Public perception of wireless power transfer safety

1.1 Background

Energy distribution has undergone a paradigm shift because of Wireless electricity Transfer (WPT), which provides a way to distribute electricity without a physical connection. WPT enables energy transfer between two objects by relying on electromagnetic fields, specifically the electromagnetic resonance or inductive coupling principle (Park & Ahn, 2020). Magnetic energy transmission is more efficient when the between the transmitter and receiver coils is small. WPTs have been in use for the last few years with added interest during the recent period. It is common knowledge that it has been recently employed in consumer electronics to facilitate wireless charging of devices such as smartphones and wearable (Barreto et al., 2021). People who have devices that have coil incorporated in them know that could probably be charged through pads instead of wires. However, it impacts not only individual gadgets but is so much larger in its manifestations. EVs have become one of the most discussed in the realm of transportation as the world shifts to cleaner sources. WPT shows the potential in some aspects of this industry to offer a viable solution for charging modalities that are efficient and easy for users (Triviño et al., 2021). WPT safety is being studied even further which concerns health consequences and interconnection with other electronic appliances due to non-overt energy transfer.

1.2 Problem statement

Wireless Power Transfer (WPT) is one of the most perspective techniques that made a quickly revolution on the view on energy transfer technologies and entered many fields. However, because of its increased use, several adverse health and safety concerns have also been realized (Lin, 2013). Despite the fact that the phenomenon of transferring energy is relatively new, controversies surround it particularly on the effects on health, interaction with medical devices and More to the point, with the risk that comes with usage in homes as well as in offices. It is also critical to comprehend how the general public views WPT safety. This impression, whether supported by reality or misinformation, has a big impact on adoption rates, regulatory choices, and the future course of research. In addition to facilitating the seamless integration of WPT, addressing public concerns will ensure that technological improvements are in line with societal comfort and welfare.

1.3 Aim and objectives

The main goal of this study is to examine how the general public feels about Wireless Power Transfer (WPT) technology. The study specifically aims to;

1.4 Research questions

1.5 Hypotheses

1.6 Significance of the study

In the rapidly changing field of Wireless Power Transfer (WPT) technology, this research is of utmost significance. Understanding public opinion is essential as WPT becomes more interwoven into daily life. The study will conclude the breadth of public awareness, identify common safety problems, and provide manufacturers and policymakers with new information. To ensure informed public participation, focused educational and awareness initiatives can be created by analysing the demographic elements impacting opinions. The findings will also help technology creators address concerns and innovate with user-centric safety in mind. In the end, this research aids in the peaceful and secure integration of WPT into society.

2.1 Introduction

In-depth research on Wireless Power Transfer (WPT) technology is done in the literature review, which also looks at how people feel about it and how it has evolved. This section examines previous research to identify trends, insights, and knowledge gaps that can help to better comprehend how the public feels about the safety of WPT and its wider ramifications.

2.2 Historical development of WPT 250

There is a long revolution of power transfer techniques in the tech world. The origins of Wireless Power Transfer (WPT) have its roots in the ground-breaking research of Nikola Tesla from the late 19th and early 20th centuries (Shinohara, 2021). Experiments of Tesla, especially those conducted in Colorado Springs, laid the groundwork for the idea of transporting electricity without the use of physical connectors.

As per Figure 1 it can be seen that due to technological and financial limitations, however, widespread applications remained primarily theoretical for decades despite his ground-breaking work. With developments in semiconductor technologies in the late 20th century, interest in WPT started to pick up again (Hui et al., 2023). These breakthroughs made it possible for WPT to be used in more effective and useful ways. Resonant inductive coupling was developed in the twenty-first century, allowing for more effective transmission of power across short distances. This development helped WPT move from experimental prototypes to practical applications (Athira et al., 2022). Currently, it has been adapted to recover charges such as medical equipment, electric vehicles, and other personal electronics. However, even though technical development is well-documented, a critical study of the literature reveals that there may have been a potential overlook regarding public perception during this time. One could suppose that the fast pace of technological advancement was outpacing the attempts to advance people knowledge and educate them (Lukovics et al., 2019). It is possible that the end users will not understand the safety processes and standards, which were designed after a thorough investigation.

Figure 1. Approaches for Wireless Power Transfer.

(Source: Laha et al., 2023).

2.3 Existing safety standards and regulations

WPT technology is used now in many fields and questions about its safety measures are quite logical. As a result, several nations and international organisations have developed policies and regulations to ensure WPT systems safety for users and the environment. Kalialakis et al. (2016) posit that the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) has also led this discipline.

This paper examines the power and frequency as the technical component of part and safety of health relating to radiation. Consequently, Kalialakis et al. (2016) provides a clear and consolidated scenario of the framework of regulation and current global elements. The safety, interoperability and performance aspects of WPT are particularly addressed in several standards that has been developed by the IEEE Standards Association. These recommendations focus on a range of issues that include among others the lowest level of safety of WPT devices for different frequencies to the highest level of acceptable electromagnetic field strength.

The main goal of the IEEE has been to make sure that the electromagnetic fields of WPT devices stay within safe ranges to avoid any potential health hazards (Alrashdan et al., 2021). Examining the IEEE standards critically reveals a methodical, scientifically supported methodology.

One can counter that these norms are more reactive than proactive. Instead of anticipating and directing technological changes, they frequently seem to react to them. This guarantees that the safety standards are founded on the most recent scientific knowledge. However, it may cause a lag in which new WPT technologies are introduced to the market more quickly than safety rules can be created (Lin, 2021). The regulation of WPT technologies on a global level exhibits a patchwork of various strategies. The electromagnetic compatibility of WPT devices, for instance, is addressed in directives that the European Union has put into effect ( European Commission, 2023). This has the effect of making them resistant to disruptions and ensuring that they do not interfere with other electrical devices. Similar to this, Japan has developed its own set of regulations, largely due to its active promotion of electric vehicles, which heavily utilise WPT (Shinohara, 2020). The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) has taken an active role in setting acceptable exposure limits for electromagnetic fields coming from WPT devices in the United States (FCC, 2023). Every nation is looking for a set of safe parameters for this wireless power delivery.

At the same time, countries like South Korea have been advancing the boundaries with whole regions with WPT for public transport, which has pushed the development of stringent, reasonable safety standards (Triviño et al., 2021). However, such an analysis shows that there are disparities in how the countries concerned approach and regulate WPT safety. Such differences may occur because of the differences in the diffusion of technologies, different attitudes of the public, and different opinions of governments with regard to risk management. While this comes in handy for regulating industries, it presents a paradox in that it is hard to standardize products where firms operate internationally and enforce compliance throughout the region.

Another drawback is such safety standards may exist and may not be fully understood in facilities where they are implemented. Possibly the average consumer would not be fully aware of these precautions, although the regulatory organisations and the industry possibly would be (Beeby et al., 2023). If this gap does not get addressed then understanding and unnecessary anxieties get fed and hinder the uptake of the technology.

2.4 Previous studies on public perception

To understand the difference between technological advancement and cultural perception, public sentiments toward the advancement of technology and emphasis on WPT need to be explored. An evaluation of the current literature available proves that the public reaction spectrum is not only broad but also shifts over time often through a series of factors that may include technological understanding to cultural beliefs and essentializations (von Terzi et al., 2021). It will be recalled that most emergent technologies have previously been embraced with fascination, apprehension, and sometimes even fear with such facilities as X-rays, and mobile phones among others. It is widely observed that for any new technology, the initial stages are filled with more concerns regarding the negative impacts than during any other stage which mainly stems from misunderstanding. A case of advanced consumers’ suspicion was established in the early microwave ovens where due to radiation effects, the public was panicked despite the real risks being too small (Zhi et al., 2017). This behaviour is still somewhat similar to the present state of WPTs, where many people still worry about electromagnetic broadcasts even when they are below lethal levels.

Focusing on research that deals directly with WPT reveals a common theme: a conflict between the risk considerations and understanding of the advantages that WPT offers in the name of flexibility and advancement (Lin, 2021). Such concerns are often increased by technological absence, hence power can be communicated without recourse to any channel. Moreover, there is a problem with the word ‘wireless’ Some people may relate this term to their cell phone or internet transmission, which makes it even more confusing.

As it has been described in Figure 2, critical perception examines two main challenges. First of all, the lack of knowledge and enhanced safety risks are the factors that are interrelated quite often (Rasmussen et al., 2018). Numeracy or literacy regarding the science related to WPT remains low in many populations, and people with such knowledge are often more anxious. Second, there can be an unconscious fear based on such archetypal fears and phobias as concerns about unknown or unseen forces, although there can be a conscious acknowledgement of safety in the sphere of technology. Moreover, some studies have applied the psychometric paradigm technique to measure the public perception of WPT, which decomposes sentiments into factors including fear, risk uncertainty and gain (Alrawad et al., 2022). On these bases, these results support the claim that while FL reliability’s succinctibility and WPT convenience are easy to express, the concerns linked with identified but unrecognized risks are not endured always. Yet, it is intriguing that the spread of incidents or any bad press is another feature identified in the paper.

For instance, each solitary incident, even if it is not directly connected to WPT safety (such as a device breakdown or a well-publicised health problem), is likely to magnify public concerns and emphasise how flimsy the public trust in new technologies is (Zhang et al., 2022). In conclusion, earlier research on public perception highlights the variety of public responses to WPT and other developing technologies in general.

Figure 2. Control paradigm shift schematic of WPT.

(Source: Hui et al., 2023).

2.5 High-power transfers and public concerns

Private usable high power WPT systems like EVs, buses, create revolution in green mobility also precipitate a number of fundamental social questions mainly focusing on their safety and the impacts they produced. Members of the public are mostly concerned due to the fact that electromagnetic fields are not directly observable and therefore, their possible interference with the external conditions (Baikova et al., 2024). The fact that these high-power systems are very close to densely populated urban environments only serves to intensify these worries as individuals tend to be concerned with spending time exposed to what they have been told is bad energy, electromagnetic energy in this case. For instance, research has established that public concerns are usually associated with the absence of adequate information about the safety of such systems (You, 2024). Specifically, high-frequency electromagnetic fields of WPT power levels applied to EVs are far above typical consumer product-based levels and may raise concerns of interference with other devices or long-term effects on health. Dealing with these perceptions needs proper public awareness and clear-sighted anti-crisis regulation to build up confidence. There is extensive use of EVs in countries such as Japan and South Korea, and these nations have put rigid measures in place to curtail risks (Obaideen et al., 2024). These are; restriction of electromagnetic emissions, and performing countless tests to meet international standards of safety. Nevertheless, the issue of public trust is still rolled out meaning that research and communication continue to be a work in progress.

2.6 Safety risks for patients with implantable medical devices

Another major concern of high-power WPT system design and implementation is the possible effects on the human body specifically patients with implantable medical devices, including pacemakers, defibrillators and insulin pumps. These devices are virtually created to operate within limited electromagnetic conditions, and the electromagnetic fields, or EMFs produced within WPT systems, have the potential to disrupt their effectiveness. For electric vehicles and industrial applications, WPT systems have evidence of high power transcending and working in the range of 85 kHz to 140 kHz, which can cause EMI issues when the devices are close to medical equipment (Li & Mi, 2015). Concerns increase even more so in urban areas where high-power WPT systems will be feeding power to hospitals or residential units. Solving these problems is possible only through the joint efforts of developers of wireless power transfer technologies, regulators, and doctors to create technologies that are completely safe from EMF influence while providing the simultaneous further development of highly effective power transmission systems and the extensive range of delicate medical applications. Research has shown that patients with pacemakers suffered from interference when exposed to EMFs above the threshold level thus causing changes in the pacemaker centric behaviour (Driessen et al., 2019). Yet, IEEE and other safety standards have been proposed to weaken these risks by improving public knowledge and uneven implementation across geographic locations. Moreover, many of the medical device manufacturers have not approached extensive testing of WPT safety under high power exposure standards: a large safety concern.

2.7 Gap

There is a glaring gap in the understanding of the complex perceptions unique to WPT safety, even though there is a wealth of literature describing the technical elements of Wireless Power Transfer (WPT) and a rising corpus of work on general public perceptions of developing technologies. Numerous studies have either covered other aspects of WPT without going into safety perceptions or they have covered other aspects of technology adoption widely. Wireless power transfer or WPT systems uses and its implications on implantable medical devices have yet to be thoroughly addressed in academic literature. Additionally, little is known about how demographic factors like age and education interact with one another to affect how people perceive safety. Closing this gap is essential since it can inform future technological advancements in the field of WPT as well as communication tactics.

2.8 Conclusion

It is imperative to know consumer perception on the subject since the advancement in WPT technology is rapidly advancing. It is important to emphasize that the revealed research gap further underlines the demand for the investigation of safety perception as a concept and as a construct in more detail. In order to be more confident with the innovations, to spread them to as many people as possible, and to show the further direction of the WPT development, this gap should be filled.

3.1 Research design

In order to navigate through this ‘socially sensitive’ area of WPT safety concern, a survey-based technique has been employed. This methodology is known for its ability to aggregate quantitative information at a colossal level to provide the perception of the public (Ponto, 2015). Surveys are most appropriate for this study because they facilitate the determination of trends, relationships or patterns by converting people’s perceptions into quantitative variables. Possibilities of methods such as focus groups or interviews can be considered as an option as well. While they provide rich qualitative information, their coverage is limited on purpose, and it often ends up encompassing fewer participants (Mwita, 2022). While interviews can be extremely valuable in the context of the goal of gathering a broad picture of the public perception of media and journalism, the depth that they allow can come at the cost of broad coverage needed for this research.

3.2 Sampling

To analyze the WPT safety perceptions in the general public, a strict sampling method was used to obtain a representative and accurate sample. The target population included the general public to obtain various perspectives of the same age, education and exposure to WPT technology. Fifty (50) participants were chosen purposively for this study. While not large, this size was deemed adequate for exploratory research owing to the potential of the increased data coverage coinciding with its issue of data unmanageability. In fact, a specialised topic such as WPT safety, may even pose certain data administration concerns with a wider sample without much of a difference in the outcome. The participants were purposively selected from diverse ages, education levels, and experience with WPT Technologies using a stratified random sampling method. Sampling reduces bias by dividing the population into layers and gives a wider view of the sample set.

Other methods of sampling including convenience or quota sampling were ruled out due to the increased chance of representativeness. Convenience sampling was not used because it is random but does not take into account any specific demographic The use of stratified random sampling allowed the study to be random as well as specific due to the variability achieved in the selection of respondents while avoiding purely demographic sample bias (Iliyasu & Etikan, 2021). All in all, this sampling ensures that the data collected seeks to depict the general participants’ perception of WPT safety making the findings rock solid for reasoned analysis and conclusion.

3.3 Data collection

This research has relied on survey data collected in this research tool, an online survey, to understand the safety of WPT to the public adequately. Primary data was chosen because it is more likely to be immediate and more inclined to the research question (Paradis et al., 2016). Hence, the rationale of using primary data is to ensure the opinions being used are up to date as the public perception of such technology and the advancement in WPT technology carries the testament to the dynamism. A pilot survey was developed in an online format and included multiple choice questions, Likert scale questions and demographic questions to gain broad pooled viewpoints regarding the safety of WPT. The questions posed were specific to the recognisability, safety, and preferences of WPT in public and private domains. To achieve a sufficient number of participants, the survey was conducted for two months and could attract various profiles of participants. These respondents needed to give their informed consent before the study and their answers were collected anonymously. As for the control of the data collection process, all technical problems concerning the completion of the answers were solved.

The method of data collecting has been recognised as platforms for example Google Forms or SurveyMonkey. These internet platforms offer a large coverage, data collection, and data analysis functions all in one. This global view is particularly relevant to the generation of a technology like WPT that finds application in many fields.

On the other hand, secondary data may be quite useful but may not give a lot of detail for this study. Often generalizations are made by secondary sources that in the context of this study are not specific enough to properly understand each safety issue (Martins et al., 2018). In addition, since WPT is an emerging field, only relying on secondary data may yield more general or outdated perceptions of WPT safety, which may not be very applicable to the local environment.

3.4 Data analysis

Analytical task, performed to assess public perception of WPT, suggests that safety has multiple facets that are not easy to overcome. Consequently, this study selected a quantitative method for methodology. Such a strategy has obvious advantages, and here they are. The first advantage is the ability to carry out a systematic analysis of patterns and trends that the data and information collected contain, which helps to maintain impartiality (Albers, 2017). A quantitative approach can provide an accurate evaluation of the aggregate and its minutes and provide statistical analysis on the numerous impressions from the large sample size from the online questionnaires. The type of research questions and the technique applied in collecting the data are the reasons for not applying qualitative analysis (Mwita, 2022). In an online survey, it is rather easy to obtain well-formatted answers that are quantitative in nature and can only be analyzed quantitatively. Although they afford the analysis of life experiences, the use of qualitative methods could be less efficient at detecting regularities in large volumes of data, which would not be the case for this research.

Further enhancement of precision, as well as the comprehensiveness of this quantitative method, is achieved through the utilization of statistical software such as SPSS in this research. SPSS for instance is rather good when it comes to handling big data and allows a large number of tests beginning with basic descriptive and ending with fairly complicated hypotheses testing. As a means of ensuring that this research analysis was more reliable, the study also sought to use hypothesis testing as a means of interpreting the results. To compare the safety concerns expressed in the survey with the demographics including age, level of education, or experience with WPT separately from the survey questions, a simple statistical analysis using ANOVA and Linear regression tests was used. Performing ordinary tests like ANOVA made it possible to establish strongly held perceptions that vary with demographical variables that may prevail.

The test such as the ANOVA helped to establish how diverse the perceptions were regarding the safety concerns across the different demographic variables on the other hand, the regression analysis helped to determine how influential these independent variables were to the safety concerns. Frequency and percentage distributions were applied in order to present descriptive statistics which directly depict the state of affairs in awareness and concerns among the public. This approach made their findings inclusive of all the necessary information and statistically significant.

3.5 Timeline

The research procedure, which lasts around ten months, is precisely planned. The first two months are spent on framework development and literature reviews. The questionnaire and sample are the main focus of months three and four. The collection of data takes place from months 5-7. The following two months will be used to analyse the data, and the last month will be used to draw conclusions and make modifications.

3.6 Ethical considerations

Protecting the rights and dignity of participants is crucial while studying public perceptions. The Data Protection Act of 2018 is strictly followed in this study, assuring the privacy and security of respondent data. This adherence guarantees that the data acquired is only used for research purposes and that personal information is kept confidential (Ducato, 2020). However, this research adheres to other significant ethical standards in addition to data protection. Participants gave their prior informed permission after being fully informed of the objectives and their part in it. They were allowed to withdraw at any time, and their involvement was maintained optional. To avoid any biases and protect the privacy of participants, collecting anonymous data was given priority. The Data Protection Act of 2018 and these accepted ethical guidelines, when combined, give a comprehensive framework that guarantees that all parts of participant rights and research credibility are upheld. The study makes sure that all of its participants are treated with integrity, transparency, and respect thanks to this strong ethical framework.

3.7 Validation

To enhance the reliability of this study, measures of data validation were requested at various periods of the study. To ensure that the survey questionnaire used in this study met the test’s objectives, the current study utilized a pilot test involving five participants to complete a questionnaire and provide any necessary comment concerning any issue related to question-based clarity, structural format, and comprehensibility. Their views were employed to make minor changes in the questionnaire and finalize the measures for each of the variables of interest. Method reliability of the collected data was defined by Cronbach Alpha, as the level of internal consistency between the answers to the questions included in the survey. The value was rated over 0.7, which means that the reliability was very high. The validity of the regression and the ANOVA models was checked by doing things such as testing for normality, multicollinearity, heteroscedasticity, and singularity. Another check of normality of the residual distribution is through residual vs fitted plots as well as Q-Q plots of the residuals were used to determine if the residuals followed a normal distribution while VIF values were used to test for multicollinearity among the independent variables.

External validity was also considered by adopting the sample based on stratified random sampling as an effort to ensure that the subjects in the experiment were comparable with the general population in terms of age, educational level, and experience in working with WPT. Such validation attempts ensure the main findings of the study are valid and can thus be applied in similar contexts.

3.8 Limitations

The study has the following limitations which include the following: First of all, due to the restricted number of participants, which was fifty, one can speak about the limited external validity of the results obtained. It could be argued that obtaining a broader sample and thereby attaining a higher level of richness in the data collected would add denser results concerning statistical significance.

Second, since the study focuses on the perception regarding the level of familiarity with WPT, there may be response bias since most of the answers were based on self-report data. Third, digital data collection may lead to a selection bias as participants using cell phones for the internet are likely to be skewed only to those with internet access.

Furthermore, the method of doing the study restricted the sample demographic by having a diverse participation of young, educated people. This limits the degree of comprehensiveness with which the opinion of old or illiterates is obtained. Several limitations were observed in the study as follows: Future research should thereby cover a large population and a more diverse sample of participants, from different ages, gender, marital status, education status, and geographic region of origin should be included in the study while adopting exploratory, descriptive research methods in particular, Interviews.

3.9 Summary

In this paper, this methodology section provides a clear and efficient design for an empirical survey on WPT safety. Stemming from the fact that the technique adopted was the use of a survey with random stratified sampling enhanced by thorough data analysis, there is heightened credibility in the results obtained. The following validation methods improve the reliability: completeness, appointment of a pilot study, and statistical test. However, the study has some limitations: There is a limited number of participants; Participants can give limited responses; and Participants can represent a limited demographic background. If such limitations are to be avoided in future research, the overall applicability and depth of knowledge of the overall public outlook on WPT safety can be significantly improved.

4.1 Survey data

4.2 Result of regression

4.3 Model summary

From Table 2 it has been observed that it is involving linear regression in this context can assist with grasping the connections between different independent variables (such as age, education, familiarity with WPT, etc.) and the dependent variable (safety concerns about WPT). Linear regression permits the evaluation and survey of the strength and course of these connections, which can be important in looking at the general meaning of the variables affecting security concerns. Linear regression provides coefficients that evaluate how every independent variable impacts the dependent variable.

With respect to “a priori test for regression,” which is shown in Figure 3, it is a standard term in linear regression. Nonetheless, it is conceivable it might be alluding to indicative tests or making sure that they are performed prior to running a regression model. These checks guarantee that the suppositions of linear regression are met and that the model is proper for the information. Normal checks incorporate inspecting the conveyance of residuals, checking for multicollinearity (connections between independent factors), and surveying homoscedasticity (consistent fluctuation of residuals). These checks are essential to guarantee the legitimacy of the linear regression. Linear regression is an important device for this situation for measuring connections between factors, testing speculations, and evaluating the useful meaning of elements impacting security worries about WPT. It gives bits of knowledge and proof to illuminate independent direction, strategy improvement, and security mindfulness drives.

Figure 3. Q-Q plot of variables.

(Source: Self-Created).

The correlation coefficient (R) gauges the strength and heading of the linear relationship between the independent variable(s) and the dependent variable. In this model, R is roughly 0.600, proposing a tolerably sure direct relationship. The coefficient of determination (R Square) addresses the extent of the fluctuation in the dependent variable that can be made sense of by the independent variable(s). In this model, R Square is around 0.360, demonstrating that 36% of the variance in the dependent variable is made sense of by the independent variable(s).

Changed R Square is an adaptation of R Square that adapts to the quantity of independent variables in the model. It penalises the consideration of unnecessary factors. In this model, the Changed R Square is around 0.235.

Std. Error of the Estimate addresses the standard error of the residuals, which is a proportion of the average error between the observed values and the predicted values of the dependent variable. In this model, the standard error is approximately 0.9704.

Age bracket

In the primary ANOVA test, which is demonstrated in Table 3 and Table 4, respondents were gathered into various age sections to evaluate whether there are genuinely tremendous contrasts in their view of Remote Power Move (WPT). The experimental outcomes demonstrated that there is no genuinely huge contrast between age bunches with regard to their perspectives on WPT. This recommends that age doesn’t give off an impression of being a huge figure moulding individuals’ view of WPT innovation.

Educational qualification

The Table 4 ANOVA test inspected respondents’ most noteworthy instructive capabilities to decide whether instructive foundation assumes a part in forming a view of WPT. The outcomes showed that there is no genuinely massive contrast between various instructive capability gatherings. This proposes that individuals with shifting degrees of training have comparable impressions of WPT security.

Generational concerns

The third test investigated respondents’ perspectives on whether more seasoned ages have a bigger number of worries about WPT than younger ages. Here, a genuinely massive contrast was found between reaction classes, showing that individuals have varying suppositions on this theme. Some accept that more established ages express more worries, while others don’t share this view.

Familiarity of WPT

The fourth ANOVA surveyed whether respondents who have utilised or run over WPT advances have various discernments contrasted with the individuals who have not. The outcomes uncovered a measurably massive contrast, showing that experience with WPT innovations essentially impacts individuals’ insights. The people who have insight into WPT advances might have various perspectives contrasted with the individuals who don’t.

Familiarity with WPT applications

In the fifth test, respondents’ knowledge of different WPT applications was analysed. While there was no genuinely massive distinction between experience with various applications, it’s important that the p-value was near the importance level (0.062). This proposes that there might be a few distinctions in experience with explicit applications. However, they didn’t arrive at factual importance in this examination.

These ANOVA tests give significant bits of knowledge into the elements that impact the public impression of WPT. While age and instructive capability may not assume a critical part, knowledge of WPT advances gives off an impression of being a vital factor in forming individuals’ perspectives. Also, there are varying sentiments on whether more established ages express more worries about WPT, featuring the intricacy of public discernments in this developing mechanical scene.

The results of this study aimed to examine public perceptions of Wireless Power Transfer (WPT) technology and its safety implications. Awareness of WPT, safety concerns, demographic influences, and preferences for traditional wired charging were all examined in the study. Eight research questions and their corresponding hypotheses were included in the analysis. Comparing the findings to previous research and determine whether the hypotheses are true.

4.4 Comparison of results with existing literature

Based on the data provided within Table 1 it can be seen that the study provides useful insights into public perceptions of Wireless Power Transfer (WPT) technology. Respondents were assorted concerning age, with the greater part falling into the subsequent age section (42%). Essentially, a significant piece of members held an instructive capability at level 3 (42%). It is interesting to note that opinions on whether older generations are more concerned about WPT than younger generations are divided. The need for a nuanced understanding of how different age groups perceive this mixed opinion emphasises this emerging technology.

Additionally, the significance of education in shaping perceptions is underscored by the fact that nearly 40% of respondents moderately believed that their level of education provided them with a better understanding of WPT than others. A sizable percentage of respondents, 38 per cent, indicated that they were familiar with WPT technologies. This proposes that WPT is building up some decent momentum among the overall population. Besides, the larger part evaluated how they might interpret how WPT functions at a moderate level (3 out of 5), showing a fundamental comprehension among the respondents.

As far as security concerns, the information showed a different scope of suppositions. While there is an outstanding degree of concern, it is conveyed across the scale. Curiously, a larger part of respondents (60%) accepted that WPT in broad daylight spaces presents a bigger number of dangers than in private spaces. This mindful disposition towards the organisation of innovation in high-traffic regions lines up with existing security worries about open openness to electromagnetic fields. In addition, the data showed that a lot of respondents were unsure about the safety of using WPT in a medical or hospital setting. This suggests that in such critical environments, more information and assurance are required. A significant number of participants emphasised the significance of extensive public awareness campaigns and information dissemination and expressed concerns regarding the availability of sufficient information regarding the safety of WPT technologies.

4.5 Hypotheses testing

The following hypotheses are supported by the data and findings that have been provided;

H1: WPT technologies are unfamiliar to more than half of the respondents.

The data shows that 38% of respondents have experienced WPT technologies. The extent of respondents acquainted with WPT is equivalent to or more prominent than half. The extent of respondents acquainted with WPT is under half.

H2: Respondents express more noteworthy well-being worries for WPT in broad daylight places than for individual gadgets.

Most of the respondents (60%) accepted that WPT in broad daylight spaces presents a greater number of dangers than in private spaces. It is identified that 60% of respondents accepted that WPT out in the open spaces presents a larger number of dangers than in confidential spaces. This supports H2 and demonstrates that respondents express more noteworthy well-being worries for WPT out in the open spots.

H3: Concerns about the safety of WPT are more prevalent among respondents who are older and less educated.

The information reveals that there is a mixed opinion about older generations having more concerns about WPT. Also, respondents with less proper instruction are bound to communicate security worries about WPT. This partially backs up H3 because it matches the part of the hypothesis that talks about age and education, but not entirely. In summary, H2 and part of H3 are satisfied based on the provided findings and data.

4.6 Linking with research objectives

With 52% of respondents preferring not to have WPT in public transportation like buses and trains, preferences for the implementation of WPT in public transportation were more cautious. This finding recommends that people, in general, might have qualms about involving WPT in transportation frameworks. In addition, a significant portion of respondents (40%) indicated a continued preference for established technology in this setting by favouring traditional wired charging over wireless charging for their personal devices. The regression analysis provided useful insights, revealing that the independent variables in the model account for approximately 36% of the variability in the perception of WPT safety. This suggests that perceptions of safety are influenced by age, education, and familiarity with WPT.

WPT technologies awareness

The study found that the greater part of the respondents were new to WPT advancements (H1), which goes against the invalid speculation (H0). This is in line with previous research, which suggests that the general public is unaware of WPT.

Safety concerns in public vs. personal spaces

Respondents communicated more noteworthy security worries for WPT out in the open spaces than for individual gadgets (H2), supporting the speculation. This is in line with previous studies that have shown that technology in public spaces frequently raises more safety concerns among the general public.

Demographic factors

The analysis confirmed the hypothesis by revealing that older respondents and those with less formal education were more likely to express safety concerns regarding WPT (H3). Demographic factors can also have an impact on how people perceive technology, according to existing research.

4.7 Implications

The implications of the drive results are as follows;

For technology developers

Technology developers should take note of the limited awareness of WPT technologies among the general public. This emphasises the necessity of educational campaigns to educate the public about the advantages and safety of WPT. Developers ought to prioritise addressing safety concerns, particularly in public areas. Advancements that improve the well-being and straightforwardness of WPT frameworks, particularly in high-traffic regions like transportation and clinical settings, can assist with building trust and acknowledgment.

For policymakers

The findings of the study suggest that regulatory bodies should take a more proactive approach to ensuring the safety of WPT technologies. Policymakers should focus on robust safety regulations and standards that the general public can easily understand because older generations and those with less formal education tend to have more safety concerns. This can cultivate trust in the innovation and guarantee its protected arrangement.

For public awareness campaigns

Public awareness campaigns ought to be intended to target different segment gatherings. The advantages of WPT can be the focus of campaigns that address specific safety concerns in public areas. The findings likewise recommend that missions shouldn’t accept earlier information on WPT, particularly among more seasoned and less-taught populaces. Utilising clear and available language is crucial for spanning the mindfulness hole.

In conclusion, this research sheds light on how the general public views WPT technology. It affirms some current examination findings while revealing insight into segment impacts. The findings emphasise the significance of public acceptance and safe adoption of WPT technologies through education, safety, and regulatory efforts.

5.1 Recommendation

The ways to encourage more industries to utilize Wireless Power Transfer (WPT) can be recommended by considering public attitudes towards its safety.

Collaboration with Tech companies: Collaborating with technology companies can lead to making advanced new applications and software because technology is always changing and people rely on electronic gadgets a lot. For example, WPT zones can be set up in places where technology is important, like tech hubs and innovation centres, to encourage tech-savvy people and entrepreneurs to use them (Van Mulders et al., 2022). Understanding and serving specific audience groups can make more people like something.

Public awareness and education campaigns: It is important to make people aware of the potential safety issues with WPT. The main focus should be on the science behind WPT, how to stay safe when using it, and the benefits it could bring. According to Cormick (2019), Dealing with how the public sees things can affect how well people like new technologies. WPT can be seen as safe and ground-breaking by making the technology easier to understand through educational programs.

Safety standards and certifications: It is recommended to create specific safety rules and certifications for WPT devices to make sure they are safe. These rules are tested and researched well and can help producers make safe systems that users can trust. The importance and freshness of source data can have a big impact on public trust, as McGillivray et al. (2022) stressed. The industry can keep WPT devices safe and up-to-date by regularly updating the standards based on the latest research.

Feedback mechanisms: It is quite important to create ways for people to give their opinions so one can keep making technology better and better. These can be online places where people can talk about their experiences, worries, and ideas related to WPT (Wynn & Maier, 2022). Such immediate feedback can provide producers and researchers with priceless information, ensuring that WPT develops in line with the demands and expectations of the general population.

Wireless Power Transfer has enormous potential, and its wider adoption depends on changing people’s opinions of it, demonstrating its advantages, and consistently innovating. Stakeholders may make sure that WPT becomes a crucial component of the technical landscape and benefits society as a whole by heeding the advice mentioned above.

5.2 Limitations and potential biases

There are several sources of biases that could have affected this study and the follow are the limitations of the research. First of all, 50 participants in the study show that the results can only be an approximate guide for the practices. Although adequate for the purpose of preliminary investigation, it might be desirable to achieve a higher level of statistical confidence and operational effectiveness by using a more extensive sample. Moreover, the sample was young and educated, so there was a selective bias in regards to age and education, which are different than in the general population. Second, because the occupation data are self-reported, there is potential for response bias where participants would over or underestimate their level of exposure to WPT technologies or their level of concern over the safety of the technologies. Although convenient to conduct through an online survey, such a method may have also eliminated participants with restricted connectivity to the internet and therefore a selection bias distorts the generalisability of the results.

In addition, this study did not include external factors such as cultural or regional effects which have likely a large impact on the perceived WPT safety. Other kinds of measurement error, for example, where subjects fail to understanding or give wrong responses to questions, may also reduce the reliability of data. Additionally, self-reported measures of understanding and concern might be subject to response bias. The R Square value of .360 suggests that other unexplored factors significantly influence public perception. These limitations are necessary to point out in order to establish the context for the present study and to identify possible areas of further improvement. Future studies should include more subjects in the sample and would be valuable to include qualitative methods to overcome biases and to increase the validity of identified results.

5.3 Future research

This concern study has several limitations. Primarily, the sample predominantly consisted of individuals with higher education qualifications, possibly biasing results towards a more informed perspective on WPT. The age distribution was also skewed, with a higher representation of the 18-30 age bracket. These demographics might not accurately represent the general views of the population on WPT.

More research could aspire to include participants from a different pool, older and/or international to evaluate the cultural impact on WPT perceptions. Moreover, examination of attitudes may use quantitative as well as focus group or interviews as they may reveal the causes for some attitudes. Substantial additional work could also be done to develop possible intervention approaches to tackle the safety issues and improve public acceptability of WPT systems. Future research could also look at media and information sharing in so far as they influence the perceptions of WPT in the community. It may be useful to disentangle the detrimental effects of misinformation or no awareness when it came to safety issues. Further, solutions involving relevant industry stakeholders could support the direction of technological innovations in a manner that is better meeting public acceptance as well as increasing the level of engraved trust.

6.1 New findings and contribution to previous researches

This research is a significant contribution to the WPT literature since it refills bare spaces in terms of public awareness and demographics that were discussed sparingly before. Previous studies have concentrated on the technological and legal characteristics of mobile banking. As in any research where WPT is implemented as a method for instruction the origins of WPT safety issues are examined through the lens of age, education, and familiarity. This means that elderly and less educated individuals have a negative attitude toward risk information for future users of risk awareness campaigns and user-oriented safety measures. Furthermore, this research finds that safety concerns are higher in relation to the places that are open to the public, like parks and malls rather than places that are closed. These findings contribute to the present literature as they show stakeholders how different contexts affect safety perceptions, thus allowing policymakers to focus on safety concerns in areas of most importance. One more gap highlighted is the lack of synchronisation of institutionalised safety frameworks with awareness, highlighting the problem of ineffective communication initiatives to raise the trust level. Methodologically, the research uses stratified random sampling, and strict statistical modelling, thereby reducing the likelihood of the oversample and providing proof. This piece of research contributes to theoretical advancements by incorporating the publicly recognized understanding of WPT theoretical and applied frameworks, thus creating the foundation for the safer use of WPT technologies.