mass, congenital abnormalities, cerebral palsy or hormonal disorders and syndromes. A written informed consent was signed by the parents as approval to participate in the study after the researcher explained the importance, the risks and the benefits of this study.

Sample size

The sample size was determined using the formula below:

n 1 = n 2 {[\frac{(Z \propto \sqrt{2 PQ} + Zβ \sqrt{P 1 Q 1 + P 2 Q 2})}{(P 1 - P 2)}]}^{2}

Note:

N = sample size

Zα = standard deviation (α) 5% (1.96)

Zβ = power, the researchers determined 90% (0.842)

P1 = clinical judgement 15% = 0.1

P2 = standard effect P2 = 25.5% = 0.25.⁴²

P = ½ (P1+ P2) = 0.175

Q = 1- P = 0.825

Q1 = 1- P1 = 0.9

Q2 = 1- P2 = 0.75

The sample size was 80 subjects; pre- and post-design needed for the study was 80 samples.

Interventions

The subjects were given an oral nutritional supplement or ONS with Lf (1 ml ~1 kcal, 400 ml/day), SGM Eksplor Gain Optigrow^® prescribed by the researchers for 15 days consumption (equal to 4 boxes of 400 g) for initial intervention to detect any adverse reaction. The authors used this formula due to its relatively cheaper cost compared to other high calorie formula (ONS) available in Indonesia. The parents also had dietary counseling, animal protein was provided and a medication plan was given according to the underlying disease. Parents were asked to report any side effects to the researcher’s team by phone for further medical treatment. The parents were asked to visit the doctor after 14 days of ONS consumption for anthropometric measurements, compliance and side effect monitoring at day 15. While visiting, parents also received ONS for the next 15 days’ consumption (day 16 to 30), and were asked to visit the doctor again on day 30, 60 and 90. At the 30-day visit, parents received ONS for two months’ consumption (day 31 to day 60, and day 61 until day 90) (8 boxes of 400 g) and anthropometric measurements.

Blood was withdrawn via vena cubiti by a laboratory employee at Husada Utama Hospital to measure IL-6 (human IL-6 ELISA kit, code E0090Hu, BT Lab) and IL-10 (human IL-10 ELISA kit, code E0102Hu, BT Lab) before (day 0, when the parents agreed to participate in this study) and after the intervention (day 90). After the blood samples were collected, they were placed in a non-EDTA containing tube for micro-centrifugation to separate blood plasma from blood serum at 3000 rpm for 10 minutes. The supernatant was removed and placed in a PCR tube of 1.5 mL, then kept in a freezer at -4°C. Due to the researchers working during evening until night, the subjects were taken the blood at that time by the laboratory employee accompanied by the doctor’s nurses without fasting.

An indirect sandwich ELISA was performed to analyse IL-6 and IL-10 levels before- and after nutritional intervention using blood serum. For the sandwich ELISA, all reagents (standard solution, wash buffer, substrate solution A, substrate solution B and stop solution) were brought to room temperature before use (27°C).⁴³

Preparation of standard solution

A total of 120 μL standard solution (640 ng/ml) was diluted with 12 μL standard diluent to produce a 320 ng/L standard stock solution, and it was then allowed to rest for 15 minutes. Standard duplication points were made using a serial dilution of standard stock solution to produce 160 ng/L, 80 ng/L, 40 ng/L and 20 ng/L solutions.

Preparation for wash buffer solution

Then 20 ml of wash buffer concentrate 25 × was added to distilled water to yield 500 mL of 1 × wash buffer. The wash buffer was mixed gently if crystals formed in the concentrate until the crystals had completely dissolved.

Assay procedure

The assay procedure was performed at room temperature after we determined the number of strips required for the assay, and then we inserted the strips in the frames for use.

1. 50 μL of the standard solution was added into all the sample wells.
2. Then 50 μL standard solution was added into the standard wells.
3. 40 μL of sample was added to the sample wells and then 10 μL of human IL-6 or IL-10 antibody was added. Then 50 μL streptavidin-HRP was added to sample wells and standard wells, but not the blank control well. Each of them was mixed before the wells were placed on the plate and then sealed for incubation at 37°C for 60 minutes.
4. After 60 minutes of incubation, the seals were removed, and the plates were washed 5 times with wash buffer; the wells were soaked in 300 μL of wash buffer for 30 seconds to 1 minute for each wash.
5. 50 μL of substrate solution A and 50 μL of substrate solution B were added to each well and the plate was covered and incubated for 10 minutes at 37°C in the dark.
6. 50 μL of stop solution was added to each well, so that the blue colour changed to yellow immediately.

We then determined the optical density (OD value) of each well immediately using a microplate reader set at 450 nm of wavelength within 30 minutes after the stop solution was added, and then the standard curve were made.⁴³

Body weight was measured using a Seca 354 digital baby scale or a Seca 813 electronic flat scale) and body length/height was measured using a Seca 415 infantometer or Seca 213 stadiometer). Both measurements were taken twice by a trained nurse in the outpatient department of Husada Utama Hospital. The weight and length/height were the average value of the two measurements. When the subjects were weighed and measured, they wore light clothes without footwear or hair accessories. Anthropometry measurement for weight-for-age z-score (WAZ), length-for-age or height-for-age z-score or height-for-age z-score (LAZ/HAZ) and weight-for-length or weight-for-height z-score or weight-for-height z-score (WLZ/WHZ) were determined using WHO Anthro offline version 3.2.2. All the data was summarized in underlying data⁴⁴ and extended data.⁴⁵

Statistical analysis

Statistical analysis conducted in this study was a test of normality and homogeneity, independent sample T-test or Mann-Whitney U test, Fischer exact test, Pearson chi-square, paired sample T-test or Wilcoxon, two-way ANOVA and one-way ANOVA using IBM SPSS Statistics version 21.

We hypotheses that:

• Lactoferrin in ONS improves body weight and length/height.
• Lactoferrin supplementation in ONS improves immune response homeostasis by balancing IL-6 and IL-10 levels, and by improving the IL-6/IL-10 ratio.
• At least there was a pair of groups of nutritional status had a significant difference of IL-6 and IL-10 levels, and the IL-6/IL-10 ratio.

Results

Seventy-five subjects were involved in the study and divided into two groups based on the age of the participant: group-1 (age 1–2 years, n=39) and group-2 (age 2–5 years old, n=36), as summarized in Figure 1.

Figure 1. Flowchart of the subject’s recruitment.

Table 1 summarizes the characteristics of the subjects who participated in the study. The ratio of male/female was 12/13 and there was no significant difference in gender distribution in both groups (p = 0.108). There was no significant difference in the main complaint (p = 0.229), duration of complaints (p = 0.580), WAZ (p = 0.482) and WLZ/WHZ (p = 0.499). Age, ideal body weight and height age were lower in group-1 compared to group-2 (p <0.05). LAZ was lower in group-1 compared to group-2 (-1.95 ± 1.17 vs. -1.19 ± 0.86, p = 0.002).

Table 1. Subject’s characteristic during the study.

Subject’s characteristics	Group-1 (mean ± SD)	Group-2 (mean ± SD)	p
Age, months	16.74 ± 3.63	35.44 ± 7.70	0.000¹
Gender, n (%)			0.108²
- Male	15 (36.59)	21 (58.33)
- Female	24 (58.53)	15 (41.67)
Main complaints:			0.229³
- Feeding difficulties with stagnant body weight gain	10 (25.64)	16 (44.44)
- Stagnant body weight gain and length gain	1 (2.56)	0
- Body weight gain	27 (69.29)	20 (55.56)
- Fever with watery stools	1 (2.56)	0
Duration of complaint, months	7.84 ± 4.29	12.23 ± 11.15	0.580¹
WAZ	-1.52 ± 1.08	-1.35 ± 0.99	0.482⁴
WAZ categories, n (%)			0.874³
- Weight faltering (normo-weight)	25 (64.10)	21 (58.33)
- Underweight	12 (30.77)	13 (36.11)
- Severely underweight	2 (5.13)	2 (5.56)
LAZ/HAZ	-1.95 ± 1.17	-1.19 ± 0.86	0.002⁴
LAZ/HAZ categories, n (%)			0.004³
- Normo-stature	17 (43.59)	29 (80.56)
- Stunted	14 (35.90)	5 (13.89)
- Severely stunted	8 (20.51)	2 (5.56)
WLZ/WHZ	-0.85 ± 0.92	-1.01 ± 1.12	0.499⁴
WLZ/WHZ categories, n (%)			0.486³
- Good nutrition	35 (89.74)	29 (80.56)
- Wasted	3 (7.69)	6 (16.67)
- Severely wasted	1 (2.56)	1 (2.78)

1 Mann-Whitney U Test.

2 Fischer’s Exact Test.

3 Pearson Chi Square.

4 Independent Sample T-Test.

Table 2 summarized the test of normality and homogeneity for each variable which was needed for further statistical test. It showed that body weight, body length/height, WAZ, LAZ/HAZ, and WLZ/WHZ had normal distribution and homogenous, so the independent sample T-test and oneway anova could be ruled out.

Table 2.

Test of normality and homogeneity.

Variables	Kolmogorov-Smirnov p value	Interpretation	Levene’s test of homogeneity	Interpretation
Body weight before the intervention	0.200	Normal distribution	0.077	Homogenous
Body weight after the intervention	0.187	Normal distribution	0.148	Homogenous
Body length/height before the intervention	0.200	Normal distribution	0.659	Homogenous
Body length/height after the intervention	0.200	Normal distribution	0.853	Homogenous
WAZ	0.200	Normal distribution	0.726	Homogenous
LAZ/HAZ	0.200	Normal distribution	0.158	Homogenous
WLZ/WHZ	0.200	Normal distribution	0.285	Homogenous
IL-6 before	0.001	Abnormal distribution	0.851	Homogenous
IL-6 after	0.017	Abnormal distribution	0.619	Homogenous
ΔIL-6	0.002	Abnormal distribution	0.733	Homogenous
IL-10 before	0.003	Abnormal distribution	0.682	Homogenous
IL-10 after	0.051	Normal distribution	0.650	Homogenous
ΔIL-10	0.007	Abnormal distribution	0.392	Homogenous
IL6/IL-10 ratio before	0.000	Abnormal distribution	0.185	Homogenous
IL6/IL-10 ratio after	0.006	Abnormal distribution	0.794	Homogenous
ΔIL6/IL-10 ratio	0.000	Abnormal distribution	0.538	Homogenous

The incidence of underweight and severely underweight children in group-1 and group-2 was 33.33% and 5.33% respectively, and there was no significant difference in WAZ categories in both groups (p = 0.874). The incidence of stunted and severely stunted children in group-1 and group-2 was 25.33% and 13.33%, respectively, demonstrating a higher prevalence of stunted/severely stunted children in group-1 compared to group-2 (56.41% vs. 19.45%, p = 0.004). However, the incidence of stunted/severely stunted children in group-1 was predominantly boys (6 boys vs. 1 girl). The incidence of wasted and severely wasted children in group-1 and group-2 were 12% and 2.67% (p = 0.486).

The effect of ONS on body weight and body length/height change is summarized in Table 3. Initial body weight before treatment was lower in group-1 compared to group-2 (p = 0.000). post intervention body weight was lower in group-1 than in those of group-2 (p = 0.000) but the weight change (Δ body weight) in both groups showed no significant difference (922.56 ± 671.28 vs. 855.55 ± 577.16 g, p >0.05). The initial body length/height was shorter in group-1 compared to group-2 (p = 0.000), so the late body length/height was shorter in group-1 compared to group-2 (p = 0.000). Body length/height change was greater in group-1 compared to group-2 (3.49 ± 1.43 vs. 2.08 ± 1.04 cm, p = 0.000).

Table 3. Body weight (in g) and body length/height (in cm) changes after intervention.

Parameters	Group-1 (mean ± SD)	Group-2 (mean ± SD)	p
Initial body weight	8,735.38 ± 1,318.64	12,164.17 ± 1,688.89	0.000¹
Late body weight	9,657.95 ± 1,607.48	13,019.72 ± 1,768.91	0.000¹
Body weight change (Δ Body weight)	922.56 ± 671.28	855.55 ± 577.16	0.646¹
Initial body length/height	75.14 ± 5.26	91.39 ± 4.80	0.000¹
Late body length/height	78.63 ± 5.02	93.47 ± 4.84	0.000¹
Body length/height change (Δ length/height)	3.49 ± 1.43	2.08 ± 1.04	0.000¹

1 Independent sample T-test.

IL-6 and IL-10 levels during the intervention are summarized in Table 4. The levels of IL-6 post-intervention (day 90) were not significantly different from pre-intervention (128.45 ± 109.92 vs. 111.76 ± 78.10 pg/mL, p = 0.554), although there was a decline (-16.68 ± 91.09 pg/mL) in both groups (-13.42 ± 97.80 vs. -20.23 ± 84.46 pg/mL, p = 0.749). There was no significant difference in IL-6 levels before the treatment in both groups (p <0.232) and after treatment (p <0.191). IL-10 level was significantly reduced after the intervention (461.20 ± 392.12 became 261.28 ± 163.97 pg/mL, Δ = 199.92 ± 339.01 pg/mL, p = 0.000). The reduction in IL-10 showed no significant difference in either group (-183.24 ± 378.50 vs. -217.99 ± 294.61 pg/mL, p = 0.518).

Table 4. IL-6 and IL-10 in both group-1 and group-2 (in pg/mL).

IL-6 markers	Group-1 (mean ± SD)	Group-2 (mean ± SD)	p
Initial levels of IL-6	113.80 ± 109.24	144.31 ± 109.96	0.232¹
Initial levels of IL-6 based on nutritional status			0.669²
- Weight faltering	94.12 ± 85.49	126.13 ± 93.17
- Undernutrition	136.76 ± 130.54	191.58 ± 139.54
Late levels of IL-6	100.38 ± 73.95	124.09 ± 81.59	0.191¹
Late levels of IL-6 based on nutritional status			0.121²
- Weight faltering	95.31 ± 70.06	115.52 ± 76.85
- Undernutrition	108.51 ± 81.65	166.89 ± 98.51
Δ IL-6	-13.42 ± 97.80	-20.23 ± 84.46	0.749¹
Δ IL-6 levels based on nutritional status			0.001²
- Weight faltering	-9.00 ± 83.72	-19.86 ± 64.76
- Undernutrition	-18.56 ± 114.38	-21.18 ± 126.85
Initial levels of IL-10	423.66 ± 385.66	501.88 ± 400.43	0.392¹
Initial levels of IL-10 based on nutritional status			0.131²
- Weight faltering	407.09 ± 367.31	411.74 ± 318.22
- Undernutrition	442.99 ± 415.93	736.23 ± 507.72
Late levels of IL-10	240.41 ± 165.75	283.89 ± 161.27	0.254¹
Late levels of IL-10 based on nutritional status			0.650²
- Weight faltering	211.15 ± 100.40	256.25 ± 137.08
- Undernutrition	274.56 ± 217.39	355.76 ± 202.48
Δ IL-10	-183.24 ± 378.50	-217.99 ± 294.61	0.661¹
Δ IL-10 levels based on nutritional status			0.113²
- Weight faltering	-195.94 ± 345.44	-155.49 ± 234.96
- Undernutrition)	-168.43 ± 423.58	-380.47 ± 378.91
Initial value of IL-6/IL-10 ratio	0.33 ± 0.28	0.33 ± 0.14	0.991¹
Initial value of IL-6/IL-10 ratio based on nutritional status			0.179²
- Weight faltering	0.28 ± 0.17	0.34 ± 0.16
- Undernutrition	0.38 ± 0.37	0.29 ± 0.16
Late value of IL-6/IL-10 ratio	0.43 ± 0.12	0.45 ± 0.12	0.616¹
Late value of IL-6/IL-10 ratio based on nutritional status			0.560²
- Weight faltering	0.43 ± 0.12	0.44 ± 0.11
- Undernutrition	0.44 ± 0.11	0.47 ± 0.12
Δ IL-6/IL-10 ratio	0.12 ± 0.29	0.12 ± 0.17	0.262¹
Δ IL-6/IL-10 ratio based on nutritional status			0.125²
- Weight faltering	0.15 ± 0.19	1.00 ± 0.16
- Undernutrition	0.06 ± 0.37	0.18 ± 0.21

1 Independent sample T-test.

2 Two-way ANOVA.

There was significantly improvement in the IL-6/IL-10 ratio after the intervention (0.33 ± 0.22 vs. 0.44 ± 0.12, Δ = 0.11 ± 0.23, p = 0.000). The reduction in the IL-6/IL-10 ratio showed no significant difference in either group (0.11 ± 0.29 vs. 0.12 ± 0.17, p = 0.991).

The levels of IL-6 based on anthropometric categories are summarized in Table 5. Based on the LAZ categories, there was a significant difference in IL-6 levels pre-intervention (p = 0.045), in which the stunted group had higher levels of IL-6 compared to those with a normal stature (212.06 ± 146.05 vs. 115.81 ± 93.84 pg/mL, p = 0.037). Although there was no significant difference, IL-6 was higher in the stunted group compared to those who were severely stunted (212.06 ± 146.05 vs. 85.45 ± 89.06 cm, p = 0.057). There was no significant difference in post-intervention levels of IL-6 (p = 0.083); however, IL-6 was lower in normal stature children compared to stunted and severely stunted children. Although IL-6 levels were higher in the stunted group compared to the severely stunted group, there was no significant difference between both groups (212.06 ± 146.05 vs. 85.45 ± 89.06 pg/mL, p = 0.057). Changes in IL-6 (ΔIL-6) based on the LAZ/HAZ categories showed no significant difference (p = 0.055), but the changes in severely stunted children were higher compared to the stunted group (47.33 ± 93.48 vs. -41.66 ± 108.69 pg/mL, p = 0.036) and the normal stature group (47.33 ± 93.48 vs. -20.28 ± 77.36 pg/mL, p = 0.031). This was due to an increase in IL-6 levels in severely stunted children, while stunted children and those of normal stature exhibited reduced IL-6 levels.

Table 5. IL-6 levels based on anthropometry categories.

Markers	Pre-intervention (mean ± SD)	Post-intervention (mean ± SD)	ΔIL-6 (mean ± SD)
IL-6 based on LAZ/HAZ categories
- Normo-stature	115.81 ± 93.84	104.81 ± 48.67	-20.28 ± 77.36
- Stunted	212.06 ± 146.05	117.51 ± 115.94	-41.66 ± 108.69
- Severely stunted	85.45 ± 89.06	132.78 ± 103.03	47.33 ± 93.48
p value	0.045²	0.083¹	0.055²
IL-6 based on WAZ categories
- Normo-weight	125.59 ± 99.41	109.49 ± 75.87	-16.09 ± 73.95
- Underweight	145.73 ± 151.51	101.54 ± 73.55	-44.19 ± 137.03
- severely underweight	103.70 ± 85.38	181.84 ± 111.85	78.14 ± 32.06
p value	0.903²	0.173¹	0.014²
IL-6 based on WLZ/WHZ categories
- Good nutritional status	131.54 ± 110.91	109.49 ± 75.98	-22.05 ± 92.83
- Wasted	129.02 ± 110.60	138.75 ± 97.46	9.73 ± 84.73
- Severely wasted	26.83 ± 5.26	63.04 ± 8.72	36.22 ± 3.46
p value	0.235²	0.391¹	0.148²

1 One-way ANOVA.

2 Kruskal-Wallis.

The levels of IL-6 based on the WAZ categories showed no significant difference pre-intervention (p = 0.903) or post-intervention (p = 0.173), but the change in IL-6 (ΔIL-6) showed a significant difference (p = 0.014), where the WAZ in severely underweight children increased, while the underweight and weight faltering decreased. Therefore, severely underweight children had higher changes of IL-6 compared to stunted children (78.14 ± 32.06 vs. -44.19 ± 137.03 pg/mL, p = 0.012) and weight faltering/normal weight children (78.14 ± 32.06 vs. -16.09 ± 73.95 pg/mL, p = 0.001).

The initial and late changes of IL-6 (ΔIL-6) based on WLZ/WHZ categories showed no significant difference (p >0.05). The initial level of IL-6 was higher in good nutritional status subjects compared to wasted and severely wasted. But after the intervention, IL-6 levels in good nutritional status subjects were reduced (-22.05 ± 92.83 pg/ml), while the wasted and severely wasted group increased (9.73 ± 84.73 and 36.22 ± 3.46 pg/ml respectively).

Initial and late levels of IL-10, and changes of IL-10 based on the anthropometric categories are summarized in Table 6. There was no significant difference in IL-10 before and after the intervention, or in changes of IL-10 (p <0.05) based on the LAZ/HAZ categories. A similar phenomenon was also seen in the WAZ and WLZ/WHZ categories (p <0.05).

Table 6. IL-10 levels based on anthropometry categories.

Markers	Pre-intervention	Post-intervention	ΔIL-6/IL-10 ratio
IL-10 based on LAZ/HAZ categories
- Normo-stature (n = 52)	420.51 ± 350.98	242.98 ± 133.22	-177.53 ± 292.88
- Stunted (n = 13)	666.72 ± 451.21	302.92 ± 213.36	-363.80 ± 413.83
- Severely stunted (n = 10)	405.61 ± 469.84	302.30 ± 213.36	-103.31 ± 422.42
p value	0.114¹	0.535¹	0.076²
IL-10 based on WAZ categories
- Weight faltering (normo-weight (n = 56)	437.99 ± 351.68	253.73 ± 148.63	-184.25 ± 297.31
- Underweight (n = 15)	497.15 ± 477.20	260.51 ± 216.90	-236.64 ± 440.80
- severely underweight (n = 4)	651.36 ± 630.80	369.88 ± 147.97	-281.48 ± 536.04
p value	0.538¹	0.397¹	0.956²
IL-10 based on WLZ/WHZ categories
- Good nutritional status (n = 64)	457.82 ± 370.84	257.03 ± 159.36	-200.79 ± 331.63
- Wasted (n = 9)	571.20 ± 536.68	320.00 ± 201.23	-251.19 ± 421.01
- Severely wasted (n = 2)	74.55 ± 40.29	133.16 ± 25.89	58.61 ± 14.41
p value	0.268¹	0.302¹	0.156²

1 One-way ANOVA.

2 Kruskal-Wallis.

The IL-6/IL-10 ratio based on anthropometric measurements is summarized in Table 7. The IL-6/IL-10 ratio based on the LAZ/HAZ categories showed no significant difference pre- and post-intervention. However, ONS supplementation increased the IL-6/IL-10 ratio in all LAZ/HAZ categories. In the WAZ categories, severely underweight children had a lower IL-6/IL-10 ratio compared to underweight children, even though there was no significant difference. The IL-6/IL-10 ratio increased after ONS therapy in all WAZ categories. A higher increment was seen in the severely underweight, but there was no significant difference. The WLZ/WHZ categories also showed no significant difference in the initial and late changes of the IL-6/IL-10 ratio.

Table 7. IL-6/IL-10 ratio based on anthropometric

Markers	Pre-intervention	Post-intervention	ΔIL-10
IL-6/IL-10 based on LAZ/HAZ categories
- Normo-stature (n = 52)	0.32 ± 0.16	0.43 ± 0.11	0.12 ± 0.02
- Stunted (n = 13)	0.39 ± 0.38	0.45 ± 0.13	0.07 ± 0.41
- Severely stunted (n = 10)	0.30 ± 0.27	0.46 ± 0.11	0.15 ± 0.27
p value	0.390²	0.764¹	0.698¹
IL-6/IL-10 based on WAZ categories
- Weight faltering (normo-weight (n = 56)	0.34 ± 0.24	0.44 ± 0.16	0.10 ± 0.26
- Underweight (n = 15)	0.30 ± 0.16	0.43 ± 0.11	0.12 ± 0.13
- severely underweight (n = 4)	0.19 ± 0.04	0.47 ± 0.16	0.28 ± 0.18
p value	0.141²	0.809¹	0.340¹
IL-6/IL-10 based on WLZ/WHZ categories
- Good nutritional status (n = 64)	0.33 ± 0.23	0.44 ± 0.11	0.11 ± 0.25
- Wasted (n = 9)	0.28 ± 0.14	0.45 ± 0.12	0.17 ± 0.18
- Severely wasted (n = 2)	0.44 ± 0.31	0.49 ± 0.16	0.05 ± 0.15
p value	0.675²	0.804¹	0.739¹

1 One-way ANOVA.

2 Kruskal-Wallis.

Discussion

Stunted growth was found to be associated with age, and it was more prevalent in children aged less than 24-months-old.⁴⁶ Due to the incidence of stunted growth, which was higher in group-1, the LAZ value was significantly lower in group-1 compared to group-2. It was also found that children with stunted growth were significantly shorter in length/height than the control group in another study.⁴⁷ It was reported that children aged 12–23 months old had an increased risk of stunting by 1.8 times.⁹^,⁴⁸

In group-2, the incidence of stunted/severely stunted growth was predominant in males, aligning with the findings of Akombi et al. (2017), which identified male sex as one of the risk factors for stunting in children aged 0–5 years.¹⁰ This consistency with our study suggests that males may be more vulnerable to health inequalities.⁴⁹ The biological reason is due to the sex difference in the immune and endocrine systems, and testosterone, luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone are suspected to play a role.⁵⁰ Feeding practice preferences between boys and girls such as early weaning in boys, and a tendency for boys to consume more than one complementary feed meal within a 24-hour period, may also contribute to the observed patterns.⁵¹

ONS intervention in undernourished or at nutritional risk children aged nine months to 12-years-old improved body weight by 0.423 kg after six months of intervention and height gain was 0.417 cm compared to the control, with greater gains in weight in the first 7–10 days of intervention (0.089 kg).⁵² ONS improved growth in underweight children aged five- to 12-years-old after six and 12 months,⁵³ which was in line with this study, where both group-1 and group-2 gained weight. Formula feeding supplemented with lactoferrin is safe for infants under one year old with no difference in growth rate (g/day).³⁷

Lactoferrin intervention in children with diarrhoea aged 12–36 months old increased the LAZ/HAZ score (p = 0.03) compared to the placebo,⁵⁴ and the children also showed an increment in length/height. A similar result was also found in Vietnamese children aged 24–48 months old in a 12-month intervention. The intervention of 450 kcal of additional ONS during the first three months resulted in an increase in height of 1.62 cm,⁵⁵ which was lower than our results in a similar group (group-2). A higher calorie density intervention (2.4 kcal/ml vs. 1.5 kcal/ml) for 28 days increased the children’s height by 0.87 [0.59–1.16] and 0.55 [0.17–0.93] cm, p = 0.007 in children aged greater than one year and less than 12 years old with growth faltering.³⁵

Lactoferrin is known to have a bacteriostatic or bactericidal effect and it can activate the immune response of an organism,⁵⁶ and limits tissue damage due to excessive pro-inflammatory response (chronic response) caused by the infection.³⁸ It can therefore reduce the incidence of acute gastrointestinal symptoms and reduce the duration of respiratory symptoms in children under 12 months old due to viral or bacterial infection.⁵⁷ Regarding the immunological profile, when comparing an infant who received Lf supplementation vs. non-Lf supplementation vs. standard formula, although there was no significant difference between groups, there was an increase in TGF-β1 (6.5 vs. 4.3 vs. 2.8 ng/mL), TGF-β2 (0.26 vs. 0.26 vs. 0.22 ng/mL) and IL-2 (0.21 vs. 0.5 vs. 0.4 pg/mL), but a decrease in TNF-α (-2.4 vs. -1.5 vs. -1.7 pg/mL) during a four-month intervention.⁵⁸ A study that examined piglets with a 2 ml/day supplementation showed a decrease in bacterial colonies compared to those without Lf supplementation (1.109 x 10⁷ vs. 3.6183 x 10⁸ CFU) via an anal swab after a seven-day intervention.⁵⁹ It was stated that Lf induced the development of T cell helper type 1 (Th1) immunity, thus created the balance of monocytic pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. In a dose-dependent manner, Lf enhanced pro-inflammatory response in vitro (splenocyte and adherent (F4/80⁺) splenocyte populations, bone marrow derived monocytes (BMM), and J774A.1 cultured cells) and induced IL-12 and IL-10 production and increased the ratio IL-12:IL-10 in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulated cells.⁶⁰ Studies of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection treated with Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) and Lf emulsified with Freund’s adjuvant in mice showed a decreased mycobacterial load in the lungs and spleen. It also increased the protection against M. tuberculosis,³⁷^,⁶¹^,⁶² via downregulation of proinflammatory mediators (TNF-α, IL-1β) by modulation of macrophages and dendritic cell ability to present antigens and stimulate T-cells. Lf also increased IFNγ, which was the specific response towards Th1.³⁸ A study examining mice with urinary tract infection due to Escherichia coli showed that Lf intervention orally was able to decrease the number of bacteria in the kidneys and bladder after 24 h of Lf consumption, and reduced IL-6 by urinary leucocytes.⁶³ A study conducted on Senegalese children receiving tetanus vaccine in stunted children aged one- to nine-years-old showed that the production of IFNγ was compromised.² It was stated that undernutrition is related to immunodeficiency, even in mild cases, affecting both the innate and adaptive immune systems.²

In our study, even though there was no significant difference in IL-6 levels before and after the intervention, Lf reduced IL-6, which is in line with other studies showing a reduction in undernutrition groups. It was found that IL-6 levels were lower in undernutrition compared to good nutrition groups (2.54 pg/mL vs. 6.02 pg/mL, p <0.0001).⁶⁴ Genetic investigation showed that the IL-6 164 gene with a GG and GC genotype (mutant phenotype) was more frequent in undernourished children.⁶⁵

When the groups were examined based on the LAZ/HAZ categories, stunted subjects had higher IL-6 levels compared to normal stature and there was a significant difference compared to severely stunted. This is in-line with a study in Egyptian children, where IL-6 was higher in stunted compared to normal stature children (1.6 ± 0.2 vs. 1.5 ± 0.3 pg/mL),⁶⁶ but it was decreased in malnourished compared to normal children.⁶⁴ This showed that when the children had an LAZ/HAZ score greater than or equal to -2 SD, IL-6 was increased but it decreased when children had an LAZ/HAZ score greater or equal to -3 SD. On malnutrition, the acute-phase response was attenuated, and the production of cytokines decreased. An animal study showed that IL-1β production decreased in malnourished guinea pigs induced with endotoxins.¹⁹ Stunting is a form of growth failure due to long term nutritional deficiency or it is caused by chronic malnutrition or recurrent undernutrition.⁸^,⁶⁷ After a six month intervention with food supplementation, stunted Bangladeshi children aged 12–18 months old experienced an IL-6 increment (from 0 [0–1.2] to 1.68 [0.83–4.7] pg/mL, p = 0.001),⁶⁸ which contradicts this study as IL-6 levels were reduced in stunted and normal stature children. However, IL-6 was found to have increased in severely stunted children, so the post-intervention levels of IL-6 were higher in severely stunted even-though there was no significant difference. Severely stunted children might undergo these immune alterations which are similar to severely acute malnutrition, so IL-6 levels were lowest at the outset but increased drastically after the intervention to surpass normal stature and stunted children. It was stated that immune function is an activity with high costs on energy demand, and in developing children the allocation of energy in immune functions may lead to a trade-off with physical growth, particularly those with exposure to infection.⁶⁹

A similar anomaly was also seen in the WAZ categories even though there was no significant difference. Being underweight has been used as an indicator of undernutrition due to a short term nutritional deficiency.⁸ However, an in vitro study using peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) taken from children suffering from protein energy malnutrition (PEM) contradicted this study, which showed an increment in IL-6 expression after stimulation with LPS,⁷⁰ even though it was expressed earlier, reached its peak earlier, and lasted longer than controls in rats.⁷¹ As the immune function is costly in terms of energy, it has negative effects on growth. In children with mildly elevated immune activity, they experience a growth reduction of up to 49%,⁶⁹ as seen in underweight children who experienced an increase in IL-6 due to the trade-off in body fat between immune function and growth.⁶⁹

Regarding malnutrition, lymphatic tissue, particularly the thymus, experiences atrophy, leads to a reduction in delayed-type hypersensitivity responses, followed by a reduction in levels of antibodies in severely malnourished children (≥-3 SD of WLZ/WHZ WHO child growth standards), but it remains intact in moderate malnutrition (leucocyte and lymphocyte, high levels of immunoglobulin, particularly IgA, and acute phase response), and cytokine patterns are skewed towards a Th2-response.¹⁴ However, our study found that IL-6 started to reduce in wasted patients, with the lowest levels in those that were severely wasted. Nutritional intervention increases IL-6 in both wasted and severely wasted, but it is reduced with good nutrition, which is in line with research that states undernutrition, even in the mildest form causes immunodeficiency.¹³

Wenling C57BL/6 J mice in a wasting models study which underwent 14 days of weight loss showed increases of IL-10 in the malnourished group at three and at 14 days.²³ It was stated that malnutrition modifies the body’s resistance against infection, particularly the immune response. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injection (1.25 μg i.v.) in a protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) mouse model, showed that the circulating levels of IL-10 were increased and high levels were found in bone marrow cells, which showed immunodeficiency.²⁴ This finding was in-line with a study in children with marasmic-PEM, IL-10 was significantly higher compared to controls (19.08 ± 5.93 vs 10.46 ± 3.90 pg/mL; p = 0.000).²² This may be caused by the deficits of NF-kB activation. NF-kB was the major transcription pathway for proinflammatory cytokine production.⁷² Using BMI as the parameter to determine malnutrition, subjects with severe malnutrition (BMI <16.5) had higher levels of IL-10 (8.0 ± 3.6 pg/mL) compared to those with moderate malnutrition (BMI = 16.5-18.4) (2.6 ± 4.3 pg/mL) and good nutrition (BMI ≥18.5) (2.8 ± 0.7 pg/mL) in adults,⁷³ which was similar to the WAZ category where IL-10 was slightly increased in those underweight, and increased drastically in those severely underweight.

Nutritional intervention increases IL-10 significantly in children aged 12–60 months old with moderate and severe malnutrition receiving curd (milk product) compared to leaf protein concentrate (LPC) (from 30.9 ± 29.5 to 67.4 ± 96.2 pg/mL vs. 29.2 ± 25.8 to 31.5 ± 24.9 pg/mL). Based on Gomez criteria for malnutrition severity, children with mild malnutrition had lower IL-10 compared to children with severe malnutrition. It was higher in subjects aged more than two years old compared to two- to five-year-olds due to a balancing pro-inflammatory response to minimalize tissue damage.⁷⁴ In malnourished children, IL-10 was found to be reduced, while in line with this study, IL-10 was depressed in severely wasted subjects.⁷⁵ However, the level of IL-10 was still normal in severely stunted or severely underweight children. The reduction is due to a deficiency in the number and functional Th cells, which may be caused by incomplete differentiation of T lymphocyte precursors and steroid-induced lympholysis.⁷⁵ Another study of malnourished children due to inadequate food intake (anorexia nervosa) and diarrhoea receiving nutritional intervention in the form of milk and yoghurt, showed increased IFNγ production post intervention,⁷⁶ which may be caused by incomplete differentiation of T lymphocyte precursors and steroid-induced lympholysis. In undernutrition subjects and weight faltering subjects, IL-10 tends to reduce, and a higher reduction was seen in undernutrition subjects, which showed that before intervention undernutrition subjects may experience immune alterations, as seen in the IL-6/IL-10 ratio, which was higher in undernutrition group-1, but lower in group-2. At post intervention, almost all the group had a similar value, ranging from 0.43 to 0.47. Adipose tissue is the main storage for nutrients, which can sense that nutrients are inadequate by releasing adipokines (particularly leptin) to control cellular metabolism and immune function. So, undernutrition has a direct impact on adipose tissue (volume and number), and directly influences the immune system. Leptin not only mediates glucose and lipid metabolism but also immune function, by stimulating activation, proliferation and production of pro-inflammatory cytokine (IL-6, TNF-α, monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, and NK cells). Leptin also promotes T-cell activation and development towards Th-1 and Th-17 cell subset which is proinflammatory. Regarding undernutrition, there was leptin depletion and in contrast adiponectin is produced, resulting in the polarization towards M2 or an alternative macrophage which then secretes IL-10 and IL-1Rα. This limits the activation of the NF-kB pathway, and reduces both T-cells or B-cells. Moreover, cortisol hormone restrains the generation of the proinflammatory immune response, so the ability of macrophages and neutrophils to infiltrate the infection site was also restrained. Proinflammatory cytokine production is also reduced, but anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10 and IL-33) are increased.⁵

IL-6 has been used as a potential biomarker to identify patients receiving anti-inflammatory therapies as it is secreted widely as a response to pathological states such as infection, inflammation and cancer. IL-10 acts as an anti-inflammatory response, it is secreted as a response to dampen pro-inflammatory bursts and minimize tissue damage. The balance of IL-6 and IL-10 is an important biomarker reflecting the homeostasis of the immune response. In Covid-19 patients, each point increment of the IL-6/IL-10 ratio was associated with a 5.6 times more severe outcome.⁵ In children with pneumonia, the IL-6/IL-10 ratio at 9.61 determines those with severe pneumonia to those with mild disease (sensitivity 76.5% and specificity 93%).⁷⁷

Our study had several limitations, as it did not account for the possibility of subjects having another infection. In this scenario, where all subjects are identified with a bacterial infection, it does not rule out the possibility of one having an additional infection. An acute infection that might have been caused by a viral agent could lead to alterations in the levels of IL-6 and IL-10. The increased IL-6 level may be followed by a decrease in IL-10, as it acts as a regulator. This could result in some subjects presenting with higher IL-6 and lower IL-10 levels than others.

Conclusions

Lactoferrin in ONS intervention improved immune response homeostasis by balancing IL-6 and IL-10 and improved the IL-6/IL-10 ratio, not only body weight but also body length.

Consent

Written informed consent for publication of the patients’ details was obtained from the parents of the patients.

Data availability

Underlying data

Figshare: Underlying data for ‘Effect of Lactoferrin in Oral Nutrition Supplement (ONS) towards IL-6 and IL-10 in Failure to Thrive Children with Infection’, https://www.doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.21813975.v2.⁴⁴

This project contains the following underlying data:

• Data file: Table 1: Data for Manuscript Effect of Lactoferrin in Oral Nutrition Supplement (ONS) towards IL-6 and IL-10 in Failure to Thrive Childre.xlsx
• Data archive 1: Elisa IL-6 Pre Intervention.rar
- ○ The concentration of IL-6 ng per L, pre intervention.pdf
- ○ Result of OD + Code.pdf
- ○ Result of OD Excel.xls
- ○ Result of OD.pdf
- ○ Standard curve.pdf
- ○ Sample scheme & Standard.pdf
• Data archive 2: Elisa IL-6 Post Intervention.rar
- ○ The concentration of IL-6, ng per L.pdf
- ○ Result of OD + Code.pdf
- ○ Result of OD Excel.xls
- ○ Result of OD.pdf
- ○ Standard curve.pdf
- ○ Sample scheme & Standard.pdf
• Data archive 3: Elisa_IL-10 Pre Intervention.rar
- ○ Result of concentration IL-10, pg per ml.pdf
- ○ Result of OD + Code.pdf
- ○ Result of OD Excel.xls
- ○ Result of OD.pdf
- ○ Standard curve.pdf
- ○ Sample scheme & Standard.pdf
• Data archive 4: Elisa_IL-10 Post Intervention.rar
- ○ Result of calculation concentration pg per ml.pdf
- ○ Result of OD + Code.pdf
- ○ Result of OD Excel.xls
- ○ Result of OD.pdf
- ○ Standard curve.pdf
- ○ Sample scheme & Standard.pdf

Data are available under the terms of the Creative Commons Zero “No rights reserved” data waiver (CC0 1.0 Public domain dedication).

Extended data

Figshare: Extended data for ‘Effect of Lactoferrin in Oral Nutrition Supplement (ONS) towards IL-6 and IL-10 in Failure to Thrive Children with Infection’, https://www.doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.22210798.v3.⁴⁵

This project contains the following extended data:

• Informed consent: Essential information for potential research participants (WHO-CIOMS 2016)
• Airlangga University: Ethical clearance
• ClinicalTrials.gov: Protocol registration
• ClinicalTrials.gov: Completed study
• Study protocol

Reporting guidelines

Figshare: TREND checklist for ‘Effect of Lactoferrin in Oral Nutrition Supplement (ONS) towards IL-6 and IL-10 in Failure to Thrive Children with Infection’, https://www.doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.22210798.v3.⁴⁵

Data are available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license (CC-BY 4.0)

Acknowledgements

The authors thank Danone Indonesia for providing the oral nutritional supplement.

References

1. Bellieni CV: The Golden 1,000 Days. J. Gen. Pract. 2016; 04(02): 1–4. Publisher Full Text
2. Gaayeb L, Sarr JB, Cames C, et al.: Effects of malnutrition on children’s immunity to bacterial antigens in northern Senegal. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 2014; 90(3): 566–573. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text
3. Stephensen C: Burden of infection on growth failure. J. Nutr. 1999; 129(2 SUPPL): 534S–538S. Publisher Full Text
4. Hossain M, Nahar B, Haque MA, et al.: Serum Adipokines, Growth Factors, and Cytokines Are Independently Associated with Stunting in Bangladeshi Children. Nutrients. 2019; 11(8): 1827. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text
5. Gwela A, Mupere E, Berkley JA, et al.: Undernutrition, Host Immunity and Vulnerability to Infection among Young Children. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 2019; 38(8): E175–E177. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text
6. Abdul Gaffar SM, Chisti MJ, Mahfuz M, et al.:Impact of negative tuberculin skin test on growth among disadvantaged Bangladeshi children. PLoS One. 2019; 14(11): e0224752. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text
7. de Onis M , Branca F:Childhood stunting: A global perspective. Matern. Child Nutr. 2016; 12: 12–26. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text
8. Soliman A, De Sanctis V, Alaaraj N, et al.:Early and long-term consequences of nutritional stunting: From childhood to adulthood. Acta Biomed. 2021; 92(1): e2021168. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text
9. Titaley CR, Ariawan I, Hapsari D, et al.:Determinants of the Stunting of Children in Indonesia: A Multilevel Analysis of the 2013 Indonesia Basic Health Survey. Nutrients. 2013; 11: 1160. Publisher Full Text
10. Akombi BJ, Agho KE, Hall JJ, et al.:Stunting and severe stunting among children under-5 years in Nigeria: A multilevel analysis. BMC Pediatr. 2017; 17(1): 1–16. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text
11. El Kishawi RR, Soo KL, Abed YA, et al.:Prevalence and associated factors influencing stunting in children aged 2-5years in the Gaza Strip-Palestine: A cross-sectional study. BMC Pediatr. 2017; 17(1): 1–7. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text
12. Syahril E, Mappaware NA, Akib M, et al.:Analysis of Obstetric Medical Determinant Factors toward Mothers with the Stunting Children. Green Med. J. 2020; 2(3): 88–100. Publisher Full Text
13. Bourke CD, Berkley JA, Prendergast AJ:Immune Dysfunction as a Cause and Consequence of Malnutrition. Trends Immunol. 2016; 37(6): 386–398. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text
14. Rytter MJH, Kolte L, Briend A, et al.:The immune system in children with malnutrition - A systematic review. PLoS One. 2014; 9(8): e105017. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text
15. Faulk WP, Demaeyer EM, Davies AJS:Some effects of malnutrition on the immune response in man. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1974; 27(6): 638–646. Publisher Full Text
16. DeBoer MD, Scharf RJ, Leite AM, et al.:Systemic inflammation, growth factors, and linear growth in the setting of infection and malnutrition. Nutrition. 2017; 33: 248–253. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text
17. Sederquist B, Fernandez-Vojvodich P, Zaman F, et al.:Impact of inflammatory cytokines on longitudinal bone growth. J. Mol. Endocrinol. 2014; 53(1): T35–T44. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
18. Uauy R: Improving linear growth without excess body fat gain in women and children. Food Nutr. Bull. 2013; 34(2): 259–262. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
19. Ling PR, Smith RJ, Kie S, et al.: Effects of protein malnutrition on IL-6-mediated signaling in the liver and the systemic acute-phase response in rats. Am. J. Physiol. - Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 2004; 287(4): R801–R808. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
20. Iyer SS, Cheng G:Role of interleukin 10 transcriptional regulation in inflammation and autoimmune disease. Crit. Rev. Immunol. 2012; 32(1): 23–63. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text
21. Lobo-Silva D, Carriche GM, Castro AG, et al.:Balancing the immune response in the brain: IL-10 and its regulation. J. Neuroinflammation. 2016; 13(1): 297–210. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text
22. Wahyudi T, Puryatni A, Hernowati TE:Relationship between Cysteine, Interleukin (IL)-2, And Interleukin (IL)-10 in Children with Marasmus Type Malnutrition. J. Trop. Life Sci. 2016; 6(1): 53–58. Publisher Full Text
23. Monk JM, Woodward B:Elevated blood interleukin-10 levels and undiminished systemic interleukin-10 production rate prevail throughout acute protein-energy malnutrition in the weanling mouse. Cytokine. 2009; 47(2): 126–131. Publisher Full Text
24. Fock RA, Vinolo MAR, Crisma AR, et al.:Protein-energy malnutrition modifies the production of interleukin-10 in response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in a murine model. J. Nutr. Sci. Vitaminol (Tokyo). 2008; 54(5): 371–377. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
25. Walson JL, Berkley JA:The impact of malnutrition on childhood infections. Curr. Opin. Infect. Dis. 2018; 31(3): 231–236. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text
26. Iskandar D, Suwantika AA, Pradipta IS, et al.:Clinical and economic burden of drug-susceptible tuberculosis in Indonesia: national trends 2017–19. Lancet. Glob. Heal. 2023; 11(1): e117–e125. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
27. Sousa GJB, Silva JC de O, de Queiroz TV , et al.: Clinical and epidemiological features of tuberculosis in children and adolescents. Rev. Bras. Enferm. 2019; 72(5): 1271–1278. Publisher Full Text
28. Mckenna L, Sari AH, Mane S, et al.:Pediatric Tuberculosis Research and Development: Progress.Priorities and Funding Opportunities. Pathogens. 2022; 11: 128. Publisher Full Text
29. Leung AKC, Wong AHC, Leung AAM, et al.:Urinary tract infections in children. Recent Pat. Inflamm. Allergy Drug Discov. 2019; 13: 2–18. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text
30. Uí Dhuibhir P, Collura N, Walsh D: Complete Oral Nutritional Supplements: Dietitian Preferences and Clinical Practice. J. Diet Suppl. 2019; 16(1): 40–50. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
31. Collins C, Tucker C, Walton C, et al.: Pharmacy Technician Review of Oral Nutritional Supplements (ONS) within Care Homes. Pharmacy. 2019; 7(1): 28. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text
32. Lo ALC, Abdul Malek MR, Zulkifli N, et al.: Factors Affecting Compliance Rate towards Oral Nutritional Supplements Intake Among Geriatric Patients in Hospital Kuala Lumpur. J. Sains Kesihat Malaysia. 2019; 17(01): 115–124. Publisher Full Text
33. Philipson TJ, Snider JT, Lakdawalla DN, et al.: Impact of oral nutritional supplementation on hospital outcomes. Am. J. Manag. Care. 2013; 32(2): S6–S7. Publisher Full Text
34. Yeung SSY, Lee JSW, Kwok T: A Nutritionally Complete Oral Nutritional Supplement Powder Improved Nutritional Outcomes in Free-Living Adults at Risk of Malnutrition: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 2022; 19(18). PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text
35. Hubbard GP, Fry C, Sorensen K, et al.: Energy-dense, low-volume paediatric oral nutritional supplements improve total nutrient intake and increase growth in paediatric patients requiring nutritional support: results of a randomised controlled pilot trial. Eur. J. Pediatr. 2020; 179(9): 1421–1430. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text
36. Satue-Gracia MT, Frankel EN, Rangavajhyala N, et al.: Lactoferrin in infant formulas: Effect on oxidation. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2000; 48(10): 4984–4990. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
37. Johnston WH, Ashley C, Yeiser M, et al.: Growth and tolerance of formula with lactoferrin in infants through one year of age: Double-blind, randomized, controlled trial. BMC Pediatr. 2015; 15(1): 1–11. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text
38. Drago-Serrano ME, Campos-Rodríguez R, Carrero JC, et al.: Lactoferrin: Balancing ups and downs of inflammation due to microbial infections. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2017; 18(3). PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text
39. Presti S, Manti S, Parisi GF, et al.: Lactoferrin: Cytokine modulation and application in clinical practice. J. Clin. Med. 2021; 10(23). Publisher Full Text
40. Zimecki M, Właszczyk A, Zagulski T, et al.: Lactoferrin lowers serum interleukin 6 and tumor necrosis factor α levels in mice subjected to surgery. Arch. Immunol. Ther. Exp (Warsz). 1998; 46(2): 97–104. PubMed Abstract
41. Berthon BS, Williams LM, Williams EJ, et al.: Effect of Lactoferrin Supplementation on Inflammation, Immune Function, and Prevention of Respiratory Tract Infections in Humans: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Adv. Nutr. 2022; 13: 1799–1819. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text
42. Dewi EK, Nindya TS: Hubungan Tingkat Kecukupan Zat Besi Dan Seng Dengan Kejadian Stunting Pada Balita 6-23 Bulan. Amerta Nutr. 2017; 1(4): 361. Publisher Full Text
43. IDEXX Laboratories: ELISA Technical Guide.2018; 1–30. Reference Source
44. Widjaja NA, Hamida A, Purnomo MT, et al.: Effect of oral nutritional supplements on IL-6 and IL-10 in failure to thrive children with infection. [Dataset]. figshare. Publisher Full Text
45. Widjaja NA, Hamida A, Purnomo MT, et al.: Ethical Clearance and Study Protocols of The Effect of Lactoferrin in High Calorie Formula on IL-6 and IL10 in Children With Failure to Thrive and Infection. [Dataset]. figshare. Publisher Full Text
46. Farahata TM, Ragabb S, Salamaa AA, et al.: Prevalence of stunted growth in children less than 5-year old in Qualyoubia governorate. Menoufia Med. J. 2018; 30: 1089–1092. Publisher Full Text
47. Bahagia Febriani AD, Daud D, Rauf S, et al.: Risk factors and nutritional profiles associated with stunting in children. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. Nutr. 2020; 23(5): 457–463. Publisher Full Text
48. Prawirohartono EP, Nurdiati DS, Hakimi M: Prognostic factors at birth for stunting at 24 months of age in rural Indonesia. Paediatr. Indones. 2016; 56(1): 48–56. Publisher Full Text
49. Wamani H, Åstrøm AN, Peterson S, et al.: Boys are more stunted than girls in Sub-Saharan Africa: A meta-analysis of 16 demographic and health surveys. BMC Pediatr. 2007; 7: 1–10. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text
50. Thurstans S, Opondo C, Seal A, et al.: Boys are more likely to be undernourished than girls: A systematic review and meta-analysis of sex differences in undernutrition. BMJ Glob. Heal. 2020; 5(12): 1–17. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text
51. Bork KA, Diallo A: Boys are more stunted than girls from early infancy to 3 years of age in rural Senegal. J. Nutr. 2017; 147(5): 940–947. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
52. Zhang Z, Li F, Hannon BA, et al.: Effect of oral nutritional supplementation on growth in children with undernutrition: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutrients. 2021; 13(9). Publisher Full Text
53. Soliman A, De Sanctis V , Elsiddig S, et al.: Impact of oral nutritional supplements (ONS) on growth outcomes and IGF-1 level in underweight older children and young adolescents (5–14 years) with short stature and no systemic disease: High versus normal calories density formula. Acta Biomed. 2021; 92: e2021320–e2021329. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text
54. Ochoa TJ, Chea-Woo E, Campos M, et al.: Impact of Lactoferrin Supplementation on Growth and Prevalence of Giardia Colonization in Children. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2008; 48(12): 1881–1883.
55. Pham DT, Hoang TN, Ngo NT, et al.: Effect of Oral Nutritional Supplementation on Growth in Vietnamese Children with Stunting. Open Nutr. J. 2019; 13(1): 43–52. Publisher Full Text
56. Kruzel ML, Zimecki M, Actor JK: Lactoferrin in a context of inflammation-induced pathology. Front. Immunol. 2017; 8(NOV). Publisher Full Text
57. Motoki N, Mizuki M, Tsukahara T, et al.: Effects of Lactoferrin-Fortified Formula on Acute Gastrointestinal Symptoms in Children Aged 12–32 Months: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial. Front. Pediatr. 2020; 8(May): 1–8. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text
58. Björmsjö M, Hernell O, Lönnerdal B, et al.: Immunological Effects of Adding Bovine Lactoferrin and Reducing Iron in Infant Formula: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. 2022; 74(3): E65–E72. Publisher Full Text
59. Gelgel KTP, Sudipa PH, Mufa RMD: Lactoferrin Effect on Piglets in Terms of Body Weight and Number of Bacteria. EAS J. Vet. Med. Sci. 2021; 3(6): 58–61. Publisher Full Text
60. Hwang SA, Wilk KM, Bangale YA, et al.: Lactoferrin modulation of IL-12 and IL-10 response from activated murine leukocytes. Med. Microbiol. Immunol. 2007; 196(3): 171–180. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text
61. Hwang SA, Kruzel ML, Actor JK: Lactoferrin augments BCG vaccine efficacy to generate T helper response and subsequent protection against challenge with virulent Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Int. Immunopharmacol. 2005; 5(3): 591–599. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
62. Hwang SA, Wilk KM, Budnicka M, et al.: Lactoferrin enhanced efficacy of the BCG vaccine to generate host protective responses against challenge with virulent Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Vaccine. 2007; 25(37–38): 6730–6743. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text
63. Haversen LA, Engberg I, Baltzer L, et al.: Human lactoferrin and peptides derived from a surface-exposed helical region reduce experimental Escherichia coli urinary tract infection in mice. Infect. Immun. 2000; 68(10): 5816–5823. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text
64. Mǎrginean CO, Man L, Pitea AM, et al.: The assessment between IL-6 and IL-8 and anthropometric status in malnourished children. Romanian J. Morphol. Embryol. 2013; 54(4): 935–938. PubMed Abstract
65. Marginean CO, Banescu C, Voidazan S, et al.: IL-6 572 C/G, 190 C/T, and 174 G/C gene polymorphisms in children’s malnutrition. J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. 2014; 59(5): 666–673. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
66. Abd El-Maksoud AM, Khairy SA, Sharada HM, et al.: Evaluation of pro-inflammatory cytokines in nutritionally stunted Egyptian children. Egypt Pediatr. Assoc. Gaz. 2017; 65(3): 80–84. Publisher Full Text
67. Sari I, Marwidah M, Amin MA, et al.: Relationship Of Chronic Energy Deficiency During Pregnancy With Stunting In Toddlers Aged 6-60 Month. J. Life Birth. 2022; 6(1): 1–10.
68. Sakr Y, Dubois MJ, De Backer D, et al.: Persistent-microcirculatory alterations are associated with organ failure and death in patients with septic shock. Crit. Care Med. 2004; 32(9): 1825–1831. Publisher Full Text
69. Urlacher SS, Ellison PT, Sugiyama LS, et al.: Tradeoffs between immune function and childhood growth among Amazonian forager-horticulturalists. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2018; 115(17): E3914–E3921. Publisher Full Text
70. Malavé I, Vethencourt MA, Chacón R, et al.: Production of inteuleukin-6 in cultures of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from children with primary protein-calorie malnutrition and from eutrophic controls. Ann. Nutr. Metab. 1998; 42(5): 266–273. Publisher Full Text
71. Lyoumi S, Tamion F, Petit J, et al.: Induction and modulation of acute-phase response by protein malnutrition in rats: Comparative effect of systemic and localized inflammation on interleukin-6 and acute-phase protein synthesis. J. Nutr. 1998; 128(2): 166–174. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
72. Anstead GM, Chandrasekar B, Zhang Q, et al.: Multinutrient undernutrition dysregulates the resident macrophage proinflammatory cytokine network, nuclear factor-κB activation, and nitric oxide production. J. Leukoc. Biol. 2003; 74(6): 982–991. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
73. Takele Y, Adem E, Getahun M, et al.: Malnutrition in healthy individuals results in increased mixed cytokine profiles, altered neutrophil subsets and function. PLoS One. 2016; 11(8): 1–18. Publisher Full Text
74. Dewan P, Kaur IR, Faridi MMA, et al.: Cytokine response to dietary rehabilitation with curd (Indian dahi) & leaf protein concentrate in malnourished children. Indian J. Med. Res. 2009; 130(1): 31–36. PubMed Abstract
75. Chandra RK: Numerical and functional deficiency in T helper cells in protein energy malnutrition. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 1983; 51(1): 126–132. Reference Source
76. Solis B, Nova E, Gómez S, et al.: The effect of fermented milk on interferon production in malnourished children and in anorexia nervosa patients undergoing nutritional care. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 2002; 56: S27–S33. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
77. de Brito RCCM , Lucena-Silva N, Torres LC, et al.: The balance between the serum levels of IL-6 and IL-10 cytokines discriminates mild and severe acute pneumonia. BMC Pulm. Med. 2016; 16(1): 121–170. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text

Comments on this article Comments (0)

Version 3

VERSION 3 PUBLISHED 28 Jul 2023

Author details Author details

¹ Child Health, Airlangga University, Surabaya, East Java, 60286, Indonesia

Nur Aisiyah Widjaja
Roles: Conceptualization, Formal Analysis, Methodology, Supervision, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing

Azizah Hamidah
Roles: Data Curation, Investigation, Supervision, Writing – Review & Editing

Marissa Tulus Purnomo
Roles: Data Curation, Methodology, Visualization, Writing – Review & Editing

Eva Ardianah
Roles: Data Curation, Formal Analysis, Methodology, Writing – Review & Editing

Competing interests

The authors received research support from Danone Indonesia in the form of oral nutritional supplement.

Grant information

This work was supported by Medical Faculty Research Funding from Airlangga University (212/UN3/2021).

Article Versions (3)

version 3

Revised

Published: 19 Dec 2023, 12:897

https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.130176.3

version 2

Revised

Published: 20 Oct 2023, 12:897

https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.130176.2

version 1

Published: 28 Jul 2023, 12:897

https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.130176.1

© 2023 Widjaja NA et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Download

Export To

metrics

	Views	Downloads
F1000Research	-	-
PubMed Central Data from PMC are received and updated monthly.	-	-

Citations

SEE MORE DETAILS

CITE

how to cite this article

Widjaja NA, Hamidah A, Purnomo MT and Ardianah E. Effect of lactoferrin in oral nutrition supplement (ONS) towards IL-6 and IL-10 in failure to thrive children with infection [version 3; peer review: 2 approved]. F1000Research 2023, 12:897 (https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.130176.3)

NOTE: If applicable, it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article.

track

receive updates on this article

Track an article to receive email alerts on any updates to this article.

Open Peer Review

Version 3

VERSION 3

PUBLISHED 19 Dec 2023

Revised

Views

Reviewer Report 08 Feb 2024

Rachael Anyim, Anthropology, Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York, USA

Mallory Peters, Anthropology, Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York, USA

Approved

https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.160100.r231437

General Response:
We would like to thank the authors for their immense efforts to address our previous comments. We are thoroughly impressed with the improvements in flow and clarity. The concerns do not impact comprehension of the article’s core ... Continue reading

A major component that is missing from the methods was disease burden tracking/monitoring of the course of disease progression for the sample participants. If information on the resolution of viral infections was not collected, its absence should be included in the limitations section. As stated, all participants were identified as “[failing] to thrive due to infectious illness” but it was never mentioned whether any of the participants' infections were resolved over the course of the intervention. Since disease burden is the identifying variable for this population, this is critical information, especially since individuals whose infections cleared over the period of observation would likely make significantly higher gains in weight and length/height. It is important to not conflate normal growth gains due to aging/growth and development and reduced disease burden with the impact of the ONS.

Minor Comments:

Statements regarding Nigerian, Gazan, and Indonesian children in the intro (paragraph 2) is still out of place, as it’s discussing results. We recommend that the authors remove the following clauses and rephrase accordingly for clarity, as they have not discussed methods and should not be discussing generated results at this point: "....which was higher compared to this study" ; "the prevalence of stunted/severely stunted children was higher in group-1 compared to group-2 in our study..."
The following clause should not stand alone as a sentence and should be rephrased: “While the prevalence of underweight in two- to five-year-old children population in Gaza was 19.6%.”
Intro paragraph 4 - typo - “,which supports by another finding” . The authors can either remove “by” or rephrase slightly to say “which is supported by” (or something similar in nature)
Unclear where this study is occurring until intro paragraph 5
Unclear statement in methods, before “interventions” - “The sample size was 80 subjects; pre- and post-design needed for the study was 80 samples.” Does this mean there were 160 total samples? A pre- and post-intervention sample from each participant? Is this including participant withdrawals?
Typo in methods, before “results” - “We hypotheses that” - should be “we hypothesize that”

Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed.

Reviewer Expertise: Our combined areas of expertise involve human milk, maternal-infant health, biomarkers of stress (e.g., cortisol) and immunity/immune responses (e.g., cytokines, antibodies), anthropometry, human skeletal growth and plasticity, and biological specimen collection (including blood draws, saliva and milk collections), as well as enzyme immunoassay estimations.

We confirm that we have read this submission and believe that we have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard.

CITE

Report a concern

Author Response 13 Apr 2024

Nur Aisiyah Widjaja, Airlangga University, Indonesia

13 Apr 2024

Author Response
1. A major component that is missing from the methods was disease burden tracking/monitoring of the course of disease progression for the sample participants. If information on the resolution
... Continue reading
A major component that is missing from the methods was disease burden tracking/monitoring of the course of disease progression for the sample participants. If information on the resolution of viral infections was not collected, its absence should be included in the limitations section. As stated, all participants were identified as “[failing] to thrive due to infectious illness” but it was never mentioned whether any of the participants' infections were resolved over the course of the intervention. Since disease burden is the identifying variable for this population, this is critical information, especially since individuals whose infections cleared over the period of observation would likely make significantly higher gains in weight and length/height. It is important to not conflate normal growth gains due to aging/growth and development and reduced disease burden with the impact of the ONS.

Dear reviewer, all the subjects was still taking the medication during the intervention, whether UTI or TB, especially TB, as their medication was planned at least for 6 months. While for them whom suffered from UTI, even after the medication, the bacterial count showed a positive result although the number was not as many as before.
Noted. We placed this sentence in “limitation”
Minor Comments:

Statements regarding Nigerian, Gazan, and Indonesian children in the intro (paragraph 2) is still out of place, as it’s discussing results. We recommend that the authors remove the following clauses and rephrase accordingly for clarity, as they have not discussed methods and should not be discussing generated results at this point: "....which was higher compared to this study" ; "the prevalence of stunted/severely stunted children was higher in group-1 compared to group-2 in our study..."

Dear Reveiwer, we deleted the suggested sentences. Thank you for the suggestion, as we read again it’s a bit odd.

The following clause should not stand alone as a sentence and should be rephrased: “While the prevalence of underweight in two- to five-year-old children population in Gaza was 19.6%.”

Dear Reviewer, we also deleted the suggested sentences.

Intro paragraph 4 - typo - “,which supports by another finding” . The authors can either remove “by” or rephrase slightly to say “which is supported by” (or something similar in nature)

Dear reviewer, we rewritten as “which is supported by Fork et al. (2008) finding using murine model study ²⁴”.

Unclear where this study is occurring until intro paragraph 5.

Malnutrition downregulates type 1 cytokines (IL-2, IFNγ) but upregulates type 2 cytokines (IL-4 and IL-10), as observed in marasmic children receiving inpatient malnutrition medical treatment ²². This condition will make undernourished children become more susceptible to infections, with the potential for fatality leading to death. The risk of infection correlates directly with malnutrition degree, in which children with WAZ or HAZ below -3 SD have a 37% risk of diarrhoea ²⁵.

Unclear statement in methods, before “interventions” - “The sample size was 80 subjects; pre- and post-design needed for the study was 80 samples.” Does this mean there were 160 total samples? A pre- and post-intervention sample from each participant? Is this including participant withdrawals?

We rewritten the sentences as, “The sample size was 80 subjects; as the pre- and post- design observing the same subjects for twice observation, so the samples that were needed for the study was 80 samples”
Yes, 80 samples include the participants who withdraw during the intervention.

Typo in methods, before “results” - “We hypotheses that” - should be “we hypothesize that”

We have improved the typo “hypotheses” as “hypothesis”
A major component that is missing from the methods was disease burden tracking/monitoring of the course of disease progression for the sample participants. If information on the resolution of viral infections was not collected, its absence should be included in the limitations section. As stated, all participants were identified as “[failing] to thrive due to infectious illness” but it was never mentioned whether any of the participants' infections were resolved over the course of the intervention. Since disease burden is the identifying variable for this population, this is critical information, especially since individuals whose infections cleared over the period of observation would likely make significantly higher gains in weight and length/height. It is important to not conflate normal growth gains due to aging/growth and development and reduced disease burden with the impact of the ONS.

Dear reviewer, all the subjects was still taking the medication during the intervention, whether UTI or TB, especially TB, as their medication was planned at least for 6 months. While for them whom suffered from UTI, even after the medication, the bacterial count showed a positive result although the number was not as many as before.
Noted. We placed this sentence in “limitation”
Minor Comments:

Statements regarding Nigerian, Gazan, and Indonesian children in the intro (paragraph 2) is still out of place, as it’s discussing results. We recommend that the authors remove the following clauses and rephrase accordingly for clarity, as they have not discussed methods and should not be discussing generated results at this point: "....which was higher compared to this study" ; "the prevalence of stunted/severely stunted children was higher in group-1 compared to group-2 in our study..."

Dear Reveiwer, we deleted the suggested sentences. Thank you for the suggestion, as we read again it’s a bit odd.

The following clause should not stand alone as a sentence and should be rephrased: “While the prevalence of underweight in two- to five-year-old children population in Gaza was 19.6%.”

Dear Reviewer, we also deleted the suggested sentences.

Intro paragraph 4 - typo - “,which supports by another finding” . The authors can either remove “by” or rephrase slightly to say “which is supported by” (or something similar in nature)

Dear reviewer, we rewritten as “which is supported by Fork et al. (2008) finding using murine model study ²⁴”.

Unclear where this study is occurring until intro paragraph 5.

Malnutrition downregulates type 1 cytokines (IL-2, IFNγ) but upregulates type 2 cytokines (IL-4 and IL-10), as observed in marasmic children receiving inpatient malnutrition medical treatment ²². This condition will make undernourished children become more susceptible to infections, with the potential for fatality leading to death. The risk of infection correlates directly with malnutrition degree, in which children with WAZ or HAZ below -3 SD have a 37% risk of diarrhoea ²⁵.

Unclear statement in methods, before “interventions” - “The sample size was 80 subjects; pre- and post-design needed for the study was 80 samples.” Does this mean there were 160 total samples? A pre- and post-intervention sample from each participant? Is this including participant withdrawals?

We rewritten the sentences as, “The sample size was 80 subjects; as the pre- and post- design observing the same subjects for twice observation, so the samples that were needed for the study was 80 samples”
Yes, 80 samples include the participants who withdraw during the intervention.

Typo in methods, before “results” - “We hypotheses that” - should be “we hypothesize that”

We have improved the typo “hypotheses” as “hypothesis”
Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Close
Report a concern
Respond or Comment

COMMENTS ON THIS REPORT

Author Response 13 Apr 2024

Nur Aisiyah Widjaja, Airlangga University, Indonesia

13 Apr 2024

Author Response
1. A major component that is missing from the methods was disease burden tracking/monitoring of the course of disease progression for the sample participants. If information on the resolution
... Continue reading
A major component that is missing from the methods was disease burden tracking/monitoring of the course of disease progression for the sample participants. If information on the resolution of viral infections was not collected, its absence should be included in the limitations section. As stated, all participants were identified as “[failing] to thrive due to infectious illness” but it was never mentioned whether any of the participants' infections were resolved over the course of the intervention. Since disease burden is the identifying variable for this population, this is critical information, especially since individuals whose infections cleared over the period of observation would likely make significantly higher gains in weight and length/height. It is important to not conflate normal growth gains due to aging/growth and development and reduced disease burden with the impact of the ONS.

Dear reviewer, all the subjects was still taking the medication during the intervention, whether UTI or TB, especially TB, as their medication was planned at least for 6 months. While for them whom suffered from UTI, even after the medication, the bacterial count showed a positive result although the number was not as many as before.
Noted. We placed this sentence in “limitation”
Minor Comments:

Statements regarding Nigerian, Gazan, and Indonesian children in the intro (paragraph 2) is still out of place, as it’s discussing results. We recommend that the authors remove the following clauses and rephrase accordingly for clarity, as they have not discussed methods and should not be discussing generated results at this point: "....which was higher compared to this study" ; "the prevalence of stunted/severely stunted children was higher in group-1 compared to group-2 in our study..."

Dear Reveiwer, we deleted the suggested sentences. Thank you for the suggestion, as we read again it’s a bit odd.

The following clause should not stand alone as a sentence and should be rephrased: “While the prevalence of underweight in two- to five-year-old children population in Gaza was 19.6%.”

Dear Reviewer, we also deleted the suggested sentences.

Intro paragraph 4 - typo - “,which supports by another finding” . The authors can either remove “by” or rephrase slightly to say “which is supported by” (or something similar in nature)

Dear reviewer, we rewritten as “which is supported by Fork et al. (2008) finding using murine model study ²⁴”.

Unclear where this study is occurring until intro paragraph 5.

Malnutrition downregulates type 1 cytokines (IL-2, IFNγ) but upregulates type 2 cytokines (IL-4 and IL-10), as observed in marasmic children receiving inpatient malnutrition medical treatment ²². This condition will make undernourished children become more susceptible to infections, with the potential for fatality leading to death. The risk of infection correlates directly with malnutrition degree, in which children with WAZ or HAZ below -3 SD have a 37% risk of diarrhoea ²⁵.

Unclear statement in methods, before “interventions” - “The sample size was 80 subjects; pre- and post-design needed for the study was 80 samples.” Does this mean there were 160 total samples? A pre- and post-intervention sample from each participant? Is this including participant withdrawals?

We rewritten the sentences as, “The sample size was 80 subjects; as the pre- and post- design observing the same subjects for twice observation, so the samples that were needed for the study was 80 samples”
Yes, 80 samples include the participants who withdraw during the intervention.

Typo in methods, before “results” - “We hypotheses that” - should be “we hypothesize that”

We have improved the typo “hypotheses” as “hypothesis”
A major component that is missing from the methods was disease burden tracking/monitoring of the course of disease progression for the sample participants. If information on the resolution of viral infections was not collected, its absence should be included in the limitations section. As stated, all participants were identified as “[failing] to thrive due to infectious illness” but it was never mentioned whether any of the participants' infections were resolved over the course of the intervention. Since disease burden is the identifying variable for this population, this is critical information, especially since individuals whose infections cleared over the period of observation would likely make significantly higher gains in weight and length/height. It is important to not conflate normal growth gains due to aging/growth and development and reduced disease burden with the impact of the ONS.

Dear reviewer, all the subjects was still taking the medication during the intervention, whether UTI or TB, especially TB, as their medication was planned at least for 6 months. While for them whom suffered from UTI, even after the medication, the bacterial count showed a positive result although the number was not as many as before.
Noted. We placed this sentence in “limitation”
Minor Comments:

Statements regarding Nigerian, Gazan, and Indonesian children in the intro (paragraph 2) is still out of place, as it’s discussing results. We recommend that the authors remove the following clauses and rephrase accordingly for clarity, as they have not discussed methods and should not be discussing generated results at this point: "....which was higher compared to this study" ; "the prevalence of stunted/severely stunted children was higher in group-1 compared to group-2 in our study..."

Dear Reveiwer, we deleted the suggested sentences. Thank you for the suggestion, as we read again it’s a bit odd.

The following clause should not stand alone as a sentence and should be rephrased: “While the prevalence of underweight in two- to five-year-old children population in Gaza was 19.6%.”

Dear Reviewer, we also deleted the suggested sentences.

Intro paragraph 4 - typo - “,which supports by another finding” . The authors can either remove “by” or rephrase slightly to say “which is supported by” (or something similar in nature)

Dear reviewer, we rewritten as “which is supported by Fork et al. (2008) finding using murine model study ²⁴”.

Unclear where this study is occurring until intro paragraph 5.

Malnutrition downregulates type 1 cytokines (IL-2, IFNγ) but upregulates type 2 cytokines (IL-4 and IL-10), as observed in marasmic children receiving inpatient malnutrition medical treatment ²². This condition will make undernourished children become more susceptible to infections, with the potential for fatality leading to death. The risk of infection correlates directly with malnutrition degree, in which children with WAZ or HAZ below -3 SD have a 37% risk of diarrhoea ²⁵.

Unclear statement in methods, before “interventions” - “The sample size was 80 subjects; pre- and post-design needed for the study was 80 samples.” Does this mean there were 160 total samples? A pre- and post-intervention sample from each participant? Is this including participant withdrawals?

We rewritten the sentences as, “The sample size was 80 subjects; as the pre- and post- design observing the same subjects for twice observation, so the samples that were needed for the study was 80 samples”
Yes, 80 samples include the participants who withdraw during the intervention.

Typo in methods, before “results” - “We hypotheses that” - should be “we hypothesize that”

We have improved the typo “hypotheses” as “hypothesis”
Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Close
Report a concern

Views

Reviewer Report 02 Jan 2024

Vinutha U. Muktamath, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad, India

Approved

https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.160100.r231436

The article can ... Continue reading

CITE

Report a concern

Respond or Comment

Version 2

VERSION 2

PUBLISHED 20 Oct 2023

Revised

Views

Reviewer Report 06 Nov 2023

Rachael Anyim, Anthropology, Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York, USA

Mallory Peters, Anthropology, Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York, USA

Approved with Reservations

https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.155554.r217435

Many thanks to the authors for taking time to review and incorporate our suggestions into their manuscript. We see that they have taken our feedback under consideration, which is greatly appreciated. However, we noticed that the revised manuscript was not executed in a way that improved clarification. For example, discussion of the prevalence in different countries was moved to the introduction without actually revising the content, thereby presenting results before methods, which is inappropriate. We have provided additional comments towards targeted improvements. Please see below for “Major Comments” and “Minor Comments”.

Major Comments:

The entire manuscript needs grammatical revisions, including sentence restructuring. There are a number of errors that need to be addressed as their frequency and severity are hindering reader comprehension. Note, this is not an exhaustive list of examples: “While the prevalence in two- to five-year-old children in Gaza was 19.6%.11”. “Interleukin-10 (IL-10) is an anti-inflammatory cytokines with an essential roles to damped and minimalizing the damage due to pro-inflammatory response21 by inhibiting the activation of lymphocyte T to end up the immune reaction.” “The prevalent of tuberculosis (TB) is high in Indonesia, even increase during…” “We hypotheses that”
As previously mentioned, hypothesis driven research should begin with clear hypotheses presented in the introduction. While the authors have added hypotheses, they have not been contextualized with appropriate background literature to support the proposed relationships. As currently presented, the hypotheses are actually results that have been rephrased as hypothetical statements which is not appropriate project formulation. If the authors did not already have hypotheses formulated prior to data collection and analyses, then the analyses needs to be restructured for an exploratory protocol and therefore rerun with appropriate tests for such a study [e.g., model selection/information theoretic approach using akaike information criterion corrected (AICc) or bayesian information criterion (BIC)].
A major component that is missing from the methods was disease burden tracking for the sample participants. As stated, all participants were identified as “[failing] to thrive due to infectious illness” but it was never mentioned whether any of the participants' infections were resolved over the course of the intervention. Since disease burden is the identifying variable for this population, this is critical information, especially since individuals whose infections cleared over the period of observation would likely make significantly higher gains in weight and length/height. It is important to not conflate normal growth gains due to aging/growth and development and reduced disease burden with the impact of the ONS.
There needs to be a “Limitations” section to address some of the pitfalls of the study. For example, the authors could use this section to discuss the issue of doing non-fasting blood draws in the evening when the biomarkers of interest may be subject to dietary fluctuations or to diurnal variation. While this was addressed in the response to reviewers, it should be included in the text of the manuscript, so that readers are given a complete picture of the methods and the associated factors that may confound results.
As mentioned in our first review of this manuscript, the results presented in the abstract and results/discussion sections of the manuscript seem to be conflicting. Without having a control (or a healthy population, or other predetermined baselines attributing to what should be expected), there is no way to determine whether the lactoferrin and ONS is responsible for “improving” the weight gains or immune responses.
The authors directly addressed many of our previous comments from the original version of the manuscript in their response to the reviewer report. However, they neglected to revise those comments in the updated resubmission. For example: “Main Complaints” is still not addressed in the methods, so it is unclear how these complaints were documented/assessed (e.g., via survey at the beginning of study) and whether these complaints occurred during the course of the trial. Your response to us in the report “The complaints why the subjects visited the doctor were asked in the beginning by the nurse, “such as: what’s wrong with the baby, ma’am”” should be clarified in the methods section.

Minor Comments:

Introduction paragraph 4 concludes by stating that infection correlates with malnutrition degree but uses WAZ or HAZ as a metric of malnutrition which is not an appropriate analogous metric (growth impairment is not a direct measure of malnourishment, rather, it is a symptom of it). Instead, risk of infection correlates with degree of growth impairment based on WAZ or HAZ.
Improper citations: Paragraph 5 introduction - “Urinary tract infection (UTI) contributed to the incidence of stunting in children, as it causes anorexia which leads to a stagnant or inadequate weight gain.28” in which reference 28 is “Mckenna L, Sari AH, Mane S, et al.: Pediatric Tuberculosis Research and Development: Progress. Priorities and Funding Opportunities. Pathogens. 2022; 11: 128” makes no mention of UTI’s or anorexia and therefore this is an unsupported and potentially incorrect statement which cannot be corroborated.
Typographical errors/misspellings: “kwarshiorkhor” should be “kwashiorkor”
Move Table 7 (normality and homogeneity) to table 2, immediately after sample breakdown
The headings for columns 4 in table 5 and table 6 seem to be incorrectly labeled. We previously flagged table 6 as needing to have a ΔIL6/IL10 ratio. Instead, it would appear that the authors have mistakenly labeled the Δ in table 5, which does not seem accurate.

Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed.

We confirm that we have read this submission and believe that we have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however we have significant reservations, as outlined above.

CITE

Report a concern

Author Response 13 Apr 2024

Nur Aisiyah Widjaja, Airlangga University, Indonesia

13 Apr 2024

Author Response
Major Comments:
1. The entire manuscript needs grammatical revisions, including sentence restructuring. There are a number of errors that need to be addressed as their frequency and severity are
... Continue reading
Major Comments:

The entire manuscript needs grammatical revisions, including sentence restructuring. There are a number of errors that need to be addressed as their frequency and severity are hindering reader comprehension. Note, this is not an exhaustive list of examples: “While the prevalence in two- to five-year-old children in Gaza were 19.6%. 11”. “Interleukin-10 (IL-10) is an anti-inflammatory cytokines with essential roles to damp and minimalize the damage caused by the pro-inflammatory response21 from inhibiting the activation of lymphocyte T to inflict immunological reaction.” “The prevalent of tuberculosis (TB) is high in Indonesia, even increase during…” “We hypotheses that”

Dear reviewer. Thank you for the correction. We made the revision in those parts.

As previously mentioned, hypothesis driven research should begin with clear hypotheses presented in the introduction. While the authors have added hypotheses, they have not been contextualized with appropriate background literature to support the proposed relationships. As currently presented, the hypotheses are actually results that have been rephrased as hypothetical statements which is not appropriate project formulation. If the authors did not already have hypotheses formulated prior to data collection and analyses, then the analyses needs to be restructured for an exploratory protocol and therefore rerun with appropriate tests for such a study [e.g., model selection/information theoretic approach using akaike information criterion corrected (AICc) or bayesian information criterion (BIC)].

Dear Reviewer, we would like to clarify our hypothetical statements: At first, we stated the objectives of our research: "to investigate the effects of lactoferrin in oral nutritional supplements on the level of IL-6 and IL-10 in children experiencing failure to thrive and infection, during a 90-day intervention period." Our target is to figure out the effects of lactoferrin on IL-6 and IL-10. Considering that's our research was conducted on children experiencing failure-to-thrive, we want to investigate the effects of lactoferrin on their growth parameters. This is particularly important as infections, particularly proinflammatory cytokines, can hinder their food intake and subsequently affect their growth. WAZ, LAZ/HAZ, and WLZ/WHZ are anthropometric indicators used to monitor a child's growth. The hypotheses were stated in the previous revision as follows:

The inclusion of lactoferrin in oral nutritional supplements (ONS) enhances both body weight and length/height.

Supplementation of lactoferrin in oral nutritional supplements (ONS) enhances the balance of IL-6 and IL-10 levels, ultimately improving immune response homeostasis. Also, it also improves the ratio of IL-6 to IL-10.

There is a notable difference in the levels of IL-6 and IL-10, as well as the IL-6/IL-10 ratio, between at least one pair of groups with distinct nutritional statuses.

A major component that is missing from the methods was disease burden tracking for the sample participants. As stated, all participants were identified as “[failing] to thrive due to infectious illness” but it was never mentioned whether any of the participants' infections were resolved over the course of the intervention. Since disease burden is the identifying variable for this population, this is critical information, especially since individuals whose infections cleared over the period of observation would likely make significantly higher gains in weight and length/height. It is important to not conflate normal growth gains due to aging/growth and development and reduced disease burden with the impact of the ONS.

Dear reviewer, We would like to clarify that the participants in our study were experiencing infections, and throughout the study, they remained infected (without having completely recovered) while also receiving medication in addition to nutritional intervention (including diet counselling and ONS supplementation).   Despite the inclusion of "non-infection" as a characteristic of the subjects, they still encountered "other infections" while undergoing our intervention with ONS.   "Non-infection" refers to the state where individuals have successfully recovered from the initial infection (such as UTI and/or TB), but have not yet fully overcome subsequent infections due to compromised immune function resulting from the primary infection.

There needs to be a “Limitations” section to address some of the pitfalls of the study. For example, the authors could use this section to discuss the issue of doing non-fasting blood draws in the evening when the biomarkers of interest may be subject to dietary fluctuations or to diurnal variation. While this was addressed in the response to reviewers, it should be included in the text of the manuscript, so that readers are given a complete picture of the methods and the associated factors that may confound results.

Our study was limited by the lack of evaluating the probable existence of other infections among the subjects.   In this presented scenario, where all subjects are confirmed to have a bacterial infection, it is still possible for one of them to also have another infection.   An acute infection potentially caused by a viral agent could result in changes in the levels of IL-6 and IL-10. The elevated IL-6 concentration could potentially lead to a subsequent reduction in IL-10, as IL-10 functions as a regulator.   As a consequence, certain individuals may exhibit elevated IL-6 levels and reduced IL-10 levels compared to others.

As mentioned in our first review of this manuscript, the results presented in the abstract and results/discussion sections of the manuscript seem to be conflicting. Without having a control (or a healthy population, or other predetermined baselines attributing to what should be expected), there is no way to determine whether the lactoferrin and ONS is responsible for “improving” the weight gains or immune responses.

Dear Reviewer. The study we conducted was a non-randomized intervention that specifically focused children experiencing failure to thrive as a consequence of infections. We used Oral Nutritional Supplements (ONS) in this context due to its specialization and formulation for children who are particularly at risk to nutritional imbalances, such as those with acute illnesses or underlying health conditions, which enhance their potential to malnutrition. This particular formula has been regulated to legal laws. Meanwhile, multiple studies have discovered its effectiveness in treating failure to thrive or the "at-risk group." The references cited are from the works of Cawood et al. (2023) and Zhang et al. (2021).
References
Cawood, A.L., Smith, C., Kinnear, F.J., Upton, L., Trace, S., O’Connor, G., Stratton, R.J., 2023. Effect of oral nutritional supplements on outcomes in children presenting with, or at risk of, faltering growth in clinical settings: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Child Heal. Care 0, 1–23.

The authors directly addressed many of our previous comments from the original version of the manuscript in their response to the reviewer report. However, they neglected to revise those comments in the updated resubmission. For example: “Main Complaints” is still not addressed in the methods, so it is unclear how these complaints were documented/assessed (e.g., via survey at the beginning of study) and whether these complaints occurred during the course of the trial. Your response to us in the report “The complaints why the subjects visited the doctor were asked in the beginning by the nurse, “such as: what’s wrong with the baby, ma’am” should be clarified in the methods section.

The main complaints were asked of the primary reasons of the parents for bringing their children to visit a pediatrician through their initial visit to the outpatient installation unit.   The reasons were comparable, including insufficient weight gain, stagnant weight gain, and feeding difficulties.

Minor Comments:

Introduction paragraph 4 concludes by stating that infection correlates with malnutrition degree but uses WAZ or HAZ as a metric of malnutrition which is not an appropriate analogous metric (growth impairment is not a direct measure of malnourishment, rather, it is a symptom of it). Instead, risk of infection correlates with degree of growth impairment based on WAZ or HAZ.

It should be noted that malnutrition comprises two distinct forms of nutritional imbalance, notably undernutrition and obesity (Govender et al., 2021; Mehta et al., 2013). Undernutrition can be described as an imbalance between the amount of nutrients consumed and the amount of energy, protein, or micronutrients needed by an individual. This imbalance can have a negative impact on growth, development, and other pertinent outcomes (Mehta et al., 2013). It can also be defined as being underweight for one’s age, too short for one’s age (stunting), dangerously thin for one’s height (wasting), and deficient in vitamins and minerals (micronutrient deficiencies) as an outcome of insufficient food intake, inadequate care, and infectious diseases (Viswaroopan et al., 2017).
Cawood et al. (2023) define faltering growth (FG) as a condition in which there is a slowed rate of weight gain in childhood, departing from the expected the normal range for that age. Malnutrition, undernutrition, and failure to thrive are frequently mentioned as synonyms for FG. Faltering of growth (FG) is suspected when an individual's weight and/or body mass index (BMI) is lower than a specific percentile for their age, or when there is a persistent decline across multiple percentiles over time. FG can arise due to limited access to sufficient food, as well as clinical conditions that lead to inadequate nutritional status by decreases nutrient intake or increasing losses and requirements (Cawood et al., 2023).
Based on these explanations, faltering growth, also known as failure to thrive, can be divided into two categories of nutritional problems: individuals who have normal measurements (such as weight-for-age, length/height-for-age, and weight-for-length/height) but experience a lack of or slow weight gain, and those who already have poor anthropometric measurements or are showing a decline in child growth standards. Faltering growth can be accurately described as inadequate weight gain, and this particular characteristic is assessed by evaluating the Weight-for-Age Z-score (WAZ).

References
Cawood, A.L., Smith, C., Kinnear, F.J., Upton, L., Trace, S., O’Connor, G., Stratton, R.J., 2023. Effect of oral nutritional supplements on outcomes in children presenting with, or at risk of, faltering growth in clinical settings: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Child Heal. Care 0, 1–23.
Govender, I., Rangiah, S., Kaswa, R., Nzaumvila, D., 2021. Malnutrition in children under the age of 5 years in a primary health care setting. South African Fam. Pract. 63.
Mehta, N.M., Corkins, M.R., Lyman, B., Malone, A., Goday, P.S., Carney, L., Monczka, J.L., Plogsted, S.W., Schwenk, W.F., 2013. Defining pediatric malnutrition: A paradigm shift toward etiology-related definitions. J. Parenter. Enter. Nutr. 37, 460–481.
Viswaroopan, D., GR, A.R., U, S., Mallannavar, V., S, L.P., 2017. Undernutrition in Children: an Updated Review. Int. J. Res. Ayurveda Pharm. 8, 13–18.

Improper citations: Paragraph 5 introduction - “Urinary tract infection (UTI) contributed to the incidence of stunting in children, as it causes anorexia which leads to a stagnant or inadequate weight gain.28” in which reference 28 is “Mckenna L, Sari AH, Mane S, et al.: Pediatric Tuberculosis Research and Development: Progress. Priorities and Funding Opportunities. Pathogens. 2022; 11: 128” makes no mention of UTI’s or anorexia and therefore this is an unsupported and potentially incorrect statement which cannot be corroborated.

Dear Reviewer, I appreciate your correction. The correct citation format is (Leung et al., 2019).

Typographical errors/misspellings: “kwarshiorkhor” should be “kwashiorkor”

Dear Reviewer, thank you for the correction – We marked in blue colour

Move Table 7 (normality and homogeneity) to table 2, immediately after sample breakdown.

Dear Reviewer. Thank you for the correction

The headings for columns 4 in table 5 and table 6 seem to be incorrectly labeled. We previously flagged table 6 as needing to have a ΔIL6/IL10 ratio. Instead, it would appear that the authors have mistakenly labeled the Δ in table 5, which does not seem accurate.

Dear Reviewer. Table 6 provided a summary of the IL-10 levels categorized by anthropometry, while Table 7 provided a summary of the IL-6/IL-10 ratio categorized by anthropometry. We apologies for my inability to comprehend the messages.
Major Comments:

The entire manuscript needs grammatical revisions, including sentence restructuring. There are a number of errors that need to be addressed as their frequency and severity are hindering reader comprehension. Note, this is not an exhaustive list of examples: “While the prevalence in two- to five-year-old children in Gaza were 19.6%. 11”. “Interleukin-10 (IL-10) is an anti-inflammatory cytokines with essential roles to damp and minimalize the damage caused by the pro-inflammatory response21 from inhibiting the activation of lymphocyte T to inflict immunological reaction.” “The prevalent of tuberculosis (TB) is high in Indonesia, even increase during…” “We hypotheses that”

Dear reviewer. Thank you for the correction. We made the revision in those parts.

As previously mentioned, hypothesis driven research should begin with clear hypotheses presented in the introduction. While the authors have added hypotheses, they have not been contextualized with appropriate background literature to support the proposed relationships. As currently presented, the hypotheses are actually results that have been rephrased as hypothetical statements which is not appropriate project formulation. If the authors did not already have hypotheses formulated prior to data collection and analyses, then the analyses needs to be restructured for an exploratory protocol and therefore rerun with appropriate tests for such a study [e.g., model selection/information theoretic approach using akaike information criterion corrected (AICc) or bayesian information criterion (BIC)].

Dear Reviewer, we would like to clarify our hypothetical statements: At first, we stated the objectives of our research: "to investigate the effects of lactoferrin in oral nutritional supplements on the level of IL-6 and IL-10 in children experiencing failure to thrive and infection, during a 90-day intervention period." Our target is to figure out the effects of lactoferrin on IL-6 and IL-10. Considering that's our research was conducted on children experiencing failure-to-thrive, we want to investigate the effects of lactoferrin on their growth parameters. This is particularly important as infections, particularly proinflammatory cytokines, can hinder their food intake and subsequently affect their growth. WAZ, LAZ/HAZ, and WLZ/WHZ are anthropometric indicators used to monitor a child's growth. The hypotheses were stated in the previous revision as follows:

The inclusion of lactoferrin in oral nutritional supplements (ONS) enhances both body weight and length/height.

Supplementation of lactoferrin in oral nutritional supplements (ONS) enhances the balance of IL-6 and IL-10 levels, ultimately improving immune response homeostasis. Also, it also improves the ratio of IL-6 to IL-10.

There is a notable difference in the levels of IL-6 and IL-10, as well as the IL-6/IL-10 ratio, between at least one pair of groups with distinct nutritional statuses.

A major component that is missing from the methods was disease burden tracking for the sample participants. As stated, all participants were identified as “[failing] to thrive due to infectious illness” but it was never mentioned whether any of the participants' infections were resolved over the course of the intervention. Since disease burden is the identifying variable for this population, this is critical information, especially since individuals whose infections cleared over the period of observation would likely make significantly higher gains in weight and length/height. It is important to not conflate normal growth gains due to aging/growth and development and reduced disease burden with the impact of the ONS.

Dear reviewer, We would like to clarify that the participants in our study were experiencing infections, and throughout the study, they remained infected (without having completely recovered) while also receiving medication in addition to nutritional intervention (including diet counselling and ONS supplementation).   Despite the inclusion of "non-infection" as a characteristic of the subjects, they still encountered "other infections" while undergoing our intervention with ONS.   "Non-infection" refers to the state where individuals have successfully recovered from the initial infection (such as UTI and/or TB), but have not yet fully overcome subsequent infections due to compromised immune function resulting from the primary infection.

There needs to be a “Limitations” section to address some of the pitfalls of the study. For example, the authors could use this section to discuss the issue of doing non-fasting blood draws in the evening when the biomarkers of interest may be subject to dietary fluctuations or to diurnal variation. While this was addressed in the response to reviewers, it should be included in the text of the manuscript, so that readers are given a complete picture of the methods and the associated factors that may confound results.

Our study was limited by the lack of evaluating the probable existence of other infections among the subjects.   In this presented scenario, where all subjects are confirmed to have a bacterial infection, it is still possible for one of them to also have another infection.   An acute infection potentially caused by a viral agent could result in changes in the levels of IL-6 and IL-10. The elevated IL-6 concentration could potentially lead to a subsequent reduction in IL-10, as IL-10 functions as a regulator.   As a consequence, certain individuals may exhibit elevated IL-6 levels and reduced IL-10 levels compared to others.

As mentioned in our first review of this manuscript, the results presented in the abstract and results/discussion sections of the manuscript seem to be conflicting. Without having a control (or a healthy population, or other predetermined baselines attributing to what should be expected), there is no way to determine whether the lactoferrin and ONS is responsible for “improving” the weight gains or immune responses.

Dear Reviewer. The study we conducted was a non-randomized intervention that specifically focused children experiencing failure to thrive as a consequence of infections. We used Oral Nutritional Supplements (ONS) in this context due to its specialization and formulation for children who are particularly at risk to nutritional imbalances, such as those with acute illnesses or underlying health conditions, which enhance their potential to malnutrition. This particular formula has been regulated to legal laws. Meanwhile, multiple studies have discovered its effectiveness in treating failure to thrive or the "at-risk group." The references cited are from the works of Cawood et al. (2023) and Zhang et al. (2021).
References
Cawood, A.L., Smith, C., Kinnear, F.J., Upton, L., Trace, S., O’Connor, G., Stratton, R.J., 2023. Effect of oral nutritional supplements on outcomes in children presenting with, or at risk of, faltering growth in clinical settings: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Child Heal. Care 0, 1–23.

The authors directly addressed many of our previous comments from the original version of the manuscript in their response to the reviewer report. However, they neglected to revise those comments in the updated resubmission. For example: “Main Complaints” is still not addressed in the methods, so it is unclear how these complaints were documented/assessed (e.g., via survey at the beginning of study) and whether these complaints occurred during the course of the trial. Your response to us in the report “The complaints why the subjects visited the doctor were asked in the beginning by the nurse, “such as: what’s wrong with the baby, ma’am” should be clarified in the methods section.

The main complaints were asked of the primary reasons of the parents for bringing their children to visit a pediatrician through their initial visit to the outpatient installation unit.   The reasons were comparable, including insufficient weight gain, stagnant weight gain, and feeding difficulties.

Minor Comments:

Introduction paragraph 4 concludes by stating that infection correlates with malnutrition degree but uses WAZ or HAZ as a metric of malnutrition which is not an appropriate analogous metric (growth impairment is not a direct measure of malnourishment, rather, it is a symptom of it). Instead, risk of infection correlates with degree of growth impairment based on WAZ or HAZ.

It should be noted that malnutrition comprises two distinct forms of nutritional imbalance, notably undernutrition and obesity (Govender et al., 2021; Mehta et al., 2013). Undernutrition can be described as an imbalance between the amount of nutrients consumed and the amount of energy, protein, or micronutrients needed by an individual. This imbalance can have a negative impact on growth, development, and other pertinent outcomes (Mehta et al., 2013). It can also be defined as being underweight for one’s age, too short for one’s age (stunting), dangerously thin for one’s height (wasting), and deficient in vitamins and minerals (micronutrient deficiencies) as an outcome of insufficient food intake, inadequate care, and infectious diseases (Viswaroopan et al., 2017).
Cawood et al. (2023) define faltering growth (FG) as a condition in which there is a slowed rate of weight gain in childhood, departing from the expected the normal range for that age. Malnutrition, undernutrition, and failure to thrive are frequently mentioned as synonyms for FG. Faltering of growth (FG) is suspected when an individual's weight and/or body mass index (BMI) is lower than a specific percentile for their age, or when there is a persistent decline across multiple percentiles over time. FG can arise due to limited access to sufficient food, as well as clinical conditions that lead to inadequate nutritional status by decreases nutrient intake or increasing losses and requirements (Cawood et al., 2023).
Based on these explanations, faltering growth, also known as failure to thrive, can be divided into two categories of nutritional problems: individuals who have normal measurements (such as weight-for-age, length/height-for-age, and weight-for-length/height) but experience a lack of or slow weight gain, and those who already have poor anthropometric measurements or are showing a decline in child growth standards. Faltering growth can be accurately described as inadequate weight gain, and this particular characteristic is assessed by evaluating the Weight-for-Age Z-score (WAZ).

References
Cawood, A.L., Smith, C., Kinnear, F.J., Upton, L., Trace, S., O’Connor, G., Stratton, R.J., 2023. Effect of oral nutritional supplements on outcomes in children presenting with, or at risk of, faltering growth in clinical settings: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Child Heal. Care 0, 1–23.
Govender, I., Rangiah, S., Kaswa, R., Nzaumvila, D., 2021. Malnutrition in children under the age of 5 years in a primary health care setting. South African Fam. Pract. 63.
Mehta, N.M., Corkins, M.R., Lyman, B., Malone, A., Goday, P.S., Carney, L., Monczka, J.L., Plogsted, S.W., Schwenk, W.F., 2013. Defining pediatric malnutrition: A paradigm shift toward etiology-related definitions. J. Parenter. Enter. Nutr. 37, 460–481.
Viswaroopan, D., GR, A.R., U, S., Mallannavar, V., S, L.P., 2017. Undernutrition in Children: an Updated Review. Int. J. Res. Ayurveda Pharm. 8, 13–18.

Improper citations: Paragraph 5 introduction - “Urinary tract infection (UTI) contributed to the incidence of stunting in children, as it causes anorexia which leads to a stagnant or inadequate weight gain.28” in which reference 28 is “Mckenna L, Sari AH, Mane S, et al.: Pediatric Tuberculosis Research and Development: Progress. Priorities and Funding Opportunities. Pathogens. 2022; 11: 128” makes no mention of UTI’s or anorexia and therefore this is an unsupported and potentially incorrect statement which cannot be corroborated.

Dear Reviewer, I appreciate your correction. The correct citation format is (Leung et al., 2019).

Typographical errors/misspellings: “kwarshiorkhor” should be “kwashiorkor”

Dear Reviewer, thank you for the correction – We marked in blue colour

Move Table 7 (normality and homogeneity) to table 2, immediately after sample breakdown.

Dear Reviewer. Thank you for the correction

The headings for columns 4 in table 5 and table 6 seem to be incorrectly labeled. We previously flagged table 6 as needing to have a ΔIL6/IL10 ratio. Instead, it would appear that the authors have mistakenly labeled the Δ in table 5, which does not seem accurate.

Dear Reviewer. Table 6 provided a summary of the IL-10 levels categorized by anthropometry, while Table 7 provided a summary of the IL-6/IL-10 ratio categorized by anthropometry. We apologies for my inability to comprehend the messages.
Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Close
Report a concern
Respond or Comment

COMMENTS ON THIS REPORT

Author Response 13 Apr 2024

Nur Aisiyah Widjaja, Airlangga University, Indonesia

13 Apr 2024

Author Response
Major Comments:
1. The entire manuscript needs grammatical revisions, including sentence restructuring. There are a number of errors that need to be addressed as their frequency and severity are
... Continue reading
Major Comments:

The entire manuscript needs grammatical revisions, including sentence restructuring. There are a number of errors that need to be addressed as their frequency and severity are hindering reader comprehension. Note, this is not an exhaustive list of examples: “While the prevalence in two- to five-year-old children in Gaza were 19.6%. 11”. “Interleukin-10 (IL-10) is an anti-inflammatory cytokines with essential roles to damp and minimalize the damage caused by the pro-inflammatory response21 from inhibiting the activation of lymphocyte T to inflict immunological reaction.” “The prevalent of tuberculosis (TB) is high in Indonesia, even increase during…” “We hypotheses that”

Dear reviewer. Thank you for the correction. We made the revision in those parts.

As previously mentioned, hypothesis driven research should begin with clear hypotheses presented in the introduction. While the authors have added hypotheses, they have not been contextualized with appropriate background literature to support the proposed relationships. As currently presented, the hypotheses are actually results that have been rephrased as hypothetical statements which is not appropriate project formulation. If the authors did not already have hypotheses formulated prior to data collection and analyses, then the analyses needs to be restructured for an exploratory protocol and therefore rerun with appropriate tests for such a study [e.g., model selection/information theoretic approach using akaike information criterion corrected (AICc) or bayesian information criterion (BIC)].

Dear Reviewer, we would like to clarify our hypothetical statements: At first, we stated the objectives of our research: "to investigate the effects of lactoferrin in oral nutritional supplements on the level of IL-6 and IL-10 in children experiencing failure to thrive and infection, during a 90-day intervention period." Our target is to figure out the effects of lactoferrin on IL-6 and IL-10. Considering that's our research was conducted on children experiencing failure-to-thrive, we want to investigate the effects of lactoferrin on their growth parameters. This is particularly important as infections, particularly proinflammatory cytokines, can hinder their food intake and subsequently affect their growth. WAZ, LAZ/HAZ, and WLZ/WHZ are anthropometric indicators used to monitor a child's growth. The hypotheses were stated in the previous revision as follows:

The inclusion of lactoferrin in oral nutritional supplements (ONS) enhances both body weight and length/height.

Supplementation of lactoferrin in oral nutritional supplements (ONS) enhances the balance of IL-6 and IL-10 levels, ultimately improving immune response homeostasis. Also, it also improves the ratio of IL-6 to IL-10.

There is a notable difference in the levels of IL-6 and IL-10, as well as the IL-6/IL-10 ratio, between at least one pair of groups with distinct nutritional statuses.

A major component that is missing from the methods was disease burden tracking for the sample participants. As stated, all participants were identified as “[failing] to thrive due to infectious illness” but it was never mentioned whether any of the participants' infections were resolved over the course of the intervention. Since disease burden is the identifying variable for this population, this is critical information, especially since individuals whose infections cleared over the period of observation would likely make significantly higher gains in weight and length/height. It is important to not conflate normal growth gains due to aging/growth and development and reduced disease burden with the impact of the ONS.

Dear reviewer, We would like to clarify that the participants in our study were experiencing infections, and throughout the study, they remained infected (without having completely recovered) while also receiving medication in addition to nutritional intervention (including diet counselling and ONS supplementation).   Despite the inclusion of "non-infection" as a characteristic of the subjects, they still encountered "other infections" while undergoing our intervention with ONS.   "Non-infection" refers to the state where individuals have successfully recovered from the initial infection (such as UTI and/or TB), but have not yet fully overcome subsequent infections due to compromised immune function resulting from the primary infection.

There needs to be a “Limitations” section to address some of the pitfalls of the study. For example, the authors could use this section to discuss the issue of doing non-fasting blood draws in the evening when the biomarkers of interest may be subject to dietary fluctuations or to diurnal variation. While this was addressed in the response to reviewers, it should be included in the text of the manuscript, so that readers are given a complete picture of the methods and the associated factors that may confound results.

Our study was limited by the lack of evaluating the probable existence of other infections among the subjects.   In this presented scenario, where all subjects are confirmed to have a bacterial infection, it is still possible for one of them to also have another infection.   An acute infection potentially caused by a viral agent could result in changes in the levels of IL-6 and IL-10. The elevated IL-6 concentration could potentially lead to a subsequent reduction in IL-10, as IL-10 functions as a regulator.   As a consequence, certain individuals may exhibit elevated IL-6 levels and reduced IL-10 levels compared to others.

As mentioned in our first review of this manuscript, the results presented in the abstract and results/discussion sections of the manuscript seem to be conflicting. Without having a control (or a healthy population, or other predetermined baselines attributing to what should be expected), there is no way to determine whether the lactoferrin and ONS is responsible for “improving” the weight gains or immune responses.

Dear Reviewer. The study we conducted was a non-randomized intervention that specifically focused children experiencing failure to thrive as a consequence of infections. We used Oral Nutritional Supplements (ONS) in this context due to its specialization and formulation for children who are particularly at risk to nutritional imbalances, such as those with acute illnesses or underlying health conditions, which enhance their potential to malnutrition. This particular formula has been regulated to legal laws. Meanwhile, multiple studies have discovered its effectiveness in treating failure to thrive or the "at-risk group." The references cited are from the works of Cawood et al. (2023) and Zhang et al. (2021).
References
Cawood, A.L., Smith, C., Kinnear, F.J., Upton, L., Trace, S., O’Connor, G., Stratton, R.J., 2023. Effect of oral nutritional supplements on outcomes in children presenting with, or at risk of, faltering growth in clinical settings: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Child Heal. Care 0, 1–23.

The authors directly addressed many of our previous comments from the original version of the manuscript in their response to the reviewer report. However, they neglected to revise those comments in the updated resubmission. For example: “Main Complaints” is still not addressed in the methods, so it is unclear how these complaints were documented/assessed (e.g., via survey at the beginning of study) and whether these complaints occurred during the course of the trial. Your response to us in the report “The complaints why the subjects visited the doctor were asked in the beginning by the nurse, “such as: what’s wrong with the baby, ma’am” should be clarified in the methods section.

The main complaints were asked of the primary reasons of the parents for bringing their children to visit a pediatrician through their initial visit to the outpatient installation unit.   The reasons were comparable, including insufficient weight gain, stagnant weight gain, and feeding difficulties.

Minor Comments:

Introduction paragraph 4 concludes by stating that infection correlates with malnutrition degree but uses WAZ or HAZ as a metric of malnutrition which is not an appropriate analogous metric (growth impairment is not a direct measure of malnourishment, rather, it is a symptom of it). Instead, risk of infection correlates with degree of growth impairment based on WAZ or HAZ.

It should be noted that malnutrition comprises two distinct forms of nutritional imbalance, notably undernutrition and obesity (Govender et al., 2021; Mehta et al., 2013). Undernutrition can be described as an imbalance between the amount of nutrients consumed and the amount of energy, protein, or micronutrients needed by an individual. This imbalance can have a negative impact on growth, development, and other pertinent outcomes (Mehta et al., 2013). It can also be defined as being underweight for one’s age, too short for one’s age (stunting), dangerously thin for one’s height (wasting), and deficient in vitamins and minerals (micronutrient deficiencies) as an outcome of insufficient food intake, inadequate care, and infectious diseases (Viswaroopan et al., 2017).
Cawood et al. (2023) define faltering growth (FG) as a condition in which there is a slowed rate of weight gain in childhood, departing from the expected the normal range for that age. Malnutrition, undernutrition, and failure to thrive are frequently mentioned as synonyms for FG. Faltering of growth (FG) is suspected when an individual's weight and/or body mass index (BMI) is lower than a specific percentile for their age, or when there is a persistent decline across multiple percentiles over time. FG can arise due to limited access to sufficient food, as well as clinical conditions that lead to inadequate nutritional status by decreases nutrient intake or increasing losses and requirements (Cawood et al., 2023).
Based on these explanations, faltering growth, also known as failure to thrive, can be divided into two categories of nutritional problems: individuals who have normal measurements (such as weight-for-age, length/height-for-age, and weight-for-length/height) but experience a lack of or slow weight gain, and those who already have poor anthropometric measurements or are showing a decline in child growth standards. Faltering growth can be accurately described as inadequate weight gain, and this particular characteristic is assessed by evaluating the Weight-for-Age Z-score (WAZ).

References
Cawood, A.L., Smith, C., Kinnear, F.J., Upton, L., Trace, S., O’Connor, G., Stratton, R.J., 2023. Effect of oral nutritional supplements on outcomes in children presenting with, or at risk of, faltering growth in clinical settings: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Child Heal. Care 0, 1–23.
Govender, I., Rangiah, S., Kaswa, R., Nzaumvila, D., 2021. Malnutrition in children under the age of 5 years in a primary health care setting. South African Fam. Pract. 63.
Mehta, N.M., Corkins, M.R., Lyman, B., Malone, A., Goday, P.S., Carney, L., Monczka, J.L., Plogsted, S.W., Schwenk, W.F., 2013. Defining pediatric malnutrition: A paradigm shift toward etiology-related definitions. J. Parenter. Enter. Nutr. 37, 460–481.
Viswaroopan, D., GR, A.R., U, S., Mallannavar, V., S, L.P., 2017. Undernutrition in Children: an Updated Review. Int. J. Res. Ayurveda Pharm. 8, 13–18.

Improper citations: Paragraph 5 introduction - “Urinary tract infection (UTI) contributed to the incidence of stunting in children, as it causes anorexia which leads to a stagnant or inadequate weight gain.28” in which reference 28 is “Mckenna L, Sari AH, Mane S, et al.: Pediatric Tuberculosis Research and Development: Progress. Priorities and Funding Opportunities. Pathogens. 2022; 11: 128” makes no mention of UTI’s or anorexia and therefore this is an unsupported and potentially incorrect statement which cannot be corroborated.

Dear Reviewer, I appreciate your correction. The correct citation format is (Leung et al., 2019).

Typographical errors/misspellings: “kwarshiorkhor” should be “kwashiorkor”

Dear Reviewer, thank you for the correction – We marked in blue colour

Move Table 7 (normality and homogeneity) to table 2, immediately after sample breakdown.

Dear Reviewer. Thank you for the correction

The headings for columns 4 in table 5 and table 6 seem to be incorrectly labeled. We previously flagged table 6 as needing to have a ΔIL6/IL10 ratio. Instead, it would appear that the authors have mistakenly labeled the Δ in table 5, which does not seem accurate.

Dear Reviewer. Table 6 provided a summary of the IL-10 levels categorized by anthropometry, while Table 7 provided a summary of the IL-6/IL-10 ratio categorized by anthropometry. We apologies for my inability to comprehend the messages.
Major Comments:

The entire manuscript needs grammatical revisions, including sentence restructuring. There are a number of errors that need to be addressed as their frequency and severity are hindering reader comprehension. Note, this is not an exhaustive list of examples: “While the prevalence in two- to five-year-old children in Gaza were 19.6%. 11”. “Interleukin-10 (IL-10) is an anti-inflammatory cytokines with essential roles to damp and minimalize the damage caused by the pro-inflammatory response21 from inhibiting the activation of lymphocyte T to inflict immunological reaction.” “The prevalent of tuberculosis (TB) is high in Indonesia, even increase during…” “We hypotheses that”

Dear reviewer. Thank you for the correction. We made the revision in those parts.

As previously mentioned, hypothesis driven research should begin with clear hypotheses presented in the introduction. While the authors have added hypotheses, they have not been contextualized with appropriate background literature to support the proposed relationships. As currently presented, the hypotheses are actually results that have been rephrased as hypothetical statements which is not appropriate project formulation. If the authors did not already have hypotheses formulated prior to data collection and analyses, then the analyses needs to be restructured for an exploratory protocol and therefore rerun with appropriate tests for such a study [e.g., model selection/information theoretic approach using akaike information criterion corrected (AICc) or bayesian information criterion (BIC)].

Dear Reviewer, we would like to clarify our hypothetical statements: At first, we stated the objectives of our research: "to investigate the effects of lactoferrin in oral nutritional supplements on the level of IL-6 and IL-10 in children experiencing failure to thrive and infection, during a 90-day intervention period." Our target is to figure out the effects of lactoferrin on IL-6 and IL-10. Considering that's our research was conducted on children experiencing failure-to-thrive, we want to investigate the effects of lactoferrin on their growth parameters. This is particularly important as infections, particularly proinflammatory cytokines, can hinder their food intake and subsequently affect their growth. WAZ, LAZ/HAZ, and WLZ/WHZ are anthropometric indicators used to monitor a child's growth. The hypotheses were stated in the previous revision as follows:

The inclusion of lactoferrin in oral nutritional supplements (ONS) enhances both body weight and length/height.

Supplementation of lactoferrin in oral nutritional supplements (ONS) enhances the balance of IL-6 and IL-10 levels, ultimately improving immune response homeostasis. Also, it also improves the ratio of IL-6 to IL-10.

There is a notable difference in the levels of IL-6 and IL-10, as well as the IL-6/IL-10 ratio, between at least one pair of groups with distinct nutritional statuses.

A major component that is missing from the methods was disease burden tracking for the sample participants. As stated, all participants were identified as “[failing] to thrive due to infectious illness” but it was never mentioned whether any of the participants' infections were resolved over the course of the intervention. Since disease burden is the identifying variable for this population, this is critical information, especially since individuals whose infections cleared over the period of observation would likely make significantly higher gains in weight and length/height. It is important to not conflate normal growth gains due to aging/growth and development and reduced disease burden with the impact of the ONS.

Dear reviewer, We would like to clarify that the participants in our study were experiencing infections, and throughout the study, they remained infected (without having completely recovered) while also receiving medication in addition to nutritional intervention (including diet counselling and ONS supplementation).   Despite the inclusion of "non-infection" as a characteristic of the subjects, they still encountered "other infections" while undergoing our intervention with ONS.   "Non-infection" refers to the state where individuals have successfully recovered from the initial infection (such as UTI and/or TB), but have not yet fully overcome subsequent infections due to compromised immune function resulting from the primary infection.

There needs to be a “Limitations” section to address some of the pitfalls of the study. For example, the authors could use this section to discuss the issue of doing non-fasting blood draws in the evening when the biomarkers of interest may be subject to dietary fluctuations or to diurnal variation. While this was addressed in the response to reviewers, it should be included in the text of the manuscript, so that readers are given a complete picture of the methods and the associated factors that may confound results.

Our study was limited by the lack of evaluating the probable existence of other infections among the subjects.   In this presented scenario, where all subjects are confirmed to have a bacterial infection, it is still possible for one of them to also have another infection.   An acute infection potentially caused by a viral agent could result in changes in the levels of IL-6 and IL-10. The elevated IL-6 concentration could potentially lead to a subsequent reduction in IL-10, as IL-10 functions as a regulator.   As a consequence, certain individuals may exhibit elevated IL-6 levels and reduced IL-10 levels compared to others.

As mentioned in our first review of this manuscript, the results presented in the abstract and results/discussion sections of the manuscript seem to be conflicting. Without having a control (or a healthy population, or other predetermined baselines attributing to what should be expected), there is no way to determine whether the lactoferrin and ONS is responsible for “improving” the weight gains or immune responses.

Dear Reviewer. The study we conducted was a non-randomized intervention that specifically focused children experiencing failure to thrive as a consequence of infections. We used Oral Nutritional Supplements (ONS) in this context due to its specialization and formulation for children who are particularly at risk to nutritional imbalances, such as those with acute illnesses or underlying health conditions, which enhance their potential to malnutrition. This particular formula has been regulated to legal laws. Meanwhile, multiple studies have discovered its effectiveness in treating failure to thrive or the "at-risk group." The references cited are from the works of Cawood et al. (2023) and Zhang et al. (2021).
References
Cawood, A.L., Smith, C., Kinnear, F.J., Upton, L., Trace, S., O’Connor, G., Stratton, R.J., 2023. Effect of oral nutritional supplements on outcomes in children presenting with, or at risk of, faltering growth in clinical settings: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Child Heal. Care 0, 1–23.

The authors directly addressed many of our previous comments from the original version of the manuscript in their response to the reviewer report. However, they neglected to revise those comments in the updated resubmission. For example: “Main Complaints” is still not addressed in the methods, so it is unclear how these complaints were documented/assessed (e.g., via survey at the beginning of study) and whether these complaints occurred during the course of the trial. Your response to us in the report “The complaints why the subjects visited the doctor were asked in the beginning by the nurse, “such as: what’s wrong with the baby, ma’am” should be clarified in the methods section.

The main complaints were asked of the primary reasons of the parents for bringing their children to visit a pediatrician through their initial visit to the outpatient installation unit.   The reasons were comparable, including insufficient weight gain, stagnant weight gain, and feeding difficulties.

Minor Comments:

Introduction paragraph 4 concludes by stating that infection correlates with malnutrition degree but uses WAZ or HAZ as a metric of malnutrition which is not an appropriate analogous metric (growth impairment is not a direct measure of malnourishment, rather, it is a symptom of it). Instead, risk of infection correlates with degree of growth impairment based on WAZ or HAZ.

It should be noted that malnutrition comprises two distinct forms of nutritional imbalance, notably undernutrition and obesity (Govender et al., 2021; Mehta et al., 2013). Undernutrition can be described as an imbalance between the amount of nutrients consumed and the amount of energy, protein, or micronutrients needed by an individual. This imbalance can have a negative impact on growth, development, and other pertinent outcomes (Mehta et al., 2013). It can also be defined as being underweight for one’s age, too short for one’s age (stunting), dangerously thin for one’s height (wasting), and deficient in vitamins and minerals (micronutrient deficiencies) as an outcome of insufficient food intake, inadequate care, and infectious diseases (Viswaroopan et al., 2017).
Cawood et al. (2023) define faltering growth (FG) as a condition in which there is a slowed rate of weight gain in childhood, departing from the expected the normal range for that age. Malnutrition, undernutrition, and failure to thrive are frequently mentioned as synonyms for FG. Faltering of growth (FG) is suspected when an individual's weight and/or body mass index (BMI) is lower than a specific percentile for their age, or when there is a persistent decline across multiple percentiles over time. FG can arise due to limited access to sufficient food, as well as clinical conditions that lead to inadequate nutritional status by decreases nutrient intake or increasing losses and requirements (Cawood et al., 2023).
Based on these explanations, faltering growth, also known as failure to thrive, can be divided into two categories of nutritional problems: individuals who have normal measurements (such as weight-for-age, length/height-for-age, and weight-for-length/height) but experience a lack of or slow weight gain, and those who already have poor anthropometric measurements or are showing a decline in child growth standards. Faltering growth can be accurately described as inadequate weight gain, and this particular characteristic is assessed by evaluating the Weight-for-Age Z-score (WAZ).

References
Cawood, A.L., Smith, C., Kinnear, F.J., Upton, L., Trace, S., O’Connor, G., Stratton, R.J., 2023. Effect of oral nutritional supplements on outcomes in children presenting with, or at risk of, faltering growth in clinical settings: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Child Heal. Care 0, 1–23.
Govender, I., Rangiah, S., Kaswa, R., Nzaumvila, D., 2021. Malnutrition in children under the age of 5 years in a primary health care setting. South African Fam. Pract. 63.
Mehta, N.M., Corkins, M.R., Lyman, B., Malone, A., Goday, P.S., Carney, L., Monczka, J.L., Plogsted, S.W., Schwenk, W.F., 2013. Defining pediatric malnutrition: A paradigm shift toward etiology-related definitions. J. Parenter. Enter. Nutr. 37, 460–481.
Viswaroopan, D., GR, A.R., U, S., Mallannavar, V., S, L.P., 2017. Undernutrition in Children: an Updated Review. Int. J. Res. Ayurveda Pharm. 8, 13–18.

Improper citations: Paragraph 5 introduction - “Urinary tract infection (UTI) contributed to the incidence of stunting in children, as it causes anorexia which leads to a stagnant or inadequate weight gain.28” in which reference 28 is “Mckenna L, Sari AH, Mane S, et al.: Pediatric Tuberculosis Research and Development: Progress. Priorities and Funding Opportunities. Pathogens. 2022; 11: 128” makes no mention of UTI’s or anorexia and therefore this is an unsupported and potentially incorrect statement which cannot be corroborated.

Dear Reviewer, I appreciate your correction. The correct citation format is (Leung et al., 2019).

Typographical errors/misspellings: “kwarshiorkhor” should be “kwashiorkor”

Dear Reviewer, thank you for the correction – We marked in blue colour

Move Table 7 (normality and homogeneity) to table 2, immediately after sample breakdown.

Dear Reviewer. Thank you for the correction

The headings for columns 4 in table 5 and table 6 seem to be incorrectly labeled. We previously flagged table 6 as needing to have a ΔIL6/IL10 ratio. Instead, it would appear that the authors have mistakenly labeled the Δ in table 5, which does not seem accurate.

Dear Reviewer. Table 6 provided a summary of the IL-10 levels categorized by anthropometry, while Table 7 provided a summary of the IL-6/IL-10 ratio categorized by anthropometry. We apologies for my inability to comprehend the messages.
Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Close
Report a concern

Views

Reviewer Report 30 Oct 2023

Vinutha U. Muktamath, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad, India

Approved with Reservations

https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.155554.r217434

The article has been revised and the discussion is improvised. But again the mention in the sample size says the sample size was 80 subjects; pre- and post-design needed for the study was 160 samples. The 160 gives a meaning that there were 160 different samples. But the same 80 will be for pre and post-test. So mention the sample size was 80 and they were tested at baseline(pretest) and Post-test after intervention.

The hypothesis should be stated as either a null hypothesis or an alternative hypothesis. There should be 3-4 hypotheses and very simple

Example

Null hypothesis-Lactoferrin in ONS does not improve body weight and length,
Lf supplementation in ONS does not improve immune response homeostasis by balancing IL-6 and IL-10 levels and by improving the IL-6/IL-10 ratio.

Alternative Hypothesis
-Lactoferrin in ONS improves body weight and length,
Lf supplementation in ONS improves immune response homeostasis by balancing IL-6 and IL-10 levels and by improving the IL-6/IL-10 ratio.

Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed.

Reviewer Expertise: Assessment of children, Differently abled and elderly

I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above.

CITE

Report a concern

Author Response 19 Dec 2023

Nur Aisiyah Widjaja, Airlangga University, Indonesia

19 Dec 2023

Author Response
Reviewer notes 1:
The article has been revised and the discussion is improvised. But again the mention in the sample size says the sample size was 80 subjects; pre- and ... Continue reading
Reviewer notes 1:
The article has been revised and the discussion is improvised. But again the mention in the sample size says the sample size was 80 subjects; pre- and post-design needed for the study was 160 samples. The 160 gives a meaning that there were 160 different samples. But the same 80 will be for pre and post-test. So mention the sample size was 80 and they were tested at baseline(pretest) and Post-test after intervention.

Response:
Dear Sir,
We are sorry for not understanding the suggestion in the first review. Here we made the changes in the manuscript.

Reviewer notes 2:
The hypothesis should be stated as either a null hypothesis or an alternative hypothesis. There should be 3-4 hypotheses and very simple
Example
Null hypothesis-Lactoferrin in ONS does not improve body weight and length,
Lf supplementation in ONS does not improve immune response homeostasis by balancing IL-6 and IL-10 levels and by improving the IL-6/IL-10 ratio.
Alternative Hypothesis
-Lactoferrin in ONS improves body weight and length,
Lf supplementation in ONS improves immune response homeostasis by balancing IL-6 and IL-10 levels and by improving the IL-6/IL-10 ratio.

Response:
Dear Sir. Thank you for your suggestion to shorten our hypothesis. Here we choose to use the second suggestion (H alternatives).

Lactoferrin in ONS improves body weight and length/height.

Lactoferrin supplementation in ONS improves immune response homeostasis by balancing IL-6 and IL-10 levels, and by improving the IL-6/IL-10 ratio.

At least there was a pair of groups of nutritional status had a significant difference of IL-6 and IL-10 levels, and the IL-6/IL-10 ratio.
Reviewer notes 1:
The article has been revised and the discussion is improvised. But again the mention in the sample size says the sample size was 80 subjects; pre- and post-design needed for the study was 160 samples. The 160 gives a meaning that there were 160 different samples. But the same 80 will be for pre and post-test. So mention the sample size was 80 and they were tested at baseline(pretest) and Post-test after intervention.

Response:
Dear Sir,
We are sorry for not understanding the suggestion in the first review. Here we made the changes in the manuscript.

Reviewer notes 2:
The hypothesis should be stated as either a null hypothesis or an alternative hypothesis. There should be 3-4 hypotheses and very simple
Example
Null hypothesis-Lactoferrin in ONS does not improve body weight and length,
Lf supplementation in ONS does not improve immune response homeostasis by balancing IL-6 and IL-10 levels and by improving the IL-6/IL-10 ratio.
Alternative Hypothesis
-Lactoferrin in ONS improves body weight and length,
Lf supplementation in ONS improves immune response homeostasis by balancing IL-6 and IL-10 levels and by improving the IL-6/IL-10 ratio.

Response:
Dear Sir. Thank you for your suggestion to shorten our hypothesis. Here we choose to use the second suggestion (H alternatives).

Lactoferrin in ONS improves body weight and length/height.

Lactoferrin supplementation in ONS improves immune response homeostasis by balancing IL-6 and IL-10 levels, and by improving the IL-6/IL-10 ratio.

At least there was a pair of groups of nutritional status had a significant difference of IL-6 and IL-10 levels, and the IL-6/IL-10 ratio.
Competing Interests: The authors report no conflict of interests Close
Report a concern
Respond or Comment

COMMENTS ON THIS REPORT

Author Response 19 Dec 2023

Nur Aisiyah Widjaja, Airlangga University, Indonesia

19 Dec 2023

Author Response
Reviewer notes 1:
The article has been revised and the discussion is improvised. But again the mention in the sample size says the sample size was 80 subjects; pre- and ... Continue reading
Reviewer notes 1:
The article has been revised and the discussion is improvised. But again the mention in the sample size says the sample size was 80 subjects; pre- and post-design needed for the study was 160 samples. The 160 gives a meaning that there were 160 different samples. But the same 80 will be for pre and post-test. So mention the sample size was 80 and they were tested at baseline(pretest) and Post-test after intervention.

Response:
Dear Sir,
We are sorry for not understanding the suggestion in the first review. Here we made the changes in the manuscript.

Reviewer notes 2:
The hypothesis should be stated as either a null hypothesis or an alternative hypothesis. There should be 3-4 hypotheses and very simple
Example
Null hypothesis-Lactoferrin in ONS does not improve body weight and length,
Lf supplementation in ONS does not improve immune response homeostasis by balancing IL-6 and IL-10 levels and by improving the IL-6/IL-10 ratio.
Alternative Hypothesis
-Lactoferrin in ONS improves body weight and length,
Lf supplementation in ONS improves immune response homeostasis by balancing IL-6 and IL-10 levels and by improving the IL-6/IL-10 ratio.

Response:
Dear Sir. Thank you for your suggestion to shorten our hypothesis. Here we choose to use the second suggestion (H alternatives).

Lactoferrin in ONS improves body weight and length/height.

Lactoferrin supplementation in ONS improves immune response homeostasis by balancing IL-6 and IL-10 levels, and by improving the IL-6/IL-10 ratio.

At least there was a pair of groups of nutritional status had a significant difference of IL-6 and IL-10 levels, and the IL-6/IL-10 ratio.
Reviewer notes 1:
The article has been revised and the discussion is improvised. But again the mention in the sample size says the sample size was 80 subjects; pre- and post-design needed for the study was 160 samples. The 160 gives a meaning that there were 160 different samples. But the same 80 will be for pre and post-test. So mention the sample size was 80 and they were tested at baseline(pretest) and Post-test after intervention.

Response:
Dear Sir,
We are sorry for not understanding the suggestion in the first review. Here we made the changes in the manuscript.

Reviewer notes 2:
The hypothesis should be stated as either a null hypothesis or an alternative hypothesis. There should be 3-4 hypotheses and very simple
Example
Null hypothesis-Lactoferrin in ONS does not improve body weight and length,
Lf supplementation in ONS does not improve immune response homeostasis by balancing IL-6 and IL-10 levels and by improving the IL-6/IL-10 ratio.
Alternative Hypothesis
-Lactoferrin in ONS improves body weight and length,
Lf supplementation in ONS improves immune response homeostasis by balancing IL-6 and IL-10 levels and by improving the IL-6/IL-10 ratio.

Response:
Dear Sir. Thank you for your suggestion to shorten our hypothesis. Here we choose to use the second suggestion (H alternatives).

Lactoferrin in ONS improves body weight and length/height.

Lactoferrin supplementation in ONS improves immune response homeostasis by balancing IL-6 and IL-10 levels, and by improving the IL-6/IL-10 ratio.

At least there was a pair of groups of nutritional status had a significant difference of IL-6 and IL-10 levels, and the IL-6/IL-10 ratio.
Competing Interests: The authors report no conflict of interests Close
Report a concern

Version 1

VERSION 1

PUBLISHED 28 Jul 2023

Views

Reviewer Report 30 Aug 2023

Rachael Anyim, Anthropology, Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York, USA

Mallory Peters, Anthropology, Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York, USA

Approved with Reservations

https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.142910.r197396

Widjaja et al.’s manuscript highlights growth failure in children (diagnosed with infectious diseases) and whether lactoferrin in oral nutrition supplementation improves their immune responses, captured here via changes in pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines, interleukin-6 and interleukin-10, respectively. Participating children received lactoferrin in oral nutrition supplementation for a period of 90 days, which the authors claim resulted in increased body length and weight, as well as decreased interleukin-10 and interleukin-6 (though the latter was not statistically significant between pre- and post-intervention). Furthermore, children with severe growth stunting experienced a larger decrease in interleukin-6 compared to children of normal stature.

As a whole, the authors’ manuscript is very detailed and well written, evidenced by their thorough references to the current literature. The methods for data collection are written clearly for replication and the study is well executed. However, the paper could benefit from some reorganizing. For example, “stunting” is defined on page 12 in the middle of paragraph 3 but should be discussed much earlier in the paper (i.e., in the introduction). The statistics presented also need a significant overhaul. See “Major Comments” and “Minor Comments” for additional details.

Major Comments:

The introduction section should be expanded to include functions/relevance of interleukin-10 (not just IL-6 and lactoferrin), definitions of stunting versus wasting, and outline the growth standards used. It could also benefit from highlighting the study scope and setting. For example, in the first paragraph in the discussion section (page 11), it is unclear why the authors discuss the prevalence of stunting in other countries when these have not been previously addressed. It might be better to move this information to the introduction to improve the background information presented and flesh out the current relevance to Indonesia in particular. It could be useful to state the rationale for conducting this study in Indonesia, what infectious disease burdens are prevalent in the area (e.g., urinary tract infections and tuberculosis are mentioned in the methods but then COVID-19 and pneumonia are in the discussion) and whether these may be confounding variables in analyses. If available within the data they collected, the authors could also address cultural considerations since part of the intervention includes dietary counseling and dietary supplementation of animal protein, as well as whether participants are still breastfeeding and how this might impact the generated results.
While the authors have cited the literature, they have not stated what hypotheses may be driving their analyses and what results they expect to yield. These should be foregrounded in the introduction for readers.
Methods for data collection, including anthropometrics and blood draws, seem appropriate. However, it would have been good to see a discussion on the volume of blood drawn and whether it was a fasting draw, as well as information on time of day for collections since some bioactive properties (e.g., IL-6) can exhibit diurnal variation, thereby confounding the results. The authors have only one sentence detailing their statistical analyses and superscripts in corresponding tables, which severely limits the replicability of their quantitative methods. It would be useful to expand on their methods here - including the results of normality and homogeneity tests and clearly describing which tests were performed on which variables, so that there is no confusion as to how analyses were conducted.
Clarification on the results presented would be helpful; as currently written, there seem to be mismatches between the statistics and the authors’ reports/concluding statements. We wonder if, perhaps, different tests are reported in the text versus in the tables; if so, the results yielded in those tests should match those in the tables/text. For example, in the abstract the authors suggest that IL-10 was significantly reduced after intervention. However, the closest value to statistical significance is p-value = 0.076 presented in Table 5. Additionally, they state that their intervention improved the IL-6/IL-10 ratio. However, there are no statistically significant differences in pre- and post-intervention ratios, as seen in Table 6. Convention is moving beyond solely using p < 0.05 as a threshold for data interpretation, so if that is the case here, the authors should disclose their cutoff point for determining “significant” results. Furthermore, the authors should remodel their tables to not only include p-values but also to include the comprehensive test results, test statistics, and effect sizes/magnitude of the effect. The p-values, means, and standard deviations presented do not convey a complete picture of the story written in the abstract and in the paper itself. Additionally, presenting SD as a +/- value suggests symmetry of data without actually testing for it. It could be useful if the authors instead did repeated measures ANOVA of pre- and post-intervention within group changes for IL-6 and IL-10, as well as present the tests of normality and homogeneity and the results of those tests. Additionally, clarification on the specific growth curves being used and how it was determined that Oral Nutrition Supplement intervention improved body weight and length/height could also be useful. For example, Table 1/paragraph 1 states that age, body weight, and height age were lower in group 1 versus group 2. However, the groups were broken up by age, so these changes could largely be innate and not necessarily linked to ONS supplementation. Table 2 presents a similar issue. Were the authors comparing these metrics to external growth standards? If so, those standards are not clearly identified here (aside from mentioning WHO Anthro). If not, how were the authors able to confirm whether the growth is an actual improvement of health due to the ONS intervention and not the result of normal growth over the three-month period? Perhaps, it may also be useful to add the rationale in age group cutoffs (i.e., group 1 vs. group 2).

Minor Comments:

Sentence Structure: In the introduction section’s first paragraph (page 3), the authors can remove “still”, as it presupposes the audience is aware of growth failure as a historic health problem. In paragraph two, the second to last sentence serves no clear purpose and should either be expanded or removed. The first 2 sentences in the third paragraph can be consolidated a bit. The first sentence in the last paragraph on page 11 (“Lactoferrin…act accordingly and limits tissue damage”) doesn’t seem to make sense with the last clause. This may be due to missing words or punctuation.
Typographical Errors and Points of Clarification: In the discussion section, “secrets” should be “secretes” in the twelfth paragraph (page 13). “Main Complains”, in Table 1, should be “Main Complaints”. Furthermore, “Main Complaints” were not addressed in the methods, so it is unclear how these complaints were documented/assessed (e.g., via survey at the beginning of study) and whether these complaints occurred during the course of the trial. “Liquid pups” should also be corrected in the table. Weight faltering (“normo-weight”) is unclearly defined in the table and in the text of the paper. In the far right column of Table 6, the column is labeled as ΔIL-10 but should be ΔIL-6/IL-10. It could also be useful if the authors clarified in the methods how animal protein supplementation was conducted, the rationale behind it, and how its application was measured.

Overall, the study design and work presented have academic merit, as well as public health implications. If, for example, a relatively inexpensive intervention demonstrates positive health outcomes, this is a valid justification for using it in potentially low-income, nutrient impoverished, or high disease-burden settings. However, for the reasons stated above, it is a little difficult to accurately assess whether there is a reduction in IL-6 and if this is indeed directly related to the intervention.

Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature?

Partly
Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound?

Yes
Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others?

Partly
If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate?

No
Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility?

Yes
Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results?

Partly

Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed.

CITE

Report a concern

Author Response 20 Oct 2023

Nur Aisiyah Widjaja, Airlangga University, Indonesia

20 Oct 2023

Author Response

As a whole, the authors’ manuscript is very detailed and well written, evidenced by their thorough references to the current literature. The methods for data collection are written clearly for ... Continue reading As a whole, the authors’ manuscript is very detailed and well written, evidenced by their thorough references to the current literature. The methods for data collection are written clearly for replication and the study is well executed. However, the paper could benefit from some reorganizing. For example, “stunting” is defined on page 12 in the middle of paragraph 3 but should be discussed much earlier in the paper (i.e., in the introduction). The statistics presented also need a significant overhaul. See “Major Comments” and “Minor Comments” for additional details.

Response: Paragraph 2 sentences 2, and soon

Major Comments:
The introduction section should be expanded to include functions/relevance of interleukin-10 (not just IL-6 and lactoferrin), definitions of stunting versus wasting, and outline the growth standards used.
Response: Noted: Paragraph 2 sentences 2 to 3.

It could also benefit from highlighting the study scope and setting. For example, in the first paragraph in the discussion section (page 11), it is unclear why the authors discuss the prevalence of stunting in other countries when these have not been previously addressed. It might be better to move this information to the introduction to improve the background information presented and flesh out the current relevance to Indonesia in particular.
Response: Noted: Paragraph 2 sentences 4 until the last paragraph.

It could be useful to state the rationale for conducting this study in Indonesia, what infectious disease burdens are prevalent in the area (e.g., urinary tract infections and tuberculosis are mentioned in the methods
Response: Noted. Paragraph 5.

But then COVID-19 and pneumonia are in the discussion) and whether these may be confounding variables in analyses.
Response: We add COVID-19 due to during the intervention, we found that our subjects were infected. As for pneumonia, we found this infection in several subjects. We thought those disease as the confounding factors, but after we analysed statistically, they didn’t (p>0.05).

If available within the data they collected, the authors could also address cultural considerations since part of the intervention includes dietary counseling and dietary supplementation of animal protein, as well as whether participants are still breastfeeding and how this might impact the generated results.

Response: All of the subjects had breastfed predominantly (those under 2 years old), but the older ones consume growing up formula.

While the authors have cited the literature, they have not stated what hypotheses may be driving their analyses and what results they expect to yield. These should be foregrounded in the introduction for readers.
Response: Noted: The last sentences in introduction, and hypotheses in the methods.

Methods for data collection, including anthropometrics and blood draws, seem appropriate. However, it would have been good to see a discussion on the volume of blood drawn and whether it was a fasting draw, as well as information on time of day for collections since some bioactive properties (e.g., IL-6) can exhibit diurnal variation, thereby confounding the results.
Response: Noted: Paragraph 2 sub heading intervention in Method. Due to the researchers working during evening until night, the subjects were taken the blood at that time by the laboratory employee accompanied by the doctor’s nurses without fasting.

The authors have only one sentence detailing their statistical analyses and superscripts in corresponding tables, which severely limits the replicability of their quantitative methods. It would be useful to expand on their methods here - including the results of normality and homogeneity tests and clearly describing which tests were performed on which variables, so that there is no confusion as to how analyses were conducted.
Response: Noted: Table 7

Clarification on the results presented would be helpful; as currently written, there seem to be mismatches between the statistics and the authors’ reports/concluding statements. We wonder if, perhaps, different tests are reported in the text versus in the tables; if so, the results yielded in those tests should match those in the tables/text. For example, in the abstract the authors suggest that IL-10 was significantly reduced after intervention. However, the closest value to statistical significance is p-value = 0.076 presented in Table 5. Additionally, they state that their intervention improved the IL-6/IL-10 ratio. However, there are no statistically significant differences in pre- and post-intervention ratios, as seen in Table 6. Convention is moving beyond solely using p < 0.05 as a threshold for data interpretation, so if that is the case here, the authors should disclose their cutoff point for determining “significant” results. Furthermore, the authors should remodel their tables to not only include p-values but also to include the comprehensive test results, test statistics, and effect sizes/magnitude of the effect. The p-values, means, and standard deviations presented do not convey a complete picture of the story written in the abstract and in the paper itself. Additionally, presenting SD as a +/- value suggests symmetry of data without actually testing for it. It could be useful if the authors instead did repeated measures ANOVA of pre- and post-intervention within group changes for IL-6 and IL-10, as well as present the tests of normality and homogeneity and the results of those tests. Additionally, clarification on the specific growth curves being used and how it was determined that Oral Nutrition Supplement intervention improved body weight and length/height could also be useful. For example, Table 1/paragraph 1 states that age, body weight, and height age were lower in group 1 versus group 2. However, the groups were broken up by age, so these changes could largely be innate and not necessarily linked to ONS supplementation. Table 2 presents a similar issue. Were the authors comparing these metrics to external growth standards? If so, those standards are not clearly identified here (aside from mentioning WHO Anthro). If not, how were the authors able to confirm whether the growth is an actual improvement of health due to the ONS intervention and not the result of normal growth over the three-month period? Perhaps, it may also be useful to add the rationale in age group cutoffs (i.e., group 1 vs. group 2).
Response: : Dear reviewer, the statement of IL-10 was significantly reduced after the intervention refers to a whole subject’s analysis using Wilcoxon sign rank (Komogorv-Smirnorv, p<0.05). We did not mention the value due to the limitations
IL-6 before: 128.45 + 109.92
IL-6 after: 111.76 + 78.10
p=0.554
IL-10 before: 461.20 + 392.12
IL-10 after: 261.28 + 163.97
p=0.000
IL-6/IL-10 ratio before: 0.33 + 0.22
IL-6/IL-10 ratio after: 0.44 + 0.11
p=0.000
as for stated in the table, it was the value after we divided them based on the hypotheses we had.

Minor Comments:
Sentence Structure: In the introduction section’s first paragraph (page 3), the authors can remove “still”, as it presupposes the audience is aware of growth failure as a historic health problem.
Response: Noted. We have erased it

In paragraph two, the second to last sentence serves no clear purpose and should either be expanded or removed. The first 2 sentences in the third paragraph can be consolidated a bit. The first sentence in the last paragraph on page 11 (“Lactoferrin…act accordingly and limits tissue damage”) doesn’t seem to make sense with the last clause. This may be due to missing words or punctuation.
Response: Noted.

Typographical Errors and Points of Clarification: In the discussion section, “secrets” should be “secretes” in the twelfth paragraph (page 13). “Main Complains”, in Table 1, should be “Main Complaints”.
Response: Noted.

Furthermore, “Main Complaints” were not addressed in the methods, so it is unclear how these complaints were documented/assessed (e.g., via survey at the beginning of study) and whether these complaints occurred during the course of the trial.
Response: : The complaints why the subjects visited the doctor were asked in the beginning by the nurse, “such as: what’s wrong with the baby, ma’am”

“Liquid pups” should also be corrected in the table. Weight faltering (“normo-weight”) is unclearly defined in the table and in the text of the paper. In the far-right column of Table 6, the column is labeled as ΔIL-10 but should be ΔIL-6/IL-10.
Response: Noted. We termed it as weight faltering because WAZ categories in normal range based on WHO child growth standard, but the subjects experienced inadequate weight gain

It could also be useful if the authors clarified in the methods how animal protein supplementation was conducted, the rationale behind it, and how its application was measured.
Response: ONS Oral Nutrition Supplement / High Calorie Formula / Nutrient Densed Formula SGM Optic Grow contains animal protein with the protein energy ratio of 9.5% (according to WHO, to increase weight gain for catch-up growth 8.5% - 11.5% is needed).
The measurement was made based on the administration compliance of high-density formula (ONS)
Aside from ONS, subject is also given nutritional counseling to give one egg per day as an additional complementary feeding.
As a whole, the authors’ manuscript is very detailed and well written, evidenced by their thorough references to the current literature. The methods for data collection are written clearly for replication and the study is well executed. However, the paper could benefit from some reorganizing. For example, “stunting” is defined on page 12 in the middle of paragraph 3 but should be discussed much earlier in the paper (i.e., in the introduction). The statistics presented also need a significant overhaul. See “Major Comments” and “Minor Comments” for additional details.

Response: Paragraph 2 sentences 2, and soon

Major Comments:
The introduction section should be expanded to include functions/relevance of interleukin-10 (not just IL-6 and lactoferrin), definitions of stunting versus wasting, and outline the growth standards used.
Response: Noted: Paragraph 2 sentences 2 to 3.

It could also benefit from highlighting the study scope and setting. For example, in the first paragraph in the discussion section (page 11), it is unclear why the authors discuss the prevalence of stunting in other countries when these have not been previously addressed. It might be better to move this information to the introduction to improve the background information presented and flesh out the current relevance to Indonesia in particular.
Response: Noted: Paragraph 2 sentences 4 until the last paragraph.

It could be useful to state the rationale for conducting this study in Indonesia, what infectious disease burdens are prevalent in the area (e.g., urinary tract infections and tuberculosis are mentioned in the methods
Response: Noted. Paragraph 5.

But then COVID-19 and pneumonia are in the discussion) and whether these may be confounding variables in analyses.
Response: We add COVID-19 due to during the intervention, we found that our subjects were infected. As for pneumonia, we found this infection in several subjects. We thought those disease as the confounding factors, but after we analysed statistically, they didn’t (p>0.05).

If available within the data they collected, the authors could also address cultural considerations since part of the intervention includes dietary counseling and dietary supplementation of animal protein, as well as whether participants are still breastfeeding and how this might impact the generated results.

Response: All of the subjects had breastfed predominantly (those under 2 years old), but the older ones consume growing up formula.

While the authors have cited the literature, they have not stated what hypotheses may be driving their analyses and what results they expect to yield. These should be foregrounded in the introduction for readers.
Response: Noted: The last sentences in introduction, and hypotheses in the methods.

Methods for data collection, including anthropometrics and blood draws, seem appropriate. However, it would have been good to see a discussion on the volume of blood drawn and whether it was a fasting draw, as well as information on time of day for collections since some bioactive properties (e.g., IL-6) can exhibit diurnal variation, thereby confounding the results.
Response: Noted: Paragraph 2 sub heading intervention in Method. Due to the researchers working during evening until night, the subjects were taken the blood at that time by the laboratory employee accompanied by the doctor’s nurses without fasting.

The authors have only one sentence detailing their statistical analyses and superscripts in corresponding tables, which severely limits the replicability of their quantitative methods. It would be useful to expand on their methods here - including the results of normality and homogeneity tests and clearly describing which tests were performed on which variables, so that there is no confusion as to how analyses were conducted.
Response: Noted: Table 7

Clarification on the results presented would be helpful; as currently written, there seem to be mismatches between the statistics and the authors’ reports/concluding statements. We wonder if, perhaps, different tests are reported in the text versus in the tables; if so, the results yielded in those tests should match those in the tables/text. For example, in the abstract the authors suggest that IL-10 was significantly reduced after intervention. However, the closest value to statistical significance is p-value = 0.076 presented in Table 5. Additionally, they state that their intervention improved the IL-6/IL-10 ratio. However, there are no statistically significant differences in pre- and post-intervention ratios, as seen in Table 6. Convention is moving beyond solely using p < 0.05 as a threshold for data interpretation, so if that is the case here, the authors should disclose their cutoff point for determining “significant” results. Furthermore, the authors should remodel their tables to not only include p-values but also to include the comprehensive test results, test statistics, and effect sizes/magnitude of the effect. The p-values, means, and standard deviations presented do not convey a complete picture of the story written in the abstract and in the paper itself. Additionally, presenting SD as a +/- value suggests symmetry of data without actually testing for it. It could be useful if the authors instead did repeated measures ANOVA of pre- and post-intervention within group changes for IL-6 and IL-10, as well as present the tests of normality and homogeneity and the results of those tests. Additionally, clarification on the specific growth curves being used and how it was determined that Oral Nutrition Supplement intervention improved body weight and length/height could also be useful. For example, Table 1/paragraph 1 states that age, body weight, and height age were lower in group 1 versus group 2. However, the groups were broken up by age, so these changes could largely be innate and not necessarily linked to ONS supplementation. Table 2 presents a similar issue. Were the authors comparing these metrics to external growth standards? If so, those standards are not clearly identified here (aside from mentioning WHO Anthro). If not, how were the authors able to confirm whether the growth is an actual improvement of health due to the ONS intervention and not the result of normal growth over the three-month period? Perhaps, it may also be useful to add the rationale in age group cutoffs (i.e., group 1 vs. group 2).
Response: : Dear reviewer, the statement of IL-10 was significantly reduced after the intervention refers to a whole subject’s analysis using Wilcoxon sign rank (Komogorv-Smirnorv, p<0.05). We did not mention the value due to the limitations
IL-6 before: 128.45 + 109.92
IL-6 after: 111.76 + 78.10
p=0.554
IL-10 before: 461.20 + 392.12
IL-10 after: 261.28 + 163.97
p=0.000
IL-6/IL-10 ratio before: 0.33 + 0.22
IL-6/IL-10 ratio after: 0.44 + 0.11
p=0.000
as for stated in the table, it was the value after we divided them based on the hypotheses we had.

Minor Comments:
Sentence Structure: In the introduction section’s first paragraph (page 3), the authors can remove “still”, as it presupposes the audience is aware of growth failure as a historic health problem.
Response: Noted. We have erased it

In paragraph two, the second to last sentence serves no clear purpose and should either be expanded or removed. The first 2 sentences in the third paragraph can be consolidated a bit. The first sentence in the last paragraph on page 11 (“Lactoferrin…act accordingly and limits tissue damage”) doesn’t seem to make sense with the last clause. This may be due to missing words or punctuation.
Response: Noted.

Typographical Errors and Points of Clarification: In the discussion section, “secrets” should be “secretes” in the twelfth paragraph (page 13). “Main Complains”, in Table 1, should be “Main Complaints”.
Response: Noted.

Furthermore, “Main Complaints” were not addressed in the methods, so it is unclear how these complaints were documented/assessed (e.g., via survey at the beginning of study) and whether these complaints occurred during the course of the trial.
Response: : The complaints why the subjects visited the doctor were asked in the beginning by the nurse, “such as: what’s wrong with the baby, ma’am”

“Liquid pups” should also be corrected in the table. Weight faltering (“normo-weight”) is unclearly defined in the table and in the text of the paper. In the far-right column of Table 6, the column is labeled as ΔIL-10 but should be ΔIL-6/IL-10.
Response: Noted. We termed it as weight faltering because WAZ categories in normal range based on WHO child growth standard, but the subjects experienced inadequate weight gain

It could also be useful if the authors clarified in the methods how animal protein supplementation was conducted, the rationale behind it, and how its application was measured.
Response: ONS Oral Nutrition Supplement / High Calorie Formula / Nutrient Densed Formula SGM Optic Grow contains animal protein with the protein energy ratio of 9.5% (according to WHO, to increase weight gain for catch-up growth 8.5% - 11.5% is needed).
The measurement was made based on the administration compliance of high-density formula (ONS)
Aside from ONS, subject is also given nutritional counseling to give one egg per day as an additional complementary feeding.
Competing Interests: The authors received research support from Danone Indonesia in the form of oral nutritional supplement. Close
Report a concern
Respond or Comment

COMMENTS ON THIS REPORT

Author Response 20 Oct 2023

Nur Aisiyah Widjaja, Airlangga University, Indonesia

20 Oct 2023

Author Response

As a whole, the authors’ manuscript is very detailed and well written, evidenced by their thorough references to the current literature. The methods for data collection are written clearly for ... Continue reading As a whole, the authors’ manuscript is very detailed and well written, evidenced by their thorough references to the current literature. The methods for data collection are written clearly for replication and the study is well executed. However, the paper could benefit from some reorganizing. For example, “stunting” is defined on page 12 in the middle of paragraph 3 but should be discussed much earlier in the paper (i.e., in the introduction). The statistics presented also need a significant overhaul. See “Major Comments” and “Minor Comments” for additional details.

Response: Paragraph 2 sentences 2, and soon

Major Comments:
The introduction section should be expanded to include functions/relevance of interleukin-10 (not just IL-6 and lactoferrin), definitions of stunting versus wasting, and outline the growth standards used.
Response: Noted: Paragraph 2 sentences 2 to 3.

It could also benefit from highlighting the study scope and setting. For example, in the first paragraph in the discussion section (page 11), it is unclear why the authors discuss the prevalence of stunting in other countries when these have not been previously addressed. It might be better to move this information to the introduction to improve the background information presented and flesh out the current relevance to Indonesia in particular.
Response: Noted: Paragraph 2 sentences 4 until the last paragraph.

It could be useful to state the rationale for conducting this study in Indonesia, what infectious disease burdens are prevalent in the area (e.g., urinary tract infections and tuberculosis are mentioned in the methods
Response: Noted. Paragraph 5.

But then COVID-19 and pneumonia are in the discussion) and whether these may be confounding variables in analyses.
Response: We add COVID-19 due to during the intervention, we found that our subjects were infected. As for pneumonia, we found this infection in several subjects. We thought those disease as the confounding factors, but after we analysed statistically, they didn’t (p>0.05).

If available within the data they collected, the authors could also address cultural considerations since part of the intervention includes dietary counseling and dietary supplementation of animal protein, as well as whether participants are still breastfeeding and how this might impact the generated results.

Response: All of the subjects had breastfed predominantly (those under 2 years old), but the older ones consume growing up formula.

While the authors have cited the literature, they have not stated what hypotheses may be driving their analyses and what results they expect to yield. These should be foregrounded in the introduction for readers.
Response: Noted: The last sentences in introduction, and hypotheses in the methods.

Methods for data collection, including anthropometrics and blood draws, seem appropriate. However, it would have been good to see a discussion on the volume of blood drawn and whether it was a fasting draw, as well as information on time of day for collections since some bioactive properties (e.g., IL-6) can exhibit diurnal variation, thereby confounding the results.
Response: Noted: Paragraph 2 sub heading intervention in Method. Due to the researchers working during evening until night, the subjects were taken the blood at that time by the laboratory employee accompanied by the doctor’s nurses without fasting.

The authors have only one sentence detailing their statistical analyses and superscripts in corresponding tables, which severely limits the replicability of their quantitative methods. It would be useful to expand on their methods here - including the results of normality and homogeneity tests and clearly describing which tests were performed on which variables, so that there is no confusion as to how analyses were conducted.
Response: Noted: Table 7

Clarification on the results presented would be helpful; as currently written, there seem to be mismatches between the statistics and the authors’ reports/concluding statements. We wonder if, perhaps, different tests are reported in the text versus in the tables; if so, the results yielded in those tests should match those in the tables/text. For example, in the abstract the authors suggest that IL-10 was significantly reduced after intervention. However, the closest value to statistical significance is p-value = 0.076 presented in Table 5. Additionally, they state that their intervention improved the IL-6/IL-10 ratio. However, there are no statistically significant differences in pre- and post-intervention ratios, as seen in Table 6. Convention is moving beyond solely using p < 0.05 as a threshold for data interpretation, so if that is the case here, the authors should disclose their cutoff point for determining “significant” results. Furthermore, the authors should remodel their tables to not only include p-values but also to include the comprehensive test results, test statistics, and effect sizes/magnitude of the effect. The p-values, means, and standard deviations presented do not convey a complete picture of the story written in the abstract and in the paper itself. Additionally, presenting SD as a +/- value suggests symmetry of data without actually testing for it. It could be useful if the authors instead did repeated measures ANOVA of pre- and post-intervention within group changes for IL-6 and IL-10, as well as present the tests of normality and homogeneity and the results of those tests. Additionally, clarification on the specific growth curves being used and how it was determined that Oral Nutrition Supplement intervention improved body weight and length/height could also be useful. For example, Table 1/paragraph 1 states that age, body weight, and height age were lower in group 1 versus group 2. However, the groups were broken up by age, so these changes could largely be innate and not necessarily linked to ONS supplementation. Table 2 presents a similar issue. Were the authors comparing these metrics to external growth standards? If so, those standards are not clearly identified here (aside from mentioning WHO Anthro). If not, how were the authors able to confirm whether the growth is an actual improvement of health due to the ONS intervention and not the result of normal growth over the three-month period? Perhaps, it may also be useful to add the rationale in age group cutoffs (i.e., group 1 vs. group 2).
Response: : Dear reviewer, the statement of IL-10 was significantly reduced after the intervention refers to a whole subject’s analysis using Wilcoxon sign rank (Komogorv-Smirnorv, p<0.05). We did not mention the value due to the limitations
IL-6 before: 128.45 + 109.92
IL-6 after: 111.76 + 78.10
p=0.554
IL-10 before: 461.20 + 392.12
IL-10 after: 261.28 + 163.97
p=0.000
IL-6/IL-10 ratio before: 0.33 + 0.22
IL-6/IL-10 ratio after: 0.44 + 0.11
p=0.000
as for stated in the table, it was the value after we divided them based on the hypotheses we had.

Minor Comments:
Sentence Structure: In the introduction section’s first paragraph (page 3), the authors can remove “still”, as it presupposes the audience is aware of growth failure as a historic health problem.
Response: Noted. We have erased it

In paragraph two, the second to last sentence serves no clear purpose and should either be expanded or removed. The first 2 sentences in the third paragraph can be consolidated a bit. The first sentence in the last paragraph on page 11 (“Lactoferrin…act accordingly and limits tissue damage”) doesn’t seem to make sense with the last clause. This may be due to missing words or punctuation.
Response: Noted.

Typographical Errors and Points of Clarification: In the discussion section, “secrets” should be “secretes” in the twelfth paragraph (page 13). “Main Complains”, in Table 1, should be “Main Complaints”.
Response: Noted.

Furthermore, “Main Complaints” were not addressed in the methods, so it is unclear how these complaints were documented/assessed (e.g., via survey at the beginning of study) and whether these complaints occurred during the course of the trial.
Response: : The complaints why the subjects visited the doctor were asked in the beginning by the nurse, “such as: what’s wrong with the baby, ma’am”

“Liquid pups” should also be corrected in the table. Weight faltering (“normo-weight”) is unclearly defined in the table and in the text of the paper. In the far-right column of Table 6, the column is labeled as ΔIL-10 but should be ΔIL-6/IL-10.
Response: Noted. We termed it as weight faltering because WAZ categories in normal range based on WHO child growth standard, but the subjects experienced inadequate weight gain

It could also be useful if the authors clarified in the methods how animal protein supplementation was conducted, the rationale behind it, and how its application was measured.
Response: ONS Oral Nutrition Supplement / High Calorie Formula / Nutrient Densed Formula SGM Optic Grow contains animal protein with the protein energy ratio of 9.5% (according to WHO, to increase weight gain for catch-up growth 8.5% - 11.5% is needed).
The measurement was made based on the administration compliance of high-density formula (ONS)
Aside from ONS, subject is also given nutritional counseling to give one egg per day as an additional complementary feeding.
As a whole, the authors’ manuscript is very detailed and well written, evidenced by their thorough references to the current literature. The methods for data collection are written clearly for replication and the study is well executed. However, the paper could benefit from some reorganizing. For example, “stunting” is defined on page 12 in the middle of paragraph 3 but should be discussed much earlier in the paper (i.e., in the introduction). The statistics presented also need a significant overhaul. See “Major Comments” and “Minor Comments” for additional details.

Response: Paragraph 2 sentences 2, and soon

Major Comments:
The introduction section should be expanded to include functions/relevance of interleukin-10 (not just IL-6 and lactoferrin), definitions of stunting versus wasting, and outline the growth standards used.
Response: Noted: Paragraph 2 sentences 2 to 3.

It could also benefit from highlighting the study scope and setting. For example, in the first paragraph in the discussion section (page 11), it is unclear why the authors discuss the prevalence of stunting in other countries when these have not been previously addressed. It might be better to move this information to the introduction to improve the background information presented and flesh out the current relevance to Indonesia in particular.
Response: Noted: Paragraph 2 sentences 4 until the last paragraph.

It could be useful to state the rationale for conducting this study in Indonesia, what infectious disease burdens are prevalent in the area (e.g., urinary tract infections and tuberculosis are mentioned in the methods
Response: Noted. Paragraph 5.

But then COVID-19 and pneumonia are in the discussion) and whether these may be confounding variables in analyses.
Response: We add COVID-19 due to during the intervention, we found that our subjects were infected. As for pneumonia, we found this infection in several subjects. We thought those disease as the confounding factors, but after we analysed statistically, they didn’t (p>0.05).

If available within the data they collected, the authors could also address cultural considerations since part of the intervention includes dietary counseling and dietary supplementation of animal protein, as well as whether participants are still breastfeeding and how this might impact the generated results.

Response: All of the subjects had breastfed predominantly (those under 2 years old), but the older ones consume growing up formula.

While the authors have cited the literature, they have not stated what hypotheses may be driving their analyses and what results they expect to yield. These should be foregrounded in the introduction for readers.
Response: Noted: The last sentences in introduction, and hypotheses in the methods.

Methods for data collection, including anthropometrics and blood draws, seem appropriate. However, it would have been good to see a discussion on the volume of blood drawn and whether it was a fasting draw, as well as information on time of day for collections since some bioactive properties (e.g., IL-6) can exhibit diurnal variation, thereby confounding the results.
Response: Noted: Paragraph 2 sub heading intervention in Method. Due to the researchers working during evening until night, the subjects were taken the blood at that time by the laboratory employee accompanied by the doctor’s nurses without fasting.

The authors have only one sentence detailing their statistical analyses and superscripts in corresponding tables, which severely limits the replicability of their quantitative methods. It would be useful to expand on their methods here - including the results of normality and homogeneity tests and clearly describing which tests were performed on which variables, so that there is no confusion as to how analyses were conducted.
Response: Noted: Table 7

Clarification on the results presented would be helpful; as currently written, there seem to be mismatches between the statistics and the authors’ reports/concluding statements. We wonder if, perhaps, different tests are reported in the text versus in the tables; if so, the results yielded in those tests should match those in the tables/text. For example, in the abstract the authors suggest that IL-10 was significantly reduced after intervention. However, the closest value to statistical significance is p-value = 0.076 presented in Table 5. Additionally, they state that their intervention improved the IL-6/IL-10 ratio. However, there are no statistically significant differences in pre- and post-intervention ratios, as seen in Table 6. Convention is moving beyond solely using p < 0.05 as a threshold for data interpretation, so if that is the case here, the authors should disclose their cutoff point for determining “significant” results. Furthermore, the authors should remodel their tables to not only include p-values but also to include the comprehensive test results, test statistics, and effect sizes/magnitude of the effect. The p-values, means, and standard deviations presented do not convey a complete picture of the story written in the abstract and in the paper itself. Additionally, presenting SD as a +/- value suggests symmetry of data without actually testing for it. It could be useful if the authors instead did repeated measures ANOVA of pre- and post-intervention within group changes for IL-6 and IL-10, as well as present the tests of normality and homogeneity and the results of those tests. Additionally, clarification on the specific growth curves being used and how it was determined that Oral Nutrition Supplement intervention improved body weight and length/height could also be useful. For example, Table 1/paragraph 1 states that age, body weight, and height age were lower in group 1 versus group 2. However, the groups were broken up by age, so these changes could largely be innate and not necessarily linked to ONS supplementation. Table 2 presents a similar issue. Were the authors comparing these metrics to external growth standards? If so, those standards are not clearly identified here (aside from mentioning WHO Anthro). If not, how were the authors able to confirm whether the growth is an actual improvement of health due to the ONS intervention and not the result of normal growth over the three-month period? Perhaps, it may also be useful to add the rationale in age group cutoffs (i.e., group 1 vs. group 2).
Response: : Dear reviewer, the statement of IL-10 was significantly reduced after the intervention refers to a whole subject’s analysis using Wilcoxon sign rank (Komogorv-Smirnorv, p<0.05). We did not mention the value due to the limitations
IL-6 before: 128.45 + 109.92
IL-6 after: 111.76 + 78.10
p=0.554
IL-10 before: 461.20 + 392.12
IL-10 after: 261.28 + 163.97
p=0.000
IL-6/IL-10 ratio before: 0.33 + 0.22
IL-6/IL-10 ratio after: 0.44 + 0.11
p=0.000
as for stated in the table, it was the value after we divided them based on the hypotheses we had.

Minor Comments:
Sentence Structure: In the introduction section’s first paragraph (page 3), the authors can remove “still”, as it presupposes the audience is aware of growth failure as a historic health problem.
Response: Noted. We have erased it

In paragraph two, the second to last sentence serves no clear purpose and should either be expanded or removed. The first 2 sentences in the third paragraph can be consolidated a bit. The first sentence in the last paragraph on page 11 (“Lactoferrin…act accordingly and limits tissue damage”) doesn’t seem to make sense with the last clause. This may be due to missing words or punctuation.
Response: Noted.

Typographical Errors and Points of Clarification: In the discussion section, “secrets” should be “secretes” in the twelfth paragraph (page 13). “Main Complains”, in Table 1, should be “Main Complaints”.
Response: Noted.

Furthermore, “Main Complaints” were not addressed in the methods, so it is unclear how these complaints were documented/assessed (e.g., via survey at the beginning of study) and whether these complaints occurred during the course of the trial.
Response: : The complaints why the subjects visited the doctor were asked in the beginning by the nurse, “such as: what’s wrong with the baby, ma’am”

“Liquid pups” should also be corrected in the table. Weight faltering (“normo-weight”) is unclearly defined in the table and in the text of the paper. In the far-right column of Table 6, the column is labeled as ΔIL-10 but should be ΔIL-6/IL-10.
Response: Noted. We termed it as weight faltering because WAZ categories in normal range based on WHO child growth standard, but the subjects experienced inadequate weight gain

It could also be useful if the authors clarified in the methods how animal protein supplementation was conducted, the rationale behind it, and how its application was measured.
Response: ONS Oral Nutrition Supplement / High Calorie Formula / Nutrient Densed Formula SGM Optic Grow contains animal protein with the protein energy ratio of 9.5% (according to WHO, to increase weight gain for catch-up growth 8.5% - 11.5% is needed).
The measurement was made based on the administration compliance of high-density formula (ONS)
Aside from ONS, subject is also given nutritional counseling to give one egg per day as an additional complementary feeding.
Competing Interests: The authors received research support from Danone Indonesia in the form of oral nutritional supplement. Close
Report a concern

Views

Reviewer Report 29 Aug 2023

Vinutha U. Muktamath, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad, India

Approved with Reservations

https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.142910.r197395

Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature?

Yes
Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound?

Yes
Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others?

Yes
If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate?

Partly
Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility?

Yes
Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results?

Partly

Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed.

Reviewer Expertise: Assessment of children, Differently abled and elderly

CITE

Report a concern

Author Response 20 Oct 2023

Nur Aisiyah Widjaja, Airlangga University, Indonesia

20 Oct 2023

Author Response

The study is novel and addresses the most important issue of poor nutritional status leading to infant mortality and morbidity in infants and toddlers. Appropriate statistical tool and methodology is ... Continue reading The study is novel and addresses the most important issue of poor nutritional status leading to infant mortality and morbidity in infants and toddlers. Appropriate statistical tool and methodology is adopted. However the title can be more specific as effect of lactoferrin on growth and stunting in children.

Dear Mr. Vinutha U. Muktamathk, the reviewer of F1000Research
thank you for the suggestion for this article. Here the title we think of “Effect of lactoferrin in oral nutrition supplement (ONS) towards IL-6 and IL-10 on growth and stunting in children”

And the sample size will be 80 and 160 as the same sample will be used for pre and post-test.

Thank you for the correction. We will change the sample size as you suggest

The interpretation and discussion part needs to be rewritten as the present study is measuring only IL-6 and IL-10 levels in failure to thrive children. No where the results indicate the effect on immune system like reduction in morbidity status and increase in weight and length by morbidity status. More reviews can be added to support the effect of lactoferrin in oral nutrition on growth of children. By discussing the studies by other researchers on improvement of immune system cannot be used to conclude as" Lactoferrin in ONS intervention improved immune response homeostasis by balancing IL-6 and IL-10". Better to restrict to the results of present study

For growth parameters, we made other paper entitled “The Effect of High Calorie Formula on Weight, Height Increment, IGF-1 and TLC in Growth Faltering Children”. in this paper we add total lymphocyte count (TLC) as the immunological parameters in these children.

We will include the suggestion in the third version.
The study is novel and addresses the most important issue of poor nutritional status leading to infant mortality and morbidity in infants and toddlers. Appropriate statistical tool and methodology is adopted. However the title can be more specific as effect of lactoferrin on growth and stunting in children.

Dear Mr. Vinutha U. Muktamathk, the reviewer of F1000Research
thank you for the suggestion for this article. Here the title we think of “Effect of lactoferrin in oral nutrition supplement (ONS) towards IL-6 and IL-10 on growth and stunting in children”

And the sample size will be 80 and 160 as the same sample will be used for pre and post-test.

Thank you for the correction. We will change the sample size as you suggest

The interpretation and discussion part needs to be rewritten as the present study is measuring only IL-6 and IL-10 levels in failure to thrive children. No where the results indicate the effect on immune system like reduction in morbidity status and increase in weight and length by morbidity status. More reviews can be added to support the effect of lactoferrin in oral nutrition on growth of children. By discussing the studies by other researchers on improvement of immune system cannot be used to conclude as" Lactoferrin in ONS intervention improved immune response homeostasis by balancing IL-6 and IL-10". Better to restrict to the results of present study

For growth parameters, we made other paper entitled “The Effect of High Calorie Formula on Weight, Height Increment, IGF-1 and TLC in Growth Faltering Children”. in this paper we add total lymphocyte count (TLC) as the immunological parameters in these children.

We will include the suggestion in the third version.
Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Close
Report a concern
Respond or Comment

COMMENTS ON THIS REPORT

Author Response 20 Oct 2023

Nur Aisiyah Widjaja, Airlangga University, Indonesia

20 Oct 2023

Author Response

The study is novel and addresses the most important issue of poor nutritional status leading to infant mortality and morbidity in infants and toddlers. Appropriate statistical tool and methodology is ... Continue reading The study is novel and addresses the most important issue of poor nutritional status leading to infant mortality and morbidity in infants and toddlers. Appropriate statistical tool and methodology is adopted. However the title can be more specific as effect of lactoferrin on growth and stunting in children.

Dear Mr. Vinutha U. Muktamathk, the reviewer of F1000Research
thank you for the suggestion for this article. Here the title we think of “Effect of lactoferrin in oral nutrition supplement (ONS) towards IL-6 and IL-10 on growth and stunting in children”

And the sample size will be 80 and 160 as the same sample will be used for pre and post-test.

Thank you for the correction. We will change the sample size as you suggest

The interpretation and discussion part needs to be rewritten as the present study is measuring only IL-6 and IL-10 levels in failure to thrive children. No where the results indicate the effect on immune system like reduction in morbidity status and increase in weight and length by morbidity status. More reviews can be added to support the effect of lactoferrin in oral nutrition on growth of children. By discussing the studies by other researchers on improvement of immune system cannot be used to conclude as" Lactoferrin in ONS intervention improved immune response homeostasis by balancing IL-6 and IL-10". Better to restrict to the results of present study

For growth parameters, we made other paper entitled “The Effect of High Calorie Formula on Weight, Height Increment, IGF-1 and TLC in Growth Faltering Children”. in this paper we add total lymphocyte count (TLC) as the immunological parameters in these children.

We will include the suggestion in the third version.
The study is novel and addresses the most important issue of poor nutritional status leading to infant mortality and morbidity in infants and toddlers. Appropriate statistical tool and methodology is adopted. However the title can be more specific as effect of lactoferrin on growth and stunting in children.

Dear Mr. Vinutha U. Muktamathk, the reviewer of F1000Research
thank you for the suggestion for this article. Here the title we think of “Effect of lactoferrin in oral nutrition supplement (ONS) towards IL-6 and IL-10 on growth and stunting in children”

And the sample size will be 80 and 160 as the same sample will be used for pre and post-test.

Thank you for the correction. We will change the sample size as you suggest

The interpretation and discussion part needs to be rewritten as the present study is measuring only IL-6 and IL-10 levels in failure to thrive children. No where the results indicate the effect on immune system like reduction in morbidity status and increase in weight and length by morbidity status. More reviews can be added to support the effect of lactoferrin in oral nutrition on growth of children. By discussing the studies by other researchers on improvement of immune system cannot be used to conclude as" Lactoferrin in ONS intervention improved immune response homeostasis by balancing IL-6 and IL-10". Better to restrict to the results of present study

For growth parameters, we made other paper entitled “The Effect of High Calorie Formula on Weight, Height Increment, IGF-1 and TLC in Growth Faltering Children”. in this paper we add total lymphocyte count (TLC) as the immunological parameters in these children.

We will include the suggestion in the third version.
Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Close
Report a concern

Comments on this article Comments (0)

Version 3

VERSION 3 PUBLISHED 28 Jul 2023

Open Peer Review

Reviewer Status

Reviewer Reports

	Invited Reviewers
	1	2
Version 3 (revision) 19 Dec 23	read	read
Version 2 (revision) 20 Oct 23	read	read
Version 1 28 Jul 23	read	read

Vinutha U. Muktamath, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad, India
Rachael Anyim, Binghamton University, Binghamton, USA

Mallory Peters, Binghamton University, Binghamton, USA

Comments on this article

All Comments(0)

Add a comment

Browse by related subjects

Back to all reports

Reviewer Report

9 Views

08 Feb 2024 | for Version 3

Rachael Anyim, Anthropology, Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York, USA

Mallory Peters, Anthropology, Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York, USA

9 Views Cite this report Responses(1)

Approved

A major component that is missing from the methods was disease burden tracking/monitoring of the course of disease progression for the sample participants. If information on the resolution of viral infections was not collected, its absence should be included in the limitations section. As stated, all participants were identified as “[failing] to thrive due to infectious illness” but it was never mentioned whether any of the participants' infections were resolved over the course of the intervention. Since disease burden is the identifying variable for this population, this is critical information, especially since individuals whose infections cleared over the period of observation would likely make significantly higher gains in weight and length/height. It is important to not conflate normal growth gains due to aging/growth and development and reduced disease burden with the impact of the ONS.

Minor Comments:

Statements regarding Nigerian, Gazan, and Indonesian children in the intro (paragraph 2) is still out of place, as it’s discussing results. We recommend that the authors remove the following clauses and rephrase accordingly for clarity, as they have not discussed methods and should not be discussing generated results at this point: "....which was higher compared to this study" ; "the prevalence of stunted/severely stunted children was higher in group-1 compared to group-2 in our study..."
The following clause should not stand alone as a sentence and should be rephrased: “While the prevalence of underweight in two- to five-year-old children population in Gaza was 19.6%.”
Intro paragraph 4 - typo - “,which supports by another finding” . The authors can either remove “by” or rephrase slightly to say “which is supported by” (or something similar in nature)
Unclear where this study is occurring until intro paragraph 5
Unclear statement in methods, before “interventions” - “The sample size was 80 subjects; pre- and post-design needed for the study was 80 samples.” Does this mean there were 160 total samples? A pre- and post-intervention sample from each participant? Is this including participant withdrawals?
Typo in methods, before “results” - “We hypotheses that” - should be “we hypothesize that”

Competing Interests

No competing interests were disclosed.

Reviewer Expertise

Our combined areas of expertise involve human milk, maternal-infant health, biomarkers of stress (e.g., cortisol) and immunity/immune responses (e.g., cytokines, antibodies), anthropometry, human skeletal growth and plasticity, and biological specimen collection (including blood draws, saliva and milk collections), as well as enzyme immunoassay estimations.

We confirm that we have read this submission and believe that we have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard.

Respond to this report

Responses (1)

Author Response

13 Apr 2024

Nur Aisiyah Widjaja, Airlangga University, Indonesia

A major component that is missing from the methods was disease burden tracking/monitoring of the course of disease progression for the sample participants. If information on the resolution of viral infections was not collected, its absence should be included in the limitations section. As stated, all participants were identified as “[failing] to thrive due to infectious illness” but it was never mentioned whether any of the participants' infections were resolved over the course of the intervention. Since disease burden is the identifying variable for this population, this is critical information, especially since individuals whose infections cleared over the period of observation would likely make significantly higher gains in weight and length/height. It is important to not conflate normal growth gains due to aging/growth and development and reduced disease burden with the impact of the ONS.

Dear reviewer, all the subjects was still taking the medication during the intervention, whether UTI or TB, especially TB, as their medication was planned at least for 6 months. While for them whom suffered from UTI, even after the medication, the bacterial count showed a positive result although the number was not as many as before.
Noted. We placed this sentence in “limitation”
Minor Comments:

Statements regarding Nigerian, Gazan, and Indonesian children in the intro (paragraph 2) is still out of place, as it’s discussing results. We recommend that the authors remove the following clauses and rephrase accordingly for clarity, as they have not discussed methods and should not be discussing generated results at this point: "....which was higher compared to this study" ; "the prevalence of stunted/severely stunted children was higher in group-1 compared to group-2 in our study..."

Dear Reveiwer, we deleted the suggested sentences. Thank you for the suggestion, as we read again it’s a bit odd.

The following clause should not stand alone as a sentence and should be rephrased: “While the prevalence of underweight in two- to five-year-old children population in Gaza was 19.6%.”

Dear Reviewer, we also deleted the suggested sentences.

Intro paragraph 4 - typo - “,which supports by another finding” . The authors can either remove “by” or rephrase slightly to say “which is supported by” (or something similar in nature)

Dear reviewer, we rewritten as “which is supported by Fork et al. (2008) finding using murine model study ²⁴”.

Unclear where this study is occurring until intro paragraph 5.

Malnutrition downregulates type 1 cytokines (IL-2, IFNγ) but upregulates type 2 cytokines (IL-4 and IL-10), as observed in marasmic children receiving inpatient malnutrition medical treatment ²². This condition will make undernourished children become more susceptible to infections, with the potential for fatality leading to death. The risk of infection correlates directly with malnutrition degree, in which children with WAZ or HAZ below -3 SD have a 37% risk of diarrhoea ²⁵.

Unclear statement in methods, before “interventions” - “The sample size was 80 subjects; pre- and post-design needed for the study was 80 samples.” Does this mean there were 160 total samples? A pre- and post-intervention sample from each participant? Is this including participant withdrawals?

We rewritten the sentences as, “The sample size was 80 subjects; as the pre- and post- design observing the same subjects for twice observation, so the samples that were needed for the study was 80 samples”
Yes, 80 samples include the participants who withdraw during the intervention.

Typo in methods, before “results” - “We hypotheses that” - should be “we hypothesize that”

We have improved the typo “hypotheses” as “hypothesis”

View more View less

Competing Interests

No competing interests were disclosed.

Back to all reports

Reviewer Report

4 Views

02 Jan 2024 | for Version 3

Vinutha U. Muktamath, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad, India

4 Views Cite this report Responses(0)

Approved

The article can be accepted.

Competing Interests

No competing interests were disclosed.

Reviewer Expertise

Assessment of children, Differently abled and elderly

I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard.

Respond to this report

Responses (0)

Back to all reports

Reviewer Report

14 Views

06 Nov 2023 | for Version 2

Rachael Anyim, Anthropology, Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York, USA

Mallory Peters, Anthropology, Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York, USA

14 Views Cite this report Responses(1)

Approved With Reservations

The entire manuscript needs grammatical revisions, including sentence restructuring. There are a number of errors that need to be addressed as their frequency and severity are hindering reader comprehension. Note, this is not an exhaustive list of examples: “While the prevalence in two- to five-year-old children in Gaza was 19.6%.11”. “Interleukin-10 (IL-10) is an anti-inflammatory cytokines with an essential roles to damped and minimalizing the damage due to pro-inflammatory response21 by inhibiting the activation of lymphocyte T to end up the immune reaction.” “The prevalent of tuberculosis (TB) is high in Indonesia, even increase during…” “We hypotheses that”
As previously mentioned, hypothesis driven research should begin with clear hypotheses presented in the introduction. While the authors have added hypotheses, they have not been contextualized with appropriate background literature to support the proposed relationships. As currently presented, the hypotheses are actually results that have been rephrased as hypothetical statements which is not appropriate project formulation. If the authors did not already have hypotheses formulated prior to data collection and analyses, then the analyses needs to be restructured for an exploratory protocol and therefore rerun with appropriate tests for such a study [e.g., model selection/information theoretic approach using akaike information criterion corrected (AICc) or bayesian information criterion (BIC)].
A major component that is missing from the methods was disease burden tracking for the sample participants. As stated, all participants were identified as “[failing] to thrive due to infectious illness” but it was never mentioned whether any of the participants' infections were resolved over the course of the intervention. Since disease burden is the identifying variable for this population, this is critical information, especially since individuals whose infections cleared over the period of observation would likely make significantly higher gains in weight and length/height. It is important to not conflate normal growth gains due to aging/growth and development and reduced disease burden with the impact of the ONS.
There needs to be a “Limitations” section to address some of the pitfalls of the study. For example, the authors could use this section to discuss the issue of doing non-fasting blood draws in the evening when the biomarkers of interest may be subject to dietary fluctuations or to diurnal variation. While this was addressed in the response to reviewers, it should be included in the text of the manuscript, so that readers are given a complete picture of the methods and the associated factors that may confound results.
As mentioned in our first review of this manuscript, the results presented in the abstract and results/discussion sections of the manuscript seem to be conflicting. Without having a control (or a healthy population, or other predetermined baselines attributing to what should be expected), there is no way to determine whether the lactoferrin and ONS is responsible for “improving” the weight gains or immune responses.
The authors directly addressed many of our previous comments from the original version of the manuscript in their response to the reviewer report. However, they neglected to revise those comments in the updated resubmission. For example: “Main Complaints” is still not addressed in the methods, so it is unclear how these complaints were documented/assessed (e.g., via survey at the beginning of study) and whether these complaints occurred during the course of the trial. Your response to us in the report “The complaints why the subjects visited the doctor were asked in the beginning by the nurse, “such as: what’s wrong with the baby, ma’am”” should be clarified in the methods section.

Minor Comments:

Introduction paragraph 4 concludes by stating that infection correlates with malnutrition degree but uses WAZ or HAZ as a metric of malnutrition which is not an appropriate analogous metric (growth impairment is not a direct measure of malnourishment, rather, it is a symptom of it). Instead, risk of infection correlates with degree of growth impairment based on WAZ or HAZ.
Improper citations: Paragraph 5 introduction - “Urinary tract infection (UTI) contributed to the incidence of stunting in children, as it causes anorexia which leads to a stagnant or inadequate weight gain.28” in which reference 28 is “Mckenna L, Sari AH, Mane S, et al.: Pediatric Tuberculosis Research and Development: Progress. Priorities and Funding Opportunities. Pathogens. 2022; 11: 128” makes no mention of UTI’s or anorexia and therefore this is an unsupported and potentially incorrect statement which cannot be corroborated.
Typographical errors/misspellings: “kwarshiorkhor” should be “kwashiorkor”
Move Table 7 (normality and homogeneity) to table 2, immediately after sample breakdown
The headings for columns 4 in table 5 and table 6 seem to be incorrectly labeled. We previously flagged table 6 as needing to have a ΔIL6/IL10 ratio. Instead, it would appear that the authors have mistakenly labeled the Δ in table 5, which does not seem accurate.

Competing Interests

No competing interests were disclosed.

Reviewer Expertise

Respond to this report

Responses (1)

Author Response

13 Apr 2024

Nur Aisiyah Widjaja, Airlangga University, Indonesia

Major Comments:

The entire manuscript needs grammatical revisions, including sentence restructuring. There are a number of errors that need to be addressed as their frequency and severity are hindering reader comprehension. Note, this is not an exhaustive list of examples: “While the prevalence in two- to five-year-old children in Gaza were 19.6%. 11”. “Interleukin-10 (IL-10) is an anti-inflammatory cytokines with essential roles to damp and minimalize the damage caused by the pro-inflammatory response21 from inhibiting the activation of lymphocyte T to inflict immunological reaction.” “The prevalent of tuberculosis (TB) is high in Indonesia, even increase during…” “We hypotheses that”

Dear reviewer. Thank you for the correction. We made the revision in those parts.

As previously mentioned, hypothesis driven research should begin with clear hypotheses presented in the introduction. While the authors have added hypotheses, they have not been contextualized with appropriate background literature to support the proposed relationships. As currently presented, the hypotheses are actually results that have been rephrased as hypothetical statements which is not appropriate project formulation. If the authors did not already have hypotheses formulated prior to data collection and analyses, then the analyses needs to be restructured for an exploratory protocol and therefore rerun with appropriate tests for such a study [e.g., model selection/information theoretic approach using akaike information criterion corrected (AICc) or bayesian information criterion (BIC)].

Dear Reviewer, we would like to clarify our hypothetical statements: At first, we stated the objectives of our research: "to investigate the effects of lactoferrin in oral nutritional supplements on the level of IL-6 and IL-10 in children experiencing failure to thrive and infection, during a 90-day intervention period." Our target is to figure out the effects of lactoferrin on IL-6 and IL-10. Considering that's our research was conducted on children experiencing failure-to-thrive, we want to investigate the effects of lactoferrin on their growth parameters. This is particularly important as infections, particularly proinflammatory cytokines, can hinder their food intake and subsequently affect their growth. WAZ, LAZ/HAZ, and WLZ/WHZ are anthropometric indicators used to monitor a child's growth. The hypotheses were stated in the previous revision as follows:

The inclusion of lactoferrin in oral nutritional supplements (ONS) enhances both body weight and length/height.
Supplementation of lactoferrin in oral nutritional supplements (ONS) enhances the balance of IL-6 and IL-10 levels, ultimately improving immune response homeostasis. Also, it also improves the ratio of IL-6 to IL-10.
There is a notable difference in the levels of IL-6 and IL-10, as well as the IL-6/IL-10 ratio, between at least one pair of groups with distinct nutritional statuses.

A major component that is missing from the methods was disease burden tracking for the sample participants. As stated, all participants were identified as “[failing] to thrive due to infectious illness” but it was never mentioned whether any of the participants' infections were resolved over the course of the intervention. Since disease burden is the identifying variable for this population, this is critical information, especially since individuals whose infections cleared over the period of observation would likely make significantly higher gains in weight and length/height. It is important to not conflate normal growth gains due to aging/growth and development and reduced disease burden with the impact of the ONS.

Dear reviewer, We would like to clarify that the participants in our study were experiencing infections, and throughout the study, they remained infected (without having completely recovered) while also receiving medication in addition to nutritional intervention (including diet counselling and ONS supplementation). Despite the inclusion of "non-infection" as a characteristic of the subjects, they still encountered "other infections" while undergoing our intervention with ONS. "Non-infection" refers to the state where individuals have successfully recovered from the initial infection (such as UTI and/or TB), but have not yet fully overcome subsequent infections due to compromised immune function resulting from the primary infection.

There needs to be a “Limitations” section to address some of the pitfalls of the study. For example, the authors could use this section to discuss the issue of doing non-fasting blood draws in the evening when the biomarkers of interest may be subject to dietary fluctuations or to diurnal variation. While this was addressed in the response to reviewers, it should be included in the text of the manuscript, so that readers are given a complete picture of the methods and the associated factors that may confound results.

Our study was limited by the lack of evaluating the probable existence of other infections among the subjects. In this presented scenario, where all subjects are confirmed to have a bacterial infection, it is still possible for one of them to also have another infection. An acute infection potentially caused by a viral agent could result in changes in the levels of IL-6 and IL-10. The elevated IL-6 concentration could potentially lead to a subsequent reduction in IL-10, as IL-10 functions as a regulator. As a consequence, certain individuals may exhibit elevated IL-6 levels and reduced IL-10 levels compared to others.

As mentioned in our first review of this manuscript, the results presented in the abstract and results/discussion sections of the manuscript seem to be conflicting. Without having a control (or a healthy population, or other predetermined baselines attributing to what should be expected), there is no way to determine whether the lactoferrin and ONS is responsible for “improving” the weight gains or immune responses.

Dear Reviewer. The study we conducted was a non-randomized intervention that specifically focused children experiencing failure to thrive as a consequence of infections. We used Oral Nutritional Supplements (ONS) in this context due to its specialization and formulation for children who are particularly at risk to nutritional imbalances, such as those with acute illnesses or underlying health conditions, which enhance their potential to malnutrition. This particular formula has been regulated to legal laws. Meanwhile, multiple studies have discovered its effectiveness in treating failure to thrive or the "at-risk group." The references cited are from the works of Cawood et al. (2023) and Zhang et al. (2021).
References
Cawood, A.L., Smith, C., Kinnear, F.J., Upton, L., Trace, S., O’Connor, G., Stratton, R.J., 2023. Effect of oral nutritional supplements on outcomes in children presenting with, or at risk of, faltering growth in clinical settings: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Child Heal. Care 0, 1–23.

The authors directly addressed many of our previous comments from the original version of the manuscript in their response to the reviewer report. However, they neglected to revise those comments in the updated resubmission. For example: “Main Complaints” is still not addressed in the methods, so it is unclear how these complaints were documented/assessed (e.g., via survey at the beginning of study) and whether these complaints occurred during the course of the trial. Your response to us in the report “The complaints why the subjects visited the doctor were asked in the beginning by the nurse, “such as: what’s wrong with the baby, ma’am” should be clarified in the methods section.

The main complaints were asked of the primary reasons of the parents for bringing their children to visit a pediatrician through their initial visit to the outpatient installation unit. The reasons were comparable, including insufficient weight gain, stagnant weight gain, and feeding difficulties.

Minor Comments:

Introduction paragraph 4 concludes by stating that infection correlates with malnutrition degree but uses WAZ or HAZ as a metric of malnutrition which is not an appropriate analogous metric (growth impairment is not a direct measure of malnourishment, rather, it is a symptom of it). Instead, risk of infection correlates with degree of growth impairment based on WAZ or HAZ.

It should be noted that malnutrition comprises two distinct forms of nutritional imbalance, notably undernutrition and obesity (Govender et al., 2021; Mehta et al., 2013). Undernutrition can be described as an imbalance between the amount of nutrients consumed and the amount of energy, protein, or micronutrients needed by an individual. This imbalance can have a negative impact on growth, development, and other pertinent outcomes (Mehta et al., 2013). It can also be defined as being underweight for one’s age, too short for one’s age (stunting), dangerously thin for one’s height (wasting), and deficient in vitamins and minerals (micronutrient deficiencies) as an outcome of insufficient food intake, inadequate care, and infectious diseases (Viswaroopan et al., 2017).
Cawood et al. (2023) define faltering growth (FG) as a condition in which there is a slowed rate of weight gain in childhood, departing from the expected the normal range for that age. Malnutrition, undernutrition, and failure to thrive are frequently mentioned as synonyms for FG. Faltering of growth (FG) is suspected when an individual's weight and/or body mass index (BMI) is lower than a specific percentile for their age, or when there is a persistent decline across multiple percentiles over time. FG can arise due to limited access to sufficient food, as well as clinical conditions that lead to inadequate nutritional status by decreases nutrient intake or increasing losses and requirements (Cawood et al., 2023).
Based on these explanations, faltering growth, also known as failure to thrive, can be divided into two categories of nutritional problems: individuals who have normal measurements (such as weight-for-age, length/height-for-age, and weight-for-length/height) but experience a lack of or slow weight gain, and those who already have poor anthropometric measurements or are showing a decline in child growth standards. Faltering growth can be accurately described as inadequate weight gain, and this particular characteristic is assessed by evaluating the Weight-for-Age Z-score (WAZ).

References
Cawood, A.L., Smith, C., Kinnear, F.J., Upton, L., Trace, S., O’Connor, G., Stratton, R.J., 2023. Effect of oral nutritional supplements on outcomes in children presenting with, or at risk of, faltering growth in clinical settings: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Child Heal. Care 0, 1–23.
Govender, I., Rangiah, S., Kaswa, R., Nzaumvila, D., 2021. Malnutrition in children under the age of 5 years in a primary health care setting. South African Fam. Pract. 63.
Mehta, N.M., Corkins, M.R., Lyman, B., Malone, A., Goday, P.S., Carney, L., Monczka, J.L., Plogsted, S.W., Schwenk, W.F., 2013. Defining pediatric malnutrition: A paradigm shift toward etiology-related definitions. J. Parenter. Enter. Nutr. 37, 460–481.
Viswaroopan, D., GR, A.R., U, S., Mallannavar, V., S, L.P., 2017. Undernutrition in Children: an Updated Review. Int. J. Res. Ayurveda Pharm. 8, 13–18.

Improper citations: Paragraph 5 introduction - “Urinary tract infection (UTI) contributed to the incidence of stunting in children, as it causes anorexia which leads to a stagnant or inadequate weight gain.28” in which reference 28 is “Mckenna L, Sari AH, Mane S, et al.: Pediatric Tuberculosis Research and Development: Progress. Priorities and Funding Opportunities. Pathogens. 2022; 11: 128” makes no mention of UTI’s or anorexia and therefore this is an unsupported and potentially incorrect statement which cannot be corroborated.

Dear Reviewer, I appreciate your correction. The correct citation format is (Leung et al., 2019).

Typographical errors/misspellings: “kwarshiorkhor” should be “kwashiorkor”

Dear Reviewer, thank you for the correction – We marked in blue colour

Move Table 7 (normality and homogeneity) to table 2, immediately after sample breakdown.

Dear Reviewer. Thank you for the correction

The headings for columns 4 in table 5 and table 6 seem to be incorrectly labeled. We previously flagged table 6 as needing to have a ΔIL6/IL10 ratio. Instead, it would appear that the authors have mistakenly labeled the Δ in table 5, which does not seem accurate.

Dear Reviewer. Table 6 provided a summary of the IL-10 levels categorized by anthropometry, while Table 7 provided a summary of the IL-6/IL-10 ratio categorized by anthropometry. We apologies for my inability to comprehend the messages.

View more View less

Competing Interests

No competing interests were disclosed.

Back to all reports

Reviewer Report

17 Views

30 Oct 2023 | for Version 2

Vinutha U. Muktamath, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad, India

17 Views Cite this report Responses(1)

Approved With Reservations

Competing Interests

No competing interests were disclosed.

Reviewer Expertise

Assessment of children, Differently abled and elderly

Respond to this report

Responses (1)

Author Response

19 Dec 2023

Nur Aisiyah Widjaja, Airlangga University, Indonesia

Reviewer notes 1:
The article has been revised and the discussion is improvised. But again the mention in the sample size says the sample size was 80 subjects; pre- and post-design needed for the study was 160 samples. The 160 gives a meaning that there were 160 different samples. But the same 80 will be for pre and post-test. So mention the sample size was 80 and they were tested at baseline(pretest) and Post-test after intervention.

Response:
Dear Sir,
We are sorry for not understanding the suggestion in the first review. Here we made the changes in the manuscript.

Reviewer notes 2:
The hypothesis should be stated as either a null hypothesis or an alternative hypothesis. There should be 3-4 hypotheses and very simple
Example
Null hypothesis-Lactoferrin in ONS does not improve body weight and length,
Lf supplementation in ONS does not improve immune response homeostasis by balancing IL-6 and IL-10 levels and by improving the IL-6/IL-10 ratio.
Alternative Hypothesis
-Lactoferrin in ONS improves body weight and length,
Lf supplementation in ONS improves immune response homeostasis by balancing IL-6 and IL-10 levels and by improving the IL-6/IL-10 ratio.

Response:
Dear Sir. Thank you for your suggestion to shorten our hypothesis. Here we choose to use the second suggestion (H alternatives).

Lactoferrin in ONS improves body weight and length/height.
Lactoferrin supplementation in ONS improves immune response homeostasis by balancing IL-6 and IL-10 levels, and by improving the IL-6/IL-10 ratio.
At least there was a pair of groups of nutritional status had a significant difference of IL-6 and IL-10 levels, and the IL-6/IL-10 ratio.

View more View less

Competing Interests

The authors report no conflict of interests

Back to all reports

Reviewer Report

52 Views

30 Aug 2023 | for Version 1

Rachael Anyim, Anthropology, Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York, USA

Mallory Peters, Anthropology, Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York, USA

52 Views Cite this report Responses(1)

Approved With Reservations

The introduction section should be expanded to include functions/relevance of interleukin-10 (not just IL-6 and lactoferrin), definitions of stunting versus wasting, and outline the growth standards used. It could also benefit from highlighting the study scope and setting. For example, in the first paragraph in the discussion section (page 11), it is unclear why the authors discuss the prevalence of stunting in other countries when these have not been previously addressed. It might be better to move this information to the introduction to improve the background information presented and flesh out the current relevance to Indonesia in particular. It could be useful to state the rationale for conducting this study in Indonesia, what infectious disease burdens are prevalent in the area (e.g., urinary tract infections and tuberculosis are mentioned in the methods but then COVID-19 and pneumonia are in the discussion) and whether these may be confounding variables in analyses. If available within the data they collected, the authors could also address cultural considerations since part of the intervention includes dietary counseling and dietary supplementation of animal protein, as well as whether participants are still breastfeeding and how this might impact the generated results.
While the authors have cited the literature, they have not stated what hypotheses may be driving their analyses and what results they expect to yield. These should be foregrounded in the introduction for readers.
Methods for data collection, including anthropometrics and blood draws, seem appropriate. However, it would have been good to see a discussion on the volume of blood drawn and whether it was a fasting draw, as well as information on time of day for collections since some bioactive properties (e.g., IL-6) can exhibit diurnal variation, thereby confounding the results. The authors have only one sentence detailing their statistical analyses and superscripts in corresponding tables, which severely limits the replicability of their quantitative methods. It would be useful to expand on their methods here - including the results of normality and homogeneity tests and clearly describing which tests were performed on which variables, so that there is no confusion as to how analyses were conducted.
Clarification on the results presented would be helpful; as currently written, there seem to be mismatches between the statistics and the authors’ reports/concluding statements. We wonder if, perhaps, different tests are reported in the text versus in the tables; if so, the results yielded in those tests should match those in the tables/text. For example, in the abstract the authors suggest that IL-10 was significantly reduced after intervention. However, the closest value to statistical significance is p-value = 0.076 presented in Table 5. Additionally, they state that their intervention improved the IL-6/IL-10 ratio. However, there are no statistically significant differences in pre- and post-intervention ratios, as seen in Table 6. Convention is moving beyond solely using p < 0.05 as a threshold for data interpretation, so if that is the case here, the authors should disclose their cutoff point for determining “significant” results. Furthermore, the authors should remodel their tables to not only include p-values but also to include the comprehensive test results, test statistics, and effect sizes/magnitude of the effect. The p-values, means, and standard deviations presented do not convey a complete picture of the story written in the abstract and in the paper itself. Additionally, presenting SD as a +/- value suggests symmetry of data without actually testing for it. It could be useful if the authors instead did repeated measures ANOVA of pre- and post-intervention within group changes for IL-6 and IL-10, as well as present the tests of normality and homogeneity and the results of those tests. Additionally, clarification on the specific growth curves being used and how it was determined that Oral Nutrition Supplement intervention improved body weight and length/height could also be useful. For example, Table 1/paragraph 1 states that age, body weight, and height age were lower in group 1 versus group 2. However, the groups were broken up by age, so these changes could largely be innate and not necessarily linked to ONS supplementation. Table 2 presents a similar issue. Were the authors comparing these metrics to external growth standards? If so, those standards are not clearly identified here (aside from mentioning WHO Anthro). If not, how were the authors able to confirm whether the growth is an actual improvement of health due to the ONS intervention and not the result of normal growth over the three-month period? Perhaps, it may also be useful to add the rationale in age group cutoffs (i.e., group 1 vs. group 2).

Minor Comments:

Sentence Structure: In the introduction section’s first paragraph (page 3), the authors can remove “still”, as it presupposes the audience is aware of growth failure as a historic health problem. In paragraph two, the second to last sentence serves no clear purpose and should either be expanded or removed. The first 2 sentences in the third paragraph can be consolidated a bit. The first sentence in the last paragraph on page 11 (“Lactoferrin…act accordingly and limits tissue damage”) doesn’t seem to make sense with the last clause. This may be due to missing words or punctuation.
Typographical Errors and Points of Clarification: In the discussion section, “secrets” should be “secretes” in the twelfth paragraph (page 13). “Main Complains”, in Table 1, should be “Main Complaints”. Furthermore, “Main Complaints” were not addressed in the methods, so it is unclear how these complaints were documented/assessed (e.g., via survey at the beginning of study) and whether these complaints occurred during the course of the trial. “Liquid pups” should also be corrected in the table. Weight faltering (“normo-weight”) is unclearly defined in the table and in the text of the paper. In the far right column of Table 6, the column is labeled as ΔIL-10 but should be ΔIL-6/IL-10. It could also be useful if the authors clarified in the methods how animal protein supplementation was conducted, the rationale behind it, and how its application was measured.

Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature?

Partly
Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound?

Yes
Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others?

Partly
If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate?

No
Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility?

Yes
Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results?

Partly

Competing Interests

No competing interests were disclosed.

Reviewer Expertise

Respond to this report

Responses (1)

Author Response

20 Oct 2023

Nur Aisiyah Widjaja, Airlangga University, Indonesia

As a whole, the authors’ manuscript is very detailed and well written, evidenced by their thorough references to the current literature. The methods for data collection are written clearly for replication and the study is well executed. However, the paper could benefit from some reorganizing. For example, “stunting” is defined on page 12 in the middle of paragraph 3 but should be discussed much earlier in the paper (i.e., in the introduction). The statistics presented also need a significant overhaul. See “Major Comments” and “Minor Comments” for additional details.

Response: Paragraph 2 sentences 2, and soon

Major Comments:
The introduction section should be expanded to include functions/relevance of interleukin-10 (not just IL-6 and lactoferrin), definitions of stunting versus wasting, and outline the growth standards used.
Response: Noted: Paragraph 2 sentences 2 to 3.

It could also benefit from highlighting the study scope and setting. For example, in the first paragraph in the discussion section (page 11), it is unclear why the authors discuss the prevalence of stunting in other countries when these have not been previously addressed. It might be better to move this information to the introduction to improve the background information presented and flesh out the current relevance to Indonesia in particular.
Response: Noted: Paragraph 2 sentences 4 until the last paragraph.

It could be useful to state the rationale for conducting this study in Indonesia, what infectious disease burdens are prevalent in the area (e.g., urinary tract infections and tuberculosis are mentioned in the methods
Response: Noted. Paragraph 5.

But then COVID-19 and pneumonia are in the discussion) and whether these may be confounding variables in analyses.
Response: We add COVID-19 due to during the intervention, we found that our subjects were infected. As for pneumonia, we found this infection in several subjects. We thought those disease as the confounding factors, but after we analysed statistically, they didn’t (p>0.05).

If available within the data they collected, the authors could also address cultural considerations since part of the intervention includes dietary counseling and dietary supplementation of animal protein, as well as whether participants are still breastfeeding and how this might impact the generated results.

Response: All of the subjects had breastfed predominantly (those under 2 years old), but the older ones consume growing up formula.

While the authors have cited the literature, they have not stated what hypotheses may be driving their analyses and what results they expect to yield. These should be foregrounded in the introduction for readers.
Response: Noted: The last sentences in introduction, and hypotheses in the methods.

Methods for data collection, including anthropometrics and blood draws, seem appropriate. However, it would have been good to see a discussion on the volume of blood drawn and whether it was a fasting draw, as well as information on time of day for collections since some bioactive properties (e.g., IL-6) can exhibit diurnal variation, thereby confounding the results.
Response: Noted: Paragraph 2 sub heading intervention in Method. Due to the researchers working during evening until night, the subjects were taken the blood at that time by the laboratory employee accompanied by the doctor’s nurses without fasting.

The authors have only one sentence detailing their statistical analyses and superscripts in corresponding tables, which severely limits the replicability of their quantitative methods. It would be useful to expand on their methods here - including the results of normality and homogeneity tests and clearly describing which tests were performed on which variables, so that there is no confusion as to how analyses were conducted.
Response: Noted: Table 7

Clarification on the results presented would be helpful; as currently written, there seem to be mismatches between the statistics and the authors’ reports/concluding statements. We wonder if, perhaps, different tests are reported in the text versus in the tables; if so, the results yielded in those tests should match those in the tables/text. For example, in the abstract the authors suggest that IL-10 was significantly reduced after intervention. However, the closest value to statistical significance is p-value = 0.076 presented in Table 5. Additionally, they state that their intervention improved the IL-6/IL-10 ratio. However, there are no statistically significant differences in pre- and post-intervention ratios, as seen in Table 6. Convention is moving beyond solely using p < 0.05 as a threshold for data interpretation, so if that is the case here, the authors should disclose their cutoff point for determining “significant” results. Furthermore, the authors should remodel their tables to not only include p-values but also to include the comprehensive test results, test statistics, and effect sizes/magnitude of the effect. The p-values, means, and standard deviations presented do not convey a complete picture of the story written in the abstract and in the paper itself. Additionally, presenting SD as a +/- value suggests symmetry of data without actually testing for it. It could be useful if the authors instead did repeated measures ANOVA of pre- and post-intervention within group changes for IL-6 and IL-10, as well as present the tests of normality and homogeneity and the results of those tests. Additionally, clarification on the specific growth curves being used and how it was determined that Oral Nutrition Supplement intervention improved body weight and length/height could also be useful. For example, Table 1/paragraph 1 states that age, body weight, and height age were lower in group 1 versus group 2. However, the groups were broken up by age, so these changes could largely be innate and not necessarily linked to ONS supplementation. Table 2 presents a similar issue. Were the authors comparing these metrics to external growth standards? If so, those standards are not clearly identified here (aside from mentioning WHO Anthro). If not, how were the authors able to confirm whether the growth is an actual improvement of health due to the ONS intervention and not the result of normal growth over the three-month period? Perhaps, it may also be useful to add the rationale in age group cutoffs (i.e., group 1 vs. group 2).
Response: : Dear reviewer, the statement of IL-10 was significantly reduced after the intervention refers to a whole subject’s analysis using Wilcoxon sign rank (Komogorv-Smirnorv, p<0.05). We did not mention the value due to the limitations
IL-6 before: 128.45 + 109.92
IL-6 after: 111.76 + 78.10
p=0.554
IL-10 before: 461.20 + 392.12
IL-10 after: 261.28 + 163.97
p=0.000
IL-6/IL-10 ratio before: 0.33 + 0.22
IL-6/IL-10 ratio after: 0.44 + 0.11
p=0.000
as for stated in the table, it was the value after we divided them based on the hypotheses we had.

Minor Comments:
Sentence Structure: In the introduction section’s first paragraph (page 3), the authors can remove “still”, as it presupposes the audience is aware of growth failure as a historic health problem.
Response: Noted. We have erased it

In paragraph two, the second to last sentence serves no clear purpose and should either be expanded or removed. The first 2 sentences in the third paragraph can be consolidated a bit. The first sentence in the last paragraph on page 11 (“Lactoferrin…act accordingly and limits tissue damage”) doesn’t seem to make sense with the last clause. This may be due to missing words or punctuation.
Response: Noted.

Typographical Errors and Points of Clarification: In the discussion section, “secrets” should be “secretes” in the twelfth paragraph (page 13). “Main Complains”, in Table 1, should be “Main Complaints”.
Response: Noted.

Furthermore, “Main Complaints” were not addressed in the methods, so it is unclear how these complaints were documented/assessed (e.g., via survey at the beginning of study) and whether these complaints occurred during the course of the trial.
Response: : The complaints why the subjects visited the doctor were asked in the beginning by the nurse, “such as: what’s wrong with the baby, ma’am”

“Liquid pups” should also be corrected in the table. Weight faltering (“normo-weight”) is unclearly defined in the table and in the text of the paper. In the far-right column of Table 6, the column is labeled as ΔIL-10 but should be ΔIL-6/IL-10.
Response: Noted. We termed it as weight faltering because WAZ categories in normal range based on WHO child growth standard, but the subjects experienced inadequate weight gain

It could also be useful if the authors clarified in the methods how animal protein supplementation was conducted, the rationale behind it, and how its application was measured.
Response: ONS Oral Nutrition Supplement / High Calorie Formula / Nutrient Densed Formula SGM Optic Grow contains animal protein with the protein energy ratio of 9.5% (according to WHO, to increase weight gain for catch-up growth 8.5% - 11.5% is needed).
The measurement was made based on the administration compliance of high-density formula (ONS)
Aside from ONS, subject is also given nutritional counseling to give one egg per day as an additional complementary feeding.

View more View less

Competing Interests

The authors received research support from Danone Indonesia in the form of oral nutritional supplement.

Back to all reports

Reviewer Report

28 Views

29 Aug 2023 | for Version 1

Vinutha U. Muktamath, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad, India

28 Views Cite this report Responses(1)

Approved With Reservations

Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature?

Yes
Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound?

Yes
Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others?

Yes
If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate?

Partly
Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility?

Yes
Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results?

Partly

Competing Interests

No competing interests were disclosed.

Reviewer Expertise

Assessment of children, Differently abled and elderly

Respond to this report

Responses (1)

Author Response

20 Oct 2023

Nur Aisiyah Widjaja, Airlangga University, Indonesia

The study is novel and addresses the most important issue of poor nutritional status leading to infant mortality and morbidity in infants and toddlers. Appropriate statistical tool and methodology is adopted. However the title can be more specific as effect of lactoferrin on growth and stunting in children.

Dear Mr. Vinutha U. Muktamathk, the reviewer of F1000Research
thank you for the suggestion for this article. Here the title we think of “Effect of lactoferrin in oral nutrition supplement (ONS) towards IL-6 and IL-10 on growth and stunting in children”

And the sample size will be 80 and 160 as the same sample will be used for pre and post-test.

Thank you for the correction. We will change the sample size as you suggest

The interpretation and discussion part needs to be rewritten as the present study is measuring only IL-6 and IL-10 levels in failure to thrive children. No where the results indicate the effect on immune system like reduction in morbidity status and increase in weight and length by morbidity status. More reviews can be added to support the effect of lactoferrin in oral nutrition on growth of children. By discussing the studies by other researchers on improvement of immune system cannot be used to conclude as" Lactoferrin in ONS intervention improved immune response homeostasis by balancing IL-6 and IL-10". Better to restrict to the results of present study

For growth parameters, we made other paper entitled “The Effect of High Calorie Formula on Weight, Height Increment, IGF-1 and TLC in Growth Faltering Children”. in this paper we add total lymphocyte count (TLC) as the immunological parameters in these children.

We will include the suggestion in the third version.

View more View less

Competing Interests

No competing interests were disclosed.

Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article:

Approved - the paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested

Approved with reservations - A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit.

Not approved - fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions

[1] 1. Bellieni CV: The Golden 1,000 Days. J. Gen. Pract. 2016; 04(02): 1–4. Publisher Full Text

[2] 2. Gaayeb L, Sarr JB, Cames C, et al.: Effects of malnutrition on children’s immunity to bacterial antigens in northern Senegal. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 2014; 90(3): 566–573. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text

[3] 3. Stephensen C: Burden of infection on growth failure. J. Nutr. 1999; 129(2 SUPPL): 534S–538S. Publisher Full Text

[4] 4. Hossain M, Nahar B, Haque MA, et al.: Serum Adipokines, Growth Factors, and Cytokines Are Independently Associated with Stunting in Bangladeshi Children. Nutrients. 2019; 11(8): 1827. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text

[5] 5. Gwela A, Mupere E, Berkley JA, et al.: Undernutrition, Host Immunity and Vulnerability to Infection among Young Children. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 2019; 38(8): E175–E177. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text

[6] 6. Abdul Gaffar SM, Chisti MJ, Mahfuz M, et al.:Impact of negative tuberculin skin test on growth among disadvantaged Bangladeshi children. PLoS One. 2019; 14(11): e0224752. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text

[7] 7. de Onis M , Branca F:Childhood stunting: A global perspective. Matern. Child Nutr. 2016; 12: 12–26. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text

[8] 8. Soliman A, De Sanctis V, Alaaraj N, et al.:Early and long-term consequences of nutritional stunting: From childhood to adulthood. Acta Biomed. 2021; 92(1): e2021168. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text

[9] 9. Titaley CR, Ariawan I, Hapsari D, et al.:Determinants of the Stunting of Children in Indonesia: A Multilevel Analysis of the 2013 Indonesia Basic Health Survey. Nutrients. 2013; 11: 1160. Publisher Full Text

[10] 10. Akombi BJ, Agho KE, Hall JJ, et al.:Stunting and severe stunting among children under-5 years in Nigeria: A multilevel analysis. BMC Pediatr. 2017; 17(1): 1–16. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text

[11] 11. El Kishawi RR, Soo KL, Abed YA, et al.:Prevalence and associated factors influencing stunting in children aged 2-5years in the Gaza Strip-Palestine: A cross-sectional study. BMC Pediatr. 2017; 17(1): 1–7. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text

[12] 12. Syahril E, Mappaware NA, Akib M, et al.:Analysis of Obstetric Medical Determinant Factors toward Mothers with the Stunting Children. Green Med. J. 2020; 2(3): 88–100. Publisher Full Text

[13] 13. Bourke CD, Berkley JA, Prendergast AJ:Immune Dysfunction as a Cause and Consequence of Malnutrition. Trends Immunol. 2016; 37(6): 386–398. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text

[14] 14. Rytter MJH, Kolte L, Briend A, et al.:The immune system in children with malnutrition - A systematic review. PLoS One. 2014; 9(8): e105017. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text

[15] 15. Faulk WP, Demaeyer EM, Davies AJS:Some effects of malnutrition on the immune response in man. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1974; 27(6): 638–646. Publisher Full Text

[16] 16. DeBoer MD, Scharf RJ, Leite AM, et al.:Systemic inflammation, growth factors, and linear growth in the setting of infection and malnutrition. Nutrition. 2017; 33: 248–253. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text

[17] 17. Sederquist B, Fernandez-Vojvodich P, Zaman F, et al.:Impact of inflammatory cytokines on longitudinal bone growth. J. Mol. Endocrinol. 2014; 53(1): T35–T44. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text

[18] 18. Uauy R: Improving linear growth without excess body fat gain in women and children. Food Nutr. Bull. 2013; 34(2): 259–262. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text

[19] 19. Ling PR, Smith RJ, Kie S, et al.: Effects of protein malnutrition on IL-6-mediated signaling in the liver and the systemic acute-phase response in rats. Am. J. Physiol. - Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 2004; 287(4): R801–R808. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text

[20] 20. Iyer SS, Cheng G:Role of interleukin 10 transcriptional regulation in inflammation and autoimmune disease. Crit. Rev. Immunol. 2012; 32(1): 23–63. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text

[21] 21. Lobo-Silva D, Carriche GM, Castro AG, et al.:Balancing the immune response in the brain: IL-10 and its regulation. J. Neuroinflammation. 2016; 13(1): 297–210. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text

[22] 22. Wahyudi T, Puryatni A, Hernowati TE:Relationship between Cysteine, Interleukin (IL)-2, And Interleukin (IL)-10 in Children with Marasmus Type Malnutrition. J. Trop. Life Sci. 2016; 6(1): 53–58. Publisher Full Text

[23] 23. Monk JM, Woodward B:Elevated blood interleukin-10 levels and undiminished systemic interleukin-10 production rate prevail throughout acute protein-energy malnutrition in the weanling mouse. Cytokine. 2009; 47(2): 126–131. Publisher Full Text

[24] 24. Fock RA, Vinolo MAR, Crisma AR, et al.:Protein-energy malnutrition modifies the production of interleukin-10 in response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in a murine model. J. Nutr. Sci. Vitaminol (Tokyo). 2008; 54(5): 371–377. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text

[25] 25. Walson JL, Berkley JA:The impact of malnutrition on childhood infections. Curr. Opin. Infect. Dis. 2018; 31(3): 231–236. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text

[26] 26. Iskandar D, Suwantika AA, Pradipta IS, et al.:Clinical and economic burden of drug-susceptible tuberculosis in Indonesia: national trends 2017–19. Lancet. Glob. Heal. 2023; 11(1): e117–e125. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text

[27] 27. Sousa GJB, Silva JC de O, de Queiroz TV , et al.: Clinical and epidemiological features of tuberculosis in children and adolescents. Rev. Bras. Enferm. 2019; 72(5): 1271–1278. Publisher Full Text

[28] 28. Mckenna L, Sari AH, Mane S, et al.:Pediatric Tuberculosis Research and Development: Progress.Priorities and Funding Opportunities. Pathogens. 2022; 11: 128. Publisher Full Text

[29] 29. Leung AKC, Wong AHC, Leung AAM, et al.:Urinary tract infections in children. Recent Pat. Inflamm. Allergy Drug Discov. 2019; 13: 2–18. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text

[30] 30. Uí Dhuibhir P, Collura N, Walsh D: Complete Oral Nutritional Supplements: Dietitian Preferences and Clinical Practice. J. Diet Suppl. 2019; 16(1): 40–50. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text

[31] 31. Collins C, Tucker C, Walton C, et al.: Pharmacy Technician Review of Oral Nutritional Supplements (ONS) within Care Homes. Pharmacy. 2019; 7(1): 28. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text

[32] 32. Lo ALC, Abdul Malek MR, Zulkifli N, et al.: Factors Affecting Compliance Rate towards Oral Nutritional Supplements Intake Among Geriatric Patients in Hospital Kuala Lumpur. J. Sains Kesihat Malaysia. 2019; 17(01): 115–124. Publisher Full Text

[33] 33. Philipson TJ, Snider JT, Lakdawalla DN, et al.: Impact of oral nutritional supplementation on hospital outcomes. Am. J. Manag. Care. 2013; 32(2): S6–S7. Publisher Full Text

[34] 34. Yeung SSY, Lee JSW, Kwok T: A Nutritionally Complete Oral Nutritional Supplement Powder Improved Nutritional Outcomes in Free-Living Adults at Risk of Malnutrition: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 2022; 19(18). PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text

[35] 35. Hubbard GP, Fry C, Sorensen K, et al.: Energy-dense, low-volume paediatric oral nutritional supplements improve total nutrient intake and increase growth in paediatric patients requiring nutritional support: results of a randomised controlled pilot trial. Eur. J. Pediatr. 2020; 179(9): 1421–1430. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text

[36] 36. Satue-Gracia MT, Frankel EN, Rangavajhyala N, et al.: Lactoferrin in infant formulas: Effect on oxidation. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2000; 48(10): 4984–4990. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text

[37] 37. Johnston WH, Ashley C, Yeiser M, et al.: Growth and tolerance of formula with lactoferrin in infants through one year of age: Double-blind, randomized, controlled trial. BMC Pediatr. 2015; 15(1): 1–11. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text

[38] 38. Drago-Serrano ME, Campos-Rodríguez R, Carrero JC, et al.: Lactoferrin: Balancing ups and downs of inflammation due to microbial infections. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2017; 18(3). PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text

[39] 39. Presti S, Manti S, Parisi GF, et al.: Lactoferrin: Cytokine modulation and application in clinical practice. J. Clin. Med. 2021; 10(23). Publisher Full Text

[40] 40. Zimecki M, Właszczyk A, Zagulski T, et al.: Lactoferrin lowers serum interleukin 6 and tumor necrosis factor α levels in mice subjected to surgery. Arch. Immunol. Ther. Exp (Warsz). 1998; 46(2): 97–104. PubMed Abstract

[41] 41. Berthon BS, Williams LM, Williams EJ, et al.: Effect of Lactoferrin Supplementation on Inflammation, Immune Function, and Prevention of Respiratory Tract Infections in Humans: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Adv. Nutr. 2022; 13: 1799–1819. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text

[42] 42. Dewi EK, Nindya TS: Hubungan Tingkat Kecukupan Zat Besi Dan Seng Dengan Kejadian Stunting Pada Balita 6-23 Bulan. Amerta Nutr. 2017; 1(4): 361. Publisher Full Text

[43] 43. IDEXX Laboratories: ELISA Technical Guide.2018; 1–30. Reference Source

[44] 44. Widjaja NA, Hamida A, Purnomo MT, et al.: Effect of oral nutritional supplements on IL-6 and IL-10 in failure to thrive children with infection. [Dataset]. figshare. Publisher Full Text

[45] 45. Widjaja NA, Hamida A, Purnomo MT, et al.: Ethical Clearance and Study Protocols of The Effect of Lactoferrin in High Calorie Formula on IL-6 and IL10 in Children With Failure to Thrive and Infection. [Dataset]. figshare. Publisher Full Text

[46] 46. Farahata TM, Ragabb S, Salamaa AA, et al.: Prevalence of stunted growth in children less than 5-year old in Qualyoubia governorate. Menoufia Med. J. 2018; 30: 1089–1092. Publisher Full Text

[47] 47. Bahagia Febriani AD, Daud D, Rauf S, et al.: Risk factors and nutritional profiles associated with stunting in children. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. Nutr. 2020; 23(5): 457–463. Publisher Full Text

[48] 48. Prawirohartono EP, Nurdiati DS, Hakimi M: Prognostic factors at birth for stunting at 24 months of age in rural Indonesia. Paediatr. Indones. 2016; 56(1): 48–56. Publisher Full Text

[49] 49. Wamani H, Åstrøm AN, Peterson S, et al.: Boys are more stunted than girls in Sub-Saharan Africa: A meta-analysis of 16 demographic and health surveys. BMC Pediatr. 2007; 7: 1–10. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text

[50] 50. Thurstans S, Opondo C, Seal A, et al.: Boys are more likely to be undernourished than girls: A systematic review and meta-analysis of sex differences in undernutrition. BMJ Glob. Heal. 2020; 5(12): 1–17. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text

[51] 51. Bork KA, Diallo A: Boys are more stunted than girls from early infancy to 3 years of age in rural Senegal. J. Nutr. 2017; 147(5): 940–947. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text

[52] 52. Zhang Z, Li F, Hannon BA, et al.: Effect of oral nutritional supplementation on growth in children with undernutrition: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutrients. 2021; 13(9). Publisher Full Text

[53] 53. Soliman A, De Sanctis V , Elsiddig S, et al.: Impact of oral nutritional supplements (ONS) on growth outcomes and IGF-1 level in underweight older children and young adolescents (5–14 years) with short stature and no systemic disease: High versus normal calories density formula. Acta Biomed. 2021; 92: e2021320–e2021329. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text

[54] 54. Ochoa TJ, Chea-Woo E, Campos M, et al.: Impact of Lactoferrin Supplementation on Growth and Prevalence of Giardia Colonization in Children. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2008; 48(12): 1881–1883.

[55] 55. Pham DT, Hoang TN, Ngo NT, et al.: Effect of Oral Nutritional Supplementation on Growth in Vietnamese Children with Stunting. Open Nutr. J. 2019; 13(1): 43–52. Publisher Full Text

[56] 56. Kruzel ML, Zimecki M, Actor JK: Lactoferrin in a context of inflammation-induced pathology. Front. Immunol. 2017; 8(NOV). Publisher Full Text

[57] 57. Motoki N, Mizuki M, Tsukahara T, et al.: Effects of Lactoferrin-Fortified Formula on Acute Gastrointestinal Symptoms in Children Aged 12–32 Months: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial. Front. Pediatr. 2020; 8(May): 1–8. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text

[58] 58. Björmsjö M, Hernell O, Lönnerdal B, et al.: Immunological Effects of Adding Bovine Lactoferrin and Reducing Iron in Infant Formula: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. 2022; 74(3): E65–E72. Publisher Full Text

[59] 59. Gelgel KTP, Sudipa PH, Mufa RMD: Lactoferrin Effect on Piglets in Terms of Body Weight and Number of Bacteria. EAS J. Vet. Med. Sci. 2021; 3(6): 58–61. Publisher Full Text

[60] 60. Hwang SA, Wilk KM, Bangale YA, et al.: Lactoferrin modulation of IL-12 and IL-10 response from activated murine leukocytes. Med. Microbiol. Immunol. 2007; 196(3): 171–180. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text

[61] 61. Hwang SA, Kruzel ML, Actor JK: Lactoferrin augments BCG vaccine efficacy to generate T helper response and subsequent protection against challenge with virulent Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Int. Immunopharmacol. 2005; 5(3): 591–599. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text

[62] 62. Hwang SA, Wilk KM, Budnicka M, et al.: Lactoferrin enhanced efficacy of the BCG vaccine to generate host protective responses against challenge with virulent Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Vaccine. 2007; 25(37–38): 6730–6743. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text

[63] 63. Haversen LA, Engberg I, Baltzer L, et al.: Human lactoferrin and peptides derived from a surface-exposed helical region reduce experimental Escherichia coli urinary tract infection in mice. Infect. Immun. 2000; 68(10): 5816–5823. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text

[64] 64. Mǎrginean CO, Man L, Pitea AM, et al.: The assessment between IL-6 and IL-8 and anthropometric status in malnourished children. Romanian J. Morphol. Embryol. 2013; 54(4): 935–938. PubMed Abstract

[65] 65. Marginean CO, Banescu C, Voidazan S, et al.: IL-6 572 C/G, 190 C/T, and 174 G/C gene polymorphisms in children’s malnutrition. J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. 2014; 59(5): 666–673. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text

[66] 66. Abd El-Maksoud AM, Khairy SA, Sharada HM, et al.: Evaluation of pro-inflammatory cytokines in nutritionally stunted Egyptian children. Egypt Pediatr. Assoc. Gaz. 2017; 65(3): 80–84. Publisher Full Text

[67] 67. Sari I, Marwidah M, Amin MA, et al.: Relationship Of Chronic Energy Deficiency During Pregnancy With Stunting In Toddlers Aged 6-60 Month. J. Life Birth. 2022; 6(1): 1–10.

[68] 68. Sakr Y, Dubois MJ, De Backer D, et al.: Persistent-microcirculatory alterations are associated with organ failure and death in patients with septic shock. Crit. Care Med. 2004; 32(9): 1825–1831. Publisher Full Text

[69] 69. Urlacher SS, Ellison PT, Sugiyama LS, et al.: Tradeoffs between immune function and childhood growth among Amazonian forager-horticulturalists. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2018; 115(17): E3914–E3921. Publisher Full Text

[70] 70. Malavé I, Vethencourt MA, Chacón R, et al.: Production of inteuleukin-6 in cultures of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from children with primary protein-calorie malnutrition and from eutrophic controls. Ann. Nutr. Metab. 1998; 42(5): 266–273. Publisher Full Text

[71] 71. Lyoumi S, Tamion F, Petit J, et al.: Induction and modulation of acute-phase response by protein malnutrition in rats: Comparative effect of systemic and localized inflammation on interleukin-6 and acute-phase protein synthesis. J. Nutr. 1998; 128(2): 166–174. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text

[72] 72. Anstead GM, Chandrasekar B, Zhang Q, et al.: Multinutrient undernutrition dysregulates the resident macrophage proinflammatory cytokine network, nuclear factor-κB activation, and nitric oxide production. J. Leukoc. Biol. 2003; 74(6): 982–991. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text

[73] 73. Takele Y, Adem E, Getahun M, et al.: Malnutrition in healthy individuals results in increased mixed cytokine profiles, altered neutrophil subsets and function. PLoS One. 2016; 11(8): 1–18. Publisher Full Text

[74] 74. Dewan P, Kaur IR, Faridi MMA, et al.: Cytokine response to dietary rehabilitation with curd (Indian dahi) & leaf protein concentrate in malnourished children. Indian J. Med. Res. 2009; 130(1): 31–36. PubMed Abstract

[75] 75. Chandra RK: Numerical and functional deficiency in T helper cells in protein energy malnutrition. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 1983; 51(1): 126–132. Reference Source

[76] 76. Solis B, Nova E, Gómez S, et al.: The effect of fermented milk on interferon production in malnourished children and in anorexia nervosa patients undergoing nutritional care. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 2002; 56: S27–S33. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text

[77] 77. de Brito RCCM , Lucena-Silva N, Torres LC, et al.: The balance between the serum levels of IL-6 and IL-10 cytokines discriminates mild and severe acute pneumonia. BMC Pulm. Med. 2016; 16(1): 121–170. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text

Effect of lactoferrin in oral nutrition supplement (ONS) towards IL-6 and IL-10 in failure to thrive children with infection

Abstract

Background

Methods

Results

Conclusions

Keywords

Revised Amendments from Version 2

Introduction

Methods

Ethical statement

Participants

Sample size

Interventions

Statistical analysis

Results

Figure 1. Flowchart of the subject’s recruitment.

Table 1. Subject’s characteristic during the study.

Table 2.

Table 3. Body weight (in g) and body length/height (in cm) changes after intervention.

Table 4. IL-6 and IL-10 in both group-1 and group-2 (in pg/mL).

Table 5. IL-6 levels based on anthropometry categories.

Table 6. IL-10 levels based on anthropometry categories.

Table 7. IL-6/IL-10 ratio based on anthropometric

Discussion

Conclusions

Consent

Data availability

Underlying data

Extended data

Reporting guidelines

Acknowledgements

References

Comments on this article Comments (0)

Open Peer Review

Comments on this article Comments (0)

Open Peer Review

Reviewer Status

Reviewer Reports

Comments on this article

Browse by related subjects

Competing Interests Policy

Stay Updated