Exploring the Synergistic Potential of Pectin-Chitosan Composites for Advanced Drug Delivery and Biomedical Implant Applications: A Comprehensive Review and Future Perspectives

Mohammed Hussein M. Alsharbaty; Ghassan A. Naji; Sameh S. Ali

doi:10.12688/f1000research.145101.2

Home Browse Exploring the Synergistic Potential of Pectin-Chitosan Composites...

ALL Metrics

Views

Downloads

Get PDF

Get XML

Export

▬

✚

Review

Revised

Exploring the Synergistic Potential of Pectin-Chitosan Composites for Advanced Drug Delivery and Biomedical Implant Applications: A Comprehensive Review and Future Perspectives

[version 2; peer review: 1 approved, 1 not approved]

Mohammed Hussein M. Alsharbaty^1,2, Ghassan A. Naji^2,3, Sameh S. Ali⁴

PUBLISHED 04 Sep 2024

Author details Author details

¹ Department of Prosthodontics, College of Dentistry, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
² Branch of Prosthodontics, College of Dentistry, University of Al-Ameed, Karbala, Iraq
³ College of Dentistry, The Iraqia University, Baghdad, Iraq
⁴ Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, 31527, Egypt

Mohammed Hussein M. Alsharbaty
Roles: Conceptualization, Writing – Original Draft Preparation

Ghassan A. Naji
Roles: Resources, Supervision

Sameh S. Ali
Roles: Writing – Review & Editing

OPEN PEER REVIEW

REVIEWER STATUS

This article is included in the QUVAE Research and Publications gateway.

Abstract

The polysaccharides pectin and chitosan are derived from the fruit peels and exoskeletons of crustaceans and insects, respectively. Their biocompatibility and renewability make them suitable for use in food products. The size of the swelling and degradation of these cells can be controlled using different combinations. Pectin and chitosan are useful as medication delivery systems, where they can be integrated to control the dosages and residence times of pharmaceuticals. They have a wide range of applications such as wound dressings, body fat reducers, tissue engineering agents, and drug delivery agents. Addressing teeth loss with the use of dental implants is a critical element of dental care. In most cases, healing is time-consuming and painful. As a result of adding new materials to the implant surface, the healing process would accelerate, and medications would be delivered to the implant site with greater efficiency.

Keywords

Natural Polysaccharides, Pectin, Chitosan, Drug delivery systems, Targeted drug delivery, Implant materials.

Corresponding author: Mohammed Hussein M. Alsharbaty

Competing interests: No competing interests were disclosed.

Grant information: The author(s) declared that no grants were involved in supporting this work.

Copyright: © 2024 Alsharbaty MHM et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The author(s) is/are employees of the US Government and therefore domestic copyright protection in USA does not apply to this work. The work may be protected under the copyright laws of other jurisdictions when used in those jurisdictions.

How to cite: Alsharbaty MHM, Naji GA and Ali SS. Exploring the Synergistic Potential of Pectin-Chitosan Composites for Advanced Drug Delivery and Biomedical Implant Applications: A Comprehensive Review and Future Perspectives [version 2; peer review: 1 approved, 1 not approved]. F1000Research 2024, 13:209 (https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.145101.2) First published: 21 Mar 2024, 13:209 (https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.145101.1) Latest published: 04 Sep 2024, 13:209 (https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.145101.2)

Revised Amendments from Version 1

The new version of this manuscript has been improved based on the reviewers' comments. Some figures have been added. Table 1 has been improved. Conclusion has been enhanced based on the comments.

See the authors' detailed response to the review by Sagar Salave

Introduction

Polysaccharides such as chitosan and pectin are found in nature.¹ Chitin is derived from crustaceans and insect exoskeletons, whereas pectin is derived from apple and citrus fruit peel.² The use of pectin as a stabilizing and texturizing agent in food is safe.³ Cell walls make up approximately one third of pectin in higher plants.⁴ There are usually differences in the molecular structure and degree of esterification of pectins derived from different sources. Citrus peel typically contains 20-30% pectin, whereas apple pomace typically contains 10-15% pectin.⁵^,⁶ In pectin, there are regions that are smooth and other regions that are hairy branched.³ The biocompatibility of pectin is generally considered to be high.⁷ Generally, pectin is stable between pH 2 and 4.5, although it may become unstable at extreme pH values.⁷ There are several combinations of pectin that exhibit distinct properties, including enhanced peptide medication-controlled release efficiency, enhanced drug loading efficiency, and improved biocompatibility.⁸ Due to its biodegradability, pectin is ideal for drug delivery applications because of its minimal accumulation and long-term safety.⁹ Furthermore, by combining pectin, the swelling size and degradation can be managed to meet drug requirements.¹⁰ Several uses for pectin have been demonstrated, including its application to obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease.¹¹

Chitosan was first discovered in 1859 by Rouget.¹² Among natural biopolymers, it is the second most prevalent.¹³ It is estimated that 55–85% of chitin in crustacean cuticles originates from a layer of epidermal cells.¹⁴ Since chitin and cellulose share the same sugar unit and glycosidic bond type, they share several structural characteristics.¹⁵ Chitosan with a nitrogen content of approximately 6.9% is useful for chelation. Fibers, coatings, and beads made of chitosan can also be used instead of powders and solutions.¹⁶ Chitosans decompose prior to melting when heated.¹⁷ They possess strong bioadhesive properties that make them useful for adding bioadhesive properties to various drug delivery systems.¹⁸ The stability of chitosan can be challenged in highly acidic settings, which can be addressed through modifications, as it is most suitable for delivering drugs to the gastrointestinal system under neutral to acidic pH conditions.¹⁹ The inherent biodegradability of chitosan and its non-toxic degradation products make it an ideal material for biomedical applications, minimizing exposure to long-term toxic effects.²⁰ Chitosan also possesses DNA-binding, biocompatibility, hemostatic, fungistatic, spermicidal, and anticholesteric properties and accelerates bone growth.²¹ Figure 1 (a & b) shows the chemical structure of pectin and chitosan. Figure 2 illustrates the overall drug delivery system, classified as immediate, targeted, and sustained delivery, which is significantly contributed by hydrophilic ILs.

Figure 1. (a) The chemical structure of pectin. (b) The chemical structure of chitosan.

Figure 2. Overall architecture of the drug delivery system.

Drug delivery systems based on pectin and chitosan: benefits and effects

In addition to increasing the delivery of specific drugs, pectin improves their absorption.³ Oral administration is widely used as the easiest and most convenient method of drug delivery. When a drug is orally administered, the dosage can be adjusted based on how quickly the digestive system absorbs the dose. Two factors that may affect oral medications administered via the gastrointestinal tract are a low stomach pH and poor stomach peristalsis. Furthermore, the enzymatic activity and digestive properties of gastric content, as well as the duration of drug residence in the stomach and intestine, are important factors.²² Different methods for encapsulating or incorporating drugs into tablets, capsules, or nanoparticles can protect them from degradation.²³ Drugs can be encapsulated to mask their taste or modify their release.²⁴ As shown in Tables 1 and 2, pectin is an effective material for the preparation of oral drug carriers.²⁵ Over the past two decades, it has inspired academia and manufacturers to develop more effective drug delivery systems. In addition to being used as wound dressings, body fat reduction agents, and tissue engineering agents, they are also used in drug delivery systems (Table 1). Chitosan, the only biodegradable polymer with a positive charge, has distinctive properties and characteristics among the biodegradable polymers used by pharmaceutical companies. The primary amino group of chitosan is responsible for its cationic charge, which results in the ability to deliver drugs.²⁶ Chitosan has also been shown to improve saturation, stable gelling, mucoadhesive, and efflux pump inhibitor properties. In addition, cationic interactions can be used to deliver drugs through nanoparticles based on DNA and RNA.²⁷ Numerous studies have demonstrated that chitosan is an effective drug delivery system. The characteristics of chitosan differ depending on the salt form, degree of deacetylation, and molecular weight.²⁷ Dornish et al. showed that high-grade and ultra-pure chitosan was safe for use in biological and physiological systems.²⁸ Drug carriers can enhance drug bioavailability by providing mucoadhesive doses, extending release times, and maintaining drugs at absorption sites for longer durations. Chitosan has osteoinductive properties, allowing it to promote cell proliferation, adhesion, and differentiation in bone defects, in addition to biocompatibility and mechanical properties.²⁹ Drug absorption across mucosal membranes can also be improved by chitosan depending on how it is delivered.

Table 1. Chitosan-based systems for targeted delivery of drugs.

Application site	Formulation of materials	In-vitro/in-vivo/Ex-vivo	Description of key features	Key findings	Drug	Date and reference
Colon	Eudragit: An entanglement of chitosan microcores and acrylic microspheres	In-vivo	The pH was a determining factor for Eudagrit. Following Eudagrit dissolution, the chitosan core swelled, leading to the dissolution and diffusion of drug. A molecular weight-dependent effect on drug release was found with chitosan.	Enhanced drug encapsulation, biocompatibility and stability	Sodium diclofenac	30, 2009
	Crosslinked chitosan film containing citrate	In-vivo	The chitosan film was sensitive to pH. Chitosan swelling was accelerated, and drug release was faster in an acidic medium. Over the course of 24 h, 40% of the drug was released at neutral pH.	Development of self-aggregated nanoparticles	Riboflavin	30, 2009
	Chitosan succinate and chitosan phthalate	In-vivo	pH affected the dissolution of the combination, with acidic conditions causing a decrease in the release of the drug and alkaline conditions increasing dissolution.	Enhanced chitosans were utilized to encapsulate sodium diclofenac	Sodium diclofenac	31, 1999
	Chitosan capsule	In-vivo	The amount of drug directly absorbed by the cecum of rats is higher. Animals with induced colitis were treated with chitosan-based capsules which accelerated the healing process.	Chitosan was delivered to be effective in minimizing systemic absorption and enhancing concentration of local drug	5-Aminosalicylic acid	32, 2002
	Liposomes coated with chitosan	In-vivo	In rats, coated liposomes increased alendronate oral bioavailability, and in Caco-2 cells, their absorption was also enhanced.	Liposomes coated with chitosan provided significant unique strategy for inflammatory diseases like ulcerative colitis	Alendronate	33, 2012
	Chitosan Capsules	In-vivo	The therapeutic effect was increased	Chitosan capsule was very useful dosage for the colon specific delivery of R68070 as an anti-inflammatory and ulcerative colitis drug	R68070 (thromboxane synthase inhibitor)	34, 1999
	N-(2-hydroxypropyl)-3-trimethylammonium chitosan chloride	In-vitro/Ex-vivo	It inhibited the reproduction of SARS-CoV-2 and MERS-CoV virus	HTCC provide to be more significant against both MERS-CoV ans SARS-CoV-2	Antiviral	35, 2021
	Carboxymethyl chitosan nanoparticles cross-linked with Ca2+ ions	In-vitro	The nano film provided an extended-release pattern	This ultrasound assisted method proved to be efficient for forming carboxymethyl chitosan nanoparticles	Clindamycin HCl	36, 2022
	Crosslinked carboxymethyl chitosan nanoparticles	In-vivo	In addition to the high encapsulation efficiency (90%), its controlled release was also observed	This microfluidic procedure provides a significance for manufacturing CMCS NPs with prominent size, high dispersity	Metformin hydrochloride	37, 2021
	Chitosan capsules	In-vivo	It increased the concentration of prednisolone in the large intestinal mucosa	Encapsulation containing chitosan improves the prednisolone stability	Prednisolone	38, 2007
	Cholesterol-modified glycol chitosan	In-vivo	The compound showed prolonged circulation time in rat plasma as well as a stronger antitumor effect.	CMGC NPs Significantly synthesized. The nanoparticles possess uniform size and has favorable physicochemical composition	Doxorubicin	39, 2009
	Linoleic acid-modified glycol chitosan	In-vivo	Drug release from the nanoparticles was reduced. The nanoparticles demonstrated stronger anti-tumor efficacy in tumor bearing mice	Nanoparticles which are self-aggregated were significantly prepared using acid modified linoleic glycol chitosan	Paclitaxel	40, 2015
	Methoxy poly (ethylene glycol)-grafted-chitosan	In-vivo	In 48 h, more than 50% of the product was continuously released.	Estimation of in vitro release details of methotrexate using nanoparticles	Methotrexate	41, 2008
	N, O-carboxymethyl chitosan (NOCC)	In-vitro	NOCC nanoparticles loaded with insulin are released more slowly at higher pH levels of phosphate buffered saline	Possible enhancement in patients’ compliance and bioavailability of insulin	Insulin	42, 2009
	Folate-conjugated chitosan	In-vitro	The drug is condensed efficiently, has good tumor-targeting abilities, and has a low cytotoxicity level	Reagents and procedures utilized for the conjugation, confirming the functionalization of folic acid with chitosan	Paclitaxel	43, 2008
	pH-sensitive self-aggregated nanoparticles, amphiphilic deoxycholic acid modified carboxymethyl chitosan	In-vitro	Enhanced cellular uptake and greater retention	Chitosan provides a carrier for the hydrophobic drug DOX for effective cancer treatment against drug-resistant tumors	Doxorubicin	44, 2012
Systemic	linoleic acid/poly (β-malic acid) double grafted chitosan	In-vivo	Nanoparticles were safe drug carriers, showed significantly potent tumor inhibition efficacy	Developed Unique chitosan parameter by using grafting linoleic acid	Paclitaxel	45, 2009
Oral	Mono- and bi-layered mucoadhesive films using CS	In-vitro	The model drug has increased tensile strength and antimicrobial activity	This study deployed films which are both monolayer and bilayer drug local loaded for treatment of the infections in the oral cavity	Cefuroxime	46, 2019
	Buccal film based on Chitosan in mixture with polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)	In-vitro/In-vivo	The drug release at therapeutic concentrations for 6 h was continuous, but at a lower dosage than usual, because the film exhibited satisfactory mechanical and bio adhesive properties	The significant films show acceptable mechanical durability which is suitable for buccal applications in chronic periodontitis	Tenoxicam	47, 2020
	Blended CS film with PVA	Ex-vivo	The antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus mutans was effective, with a good kill time	This study expressed buccal films utilizing a set of CPC and chitosan in pediatric patients	Cetylpyridinium chloride	48, 2020
	Chitosan, sodium alginate, and ethyl cellulose	In-vivo	Presented a relative bioavailability of 246%	Film controllability and sustainability in buccal mucosal drug delivery	Zolmitriptan	49, 2022
	Chitosan, sodium alginate, and ethyl cellulose	In-vivo	Presented a relative bioavailability of 142%	Film controllability and sustainability in buccal mucosal drug delivery	Etodolac	49, 2022
Ocular	An anionic chitosan hydrogel enhanced by disodium α-dglucose 1-phosphate	In-vivo	The drug penetrates deeply into the cornea when it is released rapidly. An exceptional level of ocular tolerance is achieved by this hydrogel. Residency in the ocular region for a prolonged period.	This is likely to proves that the Hydrogel based chitosan was significantly prepared	Levocetirizine dihydrochloride	50, 2012
	The liposomes are coated with chitosan that has a low molecular weight	In-vivo	Using chitosan with a low molecular weight, the coating improved trans-corneal drug penetration.	They explore the estimation and development of coated liposomes with low molecular weight chitosan	Diclofenac sodium	51, 2009
	Nanocapsules of polycaprolactone coated with chitosan	In-vivo	Bioavailability of indomethacin in the eye was increased.	Nano capsules enhanced the bioavailability of indomethacin associated to uncoated nano capsules	Indomethacin	52, 1997
Liver	Nanoparticles based on chitosan and poly ethylene glycol modified with glycyrrhetinic acid	In-vivo	A long-term storage of high medication concentrations is dependent on nanoparticles in the liver. Animals bearing H22 cells were not subject to tumor development when nanoparticles were applied.	These nano particles significantly delivered durgs to liver cell	Doxorubicin	53, 2010
	PEG-grafted lactose conjugated chitosan micelles derived from methyl grafted chitosan	In-vivo	The drug molecules had a higher concentration of molecules and specifically targeted the liver in mice.	Characterization and development of polyion complex	Diammonium glycyrrhizinate	54, 2009
	Nanoparticles of galactosylated chitosan	In-vitro/In-vivo	The 5-Fluorouracil nanoparticles released at a sustained rate. Mouse orthotropic liver hepatic cancer cells are more effectively targeted with this drug.	It utilizes the use 5-Fu nanoparticles for the behavior of HCC	5-Fluorouracil	55, 2012
	Conjugated chitosan nanoparticles containing glycyrrhizin (GL)	In-vivo	The loading efficiency of medication was 91.7%. Nanoparticles accumulate preferentially in hepatocytes, and cellular uptake depends on both time and dose.	Improved chitosan nanoparticles for battered drug procedure to hepatocytes	Adriamycin	56, 2008
Kidney	Chitosan with a low molecular weight	In-vivo	There was a 13-fold increase in prednisolone dose in the kidney region when chitosan was loaded with prednisolone.	r-NAC50-LMWC provides enhanced solubility in physiological parameters	Prednisolone	57, 2009
Lung	Nanoparticles made of chitosan and poly (lactic coglycolic acid)	In-vitro	An enhanced absorption of nanoparticles by lung cancer cells.	Lung tumor-specific targeting of paclitaxel was achieved in mice by intravenous administration of chitosan-modified paclitaxel-loaded	Paclitaxel	58, 2009
	Nanoparticles made of chitosan and poly (lactic coglycolic acid)	In-vivo	A negative charge on tumor cells causes nanoparticles to interact strongly with them under acidic conditions.	Enhanced electrostatic interaction between chitosan-modified NPs and acidic microenvironment of tumor cells	Paclitaxel	59, 2009

Table 2. Pectin-based systems for targeted delivery of drugs.

Application site	Formulation of materials	In-vitro/in-vivo/Ex-vivo	Description of key features	Drug	Date and reference
Colon	Coating of pectin at a ratio of 5:1	In-vitro	The release of drug molecules at pH 6 is significant even in the absence of enzymes.	Indomethacin	60, 1998
	The coating is made up of pectin and calcium chloride	In-vitro	The pharmacokinetics of compression-coated tablets were slower and sustained than those of core tablets.	Indomethacin	61, 2015
	Eudagrit S-100	In-vivo	As a result of colonic enzymatic activity, drug release is delayed in the colon, and due to a high pH in the stomach, no drug release is observed.	Metronidazole	62, 2009
	Hydroxypropyl-methylcellulose Pectinate beads	In-vivo	Due to colonic pectinolytic enzymes, drug release in the colon is delayed. During the reticulation process, counterion concentration allows better control of release.	Ketoprofen	63, 2013
	Pectin with a high esterification level and a high molecular weight	In-vivo	Protection for mucosa provided by coating. Reduced production of gastric acid, reduction of pepsin secretion, and scavenging of radicals. Reduction in the reabsorption of bile acid. A reduction in cholesterol absorption and the production of volatile fatty acids.	Efficacy in lowering lipids and cholesterol	64, 2020
	Pectin with high methoxylation	In-vivo	There is a delay in drug release specific to the colon. No interference with the normal enzymatic activity of the upper gastrointestinal tract.	Ropivacaine hydrochloride monohydrate	65, 2000
	Pectin/anhydrous dibasic calcium phosphate (ADCP) matrix tablets	In-vitro	Water-soluble drugs are released into the gastrointestinal tract in a controlled manner.	Theophylline	66, 2015
	Eudragit S and Eudragit L doubly enteric-coated	In-vivo	Diminished intestinal irritation and profound drug liberation was attained	Bisacodyl	67, 2017
	Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose mixed with pectin	In-vitro/In-vivo	Sustained release inside the colon and reached the colon without disturbing in the upper gastrointestinal system	5-fluorouracil	68, 2020
Ocular	Nanoparticulate of thiolate pectin	Ex-vivo	Aqueous solution releases and permeates more drugs in goat corneas than normal aqueous solution.	Magnesium chloride	69, 2012
Liver	Pectin with a low esterification level and a high molecular weight	In-vivo	Harmful substances are eliminated from the body via the kidney and the intestine. The gut flora is in balance, which contributes to antioxidant properties. The harmful metal ions are removed from the system. Pectin bacterial fermentation produces short-chain fatty acids.	Hepatoprotective effects	70, 2008
	Concentration of apple and orange pectin of 5%	In-vivo	Among all pectin-fed groups, hepatic cholesterol concentrations decreased significantly. The serum cholesterol level was significantly reduced only in groups that received apples. The levels of cholesterol in the liver decreased, while the levels of cholesterol in the serum and feces increased.	Cholesterol levels	71, 1998

Pectin-chitosan composite materials

Pectin-chitosan composites have emerged as versatile materials in medicine.⁷² These composites possess different properties and offer various benefits in the fields of drug delivery and release, pH sensitivity, adhesion to mucosal surfaces, and enhanced stability.⁷³ The use of pectin-chitosan composites for drug delivery offers many advantages, making them an attractive choice for drug delivery applications.⁷⁴ These advantages include biocompatibility, bio-adhesiveness, and the ability to tailor drug release to ensure safe drug administration.⁷⁵ In addition, their encapsulation properties are useful in protecting sensitive drugs.⁷⁶ Pectin-chitosan composites for drug delivery can be formulated through various methods, providing flexibility to meet specific requirements. Common techniques include layer-by-layer assembly, gelation, cross-linking, solvent evaporation, spray drying, compression, and freeze-drying.⁷³^,⁷⁷^–⁷⁹ The choice of method depends on the desired particle size and drug-release profile. The pectin-chitosan composite is a highly promising material for drug delivery, as it ensures biocompatibility with minimal adverse effects on living tissues. The composite shows strong bioadhesive capabilities for effective mucosal adhesion and can maintain stability within a suitable pH range.⁸⁰^,⁸¹ Its biodegradability and eco-friendliness reduce concerns about long-term toxicity and environmental impact, while its adaptability to a variety of drug types and ability to tailor its properties through formulation adjustments make it a versatile choice.⁸²

The rate at which drugs are released from pectin-chitosan composites in drug delivery systems is influenced by multiple factors, necessitating the precise control of tailored drug release kinetics.⁸³ Key factors affecting drug release include the composition of pectin and chitosan, degree of cross-linking, drug properties, composite formulation, pH, ionic strength, temperature, geometry, mechanical properties, swelling, erosion behavior, drug loading, release mechanisms, external stimuli, release mode, drug loading techniques, and degradation rate of pectin and chitosan.⁸⁴ The use of pectin-chitosan composites for drug delivery is generally safe and biocompatible; however, potential side effects exist. Controlling drug release is essential for preventing overdosing or underdosing, and drug interactions should be considered.⁸⁵ Systemic side effects depend on the drug and the route of administration.

Role of dental implants

Dental implants are in high demand owing to widespread tooth loss.⁸⁶ In 1957, Per-Ingvar Brånemark discovered that titanium enhances bone healing properties and their regeneration.⁸⁷ In the case of titanium implants, the rate of bone healing is like that following a fracture or injury to bone.⁸⁸ The role of an implant and the function is to act as an osteoconductive substrate, allowing new tissue to grow around the defect.⁸⁹ Blood clots, cell activation and responses to an implant wound are the three stages of wound healing.⁹⁰ An implant or body surface treated with a new material elicits different biological responses. In order to improve osseointegration between implant surfaces and bone, microlevel characteristics can be applied to implant surfaces.⁹¹^,⁹² As the implant contact surface and bone surface become more intimate, the implant acquires stronger anchorage.⁹³ The rough texture of the surface encourages osteoblastic cell adhesion more quickly than the smooth texture.⁹³^,⁹⁴ Implants with a rough surface provide a larger surface area and enhance the attachment of cells from the bone to implants. In addition to increasing attachment, biochemical interactions between the implant surface and the bone also increase. A variety of treatments and ceramic-like elements can be applied to implant surfaces to enhance osseointegration.⁹⁵

According to Wennerberg, the surface roughness of implants can be classified into three levels: minimal, intermediate, and rough.⁹⁶ Based on the texture, the implants were found to have concave or convex surfaces. Irregularities on the surface can be isotropic or anisotropic, giving the surface roughness a particular orientation.⁹⁷ Surface roughness can be increased using various methods including blasting,⁹⁸ chemical etching,⁹⁹ plasma-sprayed surfaces, ion-sputtering coating,¹⁰⁰ and anodized surfaces.¹⁰⁰ Many materials can be used to coat the surfaces of dental implants depending on their function and intended use.¹⁰¹ There are two types of coating: inorganic layers (hydroxyapatite or calcium phosphate) and organic layers (growth factors).¹⁰² Among inorganic phases, ceramics dominate.¹⁰³ Adding calcium phosphate to implant surfaces improves osteoconductive properties, accelerating the development of bone around the implants.¹⁰⁴ The addition of a hydroxyapatite film to implants causes the release of fluoride ions, resulting in bone calcification.¹⁰⁵ Hydroxyapatite also acts as a mechanical stabilizer as well as a chemical bonding agent between tissues and implant surfaces.¹⁰⁶ As a result of adding organic phases or bioactive materials to implant surfaces, biochemical bonding capacity, hydrophilicity, and osseointegration can be enhanced, depending on the desired outcome, for example, increasing cell adhesion and growth factors or acting as local drug delivery systems.¹⁰⁷^,¹⁰⁸

Pectin and chitosan as implants: a rationale for their use

A new implant coating can enhance the properties of dental implants with the potential to improve attachment, mineralization, and protein deposition by creating a coating for osteoblasts that identify and interact with particular molecules.⁹⁹ New methods of local antimicrobial prophylaxis are needed to ensure that dental prostheses are protected from infections. Implants can enhance biological reactions in situ and promote long-term bone healing. This would allow for faster recovery and a quicker return to normal activity for patients and doctors. The application of nanocoating with organic molecules can have a positive effect on osseointegration and cell behavior. In the vicinity of implants with polysaccharide nanocoating, Bone-to-implant surface contact, and bone mineral density improved.¹⁰⁸ Biopolymers derived from marine and agricultural sources are readily available and replenishable, making them useful in the medical life sciences. Owing to their biocompatibility and biodegradability, these polymers offer ecological security and the ability to be modified by enzymes, giving them a unique set of properties.¹⁰⁹ The anticoagulant properties of sulfated chitosan have also been demonstrated. A biopolymer membrane-covered wound showed better hemostatic properties and healed faster.¹¹⁰ Improvements in epithelialization and collagen deposition have been demonstrated using biopolymer-based membranes. In addition to inhibiting fibrin formation, chitosan-based dressings reduce scarring in wounds.¹¹¹ Because of chitosan membranes, wounds are less likely to lose water, oxygen permeability is increased, fluid drainage is promoted, and foreign microorganism contamination is reduced.¹¹² Chitosan and pectin are both capable of forming thin membranes that can be used to improve the delivery of medications in various ways.¹¹³ A major component of future implant technologies is the fibrin scaffold provided by biopolymers. Bone and implant surfaces can form covalent bonds with the scaffold, thereby mediating cell adhesion.¹⁰⁷

The interaction between Fiekian diffusion and high-viscosity chitosan films has resulted in the constant release of drugs for prolonged periods of time.¹¹⁴ This has led to the development of antimicrobials for specific areas of periodontal therapy, addressing the disadvantages of systemic drug administration. The properties of pectin and chitosan derivatives make them ideal for local drug delivery systems because they enable easy delivery, long-term retention, and regulated medication release. These derivatives also allow for the acceptable penetration of medication into the oral cavity and sustained retention of medication. In addition to their antimicrobial properties, these compounds are highly effective and well tolerated in oral tissues. Pectin and chitosan derivatives have different chemical and physiological properties, including ionic charge, branching, various molecular weights, and enzyme modification properties, making them good candidates for biomaterial coatings.¹¹⁵ Chitosan and pectin with high levels of galactose and low levels of arabinose have been shown to reduce inflammation, which is vital for improving implant integration and reducing inflammation in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, periodontitis, and immunocompromised patients.¹¹⁶ It has been found that biopolymer derivatives inhibit a large number of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria as well as fungi.¹¹⁷

Pectin and chitosan are effective and efficient because of their diverse modification capabilities. Altering the length of their side chains and removing acetyl groups from their hairy regions can change their polarity and wettability.¹¹⁸^,¹¹⁹ Human tissue takes up covalently bonded pectin well in terms of immunological responses.¹²⁰^–¹²² Modifying the side chains of pectin or chitosan sugar molecules makes it easier to initiate bone cell attachment in a manner that is tailored to the human body. It would be beneficial to investigate the use of pectin or chitosan as implant nanocoating and to support their development with findings from previous studies of bone biology.

Mucoadhesive drug delivery systems using carbohydrate polymers like pectin and chitosan show potential for safer chemotherapy in colorectal cancer. Thiolation of pectin and polyelectrolyte complex formation with chitosan enhances mucoadhesion and stability. Theodore Ebenezer Leonard et al. (2023) developed a 5-fluorouracil-loaded drug delivery system combining thiolated pectin and chitosan through triple crosslinking, showing improved mucoadhesion and targeted cytotoxicity against colorectal cancer cells.¹²³ These composites hold promise for targeted drug delivery in colorectal cancer treatment. Resveratrol, a natural polyphenol with health benefits, faces challenges due to poor solubility and low bioavailability. Sarma et al. (2022) developed core-shell nanoparticles using chitosan and pectin¹²⁴ to improve their delivery. These nanoparticles showed sustained release of resveratrol for up to 30 hours, with pH-dependent efficiency. The encapsulated resveratrol exhibited enhanced antioxidant activity compared to free resveratrol. This study introduces a novel nano-based drug delivery system. A study by Nalini et al. (2022) focused on creating pectin/chitosan nanoparticle (PEC/CSNP) beads to deliver quercetin, a hydrophobic compound, using ionotropic gelation.¹²⁵ The beads showed high encapsulation efficiency and sustained release of quercetin. They also exhibited improved antibacterial properties and enhanced antioxidant potency. The beads were found to be blood-compatible and showed good cell viability in vitro. Overall, the PEC/CSNP beads have potential as an effective drug delivery system, especially in low pH environments like the gastrointestinal tract. Polysaccharide-based nanoparticles like pectin/chitosan are ideal for oral drug delivery due to their solubility and biocompatibility. A study by Nidhi Mishra et al. (2023) used blending-crosslinking of pectin/chitosan polymers to create PEGylated nanoparticles for delivering phytic acid (IP6) to the colon to potentially manage colon cancer.¹²⁶ Two sets of nanoparticles were prepared: one crosslinked with Glutaraldehyde (GE) and the other with sodium tripolyphosphate (TPP). The TPP- pectin/chitosan nanoparticles were smaller in size than GE - pectin/chitosan - nanoparticles. The nanoparticles showed controlled release of IP6 at different pH levels and were cytocompatible and effective in cellular uptake in cancer cell lines. The PEGylated-TPP - pectin/chitosan- nanoparticles demonstrated time-dependent uptake in cell lines. This method successfully delivered IP6 to the colon and could be applied to other drugs for colon delivery.

Conclusion

The efficacies of pectin and chitosan are supported by their diverse modification capabilities. It is possible to fabricate nanostructures and sizes made from these natural biopolymers for an array of innovative uses. Reviewing the application of pectin and chitosan, as well as their composites, for dental implant surface coatings is a promising endeavor because of the multifaceted benefits of the composites. These composites offer enhanced biocompatibility and can mitigate infection risks owing to their inherent antimicrobial properties. In addition, they have the potential to promote osseointegration by facilitating bone cell adhesion and growth. By enabling controlled drug delivery, these composites can release antimicrobial agents or growth factors, optimize tissue healing around implants, and minimize inflammation. The versatility of the formulation allows for tailored applications, whereas their natural sourcing contributes to eco-friendliness. This aim is to improve the safety, longevity, and success of dental implant procedures, making them an asset in dental implant technology. Studies and experimental tests should be conducted to determine the efficacy of pectin-chitosan composites as nanocoating for implants. Promising outcomes from in vitro and in vivo research may emerge in the near future. The use of pectin and chitosan in drug delivery systems has shown promising results for enhancing drug absorption and controlling drug release. These natural polysaccharides offer a wide range of applications, from wound dressings to tissue engineering agents, and hold potential for advanced biomedical implant applications. With their biocompatibility and biodegradability, pectin and chitosan composites present an exciting opportunity for the development of novel drug delivery systems and implant materials. Further research and development in this area could lead to significant advancements in the field of pharmaceutical and biomedical sciences.

Data availability statement

No data is associated with this article.

References

1. Morris GA, Kök SM, Harding SE, et al.: Polysaccharide drug delivery systems based on pectin and chitosan. Biotechnol. Genet. Eng. Rev. 2010; 27(1): 257–284. Publisher Full Text
2. Liu L, Fishman ML, Kost J, et al.: Pectin-based systems for colon-specific drug delivery via oral route. Biomaterials. 2003; 24(19): 3333–3343. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
3. Liu L, Fishman ML, Hicks KB: Pectin in controlled drug delivery–a review. Cellulose. 2007; 14(1): 15–24. Publisher Full Text
4. Semdé R, Amighi K, Devleeschouwer MJ, et al.: Studies of pectin HM/Eudragit^® RL/Eudragit^® NE film-coating formulations intended for colonic drug delivery. Int. J. Pharm. 2000; 197(1-2): 181–192. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
5. Wikiera A, Mika M, Starzyńska-Janiszewska A, et al.: Endo-xylanase and endo-cellulase-assisted extraction of pectin from apple pomace. Carbohydr. Polym. 2016; 142: 199–205. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
6. Canteri-Schemin MH, Fertonani HCR, Waszczynskyj N, et al.: Extraction of pectin from apple pomace. Braz. Arch. Biol. Technol. 2005; 48: 259–266. Publisher Full Text
7. Christensen SH: Pectins. Food Hydrocolloids. CRC Press; 2020; pp. 205–230. Publisher Full Text
8. Das S: Pectin based multi-particulate carriers for colon-specific delivery of therapeutic agents. Int. J. Pharm. 2021; 605: 120814. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
9. Tong WY, Rafiee ARA, Leong CR, et al.: Development of sodium alginate-pectin biodegradable active food packaging film containing cinnamic acid. Chemosphere. 2023; 336: 139212. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
10. Sande SA: Pectin-based oral drug delivery to the colon. Expert Opin. Drug Deliv. 2005; 2(3): 441–450. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
11. Turkoglu M, Ugurlu T: In vitro evaluation of pectin–HPMC compression coated 5-aminosalicylic acid tablets for colonic delivery. Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. 2002; 53(1): 65–73. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
12. Crini G: Historical review on chitin and chitosan biopolymers. Environ. Chem. Lett. 2019; 17(4): 1623–1643. Publisher Full Text
13. Muzzarelli R, Muzzarelli C: Chitosan chemistry: relevance to the biomedical sciences. Polysaccharides. 2005; 186: 151–209. Publisher Full Text
14. Dash M, Chiellini F, Ottenbrite RM, et al.: Chitosan—A versatile semi-synthetic polymer in biomedical applications. Prog. Polym. Sci. 2011; 36(8): 981–1014. Publisher Full Text
15. Avadi M, Zohuriaan-Mehr M, Younessi P, et al.: Optimized synthesis and characterization of N-triethyl chitosan. J. Bioact. Compat. Polym. 2003; 18(6): 469–479. Publisher Full Text
16. Li Q, Dunn E, Grandmaison E, et al.: Applications and properties of chitosan. Applications of Chitin and Chitosan. CRC Press; 2020; pp. 3–29. Publisher Full Text
17. Koide S: Chitin-chitosan: properties, benefits and risks. Nutr. Res. 1998; 18(6): 1091–1101. Publisher Full Text
18. Saeedi M, Vahidi O, Moghbeli MR, et al.: Customizing nano-chitosan for sustainable drug delivery. J. Control. Release. 2022; 350: 175–192. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
19. Tirtashi FE, Moradi M, Tajik H, et al.: Cellulose/chitosan pH-responsive indicator incorporated with carrot anthocyanins for intelligent food packaging. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2019; 136: 920–926. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
20. Doan HN, Vo PP, Baggio A, et al.: Environmentally friendly chitosan-modified polycaprolactone nanofiber/nanonet membrane for controllable oil/water separation. ACS Appl. Polym. Mater. 2021; 3(8): 3891–3901. Publisher Full Text
21. Shaban NZ, Aboelsaad AM, Shoueir KR, et al.: Chitosan-based dithiophenolato nanoparticles: Preparation, mechanistic information of DNA binding, antibacterial and cytotoxic activities. J. Mol. Liq. 2020; 318: 114252. Publisher Full Text
22. Fishman ML, Cooke PH, Coffin DR: Nanostructure of native pectin sugar acid gels visualized by atomic force microscopy. Biomacromolecules. 2004; 5(2): 334–341. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
23. Issa MI, Abdul-Fattah N: Evaluating the effect of silver nanoparticles incorporation on antifungal activity and some properties of soft denture lining material. J. Baghdad Coll. Dent. 2015; 325(2219): 1–15.
24. Ihab N, Moudhaffar M: Evaluation the effect of modified nano-fillers addition on some properties of heat cured acrylic denture base material. J. Baghdad Coll. Dent. 2011; 23(3): 23–29.
25. Liu L, Fishman ML, Hicks KB, et al.: Pectin/zein beads for potential colon-specific drug delivery: Synthesis and in vitro evaluation. Drug Deliv. 2006; 13(6): 417–423. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
26. Roberts GA: Solubility and solution behaviour of chitin and chitosan.Roberts GA, editor. Chitin Chemistry. Springer; 1992; pp. 274–329. Publisher Full Text
27. Patel MP, Patel RR, Patel JK: Chitosan mediated targeted drug delivery system: A review. J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci. 2010; 13(4): 536–557. Publisher Full Text
28. Dornish M, Kaplan D, Skaugrud.: Standards and guidelines for biopolymers in tissue-engineered medical products: ASTM alginate and chitosan standard guides. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 2001; 944(1): 388–397. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
29. Prabaharan M, Mano J: Chitosan-based particles as controlled drug delivery systems. Drug Deliv. 2004; 12(1): 41–57. Publisher Full Text
30. Tan Y-L, Liu C-G: Self-aggregated nanoparticles from linoleic acid modified carboxymethyl chitosan: Synthesis, characterization and application in vitro. Colloids Surf. B: Biointerfaces. 2009; 69(2): 178–182. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
31. Aiedeh K, Taha MO: Synthesis of chitosan succinate and chitosan phthalate and their evaluation as suggested matrices in orally administered, colon-specific drug delivery systems. Arch. Pharm (Weinheim). 1999; 332(3): 103–107. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
32. Tozaki H, Odoriba T, Okada N, et al.: Chitosan capsules for colon-specific drug delivery: Enhanced localization of 5-aminosalicylic acid in the large intestine accelerates healing of TNBS-induced colitis in rats. J. Control. Release. 2002; 82(1): 51–61. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
33. Han HK, Shin HJ, Ha DH: Improved oral bioavailability of alendronate via the mucoadhesive liposomal delivery system. Eur. J. Pharm. Sci. 2012; 46(5): 500–507. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
34. Tozaki H, Fujita T, Odoriba T, et al.: Colon-specific delivery of R68070, a new thromboxane synthase inhibitor, using chitosan capsules: Therapeutic effects against 2, 4, 6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid-induced ulcerative colitis in rats. Life Sci. 1999; 64(13): 1155–1162. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
35. Milewska Y, Chic A, Szczepanski E, et al.: HTCC as a highly effective polymeric inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2 and MERS-CoV. bioRxiv. 2021.
36. Chaiwarit T, Sommano SR, Rachtanapun P, et al.: Development of Carboxymethyl Chitosan Nanoparticles Prepared by Ultrasound-Assisted Technique for a Clindamycin HCl Carrier. Polymers. 2022; 14(9): 1736. Publisher Full Text
37. Lari AS, Zahedi P, Ghourchian H, et al.: Microfluidic-based synthesized carboxymethyl chitosan nanoparticles containing metformin for diabetes therapy: in vitro and in vivo assessments. Carbohydr. Polym. 2021; 261: 117889. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
38. Yamamoto A: Study on the colon specific delivery of prednisolone using chitosan capsules. Yakugaku Zasshi: Journal of the Pharmaceutical Society of Japan. 2007; 127(4): 621–630. Publisher Full Text
39. Yu JM, Li YJ, Qiu LY, et al.: Polymeric nanoparticles of cholesterol-modified glycol chitosan for doxorubicin delivery: Preparation and in-vitro and in-vivo characterization. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 2009; 61(6): 713–719. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
40. Yu J, Liu Y, Zhang L, et al.: Self-aggregated nanoparticles of linoleic acid-modified glycol chitosan conjugate as delivery vehicles for paclitaxel: Preparation, characterization and evaluation. J. Biomater. Sci. Polym. Ed. 2015; 26(18): 1475–1489. Publisher Full Text
41. Yang X, Zhang Q, Wang Y, et al.: Self-aggregated nanoparticles from methoxy poly (ethylene glycol)-modified chitosan: Synthesis; characterization; aggregation and methotrexate release in vitro. Colloids Surf. B: Biointerfaces. 2008; 61(2): 125–131. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
42. Lin C-C, Lin C-W: Preparation of N, O-carboxymethyl chitosan nanoparticles as an insulin carrier. Drug Deliv. 2009; 16(8): 458–464. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
43. Gong J, Wang S, Hu X, et al.: Synthesis and characterization of folic acid-conjugated chitosan nanoparticles as a tumor-targeted drug carrier. Nan Fang yi ke da xue xue bao = Journal of Southern Medical University. 2008; 28(12): 2183–2186.
44. Jin Y-H, Hu H-Y, Qiao M-X, et al.: pH-sensitive chitosan-derived nanoparticles as doxorubicin carriers for effective anti-tumor activity: Preparation and in vitro evaluation. Colloids Surf. B: Biointerfaces. 2012; 94: 184–191. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
45. Zhao Z, He M, Yin L, et al.: Biodegradable nanoparticles based on linoleic acid and poly(β-malic acid) double grafted chitosan derivatives as carriers of anticancer drugs. Biomacromolecules. 2009; 10(3): 565–572. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
46. Timur SS, Yüksel S, Akca G, et al.: Localized drug delivery with mono and bilayered mucoadhesive films and wafers for oral mucosal infections. Int. J. Pharm. 2019; 559: 102–112. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
47. Ashri LY, Amal El Sayeh F, Ibrahim MA, et al.: Optimization and evaluation of chitosan buccal films containing tenoxicam for treating chronic periodontitis: in vitro and in vivo studies. J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Technol. 2020; 57: 101720. Publisher Full Text
48. Abouhussein D, El Nabarawi MA, Shalaby SH, et al.: Cetylpyridinium chloride chitosan blended mucoadhesive buccal films for treatment of pediatric oral diseases. J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Technol. 2020; 57: 101676. Publisher Full Text
49. Wang S, Gao Z, Liu L, et al.: Preparation, in vitro and in vivo evaluation of chitosan-sodium alginate-ethyl cellulose polyelectrolyte film as a novel buccal mucosal delivery vehicle. Eur. J. Pharm. Sci. 2022; 168: 106085. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
50. Chen X, Li X, Zhou Y, et al.: Chitosan-based thermosensitive hydrogel as a promising ocular drug delivery system: Preparation, characterization, and in vivo evaluation. J. Biomater. Appl. 2012; 27(4): 391–402. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
51. Li N, Zhuang C, Wang M, et al.: Liposome coated with low molecular weight chitosan and its potential use in ocular drug delivery. Int. J. Pharm. 2009; 379(1): 131–138. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
52. Calvo P, Vila-Jato JL, Alonso MJ: Evaluation of cationic polymer-coated nanocapsules as ocular drug carriers. Int. J. Pharm. 1997; 153(1): 41–50. Publisher Full Text
53. Tian Q, Zhang C-N, Wang X-H, et al.: Glycyrrhetinic acid-modified chitosan/poly (ethylene glycol) nanoparticles for liver-targeted delivery. Biomaterials. 2010; 31(17): 4748–4756. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
54. Yang KW, Li XR, Yang ZL, et al.: Novel polyion complex micelles for liver-targeted delivery of diammonium glycyrrhizinate: in vitro and in vivo characterization. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A: An Official Journal of The Society for Biomaterials, The Japanese Society for Biomaterials, and The Australian Society for Biomaterials and the Korean Society for Biomaterials. 2009; 88A(1): 140–148. Publisher Full Text
55. Cheng M, He B, Wan T, et al.: 5-Fluorouracil nanoparticles inhibit hepatocellular carcinoma via activation of the p53 pathway in the orthotopic transplant mouse model.2012.
56. Lin A, Liu Y, Huang Y, et al.: Glycyrrhizin surface-modified chitosan nanoparticles for hepatocyte-targeted delivery. Int. J. Pharm. 2008; 359(1-2): 247–253. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
57. Yuan Z-x, Zhang Z-r, Zhu D, et al.: Specific renal uptake of randomly 50% N-acetylated low molecular weight chitosan. Mol. Pharm. 2009; 6(1): 305–314. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
58. Yang R, Yang S-G, Shim W-S, et al.: Lung-specific delivery of paclitaxel by chitosan-modified PLGA nanoparticles via transient formation of microaggregates. J. Pharm. Sci. 2009; 98(3): 970–984. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
59. Yang R, Shim W-S, Cui F-D, et al.: Enhanced electrostatic interaction between chitosan-modified PLGA nanoparticle and tumor. Int. J. Pharm. 2009; 371(1-2): 142–147. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
60. Fernandez-Hervas M, Fell J: Pectin/chitosan mixtures as coatings for colon-specific drug delivery: An in vitro evaluation. Int. J. Pharm. 1998; 169(1): 115–119. Publisher Full Text
61. Wei X, Lu Y, Qi J, et al.: An in situ crosslinked compression coat comprised of pectin and calcium chloride for colon-specific delivery of indomethacin. Drug Deliv. 2015; 22(3): 298–305. Publisher Full Text
62. Jain A, Khare P, Agrawal RK, et al.: Metronidazole loaded pectin microspheres for colon targeting. J. Pharm. Sci. 2009; 98(11): 4229–4236. Publisher Full Text
63. Alvarez-Lorenzo C, Blanco-Fernandez B, Puga AM, et al.: Crosslinked ionic polysaccharides for stimuli-sensitive drug delivery. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 2013; 65(9): 1148–1171. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
64. Khotimchenko M: Pectin polymers for colon-targeted antitumor drug delivery. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2020; 158: 1110–1124. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
65. Ahrabi SF, Madsen G, Dyrstad K, et al.: Development of pectin matrix tablets for colonic delivery of model drug ropivacaine. Eur. J. Pharm. Sci. 2000; 10(1): 43–52. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
66. Mamani PL, Ruiz-Caro R, Veiga MD: Pectin/anhydrous dibasic calcium phosphate matrix tablets for in vitro controlled release of water-soluble drug. Int. J. Pharm. 2015; 494(1): 235–243. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
67. Park HJ, Jung HJ, Ho MJ, et al.: Colon-targeted delivery of solubilized bisacodyl by doubly enteric-coated multiple-unit tablet. Eur. J. Pharm. Sci. 2017; 102: 172–179. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
68. Othman MH, Zayed GM, Ali UF, et al.: Colon-specific tablets containing 5-fluorouracil microsponges for colon cancer targeting. Drug Dev. Ind. Pharm. 2020; 46(12): 2081–2088. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
69. Sharma R, Ahuja M, Kaur H: Thiolated pectin nanoparticles: Preparation, characterization and ex vivo corneal permeation study. Carbohydr. Polym. 2012; 87(2): 1606–1610. Publisher Full Text
70. Liu HY, Huang ZL, Yang GH, et al.: Inhibitory effect of modified citrus pectin on liver metastases in a mouse colon cancer model. World J. Gastroenterol.: WJG. 2008; 14(48): 7386–7391. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text
71. Gonzalez M, Rivas C, Caride B, et al.: Effects of orange and apple pectin on cholesterol concentration in serum, liver and faeces. J. Physiol. Biochem. 1998; 54(2): 99–104. PubMed Abstract
72. Marudova M, Lang S, Brownsey GJ, et al.: Pectin–chitosan multilayer formation. Carbohydr. Res. 2005; 340(13): 2144–2149. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
73. Tian L, Singh A, Singh AV: Synthesis and characterization of pectin-chitosan conjugate for biomedical application. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2020; 153: 533–538. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
74. Robert B, Chenthamara D, Subramaniam S: Fabrication and biomedical applications of Arabinoxylan, Pectin, Chitosan, soy protein, and silk fibroin hydrogels via laccase-Ferulic acid redox chemistry. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2022; 201: 539–556. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
75. Li D-q, Wang S-y, Meng Y-j, et al.: Fabrication of self-healing pectin/chitosan hybrid hydrogel via Diels-Alder reactions for drug delivery with high swelling property, pH-responsiveness, and cytocompatibility. Carbohydr. Polym. 2021; 268: 118244. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
76. Nalini T, Basha SK, Sadiq AM, et al.: Pectin/chitosan nanoparticle beads as potential carriers for quercetin release. Mater. Today Commun. 2022; 33: 104172. Publisher Full Text
77. Qian J, Chen Y, Wang Q, et al.: Preparation and antimicrobial activity of pectin-chitosan embedding nisin microcapsules. Eur. Polym. J. 2021; 157: 110676. Publisher Full Text
78. Ghaffari A, Navaee K, Oskoui M, et al.: Preparation and characterization of free mixed film of pectin/chitosan/Eudragit^® RS intended for sigmoidal drug delivery. Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. 2007; 67(1): 175–186. Publisher Full Text
79. Tukmachi MS, Abdul-Baqi HJ, Hussein FH: Biofunctionalization of polyetheretherketone implant material by bone-forming peptide-2 immobilization. Karbala Int. J. Mod. Sci. 2023; 9(1): 9. Publisher Full Text
80. Martău GA, Mihai M, Vodnar DC: The use of chitosan, alginate, and pectin in the biomedical and food sector—biocompatibility, bio adhesiveness, and biodegradability. Polymers. 2019; 11(11): 1837. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text
81. Al-Samaray ME, Fatalla AA: Fabrication and characterization of bioactive composite: A pilot study. J. Compos. Mater. 2023; 57: 2955–2969. Publisher Full Text
82. Chetouani A, Follain N, Marais S, et al.: Physicochemical properties and biological activities of novel blend films using oxidized pectin/chitosan. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2017; 97: 348–356. Publisher Full Text
83. Macleod GS, Collett JH, Fell JT: The potential use of mixed films of pectin, chitosan and HPMC for bimodal drug release. J. Control. Release. 1999; 58(3): 303–310. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
84. Li W, Hao W, Xiaohua Z, et al.: Pectin-chitosan complex: Preparation and application in colon-specific capsule. Int. J. Agric. Biol. Eng. 2015; 8(4): 151–160.
85. Deshmukh R: Bridging the gap of drug delivery in colon cancer: The role of chitosan and pectin based nanocarriers system. Curr. Drug Deliv. 2020; 17(10): 911–924. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
86. Sullivan RM: Implant dentistry and the concept of osseointegration: A historical perspective. J. Calif. Dent. Assoc. 2001; 29(11): 737–744. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
87. Chakraborty D: Patient Specific Dental Implant Using Finite Element Analysis.2018.
88. King GN, Hermann JS, Schoolfield JD, et al.: Influence of the size of the microgap on crestal bone levels in non-submerged dental implants: A radiographic study in the canine mandible. J. Periodontol. 2002; 73(10): 1111–1117. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
89. Linderbäck P, Areva S, Aspenberg P, et al.: Sol–gel derived titania coating with immobilized bisphosphonate enhances screw fixation in rat tibia. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A. 2010; 94(2): 389–395. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
90. Bornstein MM, Valderrama P, Jones AA, et al.: Bone apposition around two different sandblasted and acid-etched titanium implant surfaces: A histomorphometric study in canine mandibles. Clin. Oral Implants Res. 2008; 19(3): 233–241. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
91. Stanford C: Surface modifications of dental implants. Aust. Dent. J. 2008; 53(Suppl 1): S26–S33. Publisher Full Text
92. Kareem RA, Naji GA-H: Natural preparation of rice husk-derived silica and eggshell-derived calcium carbonate composite as a coating material for dental implant. J. Baghdad Coll. Dent. 2022; 34(1): 36–43. Publisher Full Text
93. Triplett RG, Frohberg U, Sykaras N, et al.: Implant materials, design, and surface topographies: Their influence on osseointegration of dental implants. J. Long-Term Eff. Med. Implants. 2003; 13(6): 18. Publisher Full Text
94. Bonfante EA, Marin C, Granato R, et al.: Histologic and biomechanical evaluation of alumina-blasted/acid-etched and resorbable blasting media surfaces. J. Oral Implantol. 2012; 38(5): 549–557. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
95. DiGiallorenzo D: History of dental implants. Lanap & Implant Center of Pennsylvania; 2014. Reference Source
96. Wennerberg A, Albrektsson T: On implant surfaces: A review of current knowledge and opinions. Int. J. Oral Maxillofac. Implants. 2010; 25(1): 63–74. PubMed Abstract
97. Göransson A, Wennerberg A: Bone formation at titanium implants prepared with iso-and anisotropic surfaces of similar roughness: An in vivo study. Clin. Implant. Dent. Relat. Res. 2005; 7(1): 17–23. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
98. Ji H, Marquis P: Preparation and characterization of Al2O3 reinforced hydroxyapatite. Biomaterials. 1992; 13(11): 744–748. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
99. Gupta A, Dhanraj M, Sivagami G: Status of surface treatment in endosseous implant: A literary overview. Indian J. Dent. Res. 2010; 21(3): 433–438. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
100. Yoshinari M, Watanabe Y, Ohtsuka Y, et al.: Solubility control of thin calcium-phosphate coating with rapid heating. J. Dent. Res. 1997; 76(8): 1485–1494. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
101. Searson LJ, Gough M, Hemmings K: Implantology in general dental practice. Quintessence Publishing Company Limited; 2019.
102. Ehrenfest DMD, Coelho PG, Kang BS, et al.: Classification of Osseo integrated implant surfaces: Materials, chemistry, and topography. Trends Biotechnol. 2010; 28(4): 198–206. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
103. von Recum AF : Handbook of biomaterials evaluation: Scientific, technical, and clinical testing of implant materials. CRC Press; 1998.
104. Søballe K: Hydroxyapatite ceramic coating for bone implant fixation: Mechanical and histological studies in dogs. Acta Orthop. Scand. 1993; 64(sup255): 1–58. Publisher Full Text
105. Barrere F, Van Der Valk C, Meijer G, et al.: Osteointegration of biomimetic apatite coating applied onto dense and porous metal implants in femurs of goats. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. B Appl. Biomater. 2003; 67(1): 655–665. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
106. Hench LL, Paschall H: Direct chemical bond of bioactive glass-ceramic materials to bone and muscle. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 1973; 7(3): 25–42. Publisher Full Text
107. Cao W, Hench LL: Bioactive materials. Ceram. Int. 1996; 22(6): 493–507. Publisher Full Text
108. Gurzawska K, Svava R, Jørgensen NR, et al.: Nanocoating of titanium implant surfaces with organic molecules: Polysaccharides including glycosaminoglycans. J. Biomed. Nanotechnol. 2012; 8(6): 1012–1024. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
109. Prashanth KH, Tharanathan R: Chitin/chitosan: Modifications and their unlimited application potential—an overview. Trends Food Sci. Technol. 2007; 18(3): 117–131. Publisher Full Text
110. Huang R, Du Y, Yang J, et al.: Influence of functional groups on the in vitro anticoagulant activity of chitosan sulfate. Carbohydr. Res. 2003; 338(6): 483–489. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
111. Lloyd L, Kennedy J, Methacanon P, et al.: Carbohydrate polymers as wound management aids. Carbohydr. Polym. 1998; 37(3): 315–322. Publisher Full Text
112. Mi FL, Tan YC, Liang HC, et al.: In vitro evaluation of a chitosan membrane cross-linked with genipin. J. Biomater. Sci. Polym. Ed. 2001; 12(8): 835–850. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
113. Srinivasa P, Ramesh M, Kumar K, et al.: The properties of chitosan films prepared under different drying conditions. J. Food Eng. 2004; 63(1): 79–85. Publisher Full Text
114. Puttipipatkhachorn S, Nunthanid J, Yamamoto K, et al.: Drug physical state and drug–polymer interaction on drug release from chitosan matrix films. J. Control. Release. 2001; 75(1-2): 143–153. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
115. Kokkonen H, Cassinelli C, Verhoef R, et al.: Differentiation of osteoblasts on pectin-coated titanium. Biomacromolecules. 2008; 9(9): 2369–2376. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
116. Mieszkowska A, Folkert J, Gaber T, et al.: Pectin nanocoating reduces proinflammatory fibroblast response to bacteria. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A. 2017; 105(12): 3475–3481. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
117. Vishu Kumar AB, Varadaraj MC, Gowda LR, et al.: Characterization of chito-oligosaccharides prepared by chitosanolysis with the aid of papain and Pronase, and their bactericidal action against Bacillus cereus and Escherichia coli. Biochem. J. 2005; 391(2): 167–175. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text
118. Morra M, Cassinelli C, Cascardo G, et al.: Effects on interfacial properties and cell adhesion of surface modification by pectic hairy regions. Biomacromolecules. 2004; 5(6): 2094–2104. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
119. Kokkonen H, Niiranen H, Schols HA, et al.: Pectin-coated titanium implants are well-tolerated in vivo. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A. 2010; 93(4): 1404–1409. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
120. Jiao H, Ali SS, Alsharbaty MHM, et al.: A critical review on plastic waste life cycle assessment and management: Challenges, research gaps, and future perspectives. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 2024; 271: 115942. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
121. Alsharbaty MHM, Naji GA, Ali SS: Exploring the potential of a newly developed pectin-chitosan polyelectrolyte composite on the surface of commercially pure titanium for dental implants. Sci. Rep. 2023; 13(1): 22203. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text
122. Mohammed NB, Daily ZA, Alsharbaty MH, et al.: Effect of PMMA sealing treatment on the corrosion behavior of plasma electrolytic oxidized titanium dental implants in fluoride-containing saliva solution. Mater. Res. Express. 2022; 9(12): 125401. Publisher Full Text
123. Leonard TE, Liko AF, Gustiananda M, et al.: Thiolated pectin-chitosan composites: Potential mucoadhesive drug delivery system with selective cytotoxicity towards colorectal cancer. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2023; 225: 1–12. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
124. Sarma S, Agarwal S, Bhuyan P, et al.: Resveratrol-loaded chitosan-pectin core-shell nanoparticles as novel drug delivery vehicle for sustained release and improved antioxidant activities. R. Soc. Open Sci. 2022; 9(2): 210784. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text
125. Nalini T, Basha SK, Sadiq AM, et al.: Pectin/chitosan nanoparticle beads as potential carriers for quercetin release. Mater. Today Commun. 2022; 33: 104172. Publisher Full Text
126. Mishra N, Pal S, Sharma M, et al.: Crosslinked and PEGylated Pectin Chitosan nanoparticles for delivery of Phytic acid to colon. Int. J. Pharm. 2023; 639: 122937. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text

Comments on this article Comments (0)

Version 2

VERSION 2 PUBLISHED 21 Mar 2024

Author details Author details

Mohammed Hussein M. Alsharbaty
Roles: Conceptualization, Writing – Original Draft Preparation

Ghassan A. Naji
Roles: Resources, Supervision

Sameh S. Ali
Roles: Writing – Review & Editing

Competing interests

No competing interests were disclosed.

Grant information

The author(s) declared that no grants were involved in supporting this work.

Article Versions (2)

version 2

Revised

Published: 04 Sep 2024, 13:209

https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.145101.2

version 1

Published: 21 Mar 2024, 13:209

https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.145101.1

© 2024 Alsharbaty MHM et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The author(s) is/are employees of the US Government and therefore domestic copyright protection in USA does not apply to this work. The work may be protected under the copyright laws of other jurisdictions when used in those jurisdictions.

Download

Export To

metrics

	Views	Downloads
F1000Research	-	-
PubMed Central Data from PMC are received and updated monthly.	-	-

Citations

SEE MORE DETAILS

CITE

how to cite this article

Alsharbaty MHM, Naji GA and Ali SS. Exploring the Synergistic Potential of Pectin-Chitosan Composites for Advanced Drug Delivery and Biomedical Implant Applications: A Comprehensive Review and Future Perspectives [version 2; peer review: 1 approved, 1 not approved]. F1000Research 2024, 13:209 (https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.145101.2)

NOTE: If applicable, it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article.

track

receive updates on this article

Track an article to receive email alerts on any updates to this article.

Open Peer Review

Version 2

VERSION 2

PUBLISHED 04 Sep 2024

Revised

Views

Reviewer Report 18 Sep 2024

Bhisham Narayan Singh, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India

Not Approved

https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.171160.r320732

As per my comment and suggestion, the authors didn't addressed all the comments and also didn't revise the manuscript with the reported quantitative data, analysis and its Comparison to highlight suitability of biomaterial for desired future application in tissue engineering. ... Continue reading

CITE

Report a concern

Respond or Comment

Views

Reviewer Report 11 Sep 2024

Sagar Salave, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India

Approved

https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.171160.r320733

Authors have ... Continue reading

CITE

Report a concern

Respond or Comment

Version 1

VERSION 1

PUBLISHED 21 Mar 2024

Views

Reviewer Report 28 Jun 2024

Sagar Salave, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India

Approved with Reservations

https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.158990.r283991

The topic is fascinating in drug delivery and implant development. However, the authors have superficially summarised the literature. Therefore, reviewer would like to recommend a major revision for this article;
Specific comments:
1. Include the chemical structure for pectin and chitosan
2. Table 1 can be improved in terms of the method of preparation and key findings
3. Inclusion of more literature in the drug delivery and implant section would improve the quality of the article
4. Add a few figures in relevant section to improve the readability of the article
5. Improve the conclusion in the revised manuscript

Is the topic of the review discussed comprehensively in the context of the current literature?

No
Are all factual statements correct and adequately supported by citations?

Yes
Is the review written in accessible language?

Yes
Are the conclusions drawn appropriate in the context of the current research literature?

Yes

Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed.

Reviewer Expertise: Drug delivery, Nanomedicine, Pharmaceutical Technology, Characterization

I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above.

CITE

Report a concern

Author Response 04 Sep 2024

Mohammed Hussein M. Alsharbaty, Department of Prosthodontics, University of Baghdad, Iraq

04 Sep 2024

Author Response

The revised version reflects all the reviewer's comments
Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed.
The revised version reflects all the reviewer's comments
The revised version reflects all the reviewer's comments
Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Close
Report a concern
Respond or Comment

COMMENTS ON THIS REPORT

Author Response 04 Sep 2024

Mohammed Hussein M. Alsharbaty, Department of Prosthodontics, University of Baghdad, Iraq

04 Sep 2024

Author Response

The revised version reflects all the reviewer's comments
Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed.
The revised version reflects all the reviewer's comments
The revised version reflects all the reviewer's comments
Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Close
Report a concern

Views

Reviewer Report 18 Jun 2024

Bhisham Narayan Singh, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India

Not Approved

https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.158990.r259933

Comments:
1. Abstract need to be rewrite and should well organized. Also, authors need to check for statement like swelling and degradation of cells.
2. The current review article is too general and need to be updated with current studies and recent advancement.
3. Authors, need to discuss and analyze the reported data for various physico-chemiccal, mechanical and biological outcomes of various developed and evaluated implants through in-vitro and in-vivo studies.
4. Authors, need to highlight various reported pectin and chitosan based drug delivery system such as nanoparticles, hydrogels etc. Also, need to discuss advantages and challenges.
5. Overall, authors need to revise the complete manuscript with some reported data, compare the reported work and allow the reader to get insight on recent trends in development of pectin and chitosan based drug delivery system and implants for biomedical applications. Also, authors need to add few figures to improve the quality of the manuscript and to build interest of readers.

Is the topic of the review discussed comprehensively in the context of the current literature?

No
Are all factual statements correct and adequately supported by citations?

Yes
Is the review written in accessible language?

No
Are the conclusions drawn appropriate in the context of the current research literature?

Partly

Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed.

Reviewer Expertise: Tissue Engineering, Biomaterial

I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to state that I do not consider it to be of an acceptable scientific standard, for reasons outlined above.

CITE

Report a concern

Respond or Comment

Comments on this article Comments (0)

Version 2

VERSION 2 PUBLISHED 21 Mar 2024

Open Peer Review

Reviewer Status

Reviewer Reports

	Invited Reviewers
	1	2
Version 2 (revision) 04 Sep 24	read	read
Version 1 21 Mar 24	read	read

Bhisham Narayan Singh, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
Sagar Salave, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Ahmedabad, India

Comments on this article

All Comments(0)

Add a comment

Browse by related subjects

Back to all reports

Reviewer Report

7 Views

18 Sep 2024 | for Version 2

Bhisham Narayan Singh, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India

7 Views Cite this report Responses(0)

Not Approved

Competing Interests

No competing interests were disclosed.

Reviewer Expertise

Tissue Engineering, Biomaterial

Respond to this report

Responses (0)

Back to all reports

Reviewer Report

6 Views

11 Sep 2024 | for Version 2

Sagar Salave, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India

6 Views Cite this report Responses(0)

Approved

Authors have improved manuscript significantly.

Competing Interests

No competing interests were disclosed.

Reviewer Expertise

Drug delivery, Nanomedicine, Pharmaceutical Technology, Characterization

I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard.

Respond to this report

Responses (0)

Back to all reports

Reviewer Report

18 Views

28 Jun 2024 | for Version 1

Sagar Salave, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India

18 Views Cite this report Responses(1)

Approved With Reservations

Is the topic of the review discussed comprehensively in the context of the current literature?

No
Are all factual statements correct and adequately supported by citations?

Yes
Is the review written in accessible language?

Yes
Are the conclusions drawn appropriate in the context of the current research literature?

Yes

Competing Interests

No competing interests were disclosed.

Reviewer Expertise

Drug delivery, Nanomedicine, Pharmaceutical Technology, Characterization

Respond to this report

Responses (1)

Back to all reports

Reviewer Report

11 Views

18 Jun 2024 | for Version 1

Bhisham Narayan Singh, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India

11 Views Cite this report Responses(0)

Not Approved

Is the topic of the review discussed comprehensively in the context of the current literature?

No
Are all factual statements correct and adequately supported by citations?

Yes
Is the review written in accessible language?

No
Are the conclusions drawn appropriate in the context of the current research literature?

Partly

Competing Interests

No competing interests were disclosed.

Reviewer Expertise

Tissue Engineering, Biomaterial

Respond to this report

Responses (0)

Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article:

Approved - the paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested

Approved with reservations - A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit.

Not approved - fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions

[1] 1. Morris GA, Kök SM, Harding SE, et al.: Polysaccharide drug delivery systems based on pectin and chitosan. Biotechnol. Genet. Eng. Rev. 2010; 27(1): 257–284. Publisher Full Text

[2] 2. Liu L, Fishman ML, Kost J, et al.: Pectin-based systems for colon-specific drug delivery via oral route. Biomaterials. 2003; 24(19): 3333–3343. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text

[3] 3. Liu L, Fishman ML, Hicks KB: Pectin in controlled drug delivery–a review. Cellulose. 2007; 14(1): 15–24. Publisher Full Text

[4] 4. Semdé R, Amighi K, Devleeschouwer MJ, et al.: Studies of pectin HM/Eudragit^® RL/Eudragit^® NE film-coating formulations intended for colonic drug delivery. Int. J. Pharm. 2000; 197(1-2): 181–192. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text

[5] 5. Wikiera A, Mika M, Starzyńska-Janiszewska A, et al.: Endo-xylanase and endo-cellulase-assisted extraction of pectin from apple pomace. Carbohydr. Polym. 2016; 142: 199–205. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text

[6] 6. Canteri-Schemin MH, Fertonani HCR, Waszczynskyj N, et al.: Extraction of pectin from apple pomace. Braz. Arch. Biol. Technol. 2005; 48: 259–266. Publisher Full Text

[7] 7. Christensen SH: Pectins. Food Hydrocolloids. CRC Press; 2020; pp. 205–230. Publisher Full Text

[8] 8. Das S: Pectin based multi-particulate carriers for colon-specific delivery of therapeutic agents. Int. J. Pharm. 2021; 605: 120814. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text

[9] 9. Tong WY, Rafiee ARA, Leong CR, et al.: Development of sodium alginate-pectin biodegradable active food packaging film containing cinnamic acid. Chemosphere. 2023; 336: 139212. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text

[10] 10. Sande SA: Pectin-based oral drug delivery to the colon. Expert Opin. Drug Deliv. 2005; 2(3): 441–450. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text

[11] 11. Turkoglu M, Ugurlu T: In vitro evaluation of pectin–HPMC compression coated 5-aminosalicylic acid tablets for colonic delivery. Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. 2002; 53(1): 65–73. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text

[12] 12. Crini G: Historical review on chitin and chitosan biopolymers. Environ. Chem. Lett. 2019; 17(4): 1623–1643. Publisher Full Text

[13] 13. Muzzarelli R, Muzzarelli C: Chitosan chemistry: relevance to the biomedical sciences. Polysaccharides. 2005; 186: 151–209. Publisher Full Text

[14] 14. Dash M, Chiellini F, Ottenbrite RM, et al.: Chitosan—A versatile semi-synthetic polymer in biomedical applications. Prog. Polym. Sci. 2011; 36(8): 981–1014. Publisher Full Text

[15] 15. Avadi M, Zohuriaan-Mehr M, Younessi P, et al.: Optimized synthesis and characterization of N-triethyl chitosan. J. Bioact. Compat. Polym. 2003; 18(6): 469–479. Publisher Full Text

[16] 16. Li Q, Dunn E, Grandmaison E, et al.: Applications and properties of chitosan. Applications of Chitin and Chitosan. CRC Press; 2020; pp. 3–29. Publisher Full Text

[17] 17. Koide S: Chitin-chitosan: properties, benefits and risks. Nutr. Res. 1998; 18(6): 1091–1101. Publisher Full Text

[18] 18. Saeedi M, Vahidi O, Moghbeli MR, et al.: Customizing nano-chitosan for sustainable drug delivery. J. Control. Release. 2022; 350: 175–192. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text

[19] 19. Tirtashi FE, Moradi M, Tajik H, et al.: Cellulose/chitosan pH-responsive indicator incorporated with carrot anthocyanins for intelligent food packaging. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2019; 136: 920–926. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text

[20] 20. Doan HN, Vo PP, Baggio A, et al.: Environmentally friendly chitosan-modified polycaprolactone nanofiber/nanonet membrane for controllable oil/water separation. ACS Appl. Polym. Mater. 2021; 3(8): 3891–3901. Publisher Full Text

[21] 21. Shaban NZ, Aboelsaad AM, Shoueir KR, et al.: Chitosan-based dithiophenolato nanoparticles: Preparation, mechanistic information of DNA binding, antibacterial and cytotoxic activities. J. Mol. Liq. 2020; 318: 114252. Publisher Full Text

[22] 22. Fishman ML, Cooke PH, Coffin DR: Nanostructure of native pectin sugar acid gels visualized by atomic force microscopy. Biomacromolecules. 2004; 5(2): 334–341. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text

[23] 23. Issa MI, Abdul-Fattah N: Evaluating the effect of silver nanoparticles incorporation on antifungal activity and some properties of soft denture lining material. J. Baghdad Coll. Dent. 2015; 325(2219): 1–15.

[24] 24. Ihab N, Moudhaffar M: Evaluation the effect of modified nano-fillers addition on some properties of heat cured acrylic denture base material. J. Baghdad Coll. Dent. 2011; 23(3): 23–29.

[25] 25. Liu L, Fishman ML, Hicks KB, et al.: Pectin/zein beads for potential colon-specific drug delivery: Synthesis and in vitro evaluation. Drug Deliv. 2006; 13(6): 417–423. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text

[26] 26. Roberts GA: Solubility and solution behaviour of chitin and chitosan.Roberts GA, editor. Chitin Chemistry. Springer; 1992; pp. 274–329. Publisher Full Text

[27] 27. Patel MP, Patel RR, Patel JK: Chitosan mediated targeted drug delivery system: A review. J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci. 2010; 13(4): 536–557. Publisher Full Text

[28] 28. Dornish M, Kaplan D, Skaugrud.: Standards and guidelines for biopolymers in tissue-engineered medical products: ASTM alginate and chitosan standard guides. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 2001; 944(1): 388–397. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text

[29] 29. Prabaharan M, Mano J: Chitosan-based particles as controlled drug delivery systems. Drug Deliv. 2004; 12(1): 41–57. Publisher Full Text

[30] 30. Tan Y-L, Liu C-G: Self-aggregated nanoparticles from linoleic acid modified carboxymethyl chitosan: Synthesis, characterization and application in vitro. Colloids Surf. B: Biointerfaces. 2009; 69(2): 178–182. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text

[31] 31. Aiedeh K, Taha MO: Synthesis of chitosan succinate and chitosan phthalate and their evaluation as suggested matrices in orally administered, colon-specific drug delivery systems. Arch. Pharm (Weinheim). 1999; 332(3): 103–107. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text

[32] 32. Tozaki H, Odoriba T, Okada N, et al.: Chitosan capsules for colon-specific drug delivery: Enhanced localization of 5-aminosalicylic acid in the large intestine accelerates healing of TNBS-induced colitis in rats. J. Control. Release. 2002; 82(1): 51–61. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text

[33] 33. Han HK, Shin HJ, Ha DH: Improved oral bioavailability of alendronate via the mucoadhesive liposomal delivery system. Eur. J. Pharm. Sci. 2012; 46(5): 500–507. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text

[34] 34. Tozaki H, Fujita T, Odoriba T, et al.: Colon-specific delivery of R68070, a new thromboxane synthase inhibitor, using chitosan capsules: Therapeutic effects against 2, 4, 6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid-induced ulcerative colitis in rats. Life Sci. 1999; 64(13): 1155–1162. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text

[35] 35. Milewska Y, Chic A, Szczepanski E, et al.: HTCC as a highly effective polymeric inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2 and MERS-CoV. bioRxiv. 2021.

[36] 36. Chaiwarit T, Sommano SR, Rachtanapun P, et al.: Development of Carboxymethyl Chitosan Nanoparticles Prepared by Ultrasound-Assisted Technique for a Clindamycin HCl Carrier. Polymers. 2022; 14(9): 1736. Publisher Full Text

[37] 37. Lari AS, Zahedi P, Ghourchian H, et al.: Microfluidic-based synthesized carboxymethyl chitosan nanoparticles containing metformin for diabetes therapy: in vitro and in vivo assessments. Carbohydr. Polym. 2021; 261: 117889. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text

[38] 38. Yamamoto A: Study on the colon specific delivery of prednisolone using chitosan capsules. Yakugaku Zasshi: Journal of the Pharmaceutical Society of Japan. 2007; 127(4): 621–630. Publisher Full Text

[39] 39. Yu JM, Li YJ, Qiu LY, et al.: Polymeric nanoparticles of cholesterol-modified glycol chitosan for doxorubicin delivery: Preparation and in-vitro and in-vivo characterization. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 2009; 61(6): 713–719. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text

[40] 40. Yu J, Liu Y, Zhang L, et al.: Self-aggregated nanoparticles of linoleic acid-modified glycol chitosan conjugate as delivery vehicles for paclitaxel: Preparation, characterization and evaluation. J. Biomater. Sci. Polym. Ed. 2015; 26(18): 1475–1489. Publisher Full Text

[41] 41. Yang X, Zhang Q, Wang Y, et al.: Self-aggregated nanoparticles from methoxy poly (ethylene glycol)-modified chitosan: Synthesis; characterization; aggregation and methotrexate release in vitro. Colloids Surf. B: Biointerfaces. 2008; 61(2): 125–131. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text

[42] 42. Lin C-C, Lin C-W: Preparation of N, O-carboxymethyl chitosan nanoparticles as an insulin carrier. Drug Deliv. 2009; 16(8): 458–464. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text

[43] 43. Gong J, Wang S, Hu X, et al.: Synthesis and characterization of folic acid-conjugated chitosan nanoparticles as a tumor-targeted drug carrier. Nan Fang yi ke da xue xue bao = Journal of Southern Medical University. 2008; 28(12): 2183–2186.

[44] 44. Jin Y-H, Hu H-Y, Qiao M-X, et al.: pH-sensitive chitosan-derived nanoparticles as doxorubicin carriers for effective anti-tumor activity: Preparation and in vitro evaluation. Colloids Surf. B: Biointerfaces. 2012; 94: 184–191. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text

[45] 45. Zhao Z, He M, Yin L, et al.: Biodegradable nanoparticles based on linoleic acid and poly(β-malic acid) double grafted chitosan derivatives as carriers of anticancer drugs. Biomacromolecules. 2009; 10(3): 565–572. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text

[46] 46. Timur SS, Yüksel S, Akca G, et al.: Localized drug delivery with mono and bilayered mucoadhesive films and wafers for oral mucosal infections. Int. J. Pharm. 2019; 559: 102–112. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text

[47] 47. Ashri LY, Amal El Sayeh F, Ibrahim MA, et al.: Optimization and evaluation of chitosan buccal films containing tenoxicam for treating chronic periodontitis: in vitro and in vivo studies. J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Technol. 2020; 57: 101720. Publisher Full Text

[48] 48. Abouhussein D, El Nabarawi MA, Shalaby SH, et al.: Cetylpyridinium chloride chitosan blended mucoadhesive buccal films for treatment of pediatric oral diseases. J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Technol. 2020; 57: 101676. Publisher Full Text

[49] 49. Wang S, Gao Z, Liu L, et al.: Preparation, in vitro and in vivo evaluation of chitosan-sodium alginate-ethyl cellulose polyelectrolyte film as a novel buccal mucosal delivery vehicle. Eur. J. Pharm. Sci. 2022; 168: 106085. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text

[50] 50. Chen X, Li X, Zhou Y, et al.: Chitosan-based thermosensitive hydrogel as a promising ocular drug delivery system: Preparation, characterization, and in vivo evaluation. J. Biomater. Appl. 2012; 27(4): 391–402. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text

[51] 51. Li N, Zhuang C, Wang M, et al.: Liposome coated with low molecular weight chitosan and its potential use in ocular drug delivery. Int. J. Pharm. 2009; 379(1): 131–138. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text

[52] 52. Calvo P, Vila-Jato JL, Alonso MJ: Evaluation of cationic polymer-coated nanocapsules as ocular drug carriers. Int. J. Pharm. 1997; 153(1): 41–50. Publisher Full Text

[53] 53. Tian Q, Zhang C-N, Wang X-H, et al.: Glycyrrhetinic acid-modified chitosan/poly (ethylene glycol) nanoparticles for liver-targeted delivery. Biomaterials. 2010; 31(17): 4748–4756. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text

[54] 54. Yang KW, Li XR, Yang ZL, et al.: Novel polyion complex micelles for liver-targeted delivery of diammonium glycyrrhizinate: in vitro and in vivo characterization. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A: An Official Journal of The Society for Biomaterials, The Japanese Society for Biomaterials, and The Australian Society for Biomaterials and the Korean Society for Biomaterials. 2009; 88A(1): 140–148. Publisher Full Text

[55] 55. Cheng M, He B, Wan T, et al.: 5-Fluorouracil nanoparticles inhibit hepatocellular carcinoma via activation of the p53 pathway in the orthotopic transplant mouse model.2012.

[56] 56. Lin A, Liu Y, Huang Y, et al.: Glycyrrhizin surface-modified chitosan nanoparticles for hepatocyte-targeted delivery. Int. J. Pharm. 2008; 359(1-2): 247–253. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text

[57] 57. Yuan Z-x, Zhang Z-r, Zhu D, et al.: Specific renal uptake of randomly 50% N-acetylated low molecular weight chitosan. Mol. Pharm. 2009; 6(1): 305–314. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text

[58] 58. Yang R, Yang S-G, Shim W-S, et al.: Lung-specific delivery of paclitaxel by chitosan-modified PLGA nanoparticles via transient formation of microaggregates. J. Pharm. Sci. 2009; 98(3): 970–984. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text

[59] 59. Yang R, Shim W-S, Cui F-D, et al.: Enhanced electrostatic interaction between chitosan-modified PLGA nanoparticle and tumor. Int. J. Pharm. 2009; 371(1-2): 142–147. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text

[60] 60. Fernandez-Hervas M, Fell J: Pectin/chitosan mixtures as coatings for colon-specific drug delivery: An in vitro evaluation. Int. J. Pharm. 1998; 169(1): 115–119. Publisher Full Text

[61] 61. Wei X, Lu Y, Qi J, et al.: An in situ crosslinked compression coat comprised of pectin and calcium chloride for colon-specific delivery of indomethacin. Drug Deliv. 2015; 22(3): 298–305. Publisher Full Text

[62] 62. Jain A, Khare P, Agrawal RK, et al.: Metronidazole loaded pectin microspheres for colon targeting. J. Pharm. Sci. 2009; 98(11): 4229–4236. Publisher Full Text

[63] 63. Alvarez-Lorenzo C, Blanco-Fernandez B, Puga AM, et al.: Crosslinked ionic polysaccharides for stimuli-sensitive drug delivery. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 2013; 65(9): 1148–1171. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text

[64] 64. Khotimchenko M: Pectin polymers for colon-targeted antitumor drug delivery. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2020; 158: 1110–1124. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text

[65] 65. Ahrabi SF, Madsen G, Dyrstad K, et al.: Development of pectin matrix tablets for colonic delivery of model drug ropivacaine. Eur. J. Pharm. Sci. 2000; 10(1): 43–52. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text

[66] 66. Mamani PL, Ruiz-Caro R, Veiga MD: Pectin/anhydrous dibasic calcium phosphate matrix tablets for in vitro controlled release of water-soluble drug. Int. J. Pharm. 2015; 494(1): 235–243. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text

[67] 67. Park HJ, Jung HJ, Ho MJ, et al.: Colon-targeted delivery of solubilized bisacodyl by doubly enteric-coated multiple-unit tablet. Eur. J. Pharm. Sci. 2017; 102: 172–179. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text

[68] 68. Othman MH, Zayed GM, Ali UF, et al.: Colon-specific tablets containing 5-fluorouracil microsponges for colon cancer targeting. Drug Dev. Ind. Pharm. 2020; 46(12): 2081–2088. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text

[69] 69. Sharma R, Ahuja M, Kaur H: Thiolated pectin nanoparticles: Preparation, characterization and ex vivo corneal permeation study. Carbohydr. Polym. 2012; 87(2): 1606–1610. Publisher Full Text

[70] 70. Liu HY, Huang ZL, Yang GH, et al.: Inhibitory effect of modified citrus pectin on liver metastases in a mouse colon cancer model. World J. Gastroenterol.: WJG. 2008; 14(48): 7386–7391. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text

[71] 71. Gonzalez M, Rivas C, Caride B, et al.: Effects of orange and apple pectin on cholesterol concentration in serum, liver and faeces. J. Physiol. Biochem. 1998; 54(2): 99–104. PubMed Abstract

[72] 72. Marudova M, Lang S, Brownsey GJ, et al.: Pectin–chitosan multilayer formation. Carbohydr. Res. 2005; 340(13): 2144–2149. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text

[73] 73. Tian L, Singh A, Singh AV: Synthesis and characterization of pectin-chitosan conjugate for biomedical application. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2020; 153: 533–538. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text

[74] 74. Robert B, Chenthamara D, Subramaniam S: Fabrication and biomedical applications of Arabinoxylan, Pectin, Chitosan, soy protein, and silk fibroin hydrogels via laccase-Ferulic acid redox chemistry. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2022; 201: 539–556. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text

[75] 75. Li D-q, Wang S-y, Meng Y-j, et al.: Fabrication of self-healing pectin/chitosan hybrid hydrogel via Diels-Alder reactions for drug delivery with high swelling property, pH-responsiveness, and cytocompatibility. Carbohydr. Polym. 2021; 268: 118244. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text

[76] 76. Nalini T, Basha SK, Sadiq AM, et al.: Pectin/chitosan nanoparticle beads as potential carriers for quercetin release. Mater. Today Commun. 2022; 33: 104172. Publisher Full Text

[77] 77. Qian J, Chen Y, Wang Q, et al.: Preparation and antimicrobial activity of pectin-chitosan embedding nisin microcapsules. Eur. Polym. J. 2021; 157: 110676. Publisher Full Text

[78] 78. Ghaffari A, Navaee K, Oskoui M, et al.: Preparation and characterization of free mixed film of pectin/chitosan/Eudragit^® RS intended for sigmoidal drug delivery. Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. 2007; 67(1): 175–186. Publisher Full Text

[79] 79. Tukmachi MS, Abdul-Baqi HJ, Hussein FH: Biofunctionalization of polyetheretherketone implant material by bone-forming peptide-2 immobilization. Karbala Int. J. Mod. Sci. 2023; 9(1): 9. Publisher Full Text

[80] 80. Martău GA, Mihai M, Vodnar DC: The use of chitosan, alginate, and pectin in the biomedical and food sector—biocompatibility, bio adhesiveness, and biodegradability. Polymers. 2019; 11(11): 1837. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text

[81] 81. Al-Samaray ME, Fatalla AA: Fabrication and characterization of bioactive composite: A pilot study. J. Compos. Mater. 2023; 57: 2955–2969. Publisher Full Text

[82] 82. Chetouani A, Follain N, Marais S, et al.: Physicochemical properties and biological activities of novel blend films using oxidized pectin/chitosan. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2017; 97: 348–356. Publisher Full Text

[83] 83. Macleod GS, Collett JH, Fell JT: The potential use of mixed films of pectin, chitosan and HPMC for bimodal drug release. J. Control. Release. 1999; 58(3): 303–310. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text

[84] 84. Li W, Hao W, Xiaohua Z, et al.: Pectin-chitosan complex: Preparation and application in colon-specific capsule. Int. J. Agric. Biol. Eng. 2015; 8(4): 151–160.

[85] 85. Deshmukh R: Bridging the gap of drug delivery in colon cancer: The role of chitosan and pectin based nanocarriers system. Curr. Drug Deliv. 2020; 17(10): 911–924. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text

[86] 86. Sullivan RM: Implant dentistry and the concept of osseointegration: A historical perspective. J. Calif. Dent. Assoc. 2001; 29(11): 737–744. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text

[87] 87. Chakraborty D: Patient Specific Dental Implant Using Finite Element Analysis.2018.

[88] 88. King GN, Hermann JS, Schoolfield JD, et al.: Influence of the size of the microgap on crestal bone levels in non-submerged dental implants: A radiographic study in the canine mandible. J. Periodontol. 2002; 73(10): 1111–1117. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text

[89] 89. Linderbäck P, Areva S, Aspenberg P, et al.: Sol–gel derived titania coating with immobilized bisphosphonate enhances screw fixation in rat tibia. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A. 2010; 94(2): 389–395. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text

[90] 90. Bornstein MM, Valderrama P, Jones AA, et al.: Bone apposition around two different sandblasted and acid-etched titanium implant surfaces: A histomorphometric study in canine mandibles. Clin. Oral Implants Res. 2008; 19(3): 233–241. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text

[91] 91. Stanford C: Surface modifications of dental implants. Aust. Dent. J. 2008; 53(Suppl 1): S26–S33. Publisher Full Text

[92] 92. Kareem RA, Naji GA-H: Natural preparation of rice husk-derived silica and eggshell-derived calcium carbonate composite as a coating material for dental implant. J. Baghdad Coll. Dent. 2022; 34(1): 36–43. Publisher Full Text

[93] 93. Triplett RG, Frohberg U, Sykaras N, et al.: Implant materials, design, and surface topographies: Their influence on osseointegration of dental implants. J. Long-Term Eff. Med. Implants. 2003; 13(6): 18. Publisher Full Text

[94] 94. Bonfante EA, Marin C, Granato R, et al.: Histologic and biomechanical evaluation of alumina-blasted/acid-etched and resorbable blasting media surfaces. J. Oral Implantol. 2012; 38(5): 549–557. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text

[95] 95. DiGiallorenzo D: History of dental implants. Lanap & Implant Center of Pennsylvania; 2014. Reference Source

[96] 96. Wennerberg A, Albrektsson T: On implant surfaces: A review of current knowledge and opinions. Int. J. Oral Maxillofac. Implants. 2010; 25(1): 63–74. PubMed Abstract

[97] 97. Göransson A, Wennerberg A: Bone formation at titanium implants prepared with iso-and anisotropic surfaces of similar roughness: An in vivo study. Clin. Implant. Dent. Relat. Res. 2005; 7(1): 17–23. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text

[98] 98. Ji H, Marquis P: Preparation and characterization of Al2O3 reinforced hydroxyapatite. Biomaterials. 1992; 13(11): 744–748. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text

[99] 99. Gupta A, Dhanraj M, Sivagami G: Status of surface treatment in endosseous implant: A literary overview. Indian J. Dent. Res. 2010; 21(3): 433–438. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text

[100] 100. Yoshinari M, Watanabe Y, Ohtsuka Y, et al.: Solubility control of thin calcium-phosphate coating with rapid heating. J. Dent. Res. 1997; 76(8): 1485–1494. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text

[101] 101. Searson LJ, Gough M, Hemmings K: Implantology in general dental practice. Quintessence Publishing Company Limited; 2019.

[102] 102. Ehrenfest DMD, Coelho PG, Kang BS, et al.: Classification of Osseo integrated implant surfaces: Materials, chemistry, and topography. Trends Biotechnol. 2010; 28(4): 198–206. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text

[103] 103. von Recum AF : Handbook of biomaterials evaluation: Scientific, technical, and clinical testing of implant materials. CRC Press; 1998.

[104] 104. Søballe K: Hydroxyapatite ceramic coating for bone implant fixation: Mechanical and histological studies in dogs. Acta Orthop. Scand. 1993; 64(sup255): 1–58. Publisher Full Text

[105] 105. Barrere F, Van Der Valk C, Meijer G, et al.: Osteointegration of biomimetic apatite coating applied onto dense and porous metal implants in femurs of goats. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. B Appl. Biomater. 2003; 67(1): 655–665. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text

[106] 106. Hench LL, Paschall H: Direct chemical bond of bioactive glass-ceramic materials to bone and muscle. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 1973; 7(3): 25–42. Publisher Full Text

[107] 107. Cao W, Hench LL: Bioactive materials. Ceram. Int. 1996; 22(6): 493–507. Publisher Full Text

[108] 108. Gurzawska K, Svava R, Jørgensen NR, et al.: Nanocoating of titanium implant surfaces with organic molecules: Polysaccharides including glycosaminoglycans. J. Biomed. Nanotechnol. 2012; 8(6): 1012–1024. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text

[109] 109. Prashanth KH, Tharanathan R: Chitin/chitosan: Modifications and their unlimited application potential—an overview. Trends Food Sci. Technol. 2007; 18(3): 117–131. Publisher Full Text

[110] 110. Huang R, Du Y, Yang J, et al.: Influence of functional groups on the in vitro anticoagulant activity of chitosan sulfate. Carbohydr. Res. 2003; 338(6): 483–489. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text

[111] 111. Lloyd L, Kennedy J, Methacanon P, et al.: Carbohydrate polymers as wound management aids. Carbohydr. Polym. 1998; 37(3): 315–322. Publisher Full Text

[112] 112. Mi FL, Tan YC, Liang HC, et al.: In vitro evaluation of a chitosan membrane cross-linked with genipin. J. Biomater. Sci. Polym. Ed. 2001; 12(8): 835–850. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text

[113] 113. Srinivasa P, Ramesh M, Kumar K, et al.: The properties of chitosan films prepared under different drying conditions. J. Food Eng. 2004; 63(1): 79–85. Publisher Full Text

[114] 114. Puttipipatkhachorn S, Nunthanid J, Yamamoto K, et al.: Drug physical state and drug–polymer interaction on drug release from chitosan matrix films. J. Control. Release. 2001; 75(1-2): 143–153. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text

[115] 115. Kokkonen H, Cassinelli C, Verhoef R, et al.: Differentiation of osteoblasts on pectin-coated titanium. Biomacromolecules. 2008; 9(9): 2369–2376. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text

[116] 116. Mieszkowska A, Folkert J, Gaber T, et al.: Pectin nanocoating reduces proinflammatory fibroblast response to bacteria. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A. 2017; 105(12): 3475–3481. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text

[117] 117. Vishu Kumar AB, Varadaraj MC, Gowda LR, et al.: Characterization of chito-oligosaccharides prepared by chitosanolysis with the aid of papain and Pronase, and their bactericidal action against Bacillus cereus and Escherichia coli. Biochem. J. 2005; 391(2): 167–175. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text

[118] 118. Morra M, Cassinelli C, Cascardo G, et al.: Effects on interfacial properties and cell adhesion of surface modification by pectic hairy regions. Biomacromolecules. 2004; 5(6): 2094–2104. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text

[119] 119. Kokkonen H, Niiranen H, Schols HA, et al.: Pectin-coated titanium implants are well-tolerated in vivo. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A. 2010; 93(4): 1404–1409. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text

[120] 120. Jiao H, Ali SS, Alsharbaty MHM, et al.: A critical review on plastic waste life cycle assessment and management: Challenges, research gaps, and future perspectives. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 2024; 271: 115942. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text

[121] 121. Alsharbaty MHM, Naji GA, Ali SS: Exploring the potential of a newly developed pectin-chitosan polyelectrolyte composite on the surface of commercially pure titanium for dental implants. Sci. Rep. 2023; 13(1): 22203. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text

[122] 122. Mohammed NB, Daily ZA, Alsharbaty MH, et al.: Effect of PMMA sealing treatment on the corrosion behavior of plasma electrolytic oxidized titanium dental implants in fluoride-containing saliva solution. Mater. Res. Express. 2022; 9(12): 125401. Publisher Full Text

[123] 123. Leonard TE, Liko AF, Gustiananda M, et al.: Thiolated pectin-chitosan composites: Potential mucoadhesive drug delivery system with selective cytotoxicity towards colorectal cancer. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2023; 225: 1–12. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text

[124] 124. Sarma S, Agarwal S, Bhuyan P, et al.: Resveratrol-loaded chitosan-pectin core-shell nanoparticles as novel drug delivery vehicle for sustained release and improved antioxidant activities. R. Soc. Open Sci. 2022; 9(2): 210784. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text

[125] 125. Nalini T, Basha SK, Sadiq AM, et al.: Pectin/chitosan nanoparticle beads as potential carriers for quercetin release. Mater. Today Commun. 2022; 33: 104172. Publisher Full Text

[126] 126. Mishra N, Pal S, Sharma M, et al.: Crosslinked and PEGylated Pectin Chitosan nanoparticles for delivery of Phytic acid to colon. Int. J. Pharm. 2023; 639: 122937. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text

Exploring the Synergistic Potential of Pectin-Chitosan Composites for Advanced Drug Delivery and Biomedical Implant Applications: A Comprehensive Review and Future Perspectives

Abstract

Keywords

Revised Amendments from Version 1

Introduction

Figure 1. (a) The chemical structure of pectin. (b) The chemical structure of chitosan.

Figure 2. Overall architecture of the drug delivery system.

Drug delivery systems based on pectin and chitosan: benefits and effects

Table 1. Chitosan-based systems for targeted delivery of drugs.

Table 2. Pectin-based systems for targeted delivery of drugs.

Pectin-chitosan composite materials

Role of dental implants

Pectin and chitosan as implants: a rationale for their use

Conclusion

Data availability statement

References

Comments on this article Comments (0)

Open Peer Review

Comments on this article Comments (0)

Open Peer Review

Reviewer Status

Reviewer Reports

Comments on this article

Browse by related subjects

Competing Interests Policy

Stay Updated