Tuberculosis Case Finding Using Self-Assessment Paradigm Through the E-TIBI Application in HIV Patients

Erwin Astha Triyono; Merita Arini; Feriawan Tan; Lilis Masyfufah

doi:10.12688/f1000research.152632.2

Home Browse Tuberculosis Case Finding Using Self-Assessment Paradigm Through the...

ALL Metrics

-

Views

-

Downloads

Get PDF

Get XML

Export

▬

✚

Research Article

Revised

Tuberculosis Case Finding Using Self-Assessment Paradigm Through the E-TIBI Application in HIV Patients

[version 2; peer review: 1 approved with reservations]

Erwin Astha Triyono ^1,2, Merita Arini², Feriawan Tan³, Lilis Masyfufah⁴

PUBLISHED 24 Feb 2025

Author details Author details

¹ Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia
² Master of Hospital Administration Study Program, Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta, Yogyakarta, Special Region of Yogyakarta, Indonesia
³ Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia
⁴ Medical Record and Health Information, STIKES Yayasan RS Dr. Soetomo, Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia

Erwin Astha Triyono
Roles: Conceptualization, Data Curation, Formal Analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Supervision, Validation, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing

Merita Arini
Roles: Conceptualization, Data Curation, Formal Analysis, Methodology, Supervision, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing

Feriawan Tan
Roles: Data Curation, Formal Analysis, Investigation, Project Administration, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing

Lilis Masyfufah
Roles: Data Curation, Formal Analysis, Methodology, Project Administration, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing

OPEN PEER REVIEW

REVIEWER STATUS

Abstract

Background

The goal of eliminating tuberculosis has not yet shown a bright spot. Specifically for HIV patients (PLHIV), WHO has made it a special category as a pillar for eliminating tuberculosis. The tuberculosis screening has not yet reached the national target because it is carried out manually by health workers, requiring optimization following technological developments. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of tuberculosis case finding using a self-assessment paradigm in HIV patients.

Methods

This research was cross-sectional. The data obtained from HIV patients before and after using the E-TIBI application for 3 months each was analyzed using the compare mean independent t-test. Then the Chi-squared test was carried out on the E-TIBI screening characteristic variables.

Result

In total, there were 921 respondents with 148 (16%) presumptive TB. It was found that there was a significant difference (p<0.05) in the number of presumptive TB cases found in HIV patients before and after using the E-TIBI application. The person with presumptive TB showed 20 of 24 characteristic variables that were statistically significant (p<0.05).

Conclusion

E-TIBI can increase the tuberculosis case finding in HIV patients so it has the potential to be implemented as a screening tool in the PLHIV community.

Keywords

Tuberculosis, HIV, Case Finding, Self-Assessment, Digital Health

Corresponding author: Erwin Astha Triyono

Competing interests: No competing interests were disclosed.

Grant information: The author(s) declared that no grants were involved in supporting this work.

Copyright: © 2025 Triyono EA et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

How to cite: Triyono EA, Arini M, Tan F and Masyfufah L. Tuberculosis Case Finding Using Self-Assessment Paradigm Through the E-TIBI Application in HIV Patients [version 2; peer review: 1 approved with reservations]. F1000Research 2025, 13:750 (https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.152632.2) First published: 05 Jul 2024, 13:750 (https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.152632.1) Latest published: 24 Feb 2025, 13:750 (https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.152632.2)

Revised Amendments from Version 1

In this study, the target population of the screening was all HIV patients who came for treatment at the polyclinic of RSUD Dr Soetomo. Cumulative TB-HIV case finding at RSUD Dr Soetomo until December 2022 was 3,147 out of 11,712 HIV patients (27%), while according to the Ministry of Health, the prevalence of TB in HIV patients can reach 49%, meaning that TB case finding is still not optimal. Interventions carried out for PLHIV include socialisation and mentoring involving health workers, cadres and NGOs that shelter PLHIV. Socialisation and mentoring is done especially when PLHIV come to the clinic for treatment and routine medication. We have also revised the infected sentence in the introduction.
we have revised and added the multivariable analysis using binary logistic regression test in the table 2.
we have added the explanation in the introduction “Meanwhile TB-HIV burden in Indonesia based on the Ministry of Health's report in 2021, the discovery coverage was only 45.7% of the 85% target, while the national TB screening achievement in people living with HIV was 80% of the 100% target, and there are still several provinces with achievements below 50%."

To read any peer review reports and author responses for this article, follow the "read" links in the Open Peer Review table.

Introduction

The goal of eliminating tuberculosis (TB) by 2030 by WHO has not shown bright spots. This infectious disease is still a major health problem in the world. This disease is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis that very easily transmitted through air droplets released by sufferers. The risk of transmission increases many times in individuals with chronic immune problems such as in patients with HIV.¹^,² The group of people living with HIV (PLHIV) is specifically categorized by WHO as a pillar for eliminating tuberculosis because of the strong relationship of both.³

The tuberculosis epidemic has claimed more human lives than any other infectious disease. Globally, a total of 10.6 million people in the world are fell ill with TB in 2021, with an estimated 1.6 million deaths each year and the PLHIV group causes 200,000 deaths.³ HIV disease is also a global health burden with a total of 70 million sufferers worldwide and 35 million reported dead. Tuberculosis infection in this population can increase the progression of disease to death.⁴

Currently, TB-HIV case detection is mostly done manually by taking anamnesis from health workers, TB-HIV cadre approaches, and community.⁵^,⁶ Manual case finding is still not effective due to limited personnel, lack of training, and lack of health officer motivation. Based on the Ministry of Health's report in 2021, the discovery coverage was only 45.7% of the 85% target, while the national TB screening achievement in people living with HIV was 80% of the 100% target.⁷ Meanwhile, the cumulative TB-HIV case finding at RSUD Dr Soetomo until December 2022 was 3,147 out of 11,712 HIV patients (27%), while according to the Ministry of Health, the prevalence of TB in HIV patients can reach 49%, meaning that TB case finding is still not optimal.⁸^,⁹ Therefore, finding TB-HIV cases requires a more modern system following current developments in digital technology.¹⁰^,¹¹

The advanced development of digital technology can be utilized to optimize self-assessment-based disease case findings. Through the self-assessment paradigm, people can effectively and efficiently carry out screening independently and proceed to medical examinations if necessary.¹² Therefore, this research aims to determine the effectiveness of tuberculosis case finding using on self-assessment paradigm through the E-TIBI application in HIV patients (PLHIV) at Dr. Soetomo General Hospital, Surabaya so that it can reduce morbidity and mortality in TB-HIV patients.

Methods

This research method was cross-sectional with the population were all HIV patients undergoing outpatient therapy at Dr. Soetomo General Academic Hospital in Surabaya. Interventions for PLHIV include socialisation and mentoring involving health workers, cadres and NGOs that support PLHIV. Socialisation and mentoring is done especially when PLHIV come to the clinic for treatment and routine medication. The data were collected from the period October – December 2023 for data before (using medical record data filled in by health workers) and January – March 2024 for data after using the E-TIBI application. To assess the effectiveness of pre and post tuberculosis case findings among PLHIV tested using the compare means independent t-test. Then, the characteristic variables were tested using crosstab with a Chi-squared test to look for relationships. Furthermore, the effect of several variables was tested using binary logistic regression test.

E-TIBI application was a website-based application that can be accessed freely at https://dinkes.jatimprov.go.id/assesment-tbc/public/. After accessing the link an informed consent will appear. There were three main section of this screening. First the respondent must fill in the initial identity (determine the screening for her/him or someone else) and second the identity details (age, gender, occupation, and address). Next the screening question section that’s contain 21 questions. After completing and submitting the form a result come out showing whether presumptive TB or Not. On the E-TIBI application, there was also a filling guide and video education.

Presumptive TB were determined according to the following criteria: Main symptom (Cough for more than two weeks) with or without additional symptoms, there were main symptoms or additional symptoms with a contact history, major symptoms or additional symptoms associated with risk factors. The questionnaire in this application was obtained from the Tuberculosis Symptom Screening from the Indonesian Ministry of Health 2022.¹³

E-TIBI application was manufactured by utilizing an information technology development standard that involves database connections with Hypertext Preprocessor (PHP)¹⁴ and HTML based programming. The stylesheet language using CSS (Cascading style sheets) with Asynchronous JavaScript and XML (AJAX). Additional tools used was Vue.js, PostgreSQL, VueX, and Vite. The prototype design using Figma and Sketch. The device used in manufacturing this application was a laptop with processor Core i5-7^th gen, 8GB RAM with Windows 10 Operating System, 64-bit, SSD 128GB.

This website-based application has been registered as copyright of the Ministry of Law and Human Rights of the Republic of Indonesia with number EC00202365785.

Result

The total number of HIV patients (PLHIV) who accessed the E-TIBI application was 921 people with 148 (16%) presumptive tuberculosis. In Table 1 it was found that there was a significant difference (p<0.05) with difference means -43.000 in the number of presumptive TB case findings in HIV patients (PLHIV) before and after using the E-TIBI application. Table 2 shows the characteristics of the E-TIBI screening results, the person with presumptive tuberculosis showed 20 of 24 characteristic variables that were statistically significant (p<0.05).

Table 1. Differences in the number of presumptive TB case findings in PLHIV.

	Screening Result		p-Value
	Presumptive TB	Non-Presumptive TB
Pre E-TIBI	20	6310	0.002
Post E-TIBI	148	773	0.002

Table 2. Characteristics of E-TIBI screening results.

Variable (n=921)	Presumptive TB		Non-presumptive TB		Total		p (bivariable analysis)
	Presumptive TB		Non-presumptive TB		Total		p (multivariable analysis)
	n	%	n	%	n	%
Age							0.360
Age							0.834
Adolescent (10-18 y.o)	1	0.1	1	0.1	2	0.2
Adult (19-59 y.o)	140	15.2	743	80.7	883	95.9
Elderly (>60 y.o)	7	0.8	29	3.1	36	3.9
Gender							0.720
Gender							0.775
Man	105	11.4	537	58.3	642	69.7
Woman	43	4.7	236	25.6	279	30.3
Body Mass Index (BMI)							0.005
Body Mass Index (BMI)							0.001
Severely Underweight (<17)	10	1.1	24	2.6	34	3.7
Underweight (17-18.5)	14	1.5	36	3.9	50	5.4
Normal (18.5-25)	97	10.5	491	53.3	588	63.8
Overweight (25-27)	13	1.4	114	12.4	127	13.8
Obese (>27)	14	1.5	108	11.7	122	13.2
Cough >2 weeks							0.000
Cough >2 weeks							0.997
Yes	21	2.3	0	0.0	21	2.3
No	127	13.8	773	83.9	900	97.7
Bleeding cough							0.000
Bleeding cough							0.998
Yes	6	0.7	0	0.0	6	0.7
No	142	15.4	773	83.9	915	99.3
Cough <2 weeks							0.000
Cough <2 weeks							0.000
Yes	31	3.4	2	0.2	3.6	33
No	117	12.7	771	83.7	888	96.4
Weight loss							0.000
Weight loss							0.000
Yes	46	5.0	1	0.1	47	5.1
No	102	11.1	772	83.8	874	94.9
Decreased appetite							0.000
Decreased appetite							0.997
Yes	25	2.7	0	0.0	25	2.7
No	123	13.4	773	83.9	896	97.3
Fever							0.000
Fever							0.998
Yes	11	1.2	0	0.0	11	1.2
No	137	14.9	773	83.9	910	98.8
Fatigue							0.000
Fatigue							0.000
Yes	76	8.3	2	0.2	78	8.5
No	72	7.8	772	83.7	843	91.5
Night sweats							0.000
Night sweats							0.997
Yes	16	1.7	0	0.0	16	1.7
No	132	14.3	773	83.9	905	98.3
Dyspnea							0.000
Dyspnea							0.011
Yes	21	2.3	1	0.1	22	2.4
No	127	13.8	772	83.8	899	97.7
Chest pain							0.000
Chest pain							0.997
Yes	19	2.1	0	0.0	19	2.1
No	129	14.0	773	83.9	902	97.9
Neck lump							0.000
Neck lump							0.001
Yes	8	0.9	0	0.0	8	0.9
No	140	15.2	772	83.8	912	99.0
TB in a family member							0.000
TB in a family member							0.998
Yes	8	0.9	0	0.0	8	0.9
No	140	15.2	773	83.9	913	99.1
Home Contact							0.000
Home Contact							0.998
Yes	28	3.0	0	0.0	28	3.0
No	120	13.0	773	83.9	893	97.0
Room contact							0.000
Room contact							0.997
Yes	28	3.0	0	0.0	28	3.0
No	120	13.0	773	83.9	893	97.0
Diabetes Mellitus							0.020
Diabetes Mellitus							0.001
Yes	9	1.0	14	1.5	23	2.5
No	139	15.1	759	82.4	898	97.5
Malnutrition							0.001
Malnutrition							0.007
Yes	17	1.8	37	4.0	54	5.9
No	131	14.2	736	79.9	867	94.1
Smoking							0.000
Smoking							0.000
Yes	39	4.2	93	10.1	132	14.3
No	109	11.8	680	73.8	789	85.7
Pregnant							0.490
Pregnant							0.710
Yes	2	0.2	6	0.7	8	0.9
No	146	15.9	767	83.3	913	99.1
Elderly > 60 years							0.612
Elderly > 60 years							0.556
Yes	6	0.7	25	2.7	31	3.4
No	142	15.4	748	81.2	890	96.6
History of complete TBC treatment							0.000
History of complete TBC treatment							0.000
Yes	57	6.2	132	14.3	189	20.5
No	91	9.9	641	69.6	732	79.5
History of incomplete TBC treatment							0.001
History of incomplete TBC treatment							0.022
Yes	6	0.7	6	0.7	12	1.3
No	142	15.4	767	83.3	909	98.7

Discussion

Since 2011, WHO has recommended that people living with HIV (PLHIV) undergo routine tuberculosis screening. If 4 cardinal symptoms are found consisting of cough, fever, night sweats and weight loss, PLHIV must undergo a molecular diagnostic examination such as Xpert MTB/RIF/Ultra11.¹⁵ This research is an investigative effort towards a new paradigm to increase TB case finding in key populations. As far as researchers’ best research is concerned, this research is the first to be conducted in Indonesia. In general, this research illustrates the potential benefits of technology as a new approach to finding a person with presumptive TB.

In Indonesia, the tuberculosis case findings still rely on health workers who are assisted by trained cadres in health facilities. The Ministry of Health, through active and passive approaches, is trying to increase the acceleration of case finding. Active case finding is carried out by tracking contact, epidemiological investigations and mass screening of at-risk groups, while passive case finding is by examining patients who come to health facilities.¹⁶ Through E-TIBI a new paradigm is formed by emphasizing public participation as the main actor who initiates the initial examination. It is believed that this public participation can increase the tuberculosis case findings, especially in the PLHIV group. Health facilities will also receive notification and be given the authority to follow up if there is presumptive TB in their working area. Apart from that, E-TIBI is also a medium for information and education about tuberculosis and its management.

In this study, from the screening results, 148 (16%) presumptive TB were found. This result compared with other studies was quite varied. Gersh (2021) found 48 (12.6%) participants with TB symptom, Santos (2020) found 15.4% patients with three symptoms WHO screening, Owiti’s research (2019) found 4160 (0.7%) patients with presumptive symptoms of tuberculosis, Bjerrum (2016) found 12.6-20% tuberculosis suspicion, and Burmen (2016) found 96 (16%) PLHIV patients needed further examination.¹⁷^–²⁰ The use of E-TIBI shows a significant relationship with the number of presumptive TB in PLHIV patients who undergo TB screening. The number of presumptive TB from the E-TIBI self-assessment results is seven-fold higher when compared to manual screening. This is possible because the use of electronic screening is much simpler and can reduce delay by answering questions that are available on the website application, while manual screening must be carried out at the clinic, this is also found in Woliansky (2024) and Blink (2022) study.²¹^,²²

The result found cough, weight loss, decreased appetite, fever, fatigue, night sweats, dyspnea, chest pain, and lumps in the neck were bivariable significant with presumptive tuberculosis meanwhile for the multivariable anaylsis only cough<2 weeks, weight loss, fatigue, dyspnea and neck lump. Based on current research these signs and symptoms are often found in TB patients.²⁰ In HIV patients (PLHIV) these symptoms become more varied depending on the severity and immunosuppression of the patient.²³

Our study indicated that BMI or body mass index is quite influential in combined TB-HIV infection. Several studies state that patients with a BMI below normal have a three-fold higher risk of being infected with TB than HIV patients compared to those with a normal BMI.²⁴ Apart from that, a low BMI also has a worse prognosis, increasing the risk of death up to three-fold higher.²⁵ This is because patients with a BMI below normal are assumed to experience malnutrition which aggravates their immunocompromised condition and leads to death.²⁶

History of contact with TB sufferers is important in TB screening, as this study shows. Household contact research by Karbito (2022) said that spending five hours or more with active TB patients increases the risk of latent TB infection by three-fold higher compared to less than five hours a day.²⁷ Laghari’s research (2019) states that household contact increases the risk of TB infection by up to fifteen-fold higher.²⁸

In the result found Diabetes mellitus (DM) was statistically significant with presumptive tuberculosis. The risk of TB in patients with DM increases to three-fold higher.²⁹ Diabetes mellitus has also been shown to increase the risk of multi-drug-resistant TB. Uncontrolled diabetes mellitus as assessed by high HbA1c and GDP is closely related to TB susceptibility and worsens treatment prognosis.³⁰ This is also exacerbated by Indonesia being in the top three countries with the highest TB burden in the world and the top 10 countries with DM sufferers in the world. Pathophysiologically, DM itself worsens TB infection through many mechanisms ranging from increasing the risk of infection, increasing the risk of latent TB reactivation, increasing the risk of relapse, and worsening treatment to death.³¹ TB infection also often causes temporal hyperglycemia, which is caused by stress, prolonged inflammation, changes in glucose and lipid metabolism, and insulin resistance syndrome.³²

A history of TB treatment or infection is a risk factor that also has an influence, especially in the HIV population, as found in this study. Based on several works of literature, it is stated that the risk of latent TB reactivation becoming active TB in PLHIV is up to twenty-fold higher.³³ Other research states that tuberculosis infections in PLHIV are more likely to be caused by reactivation than by new infections.³⁴ This is mainly caused by the depletion of CD4⁺ cells in untreated PLHIV patients. Apart from that, it was also reported that functional disruption of TB-specific T cells, increased regulation of TB receptors on macrophages, manipulation of macrophage bactericidal pathways, deregulation of chemotaxis, and deregulation of macrophage apoptosis by TNF were the reasons why reactivation increased.³⁵

Smoking is also a risk factor that has a significant relationship with TB-HIV infection. These results are supported by research which states that smoking increases the risk of TB up to three-fold higher and people who have ever smoked up to two-fold higher compared to those who have never smoked in PLHIV.³⁶ Exposure to cigarette smoke also significantly increases the risk of transmitting TB to family or close contacts. In addition, the prevalence of smoking has doubled in TB patients compared to the general population.³⁷ Apart from that, smoking also worsens TB symptoms, increases the risk of drug resistance, increases the risk of cardiovascular disease, worsens treatment outcomes and even death.³⁸

In the future, the research team plans to develop this application not only limited to screening but into a complete TB-HIV management system, through an account application that is used to carry out TB screening in PLHIV, update patient data, namely the results of diagnosis confirmation, drug taking visits and evaluation until completion of treatment. And then this application is also expected to be implemented in all tuberculosis key populations and the wider community.

Strengths and limitation

The tuberculosis case finding using self-assessment through the E-TIBI application is a new paradigm of disease screening conducted in Indonesia. With the help of technological advances through E-TIBI, tuberculosis screening can be done easily and quickly by anyone, anytime and wherever they are. This research has limitations, not all HIV patients (PLHIV) can access the E-TIBI service because some patients do not bring cellphones that have an internet connection and some of them cannot use internet technology.

Conclusion

E-TIBI has the potential to be a tuberculosis screening tool because the number of TB case findings in HIV patients (PLHIV) before and after using the E-TIBI application was a significant increase (p<0.05). The presumptive tuberculosis showed 20 of 24 characteristic variables that were statistically significant (p<0.05). It is hoped that this application can be implemented widely as a screening tool in the PLHIV community.

Ethical considerations

This research was registered at the Ethical Committee in Health Research Dr. Soetomo General Academic Hospital, Surabaya, Indonesia (0920/KEPK/II/2024 dated February 19, 2024).

Consent: In this study, before the participant undergo screening, written informed consent will appear in the website application and if participants agree, they must click “willing” before they can carry out screening.

Data availability

Underlying data

Figshare: Tuberculosis Case Finding Using Self-Assessment Paradigm Through the E-TIBI Application in HIV Patients_Raw Data E-TIBI. https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.25953712.v2³⁹

This project contains the following underlying data:

• Raw Data Spss E-TIBI.xlsx (Anonymised answers to questionnaire, correct answer +1 incorrect answer 0)

Data are available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license (CC-BY 4.0)

Extended data

Figshare: Tuberculosis Case Finding Using Self-Assessment Paradigm Through the E-TIBI Application in HIV Patients_Screening form, https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.26082367.v3⁴⁰

This project contains the following extended data:

• Screening form.docx (Blank Indonesian version of questionnaire.

Data are available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license (CC-BY 4.0).

Reporting guidelines

Figshare: Tuberculosis Case Finding Using Self-Assessment Paradigm Through the E-TIBI Application in HIV Patients_STROBE.docx, https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.25991857.v2⁴¹

Data are available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license (CC-BY 4.0)

Acknowledgments

The researchers would like to thank the East Java Provincial Health Office, Indonesia and the Department of Internal Medicine, Dr. Soetomo General Academic Hospital Surabaya, Indonesia.

References

1. Darsino AM: Risk factors in pulmonary tuberculosis patients undergoing hospitalization: a literature review. Indonesia. J. Biomed. Sci. 2022; 16(2).
2. Van Woudenbergh E, Irvine EB, Davies L, et al.: HIV Is Associated with Modified Humoral Immune Responses in the Setting of HIV/TB Coinfection. Imperiale MJ, editor. mSphere. 2020 Jun 24; 5(3): e00104–e00120. Publisher Full Text
3. WHO: Global Tuberculosis Report. WHO; 2022.
4. Tan F, Triyono EA, Wahyunitisari MR: Microbial Patterns of Hospitalized HIV Positive Patients Admitted in Dr. Soetomo General Hospital, Surabaya, Indonesia. J. Vocat. Heal. Stud. 2021 Jul 31; 5: 1.
5. Abeid R, Mergenthaler C, Muzuka V, et al.: Increasing TB/HIV Case Notification through an Active Case-Finding Approach among Rural and Mining Communities in Northwest Tanzania. Wang M, editor. J. Trop. Med. 2022; 2022: 1–11. Publisher Full Text
6. Ohene SA, Bonsu F, Adusi-Poku Y, et al.: Case finding of tuberculosis among mining communities in Ghana. Quinn F, editor. PLoS One. 2021 Mar 18; 16(3): e0248718. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text
7. Kemenkes: Laporan Penanggulangan Tuberkulosis 2021. 2022.
8. Kemenkes: Buku Petunjuk TB-HIV Untuk Petugas Kesehatan. 2016.
9. Direktur RSUD Dr: Soetomo: Laporan Bulanan Perawatan HIV dan ART RSUD Dr. Soetomo Surabaya; 2022.
10. Iswari AP, Porusia M: Faktor Kinerja Kader Community TB-HIV Care Aisyiyah Terhadap Penemuan Suspek TB di Surakarta.2018.
11. Kusumawati PK, Saraswati LD, Martini M, et al.: Gambaran Pengetahuan Petugas TB-HIV Dalam Penemuan dan Akses Pengobatan (Studi di Layanan Komprehensif Berkesinambungan di Puskesmas Kota Semarang). Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat (Undip). 2021 Aug 1; 9(4): 497–503. Publisher Full Text
12. Triyono EA, Mahanani M, Anggraini SD, et al.: Early Detection of Tuberculosis Application (E_TIBI): A New Paradigm To Detetct New Case of Tuberculosis. Aplikasi Deteksi Dini Tuberkulosis (E-TIBI): Paradigma Baru untuk Menemukan Kasus Baru Tuberkulosis. JBE. 2023 Sep 15; 11(3): 267–276. Publisher Full Text
13. Kemenkes.: Standar Prosedur Operasional (SPO) Gerakan Optimalisasi Kasus Tuberkulosis (TBC). Tahun. 2022; 2022.
14. Lerdorf R: PHP on Hormones.Reference Source
15. Dhana A, Hamada Y, Kengne AP, et al.: Tuberculosis screening among HIV-positive inpatients: a systematic review and individual participant data meta-analysis. Lancet HIV. 2022 Apr; 9(4): e233–e241. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text
16. Kemenkes: Strategi Nasional Penanggulangan Tuberkulosis di Indonesia 2020-2024.2020.
17. Bjerrum S, Bonsu F, Hanson-Nortey NN, et al.: Tuberculosis screening in patients with HIV: use of audit and feedback to improve quality of care in Ghana. Glob. Health Action. 2016 Dec 1; 9(1): 32390. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text
18. Owiti P, Onyango D, Momanyi R, et al.: Screening and testing for tuberculosis among the HIV-infected: outcomes from a large HIV programme in western Kenya. BMC Public Health. 2019 Dec; 19(1): 29. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text
19. Gersh JK, Barnabas RV, Matemo D, et al.: Pulmonary tuberculosis screening in anti-retroviral treated adults living with HIV in Kenya. BMC Infect. Dis. 2021 Dec; 21(1): 218. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text
20. Santos ML, Batista JdAL, Braga C, et al.: Effectiveness of screening for tuberculosis in HIV: a pragmatic clinical trial. Rev Saúde Pública. 2021 Jul 23; 55: 45. Publisher Full Text
21. Woliansky M, Lee K, Tadakamadla S: The effectiveness of electronic screening and brief intervention for alcohol-related maxillofacial trauma: a randomized controlled trial. Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol. Oral Radiol. 2024 May; 137(5): 451–462. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
22. Van Den Blink A, Janssen LMJ, Hermanides J, et al.: Evaluation of electronic screening in the preoperative process. J. Clin. Anesth. 2022 Nov; 82: 110941. Publisher Full Text
23. Hamada Y, Getahun H, Tadesse BT, et al.: HIV-associated tuberculosis. Int. J. STD AIDS. 2021 Aug; 32(9): 780–790. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text
24. Kufa T, Chihota V, Mngomezulu V, et al.: The incidence of tuberculosis among hiv-positive individuals with high CD4 counts: implications for policy. BMC Infect. Dis. 2016 Dec; 16(1): 266. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text
25. Tola A, Mishore KM, Ayele Y, et al.: Treatment Outcome of Tuberculosis and Associated Factors among TB-HIV Co-Infected Patients at Public Hospitals of Harar Town, Eastern Ethiopia. A five-year retrospective study. BMC Public Health. 2019 Dec; 19(1): 1658. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text
26. Kegne T, Anteneh Z, Bayeh T, et al.: Survival Rate and Predictors of Mortality Among TB-HIV Co-Infected Patients During Tuberculosis Treatment at Public Health Facilities in Bahir Dar City. Northwest Ethiopia. IDR. 2024 Apr; 17: 1385–1395. Publisher Full Text
27. Karbito K, Susanto H, Adi MS, et al.: Latent tuberculosis infection in family members in household contact with active tuberculosis patients in Semarang City, Central Java, Indonesia. J. Public Health Afr. 2022 Jul 27 [cited 2024 Apr 27]; 13(2). PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text Reference Source
28. Laghari M, Sulaiman SAS, Khan AH, et al.: Contact screening and risk factors for TB among the household contact of children with active TB: a way to find source case and new TB cases. BMC Public Health. 2019 Dec; 19(1): 1274. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text
29. Bisht MK, Dahiya P, Ghosh S, et al.: The cause–effect relation of tuberculosis on incidence of diabetes mellitus. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol. 2023 Jun 26; 13: 1134036. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text
30. Harries AD, Kumar AMV, Satyanarayana S, et al.: Diabetes mellitus and tuberculosis: programmatic management issues. Int. J. Tuberc. Lung Dis. 2015 Aug 1; 19(8): 879–886. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text
31. Van Crevel R, Critchley JA: The Interaction of Diabetes and Tuberculosis: Translating Research to Policy and Practice. TropicalMed. 2021 Jan 8; 6(1): 8. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text
32. Restrepo BI: Diabetes and Tuberculosis. Schlossberg D, editor. Microbiol Spectr. 2016 Dec 23; 4(6): 4.6.48. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text
33. Pawlowski A, Jansson M, Sköld M, et al.: Tuberculosis and HIV Co-Infection. Hobman TC, editor. PLoS Pathog. 2012 Feb 16; 8(2): e1002464. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text
34. Winter JR, Smith CJ, Davidson JA, et al.: The impact of HIV infection on tuberculosis transmission in a country with low tuberculosis incidence: a national retrospective study using molecular epidemiology. BMC Med. 2020 Dec; 18(1): 385. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text
35. Yang Q, Han J, Shen J, et al.: Diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis in adults with HIV. Medicine. 2022 Sep 2; 101(35): e30405. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text
36. Bronner Murrison L, Martinson N, Moloney RM, et al.: Tobacco Smoking and Tuberculosis among Men Living with HIV in Johannesburg, South Africa: A Case-Control Study. Oni T, editor. PLoS One. 2016 Nov 28; 11(11): e0167133. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text
37. Teshima A, Shatnawi AA, Satyanarayana S, et al.: High prevalence of current tobacco smoking among patientswith tuberculosis and people living with HIV in Jordan: Across-sectional survey. Tob. Induc. Dis. 2023 Oct 20; 21(October): 1–13. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text
38. Kumar SR, Pooranagangadevi N, Rajendran M, et al.: Physician’s advice on quitting smoking in HIV and TB patients in south India: a randomised clinical trial. Public Health Action. 2017 Mar 21; 7(1): 39–45. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text
39. Triyono EA: Tuberculosis Case Finding Using Self-Assessment Paradigm Through the E-TIBI Application in HIV Patients_Raw Data E-TIBI. [Dataset]. figshare. 2024. Publisher Full Text
40. Triyono EA: Tuberculosis Case Finding Using Self-Assessment Paradigm Through the E-TIBI Application in HIV Patients_Screening form. [Journal contribution]. figshare. 2024. Publisher Full Text
41. Triyono EA: Tuberculosis Case Finding Using Self-Assessment Paradigm Through the E-TIBI Application in HIV Patients_STROBE.docx. [Preprint]. figshare. 2024. Publisher Full Text

Comments on this article Comments (0)

Version 2

VERSION 2 PUBLISHED 05 Jul 2024

Author details Author details

¹ Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia
² Master of Hospital Administration Study Program, Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta, Yogyakarta, Special Region of Yogyakarta, Indonesia
³ Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia
⁴ Medical Record and Health Information, STIKES Yayasan RS Dr. Soetomo, Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia

Erwin Astha Triyono
Roles: Conceptualization, Data Curation, Formal Analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Supervision, Validation, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing

Merita Arini
Roles: Conceptualization, Data Curation, Formal Analysis, Methodology, Supervision, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing

Feriawan Tan
Roles: Data Curation, Formal Analysis, Investigation, Project Administration, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing

Lilis Masyfufah
Roles: Data Curation, Formal Analysis, Methodology, Project Administration, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing

Competing interests

No competing interests were disclosed.

Grant information

The author(s) declared that no grants were involved in supporting this work.

Article Versions (2)

version 2

Revised

Published: 24 Feb 2025, 13:750

https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.152632.2

version 1

Published: 05 Jul 2024, 13:750

https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.152632.1

Copyright

© 2025 Triyono EA et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Download

Export To

metrics

	Views	Downloads
F1000Research	-	-
PubMed Central Data from PMC are received and updated monthly.	-	-

Citations

0

SEE MORE DETAILS

CITE

how to cite this article

Triyono EA, Arini M, Tan F and Masyfufah L. Tuberculosis Case Finding Using Self-Assessment Paradigm Through the E-TIBI Application in HIV Patients [version 2; peer review: 1 approved with reservations]. F1000Research 2025, 13:750 (https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.152632.2)

NOTE: If applicable, it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article.

track

receive updates on this article

Track an article to receive email alerts on any updates to this article.

Open Peer Review

Version 1

VERSION 1

PUBLISHED 05 Jul 2024

Views

23

Reviewer Report 07 Aug 2024

Srinath Satyanarayana, Centre for Operational Research, International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease (The Union), New Delhi, India

Approved with Reservations

https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.167418.r301074

Majorly, the target population (the denominator) for the screening services is unclear.

How many PLHIV were there, how many of them were informed about the new E-TIBI, what was the uptake, what were the mechanisms that

Majorly, the target population (the denominator) for the screening services is unclear.

How many PLHIV were there, how many of them were informed about the new E-TIBI, what was the uptake, what were the mechanisms that were adopted by the researchers for educating the PLHIV about the new method of screening? Need more details about how the intervention was rolled. In addition, there is hardly any gap between pre-and post-periods. Without these details it is not possible to assess the data and the appropriateness of the results in table 1.
Table 2 presents data on bi-variable analysis. Recommend the researchers to conduct a multivariable analysis to find out the independent variables that are associated with the outcome of interest.

Other issues:
In the introduction, it is mentioned that globally 10.6 million people are infected with this. This is incorrect. An estimated ~10.6 million develop the disease every year and disease is not the same as infection.
In the introduction, no details are provided about TB and HIV disease burden of Indonesia and the levels of TB-HIV co-disease burden.
Overall, the contents of the manuscript need to be significantly enhanced to get a clear understanding of what was done and to get a better sense of the results.

Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature?

Partly
Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound?

Partly
Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others?

Partly
If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate?

No
Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility?

Partly
Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results?

Partly

Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed.

Reviewer Expertise: All aspects related to TB service delivery.

I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above.

CITE

Report a concern

Respond or Comment

Comments on this article Comments (0)

Version 2

VERSION 2 PUBLISHED 05 Jul 2024

Open Peer Review

Reviewer Status

Reviewer Reports

	Invited Reviewers
	1
Version 2 (revision) 24 Feb 25
Version 1 05 Jul 24	read

Srinath Satyanarayana, Centre for Operational Research, International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease (The Union), New Delhi, India

Comments on this article

All Comments(0)

Add a comment

Sign up for content alerts

Browse by related subjects

Back to all reports

Reviewer Report

23 Views

07 Aug 2024 | for Version 1

Srinath Satyanarayana, Centre for Operational Research, International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease (The Union), New Delhi, India

23 Views Cite this report Responses(0)

Approved With Reservations

Majorly, the target population (the denominator) for the screening services is unclear.

How many PLHIV were there, how many of them were informed about the new E-TIBI, what was the uptake, what were the mechanisms that were adopted by the researchers for educating the PLHIV about the new method of screening? Need more details about how the intervention was rolled. In addition, there is hardly any gap between pre-and post-periods. Without these details it is not possible to assess the data and the appropriateness of the results in table 1.
Table 2 presents data on bi-variable analysis. Recommend the researchers to conduct a multivariable analysis to find out the independent variables that are associated with the outcome of interest.

Other issues:
In the introduction, it is mentioned that globally 10.6 million people are infected with this. This is incorrect. An estimated ~10.6 million develop the disease every year and disease is not the same as infection.
In the introduction, no details are provided about TB and HIV disease burden of Indonesia and the levels of TB-HIV co-disease burden.
Overall, the contents of the manuscript need to be significantly enhanced to get a clear understanding of what was done and to get a better sense of the results.

Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature?

Partly
Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound?

Partly
Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others?

Partly
If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate?

No
Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility?

Partly
Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results?

Partly

Competing Interests

No competing interests were disclosed.

Reviewer Expertise

All aspects related to TB service delivery.

I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above.

Respond to this report

Responses (0)

[1] 1. Darsino AM: Risk factors in pulmonary tuberculosis patients undergoing hospitalization: a literature review. Indonesia. J. Biomed. Sci. 2022; 16(2).

[2] 2. Van Woudenbergh E, Irvine EB, Davies L, et al.: HIV Is Associated with Modified Humoral Immune Responses in the Setting of HIV/TB Coinfection. Imperiale MJ, editor. mSphere. 2020 Jun 24; 5(3): e00104–e00120. Publisher Full Text

[3] 3. WHO: Global Tuberculosis Report. WHO; 2022.

[4] 4. Tan F, Triyono EA, Wahyunitisari MR: Microbial Patterns of Hospitalized HIV Positive Patients Admitted in Dr. Soetomo General Hospital, Surabaya, Indonesia. J. Vocat. Heal. Stud. 2021 Jul 31; 5: 1.

[5] 5. Abeid R, Mergenthaler C, Muzuka V, et al.: Increasing TB/HIV Case Notification through an Active Case-Finding Approach among Rural and Mining Communities in Northwest Tanzania. Wang M, editor. J. Trop. Med. 2022; 2022: 1–11. Publisher Full Text

[6] 6. Ohene SA, Bonsu F, Adusi-Poku Y, et al.: Case finding of tuberculosis among mining communities in Ghana. Quinn F, editor. PLoS One. 2021 Mar 18; 16(3): e0248718. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text

[7] 7. Kemenkes: Laporan Penanggulangan Tuberkulosis 2021. 2022.

[8] 8. Kemenkes: Buku Petunjuk TB-HIV Untuk Petugas Kesehatan. 2016.

[9] 9. Direktur RSUD Dr: Soetomo: Laporan Bulanan Perawatan HIV dan ART RSUD Dr. Soetomo Surabaya; 2022.

[10] 10. Iswari AP, Porusia M: Faktor Kinerja Kader Community TB-HIV Care Aisyiyah Terhadap Penemuan Suspek TB di Surakarta.2018.

[11] 11. Kusumawati PK, Saraswati LD, Martini M, et al.: Gambaran Pengetahuan Petugas TB-HIV Dalam Penemuan dan Akses Pengobatan (Studi di Layanan Komprehensif Berkesinambungan di Puskesmas Kota Semarang). Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat (Undip). 2021 Aug 1; 9(4): 497–503. Publisher Full Text

[12] 12. Triyono EA, Mahanani M, Anggraini SD, et al.: Early Detection of Tuberculosis Application (E_TIBI): A New Paradigm To Detetct New Case of Tuberculosis. Aplikasi Deteksi Dini Tuberkulosis (E-TIBI): Paradigma Baru untuk Menemukan Kasus Baru Tuberkulosis. JBE. 2023 Sep 15; 11(3): 267–276. Publisher Full Text

[13] 13. Kemenkes.: Standar Prosedur Operasional (SPO) Gerakan Optimalisasi Kasus Tuberkulosis (TBC). Tahun. 2022; 2022.

[14] 14. Lerdorf R: PHP on Hormones.Reference Source

[15] 15. Dhana A, Hamada Y, Kengne AP, et al.: Tuberculosis screening among HIV-positive inpatients: a systematic review and individual participant data meta-analysis. Lancet HIV. 2022 Apr; 9(4): e233–e241. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text

[16] 16. Kemenkes: Strategi Nasional Penanggulangan Tuberkulosis di Indonesia 2020-2024.2020.

[17] 17. Bjerrum S, Bonsu F, Hanson-Nortey NN, et al.: Tuberculosis screening in patients with HIV: use of audit and feedback to improve quality of care in Ghana. Glob. Health Action. 2016 Dec 1; 9(1): 32390. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text

[18] 18. Owiti P, Onyango D, Momanyi R, et al.: Screening and testing for tuberculosis among the HIV-infected: outcomes from a large HIV programme in western Kenya. BMC Public Health. 2019 Dec; 19(1): 29. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text

[19] 19. Gersh JK, Barnabas RV, Matemo D, et al.: Pulmonary tuberculosis screening in anti-retroviral treated adults living with HIV in Kenya. BMC Infect. Dis. 2021 Dec; 21(1): 218. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text

[20] 20. Santos ML, Batista JdAL, Braga C, et al.: Effectiveness of screening for tuberculosis in HIV: a pragmatic clinical trial. Rev Saúde Pública. 2021 Jul 23; 55: 45. Publisher Full Text

[21] 21. Woliansky M, Lee K, Tadakamadla S: The effectiveness of electronic screening and brief intervention for alcohol-related maxillofacial trauma: a randomized controlled trial. Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol. Oral Radiol. 2024 May; 137(5): 451–462. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text

[22] 22. Van Den Blink A, Janssen LMJ, Hermanides J, et al.: Evaluation of electronic screening in the preoperative process. J. Clin. Anesth. 2022 Nov; 82: 110941. Publisher Full Text

[23] 23. Hamada Y, Getahun H, Tadesse BT, et al.: HIV-associated tuberculosis. Int. J. STD AIDS. 2021 Aug; 32(9): 780–790. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text

[24] 24. Kufa T, Chihota V, Mngomezulu V, et al.: The incidence of tuberculosis among hiv-positive individuals with high CD4 counts: implications for policy. BMC Infect. Dis. 2016 Dec; 16(1): 266. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text

[25] 25. Tola A, Mishore KM, Ayele Y, et al.: Treatment Outcome of Tuberculosis and Associated Factors among TB-HIV Co-Infected Patients at Public Hospitals of Harar Town, Eastern Ethiopia. A five-year retrospective study. BMC Public Health. 2019 Dec; 19(1): 1658. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text

[26] 26. Kegne T, Anteneh Z, Bayeh T, et al.: Survival Rate and Predictors of Mortality Among TB-HIV Co-Infected Patients During Tuberculosis Treatment at Public Health Facilities in Bahir Dar City. Northwest Ethiopia. IDR. 2024 Apr; 17: 1385–1395. Publisher Full Text

[27] 27. Karbito K, Susanto H, Adi MS, et al.: Latent tuberculosis infection in family members in household contact with active tuberculosis patients in Semarang City, Central Java, Indonesia. J. Public Health Afr. 2022 Jul 27 [cited 2024 Apr 27]; 13(2). PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text Reference Source

[28] 28. Laghari M, Sulaiman SAS, Khan AH, et al.: Contact screening and risk factors for TB among the household contact of children with active TB: a way to find source case and new TB cases. BMC Public Health. 2019 Dec; 19(1): 1274. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text

[29] 29. Bisht MK, Dahiya P, Ghosh S, et al.: The cause–effect relation of tuberculosis on incidence of diabetes mellitus. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol. 2023 Jun 26; 13: 1134036. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text

[30] 30. Harries AD, Kumar AMV, Satyanarayana S, et al.: Diabetes mellitus and tuberculosis: programmatic management issues. Int. J. Tuberc. Lung Dis. 2015 Aug 1; 19(8): 879–886. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text

[31] 31. Van Crevel R, Critchley JA: The Interaction of Diabetes and Tuberculosis: Translating Research to Policy and Practice. TropicalMed. 2021 Jan 8; 6(1): 8. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text

[32] 32. Restrepo BI: Diabetes and Tuberculosis. Schlossberg D, editor. Microbiol Spectr. 2016 Dec 23; 4(6): 4.6.48. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text

[33] 33. Pawlowski A, Jansson M, Sköld M, et al.: Tuberculosis and HIV Co-Infection. Hobman TC, editor. PLoS Pathog. 2012 Feb 16; 8(2): e1002464. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text

[34] 34. Winter JR, Smith CJ, Davidson JA, et al.: The impact of HIV infection on tuberculosis transmission in a country with low tuberculosis incidence: a national retrospective study using molecular epidemiology. BMC Med. 2020 Dec; 18(1): 385. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text

[35] 35. Yang Q, Han J, Shen J, et al.: Diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis in adults with HIV. Medicine. 2022 Sep 2; 101(35): e30405. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text

[36] 36. Bronner Murrison L, Martinson N, Moloney RM, et al.: Tobacco Smoking and Tuberculosis among Men Living with HIV in Johannesburg, South Africa: A Case-Control Study. Oni T, editor. PLoS One. 2016 Nov 28; 11(11): e0167133. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text

[37] 37. Teshima A, Shatnawi AA, Satyanarayana S, et al.: High prevalence of current tobacco smoking among patientswith tuberculosis and people living with HIV in Jordan: Across-sectional survey. Tob. Induc. Dis. 2023 Oct 20; 21(October): 1–13. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text

[38] 38. Kumar SR, Pooranagangadevi N, Rajendran M, et al.: Physician’s advice on quitting smoking in HIV and TB patients in south India: a randomised clinical trial. Public Health Action. 2017 Mar 21; 7(1): 39–45. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text

[39] 39. Triyono EA: Tuberculosis Case Finding Using Self-Assessment Paradigm Through the E-TIBI Application in HIV Patients_Raw Data E-TIBI. [Dataset]. figshare. 2024. Publisher Full Text

[40] 40. Triyono EA: Tuberculosis Case Finding Using Self-Assessment Paradigm Through the E-TIBI Application in HIV Patients_Screening form. [Journal contribution]. figshare. 2024. Publisher Full Text

[41] 41. Triyono EA: Tuberculosis Case Finding Using Self-Assessment Paradigm Through the E-TIBI Application in HIV Patients_STROBE.docx. [Preprint]. figshare. 2024. Publisher Full Text

Tuberculosis Case Finding Using Self-Assessment Paradigm Through the E-TIBI Application in HIV Patients

Abstract

Background

Methods

Result

Conclusion

Keywords

Revised Amendments from Version 1

Introduction

Methods

Result

Table 1. Differences in the number of presumptive TB case findings in PLHIV.

Table 2. Characteristics of E-TIBI screening results.

Discussion

Strengths and limitation

Conclusion

Ethical considerations

Data availability

Underlying data

Extended data

Reporting guidelines

Acknowledgments

References

Comments on this article Comments (0)

Open Peer Review

Comments on this article Comments (0)

Open Peer Review

Reviewer Status

Reviewer Reports

Comments on this article

Browse by related subjects

Competing Interests Policy

Stay Updated