Analysis of prescription pattern and adverse drug reactions of drugs used in Urinary Tract Infection in reproductive age group (15-44 years) women in a Tertiary Care Hospital in Central India: An observational retrospective study

Gayatri Patil; Sushil Varma

doi:10.12688/f1000research.149264.1

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Analysis of prescription pattern and adverse drug reactions of drugs used in Urinary Tract Infection in reproductive age group (15-44 years) women in a Tertiary Care Hospital in Central India: An observational retrospective study

[version 1; peer review: 2 not approved]

Gayatri Patil ¹, Sushil Varma¹

PUBLISHED 29 Apr 2024

Author details Author details

¹ Pharmacology, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, Maharashtra, 442001, India

Gayatri Patil
Roles: Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing

Sushil Varma
Roles: Validation, Visualization, Writing – Original Draft Preparation

OPEN PEER REVIEW

REVIEWER STATUS

Abstract

Background

Urinary tract infection is considered a common bacterial infection. Nowadays there is an increase in the irrational and inappropriate use of drugs.

Adverse drug reactions have been reported to be a main cause of morbidity, hospital admission, and sometimes death. For this, it is very important to do the analysis of prescriptions and to see the adverse drug reactions due to the prescribed drugs.

Objective

To determine the prescribing pattern of drugs used in urinary tract infections of the reproductive age group (15-44).

To identify adverse reactions due to drugs used for UTI of reproductive age group (15-44).

To observe the pattern of combination therapy for urinary tract patients of reproductive age group.

To analyze the Fixed Drug Combination.

Methods

It is a retrospective observational study. Data will be collected from 175 prescription papers. Data will be collected from the medical record section. The study will include prescriptions of UTI for Females of the reproductive age group (15-44 years).

Keywords

Pattern, Prescription, urinary tract infection, adverse drug reaction, reproductive.

Corresponding author: Gayatri Patil

Competing interests: No competing interests were disclosed.

Grant information: The author(s) declared that no grants were involved in supporting this work.

Copyright: © 2024 Patil G and Varma S. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

How to cite: Patil G and Varma S. Analysis of prescription pattern and adverse drug reactions of drugs used in Urinary Tract Infection in reproductive age group (15-44 years) women in a Tertiary Care Hospital in Central India: An observational retrospective study [version 1; peer review: 2 not approved]. F1000Research 2024, 13:417 (https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.149264.1) First published: 29 Apr 2024, 13:417 (https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.149264.1) Latest published: 01 Sep 2025, 13:417 (https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.149264.4)

Introduction

Urinary tract infection occurs when microbial pathogens are present in the urinary tract. It affects both genders but it is more common in women and it affects the females of the reproductive age group (15-44 years) mostly. It may be because of their anatomy and reproductive physiology. Women get urinary tract infections more often because their urethra is shorter than men's and it may be due to delay in micturition, use of contraceptives, and sexual activity.

The kidneys and the ureter are involved in upper urinary tract infections, while the bladder and urethra are involved in lower urinary tract infections.¹

Clinically urinary tract infection is classified into – Complicated/uncomplicated and primary/recurrent.¹ organisms that are responsible for urinary tract infection are “Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Klebsiella, Proteus, Corynebacterium, Neisseria and Pseudomonas species”.²

Treatment of urinary tract infections may vary according to location, age of patient, and severity of presentation in the community. After the urine culture sensitivity test, empiric therapy for UTI should be initiated. The choice of medication should be determined by identifying the pathogen, assessing sensitivity through urine culture, and considering the patient's comorbid conditions.³

Treatment

Uncomplicated cystitis:

Nitrofurantoin 100mg - 5 days is the 1^st line treatment and

2^nd line treatment for uncomplicated cystitis: Trimethoprim/Sulfamethoxazole - 3 days,

oral Cephalexin 500mg - 3-7 days, or Fosfomycin 3 g -1 day.

Complicated cystitis:

Nitrofurantoin 100mg - 7 days is the 1^st line treatment and

Trimethoprim/Sulfamethoxazole -7 days, or oral Cephalexin 500 mg - 7 days, or Fosfomycin 3g every 48 hours for 3 doses is the 2nd line treatment.⁴

Most commonly Nitrofurantoin and Sulfonamides are used in the treatment of UTI in reproductive age groups and pregnant women.⁵

RELATED ADVERSE DRUG REACTIONS:

(1) Adverse drug reactions of Nitrofurantoin:

Nausea, loss of appetite, vomiting and diarrhea

Severe adverse reactions are:

Pulmonary toxicity (acute, subacute, chronic pulmonary reaction)

liver injuries due to nitrofurantoin

Peripheral neuropathy – is rare and it is mostly seen in patients with poor renal function and on prolonged use.⁶

(2) Adverse drug reactions of Sulfonamides:

Sulfonamide-induced liver injury- it can be hepatocellular or cholestatic hypersensitivity reactions include fever, facial edema, lymphadenopathy, arthralgias, rash, eosinophilia, or atypical lymphocytosis (or both).

diarrhea, nausea, headaches, and dizziness, skin rash.

Rare adverse reactions:

severe allergic skin rashes, aplastic anemia, pancreatitis, serum sickness, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, agranulocytosis, nephritis, confusion seizures, and ataxia.⁷

Protocol

Nowadays, it is necessary to evaluate prescriptions due to the rapid changes in the prescriptions of diseases.

To analyze the irrational and inappropriate use of drugs this study is necessary.

For the improvement of patient compliance and to find out what type of adverse reactions are seen in reproductive age group female (15-44yrs) UTI patients due to prescribed drugs.

Aim

To analyze the prescription pattern and adverse drug reactions of drugs used in urinary tract infections of reproductive age group (15-44).

Objectives

Primary-

1. To determine the prescribing pattern of drugs used in urinary tract infections of the reproductive age group (15-44).
2. To identify adverse reactions due to drugs used for UTI of reproductive age group (15-44).

Secondary-

1. To observe the pattern of combination therapy for urinary tract patients of reproductive age group.
2. To analyze the Fixed Drug Combination.

Methods

Study design: Retrospective Observational Study

Study population: 175

Study duration: 18 Months (February 2024 – August 2025)

Inclusion criteria

The study will include prescriptions of UTI for Females of the reproductive age group (15-44 years).

Exclusion criteria

ICU patients

Incomplete case files.

Study setting

This research study will be carried out in the Department of Pharmacology.

Sample size estimation

Daniel Formula:

Z = statistic for a level of confidence =1.96

P = Prevalence of urinary tract infection =33.54% = 0.3354

d = Desired error of margin = 7% = 0.07

n = \frac{Z^{2} \times P (1 - P)}{d^{2}}

\begin{array}{c} n = \frac{{(1.96)}^{2} \times 0.3354 \times (1 - 0.3354)}{{0.07}^{2}} \\ = 174.75 i . e . 175 patients needed in the study \end{array}

Study reference: Pritam Pardeshi

Statistical methods: Student's t-test, Chi-square Test.

Software used: SPSS 27.0 version

Study design: Retrospective observational study.

Data collection and procedure

We will collect recorded files of patients from the medical record section. And Analyze prescriptions and adverse drug reactions of patients. Table 1 details the parameters included in the study. Data will be analyzed using a suitable Statistical Test SPSS- 20.

Table 1. Demographic and drug details of patients.

NAME	AGE/SEX	MRD NO.	OPD NO.	DIAGNOSIS	DRUGS USED	DOSE OF THE DRUG	ANY IRRATIONAL IN PRESCRIPTION	DURATION OF DRUG THERAPY	ADVERSE DRUG REACTIONS

Dissemination

The findings of this study will be used for metanalysis.

Study status

The study is yet to be started

Discussion

Nowadays irrational and inappropriate use of drugs is a major concern. Irrational drug use may cause adverse consequences including drug resistance and adverse drug reactions^.⁸^,⁹For the improvement of patient compliance, it is very important to analyze prescription patterns and adverse drug reactions (ADRs). The benefits of our research will be patient care improvement and risk assessment.

This analysis is for the use of evidence-based medicine in tertiary care centers, to fulfill the drug information needs of the physician and also for improvement in the quality of healthcare by giving feedback to prescribers. This is an observational, retrospective study that will aim at the analysis of drug patterns and adverse drug reactions due to drug prescription in urinary tract infections at tertiary health care centers.

Ethical considerations

1. Ethical Committee approval is obtained.

Consent to participate:

As it is a retrospective there is no requirement asked from our institutional Ethical committee for getting the data of the past patient it is waived off for this study, Also we have taken proper permission and a letter from the concerned faculty of Hospital (CMS) from the medical record section for the previous data.

Data availability

No data are associated with this article.

Acknowledgements

AVBRH HOSPITAL, HMIS

References

1. Muthulakshmi M, Gopalakrishnan S: Study on urinary tract infection among females of reproductive age group in a rural area of Kancheepuram district, Tamil Nadu. Int. J. Commun. Med. Public Health. 2017 Sep 22; 4(10): 3915–3921. Publisher Full Text
2. Almukhtar SH: Urinary tract infection among women aged (18-40) years old in Kirkuk city, Iraq. The Open Nurs. J. 2018 Dec 31; 12(1): 248–254. Publisher Full Text
3. Fatima E, Anwar A, Dudeja M, et al.: Drug utilization pattern and adverse drug reaction monitoring in urinary tract infection patients in a tertiary care hospital. Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics. 2015 Nov 15; 5(6): 23–30. Publisher Full Text
4. Bettcher CM, Campbell E, Petty LA, et al.: Proudlock AL. Urinary tract infection.
5. Moon J, Prasad S, Egan M: Treating UTIs in reproductive-age women—Proceed with caution. J. Fam. Pract. 2010 Apr; 59(4): 220–222. PubMed Abstract
6. Squadrito FJ, del Portal D : Nitrofurantoin.
7. Bethesda L: Clinical and research information on drug-induced liver injury. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. 2012.
8. Melku L, Wubetu M, Dessie B: Irrational drug use and its associated factors at Debre Markos Referral Hospital’s outpatient pharmacy in East Gojjam, Northwest Ethiopia. SAGE open medicine. 2021 Jun; 9: 205031212110251. Publisher Full Text
9. Ojo MA, Igwilo CI, Emedoh T: Prescribing patterns and perceptions of health care professionals about rational drug use in a specialist hospital clinic. Journal of Public Health in Africa. 2014 Jun 6; 5(2). PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text

Comments on this article Comments (0)

Version 4

VERSION 4 PUBLISHED 29 Apr 2024

Author details Author details

¹ Pharmacology, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, Maharashtra, 442001, India

Gayatri Patil
Roles: Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing

Sushil Varma
Roles: Validation, Visualization, Writing – Original Draft Preparation

Competing interests

No competing interests were disclosed.

Grant information

The author(s) declared that no grants were involved in supporting this work.

Article Versions (4)

version 4

Revised

Published: 01 Sep 2025, 13:417

https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.149264.4

version 3

Revised

Published: 05 Aug 2025, 13:417

https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.149264.3

version 2

Revised

Published: 11 Feb 2025, 13:417

https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.149264.2

version 1

Published: 29 Apr 2024, 13:417

https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.149264.1

© 2024 Patil G and Varma S. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Patil G and Varma S. Analysis of prescription pattern and adverse drug reactions of drugs used in Urinary Tract Infection in reproductive age group (15-44 years) women in a Tertiary Care Hospital in Central India: An observational retrospective study [version 1; peer review: 2 not approved]. F1000Research 2024, 13:417 (https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.149264.1)

NOTE: If applicable, it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article.

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Open Peer Review

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VERSION 1

PUBLISHED 29 Apr 2024

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Reviewer Report 13 Jul 2024

Vineetha Menon, Gulf Medical University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates

Not Approved

https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.163709.r297784

1. Abstract: The abstract is too brief; lacks specificity and content.
2. Introduction: The introduction lacks smooth flow and transitions between sections. There is some redundancy of information, grammatical errors, and formatting issues. There is no information given on the findings from previous studies done in this area. Also, there is a lack of focus on the significance of the study.
3. Method:
a. Study criteria: Study criteria is missing out on several vital elements. For example, details of treatment settings, time frame, presence of comorbidities, pregnancy status, or recurrent infections had not been addressed in the study criteria.
b. What does the author mean by "Study reference: Pritam Pardeshi"?
c. Statistical methods: There is a lack of information on how statistical methods were applied.
d. Dala collection: The data collection process is not detailed enough.
e. Study setting: The study setting does not mention in which institution the study was done.
f. Overall there are a lot of inconsistencies in the methodology. It's also stating that the study will be done- what does that mean?
4. Results: No results are available for review.
5. Discussion: The discussion lacks depth and specificity. There is also repetition of information previously mentioned. No clear conclusion or limitations were stated.

Is the rationale for, and objectives of, the study clearly described?

No
Is the study design appropriate for the research question?

Yes
Are sufficient details of the methods provided to allow replication by others?

No
Are the datasets clearly presented in a useable and accessible format?

No

References

1. Saber S, Yasmin N, Alam M, Hossain M, et al.: Study on Urinary Tract Infection Among Females of Reproductive Age Group in Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh. European Journal of Medical and Health Sciences. 2021; 3 (1): 85-89 Publisher Full Text
2. Naik S, Samal S, Sahu S, Rath B: Antimicrobial prescribing pattern in urinary tract infection in a tertiary care hospital. National Journal of Physiology, Pharmacy and Pharmacology. 2017. Publisher Full Text
3. Anu Sahaya Supria K, Julliyan Dilleban A: Prescription pattern of antibiotic usage for urinary tract infection in tertiary care hospital. World Journal of Biology Pharmacy and Health Sciences. 2023; 16 (1): 178-181 Publisher Full Text

Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed.

Reviewer Expertise: Geriatrics, Medication safety management

I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to state that I do not consider it to be of an acceptable scientific standard, for reasons outlined above.

CITE

Report a concern

Author Response 11 Feb 2025

DR. GAYATRI PATIL , Pharmacology, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, 442001, India

11 Feb 2025

Author Response
1. Abstract: The abstract is too brief; lacks specificity and content.
Response: Changes done in the abstract.

2. Introduction: The introduction lacks smooth flow and transitions between sections. There ... Continue reading
1. Abstract: The abstract is too brief; lacks specificity and content.
Response:    Changes done in the abstract.

2. Introduction: The introduction lacks smooth flow and transitions between sections. There is some redundancy of information, grammatical errors, and formatting issues. There is no information given on the findings from previous studies done in this area. Also, there is a lack of focus on the significance of the study.
Response:   Now, I have mentioned the information regarding the previous study. It is mentioned in the discussion part. i.e.
This analysis is for the use of evidence-based medicine in tertiary care centers, to fulfill the drug information needs of the physician and also for improvement in the quality of healthcare by giving feedback to prescribers. This is an observational, retrospective study that will aim at the analysis of drug prescription patterns and adverse drug reactions due to drug prescription in urinary tract infections at tertiary health care centers.

3. Method:
a. Study criteria: Study criteria is missing out on several vital elements. For example, details of treatment settings, time frame, presence of comorbidities, pregnancy status, or recurrent infections had not been addressed in the study criteria.
Response: I have now added these parameters in my annexure
NAME, AGE/SEX, MRD NO., OPD NO., DIAGNOSIS, DRUGS USED, DOSE OF THE DRUG, ANY IRRATIONAL IN PRESCRIPTION, DURATION OF DRUG THERAPY, ADVERSE DRUG REACTIONS, DURATION OF ILLNESS, COMORBIDITIES, PREGNANCY STATUS, RECURRENT INFECTIONS

b. What does the author mean by "Study reference: Pritam Pardeshi"?
Response: This was the reference for my sample size calculation for the study.

c. Statistical methods: There is a lack of information on how statistical methods were applied.
Response: We will use the student’s t-test and Chi-square Test.

d. Data collection: The data collection process is not detailed enough.
Response: I will be collecting the data from the medical record section and then I will analyze the prescription for the given parameters which were given in the data collection section in my protocol.

e. Study setting: The study setting does not mention in which institution the study was done.
Response: This study will be carried out in the Rural Tertiary Care Hospital in Central India

f. Overall there are a lot of inconsistencies in the methodology. It's also stating that the study will be done- what does that mean?
Response: We haven’t started this study yet that’s why I wrote the study will be done. It’s my protocol for my study.

4. Results: No results are available for review.
Response: As this study is not started yet we can’t predict the result of this analysis. That’s why I didn’t mention the results.

5. Discussion: The discussion lacks depth and specificity. There is also a repetition of information previously mentioned. No clear conclusion or limitations were stated.
Response: I have made the changes in the discussion part according to your comments.

Is the rationale for, and objectives of, the study clearly described?

No, now I have made the changes to the objective.

Is the study design appropriate for the research question?

Yes

Are sufficient details of the methods provided to allow replication by others?

No   Response: Changes were made in the data collection section.

Are the datasets clearly presented in a useable and accessible format?

No
Response:   I have mentioned the parameters in this ANNEXURE.
NAME, AGE/SEX, MRD NO., OPD NO., DIAGNOSIS, DRUGS USED, DOSE OF THE DRUG, ANY IRRATIONAL IN PRESCRIPTION, DURATION OF DRUG THERAPY, ADVERSE DRUG REACTIONS, DURATION OF ILLNESS, COMORBIDITIES, PREGNANCY STATUS, RECURRENT INFECTIONS
1. Abstract: The abstract is too brief; lacks specificity and content.
Response:    Changes done in the abstract.

2. Introduction: The introduction lacks smooth flow and transitions between sections. There is some redundancy of information, grammatical errors, and formatting issues. There is no information given on the findings from previous studies done in this area. Also, there is a lack of focus on the significance of the study.
Response:   Now, I have mentioned the information regarding the previous study. It is mentioned in the discussion part. i.e.
This analysis is for the use of evidence-based medicine in tertiary care centers, to fulfill the drug information needs of the physician and also for improvement in the quality of healthcare by giving feedback to prescribers. This is an observational, retrospective study that will aim at the analysis of drug prescription patterns and adverse drug reactions due to drug prescription in urinary tract infections at tertiary health care centers.

3. Method:
a. Study criteria: Study criteria is missing out on several vital elements. For example, details of treatment settings, time frame, presence of comorbidities, pregnancy status, or recurrent infections had not been addressed in the study criteria.
Response: I have now added these parameters in my annexure
NAME, AGE/SEX, MRD NO., OPD NO., DIAGNOSIS, DRUGS USED, DOSE OF THE DRUG, ANY IRRATIONAL IN PRESCRIPTION, DURATION OF DRUG THERAPY, ADVERSE DRUG REACTIONS, DURATION OF ILLNESS, COMORBIDITIES, PREGNANCY STATUS, RECURRENT INFECTIONS

b. What does the author mean by "Study reference: Pritam Pardeshi"?
Response: This was the reference for my sample size calculation for the study.

c. Statistical methods: There is a lack of information on how statistical methods were applied.
Response: We will use the student’s t-test and Chi-square Test.

d. Data collection: The data collection process is not detailed enough.
Response: I will be collecting the data from the medical record section and then I will analyze the prescription for the given parameters which were given in the data collection section in my protocol.

e. Study setting: The study setting does not mention in which institution the study was done.
Response: This study will be carried out in the Rural Tertiary Care Hospital in Central India

f. Overall there are a lot of inconsistencies in the methodology. It's also stating that the study will be done- what does that mean?
Response: We haven’t started this study yet that’s why I wrote the study will be done. It’s my protocol for my study.

4. Results: No results are available for review.
Response: As this study is not started yet we can’t predict the result of this analysis. That’s why I didn’t mention the results.

5. Discussion: The discussion lacks depth and specificity. There is also a repetition of information previously mentioned. No clear conclusion or limitations were stated.
Response: I have made the changes in the discussion part according to your comments.

Is the rationale for, and objectives of, the study clearly described?

No, now I have made the changes to the objective.

Is the study design appropriate for the research question?

Yes

Are sufficient details of the methods provided to allow replication by others?

No   Response: Changes were made in the data collection section.

Are the datasets clearly presented in a useable and accessible format?

No
Response:   I have mentioned the parameters in this ANNEXURE.
NAME, AGE/SEX, MRD NO., OPD NO., DIAGNOSIS, DRUGS USED, DOSE OF THE DRUG, ANY IRRATIONAL IN PRESCRIPTION, DURATION OF DRUG THERAPY, ADVERSE DRUG REACTIONS, DURATION OF ILLNESS, COMORBIDITIES, PREGNANCY STATUS, RECURRENT INFECTIONS
Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Close
Report a concern
Respond or Comment

COMMENTS ON THIS REPORT

Author Response 11 Feb 2025

DR. GAYATRI PATIL , Pharmacology, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, 442001, India

11 Feb 2025

Author Response
1. Abstract: The abstract is too brief; lacks specificity and content.
Response: Changes done in the abstract.

2. Introduction: The introduction lacks smooth flow and transitions between sections. There ... Continue reading
1. Abstract: The abstract is too brief; lacks specificity and content.
Response:    Changes done in the abstract.

2. Introduction: The introduction lacks smooth flow and transitions between sections. There is some redundancy of information, grammatical errors, and formatting issues. There is no information given on the findings from previous studies done in this area. Also, there is a lack of focus on the significance of the study.
Response:   Now, I have mentioned the information regarding the previous study. It is mentioned in the discussion part. i.e.
This analysis is for the use of evidence-based medicine in tertiary care centers, to fulfill the drug information needs of the physician and also for improvement in the quality of healthcare by giving feedback to prescribers. This is an observational, retrospective study that will aim at the analysis of drug prescription patterns and adverse drug reactions due to drug prescription in urinary tract infections at tertiary health care centers.

3. Method:
a. Study criteria: Study criteria is missing out on several vital elements. For example, details of treatment settings, time frame, presence of comorbidities, pregnancy status, or recurrent infections had not been addressed in the study criteria.
Response: I have now added these parameters in my annexure
NAME, AGE/SEX, MRD NO., OPD NO., DIAGNOSIS, DRUGS USED, DOSE OF THE DRUG, ANY IRRATIONAL IN PRESCRIPTION, DURATION OF DRUG THERAPY, ADVERSE DRUG REACTIONS, DURATION OF ILLNESS, COMORBIDITIES, PREGNANCY STATUS, RECURRENT INFECTIONS

b. What does the author mean by "Study reference: Pritam Pardeshi"?
Response: This was the reference for my sample size calculation for the study.

c. Statistical methods: There is a lack of information on how statistical methods were applied.
Response: We will use the student’s t-test and Chi-square Test.

d. Data collection: The data collection process is not detailed enough.
Response: I will be collecting the data from the medical record section and then I will analyze the prescription for the given parameters which were given in the data collection section in my protocol.

e. Study setting: The study setting does not mention in which institution the study was done.
Response: This study will be carried out in the Rural Tertiary Care Hospital in Central India

f. Overall there are a lot of inconsistencies in the methodology. It's also stating that the study will be done- what does that mean?
Response: We haven’t started this study yet that’s why I wrote the study will be done. It’s my protocol for my study.

4. Results: No results are available for review.
Response: As this study is not started yet we can’t predict the result of this analysis. That’s why I didn’t mention the results.

5. Discussion: The discussion lacks depth and specificity. There is also a repetition of information previously mentioned. No clear conclusion or limitations were stated.
Response: I have made the changes in the discussion part according to your comments.

Is the rationale for, and objectives of, the study clearly described?

No, now I have made the changes to the objective.

Is the study design appropriate for the research question?

Yes

Are sufficient details of the methods provided to allow replication by others?

No   Response: Changes were made in the data collection section.

Are the datasets clearly presented in a useable and accessible format?

No
Response:   I have mentioned the parameters in this ANNEXURE.
NAME, AGE/SEX, MRD NO., OPD NO., DIAGNOSIS, DRUGS USED, DOSE OF THE DRUG, ANY IRRATIONAL IN PRESCRIPTION, DURATION OF DRUG THERAPY, ADVERSE DRUG REACTIONS, DURATION OF ILLNESS, COMORBIDITIES, PREGNANCY STATUS, RECURRENT INFECTIONS
1. Abstract: The abstract is too brief; lacks specificity and content.
Response:    Changes done in the abstract.

2. Introduction: The introduction lacks smooth flow and transitions between sections. There is some redundancy of information, grammatical errors, and formatting issues. There is no information given on the findings from previous studies done in this area. Also, there is a lack of focus on the significance of the study.
Response:   Now, I have mentioned the information regarding the previous study. It is mentioned in the discussion part. i.e.
This analysis is for the use of evidence-based medicine in tertiary care centers, to fulfill the drug information needs of the physician and also for improvement in the quality of healthcare by giving feedback to prescribers. This is an observational, retrospective study that will aim at the analysis of drug prescription patterns and adverse drug reactions due to drug prescription in urinary tract infections at tertiary health care centers.

3. Method:
a. Study criteria: Study criteria is missing out on several vital elements. For example, details of treatment settings, time frame, presence of comorbidities, pregnancy status, or recurrent infections had not been addressed in the study criteria.
Response: I have now added these parameters in my annexure
NAME, AGE/SEX, MRD NO., OPD NO., DIAGNOSIS, DRUGS USED, DOSE OF THE DRUG, ANY IRRATIONAL IN PRESCRIPTION, DURATION OF DRUG THERAPY, ADVERSE DRUG REACTIONS, DURATION OF ILLNESS, COMORBIDITIES, PREGNANCY STATUS, RECURRENT INFECTIONS

b. What does the author mean by "Study reference: Pritam Pardeshi"?
Response: This was the reference for my sample size calculation for the study.

c. Statistical methods: There is a lack of information on how statistical methods were applied.
Response: We will use the student’s t-test and Chi-square Test.

d. Data collection: The data collection process is not detailed enough.
Response: I will be collecting the data from the medical record section and then I will analyze the prescription for the given parameters which were given in the data collection section in my protocol.

e. Study setting: The study setting does not mention in which institution the study was done.
Response: This study will be carried out in the Rural Tertiary Care Hospital in Central India

f. Overall there are a lot of inconsistencies in the methodology. It's also stating that the study will be done- what does that mean?
Response: We haven’t started this study yet that’s why I wrote the study will be done. It’s my protocol for my study.

4. Results: No results are available for review.
Response: As this study is not started yet we can’t predict the result of this analysis. That’s why I didn’t mention the results.

5. Discussion: The discussion lacks depth and specificity. There is also a repetition of information previously mentioned. No clear conclusion or limitations were stated.
Response: I have made the changes in the discussion part according to your comments.

Is the rationale for, and objectives of, the study clearly described?

No, now I have made the changes to the objective.

Is the study design appropriate for the research question?

Yes

Are sufficient details of the methods provided to allow replication by others?

No   Response: Changes were made in the data collection section.

Are the datasets clearly presented in a useable and accessible format?

No
Response:   I have mentioned the parameters in this ANNEXURE.
NAME, AGE/SEX, MRD NO., OPD NO., DIAGNOSIS, DRUGS USED, DOSE OF THE DRUG, ANY IRRATIONAL IN PRESCRIPTION, DURATION OF DRUG THERAPY, ADVERSE DRUG REACTIONS, DURATION OF ILLNESS, COMORBIDITIES, PREGNANCY STATUS, RECURRENT INFECTIONS
Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Close
Report a concern

Views

Reviewer Report 28 May 2024

Niels Frimodt-Møller, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark

Not Approved

https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.163709.r276370

The protocol by Patil et al concerns an interesting subject regarding antibiotic use in urinary tract infection (UTI) in women, but the protocol needs revision particluarly to be more strict and prescise.
1. It is not clear, whether the investigation partakes on nosocomial (hospital derived) UTI or community associated UTI, or both? Define.
2. Define how a UTI is going to be defined through the retrospective approach (symptoms, urine culture, biochemical issue etc), if it is going to be analysed, whether the antibiotic treatment was correct i.e. administered for UTI.
3. Define which adverse effects are searched for, not only for nitrofurantoin and sulfonamides? it is often the case, that hospital records do not monitor adverse effects - this is always better done in a prospective study, where such effects are defined and the investigators asked to record them.
4. The calculation of sample size is performed according to prevalence of UTI; since all subjects searched for are supposed to have UTI, this is not correct. The sample size should be based upon the theoretical prevalence of adveres effects, since this is main objective. This is usually in the range of 5-10%, why the sample size must be much larger.
5. What is meant by combination therapy and fixed combinations? describe which e.g. trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole, amoxicilin-clavulanic acid etc. Is combination therapy meant to be two drugs both intended for UTI?

Is the rationale for, and objectives of, the study clearly described?

No
Is the study design appropriate for the research question?

No
Are sufficient details of the methods provided to allow replication by others?

No
Are the datasets clearly presented in a useable and accessible format?

No

Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed.

Reviewer Expertise: Clinical microbiology, urinary tract infections, E.coli pathogenesis, antibiotic activity in vitro and in vivo

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Author Response 11 Feb 2025

DR. GAYATRI PATIL , Pharmacology, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, 442001, India

11 Feb 2025

Author Response
1. It is not clear, whether the investigation partakes on nosocomial (hospital derived) UTI or community associated UTI, or both? Define.
RESPONSE: This study only focuses on prescription patterns so ... Continue reading
1. It is not clear, whether the investigation partakes on nosocomial (hospital derived) UTI or community associated UTI, or both? Define.
RESPONSE: This study only focuses on prescription patterns so this study has no relationship with investigations.

2. Define how a UTI is going to be defined through the retrospective approach (symptoms, urine culture, biochemical issue etc), if it is going to be analysed, whether the antibiotic treatment was correct i.e. administered for UTI.
RESPONSE: This study has no relation with symptoms, urine culture, or biochemical issues this study will focus only on the treatment part after analyzing we will see the pattern of prescription and adverse drug reactions of drugs with each prescription. So focusing on the treatment part, we can’t define UTI.

3. Define which adverse effects are searched for, not only for nitrofurantoin and sulfonamides? it is often the case, that hospital records do not monitor adverse effects - this is always better done in a prospective study, where such effects are defined and the investigators asked to record them.
RESPONSE : Although it is a retrospective study, to analyze the ADR aspect we are going to telephonically contact them and get the feedback.

4. The calculation of sample size is performed according to prevalence of UTI; since all subjects searched for are supposed to have UTI, this is not correct. The sample size should be based upon the theoretical prevalence of adveres effects, since this is main objective. This is usually in the range of 5-10%, why the sample size must be much larger.
RESPONSE: Changes done in sample size.

5. What is meant by combination therapy and fixed combinations? describe which e.g. trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole, amoxicilin-clavulanic acid etc. Is combination therapy meant to be two drugs both intended for UTI?
RESPONSE:
Fixed-dose drug combination (FDC) refers to a pharmaceutical formulation that contains two or more active ingredients in a single dosage form.
Ex. Trimethoprim + Sulfamethoxazole (Co-trimoxazole)
     Amoxicillin + Clavulanic Acid
     Nitrofurantoin + Vitamin B6

Combination therapy: For ex. If there are 6 different drugs which are available for the treatment of UTI. The combination of six different drug is combination therapy.
Hence both the terminologies are different.

Is the rationale for, and objectives of, the study clearly described?
No RESPONSE: I have made the change in objective.

Is the study design appropriate for the research question?
No
RESPONSE: Although it is a retrospective study, to analyze the ADR aspect we are going to telephonically contact them and get the feedback.   I am doing the retrospective study as this is the lacunae of the institute that’s why I am getting the information on ADR by communicating with the same patients.

Are sufficient details of the methods provided to allow replication by others?

No RESPONSE: Changes were made in the data collection section.

Are the datasets clearly presented in a useable and accessible format?

No RESPONSE: I have mentioned the parameters in the annexure.

NAME, AGE/SEX, MRD NO., OPD NO., DIAGNOSIS, DRUGS USED, DOSE OF THE DRUG, ANY IRRATIONAL IN PRESCRIPTION, DURATION OF DRUG THERAPY, ADVERSE DRUG REACTIONS, DURATION OF ILLNESS, COMORBIDITIES, PREGNANCY STATUS, RECURRENT INFECTIONS
1. It is not clear, whether the investigation partakes on nosocomial (hospital derived) UTI or community associated UTI, or both? Define.
RESPONSE: This study only focuses on prescription patterns so this study has no relationship with investigations.

2. Define how a UTI is going to be defined through the retrospective approach (symptoms, urine culture, biochemical issue etc), if it is going to be analysed, whether the antibiotic treatment was correct i.e. administered for UTI.
RESPONSE: This study has no relation with symptoms, urine culture, or biochemical issues this study will focus only on the treatment part after analyzing we will see the pattern of prescription and adverse drug reactions of drugs with each prescription. So focusing on the treatment part, we can’t define UTI.

3. Define which adverse effects are searched for, not only for nitrofurantoin and sulfonamides? it is often the case, that hospital records do not monitor adverse effects - this is always better done in a prospective study, where such effects are defined and the investigators asked to record them.
RESPONSE : Although it is a retrospective study, to analyze the ADR aspect we are going to telephonically contact them and get the feedback.

4. The calculation of sample size is performed according to prevalence of UTI; since all subjects searched for are supposed to have UTI, this is not correct. The sample size should be based upon the theoretical prevalence of adveres effects, since this is main objective. This is usually in the range of 5-10%, why the sample size must be much larger.
RESPONSE: Changes done in sample size.

5. What is meant by combination therapy and fixed combinations? describe which e.g. trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole, amoxicilin-clavulanic acid etc. Is combination therapy meant to be two drugs both intended for UTI?
RESPONSE:
Fixed-dose drug combination (FDC) refers to a pharmaceutical formulation that contains two or more active ingredients in a single dosage form.
Ex. Trimethoprim + Sulfamethoxazole (Co-trimoxazole)
     Amoxicillin + Clavulanic Acid
     Nitrofurantoin + Vitamin B6

Combination therapy: For ex. If there are 6 different drugs which are available for the treatment of UTI. The combination of six different drug is combination therapy.
Hence both the terminologies are different.

Is the rationale for, and objectives of, the study clearly described?
No RESPONSE: I have made the change in objective.

Is the study design appropriate for the research question?
No
RESPONSE: Although it is a retrospective study, to analyze the ADR aspect we are going to telephonically contact them and get the feedback.   I am doing the retrospective study as this is the lacunae of the institute that’s why I am getting the information on ADR by communicating with the same patients.

Are sufficient details of the methods provided to allow replication by others?

No RESPONSE: Changes were made in the data collection section.

Are the datasets clearly presented in a useable and accessible format?

No RESPONSE: I have mentioned the parameters in the annexure.

NAME, AGE/SEX, MRD NO., OPD NO., DIAGNOSIS, DRUGS USED, DOSE OF THE DRUG, ANY IRRATIONAL IN PRESCRIPTION, DURATION OF DRUG THERAPY, ADVERSE DRUG REACTIONS, DURATION OF ILLNESS, COMORBIDITIES, PREGNANCY STATUS, RECURRENT INFECTIONS
Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Close
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Author Response 11 Feb 2025

DR. GAYATRI PATIL , Pharmacology, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, 442001, India

11 Feb 2025

Author Response
1. It is not clear, whether the investigation partakes on nosocomial (hospital derived) UTI or community associated UTI, or both? Define.
RESPONSE: This study only focuses on prescription patterns so ... Continue reading
1. It is not clear, whether the investigation partakes on nosocomial (hospital derived) UTI or community associated UTI, or both? Define.
RESPONSE: This study only focuses on prescription patterns so this study has no relationship with investigations.

2. Define how a UTI is going to be defined through the retrospective approach (symptoms, urine culture, biochemical issue etc), if it is going to be analysed, whether the antibiotic treatment was correct i.e. administered for UTI.
RESPONSE: This study has no relation with symptoms, urine culture, or biochemical issues this study will focus only on the treatment part after analyzing we will see the pattern of prescription and adverse drug reactions of drugs with each prescription. So focusing on the treatment part, we can’t define UTI.

3. Define which adverse effects are searched for, not only for nitrofurantoin and sulfonamides? it is often the case, that hospital records do not monitor adverse effects - this is always better done in a prospective study, where such effects are defined and the investigators asked to record them.
RESPONSE : Although it is a retrospective study, to analyze the ADR aspect we are going to telephonically contact them and get the feedback.

4. The calculation of sample size is performed according to prevalence of UTI; since all subjects searched for are supposed to have UTI, this is not correct. The sample size should be based upon the theoretical prevalence of adveres effects, since this is main objective. This is usually in the range of 5-10%, why the sample size must be much larger.
RESPONSE: Changes done in sample size.

5. What is meant by combination therapy and fixed combinations? describe which e.g. trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole, amoxicilin-clavulanic acid etc. Is combination therapy meant to be two drugs both intended for UTI?
RESPONSE:
Fixed-dose drug combination (FDC) refers to a pharmaceutical formulation that contains two or more active ingredients in a single dosage form.
Ex. Trimethoprim + Sulfamethoxazole (Co-trimoxazole)
     Amoxicillin + Clavulanic Acid
     Nitrofurantoin + Vitamin B6

Combination therapy: For ex. If there are 6 different drugs which are available for the treatment of UTI. The combination of six different drug is combination therapy.
Hence both the terminologies are different.

Is the rationale for, and objectives of, the study clearly described?
No RESPONSE: I have made the change in objective.

Is the study design appropriate for the research question?
No
RESPONSE: Although it is a retrospective study, to analyze the ADR aspect we are going to telephonically contact them and get the feedback.   I am doing the retrospective study as this is the lacunae of the institute that’s why I am getting the information on ADR by communicating with the same patients.

Are sufficient details of the methods provided to allow replication by others?

No RESPONSE: Changes were made in the data collection section.

Are the datasets clearly presented in a useable and accessible format?

No RESPONSE: I have mentioned the parameters in the annexure.

NAME, AGE/SEX, MRD NO., OPD NO., DIAGNOSIS, DRUGS USED, DOSE OF THE DRUG, ANY IRRATIONAL IN PRESCRIPTION, DURATION OF DRUG THERAPY, ADVERSE DRUG REACTIONS, DURATION OF ILLNESS, COMORBIDITIES, PREGNANCY STATUS, RECURRENT INFECTIONS
1. It is not clear, whether the investigation partakes on nosocomial (hospital derived) UTI or community associated UTI, or both? Define.
RESPONSE: This study only focuses on prescription patterns so this study has no relationship with investigations.

2. Define how a UTI is going to be defined through the retrospective approach (symptoms, urine culture, biochemical issue etc), if it is going to be analysed, whether the antibiotic treatment was correct i.e. administered for UTI.
RESPONSE: This study has no relation with symptoms, urine culture, or biochemical issues this study will focus only on the treatment part after analyzing we will see the pattern of prescription and adverse drug reactions of drugs with each prescription. So focusing on the treatment part, we can’t define UTI.

3. Define which adverse effects are searched for, not only for nitrofurantoin and sulfonamides? it is often the case, that hospital records do not monitor adverse effects - this is always better done in a prospective study, where such effects are defined and the investigators asked to record them.
RESPONSE : Although it is a retrospective study, to analyze the ADR aspect we are going to telephonically contact them and get the feedback.

4. The calculation of sample size is performed according to prevalence of UTI; since all subjects searched for are supposed to have UTI, this is not correct. The sample size should be based upon the theoretical prevalence of adveres effects, since this is main objective. This is usually in the range of 5-10%, why the sample size must be much larger.
RESPONSE: Changes done in sample size.

5. What is meant by combination therapy and fixed combinations? describe which e.g. trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole, amoxicilin-clavulanic acid etc. Is combination therapy meant to be two drugs both intended for UTI?
RESPONSE:
Fixed-dose drug combination (FDC) refers to a pharmaceutical formulation that contains two or more active ingredients in a single dosage form.
Ex. Trimethoprim + Sulfamethoxazole (Co-trimoxazole)
     Amoxicillin + Clavulanic Acid
     Nitrofurantoin + Vitamin B6

Combination therapy: For ex. If there are 6 different drugs which are available for the treatment of UTI. The combination of six different drug is combination therapy.
Hence both the terminologies are different.

Is the rationale for, and objectives of, the study clearly described?
No RESPONSE: I have made the change in objective.

Is the study design appropriate for the research question?
No
RESPONSE: Although it is a retrospective study, to analyze the ADR aspect we are going to telephonically contact them and get the feedback.   I am doing the retrospective study as this is the lacunae of the institute that’s why I am getting the information on ADR by communicating with the same patients.

Are sufficient details of the methods provided to allow replication by others?

No RESPONSE: Changes were made in the data collection section.

Are the datasets clearly presented in a useable and accessible format?

No RESPONSE: I have mentioned the parameters in the annexure.

NAME, AGE/SEX, MRD NO., OPD NO., DIAGNOSIS, DRUGS USED, DOSE OF THE DRUG, ANY IRRATIONAL IN PRESCRIPTION, DURATION OF DRUG THERAPY, ADVERSE DRUG REACTIONS, DURATION OF ILLNESS, COMORBIDITIES, PREGNANCY STATUS, RECURRENT INFECTIONS
Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Close
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Version 4

VERSION 4 PUBLISHED 29 Apr 2024

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Niels Frimodt-Møller, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
Vineetha Menon, Gulf Medical University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
Abayeneh Girma, Mekdela Amba University, Tulu Awlya, Ethiopia

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Reviewer Report

7 Views

26 Aug 2025 | for Version 3

Abayeneh Girma, Mekdela Amba University, Tulu Awlya, South Wollo Zone, Ethiopia

7 Views Cite this report Responses(0)

Not Approved

General comments
The manuscript addresses an important topic—prescription patterns and adverse drug reactions (ADRs) in urinary tract infections (UTIs) among reproductive-age women in Central India. However, despite revisions, significant methodological and conceptual flaws persist, compromising the study's scientific rigor, reproducibility, and potential impact. The study design, sample size justification, and clarity of objectives remain inadequate, as highlighted by previous reviewers. Below are the specific concerns that warrant rejection.

1. Study design and methodology:
(i) Retrospective vs. prospective contradictions: The authors claim a retrospective design but propose telephonic follow-ups for ADR data, introducing a prospective element. This hybrid approach lacks justification and risks bias (e.g., recall bias, non-response bias).
(ii) Data source clarity: The manuscript does not clearly specify whether UTIs are community-acquired or hospital-acquired, nor does it define diagnostic criteria (e.g., symptoms, culture results). This omission limits the interpretability of prescription patterns.
(iii) ADR collection: Relying on hospital records for ADRs is problematic due to underreporting. The plan to contact patients by phone is not standardized or ethically clarified (e.g., consent process).

2. Sample size and statistical power: The revised sample size calculation (n=139) is based on an assumed 10% prevalence of ADRs, which is an improvement. However, the justification remains weak, and the sample size may still be insufficient for robust conclusions, especially for secondary outcomes like combination therapy analysis. Again, the study lacks power calculations for subgroup analyses (e.g., by drug class, age, or comorbidity), which are critical for meaningful inferences.

3. Objectives and scope: The primary objectives are overly broad. For example, "analyzing adverse reactions" lacks specificity (e.g., which ADRs, severity grading). Additionally, the secondary objective to analyze fixed-dose combinations (FDCs) is commendable but poorly operationalized. Examples like "Nitrofurantoin + Vitamin B6" are questionable, as Vitamin B6 is not a standard UTI treatment.

4. Ethical and practical issues: While ethical approval is mentioned, the waiver for patient consent in retrospective data collection is noted. However, telephonic follow-ups for ADRs would require explicit ethical approval and consent, which is not discussed. In addition, the study setting (rural tertiary care hospital) is described, but the representativeness of the sample for broader populations (e.g., urban or primary care settings) is unclear.

5. Peer review responses: The authors’ responses to reviewers (e.g., sample size recalculation, ADR methodology) are superficial. Key critiques (e.g., hospital vs. community UTI distinction, statistical methods) remain unaddressed. Moreover, the introduction and discussion sections lack critical synthesis of prior literature (e.g., regional antibiotic resistance trends in Central India).

6. Statistical analysis: The description of statistical methods is insufficient. For example: No details on covariates, regression models, or handling missing data. Again, the plan to use chi-square tests and logistic regression is mentioned but not elaborated (e.g., how predictors like age or comorbidity will be incorporated).

7. Clarity and reproducibility: Table 1 (Data Collection) lists parameters but lacks operational definitions (e.g., "irrational prescription" criteria). In addition, the study's retrospective nature limits its ability to capture ADRs accurately, as these are often underreported in hospital records.

Competing Interests

No competing interests were disclosed.

Reviewer Expertise

Microbiology

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Reviewer Report

6 Views

13 Aug 2025 | for Version 3

Niels Frimodt-Møller, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark

6 Views Cite this report Responses(0)

Approved

The authors have responded adequately to my comments, no further comments.

Competing Interests

No competing interests were disclosed.

Reviewer Expertise

Clinical microbiology, urinary tract infections, E.coli pathogenesis, antibiotic activity in vitro and in vivo

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13 Views

28 Jul 2025 | for Version 2

Abayeneh Girma, Mekdela Amba University, Tulu Awlya, South Wollo Zone, Ethiopia

13 Views Cite this report Responses(1)

Not Approved

General comments
The manuscript addresses an important topic—prescription patterns and adverse drug reactions (ADRs) in urinary tract infections (UTIs) among reproductive-age women. However, significant methodological and conceptual flaws persist despite revisions, as highlighted by previous reviewers. The study’s design, sample size justification, and clarity of objectives remain inadequate, compromising its scientific rigor and reproducibility.
Major comments

Sample size and statistical power: The sample size calculation (n=47) is based on UTI prevalence (3.14%) rather than ADR prevalence (typically 5–15%), as correctly noted by Reviewer 1. This undermines the study’s ability to detect meaningful ADR patterns. A sample size of 47 is insufficient for robust conclusions, especially for secondary outcomes like combination therapy analysis.
Study design and methodology (i) Retrospective vs. prospective contradictions: The authors claim a retrospective design but propose telephonic follow-ups for ADR data, which introduces prospective elements. This hybrid approach lacks justification and risks bias (e.g., recall bias, non-response bias). (ii) Data source clarity: The manuscript does not specify whether UTIs are community-acquired or hospital-acquired, nor does it define diagnostic criteria (e.g., symptoms, culture results). This omission limits the interpretability of prescription patterns. (iii) ADR collection: Relying on hospital records for ADRs is problematic, as ADRs are often underreported in retrospective data. The plan to contact patients by phone is not standardized or ethically clarified (e.g., consent process).
Objectives and scope: The primary objectives are clear but overly broad. For example, "analyzing adverse reactions" lacks specificity (e.g., which ADRs, severity grading). Again, the secondary objective to analyze fixed-dose combinations (FDCs) is commendable but poorly operationalized. Examples like "Nitrofurantoin + Vitamin B6" are questionable, as Vitamin B6 is not a standard UTI treatment.
Peer review responses: The authors’ responses to reviewers (e.g., sample size recalculation, ADR methodology) are superficial. Key critiques (e.g., hospital vs. community UTI distinction, statistical methods) remain unaddressed.
Ethical and practical issues: While ethical approval is mentioned, the waiver for patient consent in retrospective data collection is noted. However, telephonic follow-ups for ADRs would require explicit ethical approval and consent, which is not discussed.

Minor comments

Introduction/Discussion: Redundant and lacks critical synthesis of prior literature (e.g., no mention of regional antibiotic resistance trends in Central India).
Table 1 (Data Collection): Parameters are listed but lack operational definitions (e.g., "irrational prescription" criteria).
Statistical analysis: Mention of "Student’s t-test and Chi-square" is insufficient. No details on covariates, regression models, or handling missing data.

Is the rationale for, and objectives of, the study clearly described?

No
Is the study design appropriate for the research question?

No
Are sufficient details of the methods provided to allow replication by others?

No
Are the datasets clearly presented in a useable and accessible format?

No

Competing Interests

No competing interests were disclosed.

Reviewer Expertise

Microbiology

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Author Response

09 Aug 2025

DR. GAYATRI PATIL , Pharmacology, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, 442001, India

Response to Reviewer: Dr. Niels Frimodt-Møller
COMMENT 1:
“The calculation of sample size is not correct; With a prevalence of around 3% (and what does that mean?) of UTIs in India they propose, that 47 patients will suffice? The prevalence of adverse effects is probably 10-15%; the investigators will need at least 10 times as many patients to achieve a reasonable result.”
AUTHOR RESPONSE:
We thank the reviewer for this important observation. We agree that calculating sample size based on UTI prevalence was not appropriate for our primary objective, which includes the analysis of adverse drug reactions (ADRs).
In response, we have recalculated the sample size using Daniel’s formula, based on an assumed ADR prevalence of 10%, with 95% confidence level and a 5% margin of error.
Formula used:
n = Z² × P × (1 − P) / d²
Z = 1.96, P = 0.10, d = 0.05
n = (1.96)² × 0.10 × (0.90) / (0.05)² ≈ 138.3
We have therefore revised the sample size to 139 patients and updated this in the Sample Size Estimation section. This revised sample size is now aligned with our primary outcome — the analysis of adverse drug reactions. We used an assumed ADR prevalence of 10%, as reported in similar studies (e.g., Fatima et al., J Drug Deliv Ther, 2015). This reference has been cited in the updated manuscript to support our methodology.

COMMENT 2:
The method to study adverse effects is to look in the charts (response to reviewer 1), while they also want to call by phone the patients in question (response to reviewer 2); in the last case it is not a retrospective study. Which charts are we talking about? If hospital charts, then the patients belong to a special group of patients admitted to hospital probably with complicated UTI, where adverse effects are different from community dwellers with uncomplicated UTI.
AUTHOR RESPONSE:
Thank you for pointing out this inconsistency. We have now removed the telephonic follow-up plan and clarified that the study will be conducted as a purely retrospective observational study. Only medical records from the hospital’s archived data will be used.
The protocol has been updated to reflect this in the Study Design, Data Collection, and Ethical Considerations sections. We will rely solely on documented ADRs recorded in the patient files.
This revision ensures methodological consistency with retrospective design principles and aligns with the ethical waiver granted by our Institutional Ethics Committee.

We have now specified that our data will be collected only from outpatient department (OPD) records of women diagnosed and treated for UTI. This ensures that our focus is on community-acquired, uncomplicated UTIs.
This clarification is now included in the Study Setting, Inclusion Criteria, and Data Collection sections. No inpatient or ICU cases will be included, and complicated UTI cases will be excluded.

COMMENT 3:
The introduction has not been revised as proposed by reviewer 1, and neither the discussion as also recommended.
AUTHOR RESPONSE:
We thank the reviewer for this feedback. We have now extensively revised both the Introduction and Discussion sections.
The Introduction now includes recent literature on UTI treatment patterns, local prescribing practices, and rationale for ADR monitoring in reproductive-age women.
The Discussion has been expanded to address implications of irrational prescribing, potential underreporting of ADRs, and the regional significance of our findings. We have also added a paragraph on study limitations to improve transparency.
All changes are clearly marked in the revised manuscript.

COMMENT 4:
The different treatments of UTI described in the protocol are mostly for uncomplicated UTI, which does not comply with the idea, that hospital charts are being scrutinized.
AUTHOR RESPONSE:
As noted above, we have now explicitly stated that the study will include only outpatient records, and our focus is on community-acquired uncomplicated UTIs.
Accordingly, the treatment guidelines referenced in the manuscript pertain to uncomplicated UTI management, and this is now clearly stated in the revised Treatment and Study Design sections.

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Reviewer Report

17 Views

13 Feb 2025 | for Version 2

Niels Frimodt-Møller, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark

17 Views Cite this report Responses(1)

Not Approved

The authors' responses to the reviewers' suggestions seem a bit unclear, and it appears that my original comments may not have been fully addressed.

The calculation of sample size is not correct; With a prevalence of around 3% (and what does that mean?) of UTIs in India they propose, that 47 patients will suffice? The prevalence of adverse effects is probably 10-15 %; the investigators will need at least 10 times as many patients to achieve a reasonable results.
The method to study adverse effects is to look in the charts (response to reviewer 1), while they also want to call by phone the patients in question (response to reviewer 2); in the last case it is not a retrospective study. Which charts are we talking about? If hospital charts, then the patients belong to a special group of patients admitted to hospital probably with complicated UTI, where adverse effects are different from community dwellers with uncomplicated UTI.
The introduction has not been revised as proposed by reviewer 1, and neither the discussion as also recommended.
The different treatments of UTI described in the protocol are mostly for uncomplicated UTI, which does not comply with the idea, that hospital charts are being scrutinized.
The authors need to respond to the comments and completely revise the protocol.

Competing Interests

No competing interests were disclosed.

Reviewer Expertise

Clinical microbiology, urinary tract infections, E.coli pathogenesis, antibiotic activity in vitro and in vivo

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Author Response

09 Aug 2025

DR. GAYATRI PATIL , Pharmacology, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, 442001, India

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20 Views

13 Jul 2024 | for Version 1

Vineetha Menon, Gulf Medical University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates

20 Views Cite this report Responses(1)

Not Approved

Is the rationale for, and objectives of, the study clearly described?

No
Is the study design appropriate for the research question?

Yes
Are sufficient details of the methods provided to allow replication by others?

No
Are the datasets clearly presented in a useable and accessible format?

No

References

Competing Interests

No competing interests were disclosed.

Reviewer Expertise

Geriatrics, Medication safety management

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Author Response

11 Feb 2025

DR. GAYATRI PATIL , Pharmacology, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, 442001, India

1. Abstract: The abstract is too brief; lacks specificity and content.
Response: Changes done in the abstract.

2. Introduction: The introduction lacks smooth flow and transitions between sections. There is some redundancy of information, grammatical errors, and formatting issues. There is no information given on the findings from previous studies done in this area. Also, there is a lack of focus on the significance of the study.
Response: Now, I have mentioned the information regarding the previous study. It is mentioned in the discussion part. i.e.
This analysis is for the use of evidence-based medicine in tertiary care centers, to fulfill the drug information needs of the physician and also for improvement in the quality of healthcare by giving feedback to prescribers. This is an observational, retrospective study that will aim at the analysis of drug prescription patterns and adverse drug reactions due to drug prescription in urinary tract infections at tertiary health care centers.

3. Method:
a. Study criteria: Study criteria is missing out on several vital elements. For example, details of treatment settings, time frame, presence of comorbidities, pregnancy status, or recurrent infections had not been addressed in the study criteria.
Response: I have now added these parameters in my annexure
NAME, AGE/SEX, MRD NO., OPD NO., DIAGNOSIS, DRUGS USED, DOSE OF THE DRUG, ANY IRRATIONAL IN PRESCRIPTION, DURATION OF DRUG THERAPY, ADVERSE DRUG REACTIONS, DURATION OF ILLNESS, COMORBIDITIES, PREGNANCY STATUS, RECURRENT INFECTIONS

b. What does the author mean by "Study reference: Pritam Pardeshi"?
Response: This was the reference for my sample size calculation for the study.

c. Statistical methods: There is a lack of information on how statistical methods were applied.
Response: We will use the student’s t-test and Chi-square Test.

d. Data collection: The data collection process is not detailed enough.
Response: I will be collecting the data from the medical record section and then I will analyze the prescription for the given parameters which were given in the data collection section in my protocol.

e. Study setting: The study setting does not mention in which institution the study was done.
Response: This study will be carried out in the Rural Tertiary Care Hospital in Central India

f. Overall there are a lot of inconsistencies in the methodology. It's also stating that the study will be done- what does that mean?
Response: We haven’t started this study yet that’s why I wrote the study will be done. It’s my protocol for my study.

4. Results: No results are available for review.
Response: As this study is not started yet we can’t predict the result of this analysis. That’s why I didn’t mention the results.

5. Discussion: The discussion lacks depth and specificity. There is also a repetition of information previously mentioned. No clear conclusion or limitations were stated.
Response: I have made the changes in the discussion part according to your comments.

Is the rationale for, and objectives of, the study clearly described?

No, now I have made the changes to the objective.

Is the study design appropriate for the research question?

Yes

Are sufficient details of the methods provided to allow replication by others?

No Response: Changes were made in the data collection section.

Are the datasets clearly presented in a useable and accessible format?

No
Response: I have mentioned the parameters in this ANNEXURE.
NAME, AGE/SEX, MRD NO., OPD NO., DIAGNOSIS, DRUGS USED, DOSE OF THE DRUG, ANY IRRATIONAL IN PRESCRIPTION, DURATION OF DRUG THERAPY, ADVERSE DRUG REACTIONS, DURATION OF ILLNESS, COMORBIDITIES, PREGNANCY STATUS, RECURRENT INFECTIONS

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Competing Interests

No competing interests were disclosed.

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Reviewer Report

32 Views

28 May 2024 | for Version 1

Niels Frimodt-Møller, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark

32 Views Cite this report Responses(1)

Not Approved

Is the rationale for, and objectives of, the study clearly described?

No
Is the study design appropriate for the research question?

No
Are sufficient details of the methods provided to allow replication by others?

No
Are the datasets clearly presented in a useable and accessible format?

No

Competing Interests

No competing interests were disclosed.

Reviewer Expertise

Clinical microbiology, urinary tract infections, E.coli pathogenesis, antibiotic activity in vitro and in vivo

Respond to this report

Responses (1)

Author Response

11 Feb 2025

DR. GAYATRI PATIL , Pharmacology, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, 442001, India

1. It is not clear, whether the investigation partakes on nosocomial (hospital derived) UTI or community associated UTI, or both? Define.
RESPONSE: This study only focuses on prescription patterns so this study has no relationship with investigations.

2. Define how a UTI is going to be defined through the retrospective approach (symptoms, urine culture, biochemical issue etc), if it is going to be analysed, whether the antibiotic treatment was correct i.e. administered for UTI.
RESPONSE: This study has no relation with symptoms, urine culture, or biochemical issues this study will focus only on the treatment part after analyzing we will see the pattern of prescription and adverse drug reactions of drugs with each prescription. So focusing on the treatment part, we can’t define UTI.

3. Define which adverse effects are searched for, not only for nitrofurantoin and sulfonamides? it is often the case, that hospital records do not monitor adverse effects - this is always better done in a prospective study, where such effects are defined and the investigators asked to record them.
RESPONSE : Although it is a retrospective study, to analyze the ADR aspect we are going to telephonically contact them and get the feedback.

4. The calculation of sample size is performed according to prevalence of UTI; since all subjects searched for are supposed to have UTI, this is not correct. The sample size should be based upon the theoretical prevalence of adveres effects, since this is main objective. This is usually in the range of 5-10%, why the sample size must be much larger.
RESPONSE: Changes done in sample size.

5. What is meant by combination therapy and fixed combinations? describe which e.g. trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole, amoxicilin-clavulanic acid etc. Is combination therapy meant to be two drugs both intended for UTI?
RESPONSE:
Fixed-dose drug combination (FDC) refers to a pharmaceutical formulation that contains two or more active ingredients in a single dosage form.
Ex. Trimethoprim + Sulfamethoxazole (Co-trimoxazole)
     Amoxicillin + Clavulanic Acid
     Nitrofurantoin + Vitamin B6

Combination therapy: For ex. If there are 6 different drugs which are available for the treatment of UTI. The combination of six different drug is combination therapy.
Hence both the terminologies are different.

Is the rationale for, and objectives of, the study clearly described?
No RESPONSE: I have made the change in objective.

Is the study design appropriate for the research question?
No
RESPONSE: Although it is a retrospective study, to analyze the ADR aspect we are going to telephonically contact them and get the feedback.   I am doing the retrospective study as this is the lacunae of the institute that’s why I am getting the information on ADR by communicating with the same patients.

Are sufficient details of the methods provided to allow replication by others?

No RESPONSE: Changes were made in the data collection section.

Are the datasets clearly presented in a useable and accessible format?

No RESPONSE: I have mentioned the parameters in the annexure.

NAME, AGE/SEX, MRD NO., OPD NO., DIAGNOSIS, DRUGS USED, DOSE OF THE DRUG, ANY IRRATIONAL IN PRESCRIPTION, DURATION OF DRUG THERAPY, ADVERSE DRUG REACTIONS, DURATION OF ILLNESS, COMORBIDITIES, PREGNANCY STATUS, RECURRENT INFECTIONS

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Competing Interests

No competing interests were disclosed.

Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article:

Approved - the paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested

Approved with reservations - A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit.

Not approved - fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions

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[2] 2. Almukhtar SH: Urinary tract infection among women aged (18-40) years old in Kirkuk city, Iraq. The Open Nurs. J. 2018 Dec 31; 12(1): 248–254. Publisher Full Text

[3] 3. Fatima E, Anwar A, Dudeja M, et al.: Drug utilization pattern and adverse drug reaction monitoring in urinary tract infection patients in a tertiary care hospital. Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics. 2015 Nov 15; 5(6): 23–30. Publisher Full Text

[4] 4. Bettcher CM, Campbell E, Petty LA, et al.: Proudlock AL. Urinary tract infection.

[5] 5. Moon J, Prasad S, Egan M: Treating UTIs in reproductive-age women—Proceed with caution. J. Fam. Pract. 2010 Apr; 59(4): 220–222. PubMed Abstract

[6] 6. Squadrito FJ, del Portal D : Nitrofurantoin.

[7] 7. Bethesda L: Clinical and research information on drug-induced liver injury. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. 2012.

[8] 8. Melku L, Wubetu M, Dessie B: Irrational drug use and its associated factors at Debre Markos Referral Hospital’s outpatient pharmacy in East Gojjam, Northwest Ethiopia. SAGE open medicine. 2021 Jun; 9: 205031212110251. Publisher Full Text

[9] 9. Ojo MA, Igwilo CI, Emedoh T: Prescribing patterns and perceptions of health care professionals about rational drug use in a specialist hospital clinic. Journal of Public Health in Africa. 2014 Jun 6; 5(2). PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text

Analysis of prescription pattern and adverse drug reactions of drugs used in Urinary Tract Infection in reproductive age group (15-44 years) women in a Tertiary Care Hospital in Central India: An observational retrospective study

Abstract

Background

Objective

Methods

Keywords

Introduction

Treatment

Protocol

Aim

Objectives

Methods

Inclusion criteria

Exclusion criteria

Study setting

Sample size estimation

Data collection and procedure

Table 1. Demographic and drug details of patients.

Dissemination

Study status

Discussion

Ethical considerations

Data availability

Acknowledgements

References

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