Sustainability in the Food System: trends, key themes, and emerging topics

1.1 Literature review

Sustainability in the food industry has become increasingly important in recent decades, driven by environmental challenges and the need to respond to global demand for more responsible practices. According to Şimşek et al. (2024), the industry has undergone a transformation driven by the integration of new technologies such as blockchain, artificial intelligence and precision agriculture. These technologies improve operational efficiency and traceability of food products. They enable optimised production processes, reduced waste and more sustainable sourcing, contributing to a more circular and responsible business model. Furthermore, Niknejad et al. (2021) emphasise that the adoption of blockchain is particularly important for ensuring transparency and security in supply chains, which are key elements of sustainability in the food industry.

Despite these technological advances, the industry faces ongoing challenges that require urgent attention. Food insecurity, climate change and pressure on natural resources are issues that impact the stability of the sector. The COVID-19 pandemic exacerbated these challenges and revealed the vulnerability of global supply chains ( Şimşek et al., 2024). In response, localization and resilience strategies have gained prominence, focusing on strengthening local networks and reducing reliance on imports. Kamdem et al. (2019) highlight that, in the context of food chemistry research, there has been a trend towards the adoption of innovative technologies aimed at improving both food safety and sustainability. These technologies, together with approaches such as the reuse of waste and the integration of digitalization, are opening up new prospects for more sustainable and efficient food production.

Currently, the food industry is undergoing significant transformation due to various forces and trends. Consumer preferences are shifting towards more ethical and responsible practices, driven by growing global awareness around sustainability and health. Additionally, rapid technological evolution has impacted every aspect of the food supply chain, from production to distribution and consumption. The food industry is benefiting from the adoption of emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence, blockchain, and precision agriculture. These technologies are enabling greater operational efficiency, improved traceability, and more informed decision-making (Galanakis, 2020).

However, the industry also faces significant challenges, including climate instability, pressure on natural resources, and the need to address critical issues such as food security and waste reduction. Immediate attention is required to tackle these concerns. Furthermore, the COVID-19 pandemic has exposed the fragility of global food supply chains and accelerated the adoption of more local and resilient strategies (Galanakis, 2020). The food industry is currently at an inflection point where innovation, sustainability, and adaptability are emerging as crucial elements for its future development and success (Galanakis, 2023).

Food security is a critical issue in the industry due to population growth, accelerated urbanization, and changes in dietary patterns. Extreme weather events and environmental degradation pose a threat to crop stability and resource availability, emphasizing the need for innovative strategies. Traceability in the supply chain is crucial, and technologies such as blockchain play a vital role. The COVID-19 pandemic has worsened these challenges, demonstrating negative effects on the environment, food systems, and people across the supply chain (Rizou, 2020).

The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly impacted food safety, leading to a shift in the industry’s priorities. The disruption of global supply chains has exposed vulnerabilities, prompting a greater emphasis on the resilience and localization of food supply chains. This includes strengthening local networks and reducing dependence on imports. The integration of digital technologies has become crucial in the post-pandemic era, with the aim of enhancing operational efficiency and ensuring food security. Boyacι-Gündüz (2021) review emphasizes the importance of addressing food loss and waste, highlighting the urgent need to develop contingency plans and mitigation strategies to strengthen the resilience and sustainability of the food sector in the future.

In light of this reality, researchers and the industry have sought innovative solutions, such as the reuse of waste and recovered products. This highlights how science and technology can contribute not only to sustainability but also to the nutritional well-being of consumers (Brennan, 2024). Režek et al. (2021) explored the potential of implementing Industry 4.0 elements in food processing technologies. The study emphasized the significance of digitalization and the Internet of Things in achieving sustainability and efficiency in food production. In the agricultural field, Rueda et al. (2017) present an analytical framework for understanding how agricultural companies adopt sustainability instruments in their supply chains. They highlight competitive conditions and the location of raw materials as key factors that influence adoption decisions.

In recent years, sustainability in food production has been approached from various perspectives, including studies related to the supply chain. This involves examining components of the process, such as food packaging, from the perspective of the consumer and technical requirements. The aim is to achieve a truly circular and sustainable design (Kazancoglu, 2023). Based on life cycle evaluation, the environmental impact of products is analyzed, proposing improvements such as weight reduction and the use of alternative materials (Del Borghi, et al., 2014).

Sustainability in supply chains has been addressed through communication components, such as messaging on social networks. A study was conducted on how companies in the food industry disseminate sustainability, focusing on the dimensions of people (Garner & Mady, 2023). D’Adamo (2023) suggests using the analytical hierarchy to identify strategic criteria, with a focus on local social and economic development as a priority aspect. This orientation has operational implications and highlights the connection of food companies with local communities as an added value.

The literature review emphasizes the complexity of the current challenges facing the food industry. Joint efforts have produced solutions, such as waste reuse and the integration of industry 4.0 technologies. Additionally, the review highlights the significance of considering the consumer perspective, production efficiency, and connection with local communities as crucial factors in the pursuit of sustainability. In this context, the review emphasizes how science and technology, along with strategic and communicative approaches, can enhance not only the operational efficiency of the food industry but also the nutritional well-being of consumers and their connection with the communities in which they operate.

2.1 Inclusion criteria

In this bibliometric study focusing on food sustainability, exclusion criteria were taken into account. The main metadata analysed were the titles of the documents, and records containing terms related to sustainability and synonyms related to the food industry, gastronomy and the food supply chain were included. The inclusion criteria for this bibliometric analysis focused on documents whose title contained terms related to sustainability and the food industry, such as “food production”, “food industry”, “food supply chain” and “gastronomy”, according to the search equation used in the Scopus and Web of Science databases. Only articles that matched these terms and had complete metadata and full-text access were included in the analysis. The inclusion of these criteria ensures that the articles selected are in line with the research objective and guarantees the coherence and relevance of the documents analysed.

On the other hand, the exclusion process consists of three complementary stages. The first stage involves the elimination of records with incomplete indexing, i.e. documents whose categorisation does not specifically correspond to the subject of this research, in order to guarantee the integrity of the primary data. In the second phase, documents without access to the full text are excluded. This measure is only applied to systematic literature reviews. In the case of bibliometrics, only the metadata of the documents are analysed. Finally, the third stage of exclusion eliminates conference proceedings, records with incomplete indexing or metadata, and other texts not relevant to the topic of the study. This ensures the quality and coherence of the database.

2.2 Sources of information

During the database selection process for this research, two of the most comprehensive and widely recognized sources of scientific information were chosen: Scopus and Web of Science. These databases are known for their extensive coverage of various disciplines and subject areas. The selection of these sources for the research is based on their quality in terms of completeness and precision in collecting and organizing scientific information. Their joint use is considered the best alternative to provide a more holistic perspective in the planned analysis, particularly for studies such as bibliometric analyses, which have been supported by various studies (Echchakoui, 2020).

2.3 Search strategy

In this sense, we have the following equations:

2.4 Data management

For the development of this bibliometric study on sustainability in the food industry, we utilized the Microsoft Excel^® tool to extract, store, and manipulate the information obtained from the databases. This tool allowed for efficient organization and systematization of the collected data, which facilitated the bibliometric analysis carried out later. Additionally, the bibliometric indicators were graphically represented using a combination of the free software VOSviewer^® and Microsoft Excel^®. VOSviewer^® was utilized to create co-occurrence maps and thematic networks, while Microsoft Excel^® was used to generate graphs. This procedure corresponds to a technological approach previously applied to bibliometric analysis using VOSviewer^® (Hirawan, 2022). This enriches the analytical possibilities of the present study.

2.5 Selection procedure

Following the PRISMA 2020 statement guidelines, it is crucial to indicate the use of an automatic internal classifier for record selection assistance (Page, 2021). Validating this case internally and externally is essential to raise awareness of the risks associated with omitting relevant studies or incorrectly assigning classifications. This study utilized automation tools developed in Microsoft Excel^® in accordance with the recommended guidelines.

2.6 Data collection process

The study followed the guidelines provided by the PRISMA 2020 statement (Page, 2021) for data collection. Data extraction from reports in the Scopus and Web of Science databases was performed using Microsoft Excel^®. All authors involved in this research served as reviewers of the validation process of the data obtained from both databases, working independently to ensure an impartial evaluation of the results. A collaborative data confirmation process was then carried out until absolute convergence of the results was achieved. This was done to ensure precision and coherence of the data collected, following the validation and confirmation guidelines recommended in the scientific literature.

2.7 Data elements

For this research on the sustainability of the food industry, we studied data related specifically to our research objective. We collected information from articles that matched our search equation for each database. It was decided to exclude non-relevant information to maintain coherence and quality of the dataset. This ensures that incomplete elements do not distort the understanding of the knowledge base on the topic.

2.8 Assessment of the risk of bias of the study

Based on the bias assessment guidelines observed in the included studies, it is necessary to provide detailed information on the methods and tools used. A consistent approach was used in this review. In addition, as all authors were involved in data collection, the risk of bias was assessed using a similar methodology, which ensured consistency between data collection and bias assessment. Finally, Microsoft Excel^® was used as an automated tool throughout the process.

2.9 Measures of impact

In the context of bibliometrics on sustainability in the food industry, impact measures are specified. Although more commonly applied in primary research, they can also be adapted to the approach of secondary research sources. The focus is on quantitative aspects that can be extracted from the data. This includes bibliographical information. The metrics analyzed to evaluate the research output include the number of publications, number of citations, and the temporal usage of each keyword. Tools such as Microsoft Excel^® are used for data systematization and processing. Additionally, VOSviewer^® is utilized to identify thematic nodes and associations within the literature. By utilizing these tools and following established guidelines, a comprehensive understanding of sustainability patterns and trends in the food industry can be obtained, even without utilizing traditional impact measures.

2.10 Synthesis methods

The studies’ eligibility in each synthesis was determined based on the context provided by this bibliometrics, following rigorous methodological processes. The characteristics of the study intervention were tabulated and compared, generating a contrast for each synthesis. Statistical issues related to missing summary or data conversions were addressed to prepare the data for presentation and synthesis. By following these methodological steps, we applied bibliometric indicators to evaluate the quantity, quality, and structure of the results obtained (Durieux & Gevenois, 2010). Finally, we implemented the indicators in a fully automated manner using Microsoft Excel^® and applied them only to documents that passed the three exclusion phases defined in the study.

2.11 Assessment of reporting bias

In this bibliometric research on the sustainability of the food industry, it is important to address the risk of bias that may arise from the absence of results in the syntheses due to reporting bias. Additionally, we recognize the possibility of biases in certain synonyms identified in thesauri such as the IEEE, which will be reflected in the inclusion criteria, search strategy, and data collection. This research is based on a critical evaluation and careful interpretation of the results to ensure the solidity of the study. However, it is important to note that following the characteristics of clear, objective language and conventional structure may unintentionally lead to the omission of relevant information. Additionally, exclusion criteria based on incomplete indexing, conference proceedings, and non-relevant texts may result in the loss of valuable data for knowledge in the area of study.

2.12 Evaluation of certainty

The review’s assessment of certainty differs significantly from primary studies. Rather than evaluating individual results, it provides a global assessment that encompasses various aspects of the methodological process. These include the independent application of inclusion and exclusion criteria, the definition and measurement of bibliometric indicators, and the reporting of possible biases inherent in the methodological design. This section covers the application of inclusion and exclusion criteria, the definition and measurement of bibliometric indicators, and the reporting of potential biases in the methodological design. The discussion phase addresses the assessment of certainty, which is further reinforced by discussing limitations. This approach allows for a better understanding of the implications and scope of the results obtained. The applied strategy enables a comprehensive evaluation of the confidence level perceived in the evidence, considering the methodological aspects, possible biases, and limitations inherent to this type of research. To summarize the methodological design, refer to the recommended flow chart presented in Figure 1.

Figure 1. PRISMA flow chart.

Own elaboration based on scopus and web of science.

The diagram displays the identification of articles in three stages. Firstly, the search strategy is executed in selected information sources, and duplicate documents are excluded. Secondly, the defined eligibility criteria are applied to exclude irrelevant records. Finally, 525 articles are obtained, which form the basis of analysis in this bibliometric research.

4.1 Analysis of the growth of scientific literature on sustainability in the food industry

During the analyzed period, there was a noteworthy rise in scientific production related to sustainability in the food industry (refer to Figure 2). The year 2022 was the peak of development and interest in this topic. The text discusses the impact of CO2 emissions on population growth, food production, economic development, and energy consumption in Pakistan (Rehman, 2022). Additionally, it explores sustainability-oriented innovation through the opportunities and resistance surrounding blockchain technology as a driver for more sustainable food supply chains globally (Friedman & Ormiston, 2022).

A multidisciplinary approach is essential in addressing sustainability in the food industry, covering economic, environmental, and technological aspects. 2021 has been a notable year for scientific production in this area. The article discusses the use of blockchain technology in sustainable agri-food supply chains (Saurabh & Dey, 2021) and the design of sustainable perishable food supply networks. A case study on dairy products is used to address sustainable development goals (Jouzdani & Govindan, 2021).

Similarly, 2023 was an important year for production. Studies explored sustainable practices in agri-food supply chains in a developing economy (Joshi et al., 2023) and the optimization of sustainable agri-food supply chains, considering marketing practices under uncertainty (Gholian-Jouybari, 2023). This highlights the importance of approaching sustainability from a global and multifaceted perspective, taking into account both operational aspects and market conditions.

In 2019, significant contributions were made to the field of knowledge. For instance, Malak-Rawlikowska et al. (2019) assessed the economic, environmental, and social sustainability of short-distance food supply chains. Additionally, Singh et al. (2019) explored the use of information and communication technologies for the sustainable growth of small and medium enterprises in the Indian food industry. Thus, the analysis emphasizes the importance of considering the multiple dimensions of the problem and the role of technology in improving efficiency to bring about positive change.

4.2 Analysis of research references on the sustainability of the food industry

In regard to significant research references (refer to Figure 3), Mangla and Luthra are prominent in this field, acknowledged for their academic productivity and scientific impact on the subject. Mangla has contributed to various studies, including one that explored the enabling factors for implementing sustainable initiatives in agri-food supply chains, and another that focused on the application of information and communication technologies for the sustainable growth of small and medium enterprises in the Indian food industry (Mangla, 2018). Both studies were conducted in collaboration with author Luthra.

Luthra has conducted research on technology applications for sustainable growth of SMEs in the Indian food industry (Singh et al., 2019) and enablers to implement sustainable initiatives in agri-food supply chains (Mangla, 2018), demonstrating a commitment to promoting sustainable practices in the field. Similarly, Land, Beske, and Seuring have made significant contributions to the literature on sustainability issues in the food industry. For instance, they conducted a critical analysis of sustainable supply chain management practices and dynamic capabilities in the food industry (Beske et al., 2014).

Van Der Vorst has contributed to the advancement of knowledge through research. For example, they explored simulation models to redesign the food supply chain, considered integrated decisions on product quality, sustainability, and logistics (Vorst et al., 2009), and made other contributions that highlight their focus on decision-making in the food supply chain. Therefore, these authors have had the most influence, providing innovative and transcendent perspectives through their scientific research.

The International Journal of Production Economics, Journal of Cleaner Production, and Sustainability were the most prolific scientific journals (see Figure 4). These journals have been fundamental in constructing knowledge about sustainability in the food industry. They have contributed to understanding the challenges and opportunities of sustainability in the supply chain and other important issues in this field. The International Journal of Production Economics has shared research on sustainable management practices in supply chains in the food industry (Beske et al., 2014) and the critical factors for managing subcontractors in sustainable food supply chains (Grimm et al., 2014).

The Journal of Cleaner Production has played a significant role in addressing sustainability in the food industry from a broad perspective. For instance, Saurabh and Dey (Saurabh & Dey, 2021) explored the adoption of blockchain technology in sustainable agri-food supply chains. On the other hand, it presented an analysis of the progress towards a more sustainable agri-food industry (Notarnicola, et al., 2012). This provides a platform for exchanging ideas and knowledge that drive innovation and sustainable development in the field.

The Sustainability Journal is important because it promotes research on sustainability in the food industry. For example, it includes studies on the competitiveness of small farms and supply chains of innovative foods (Berti & Mulligan, 2016) and the role of agriculture in food security in developing countries (Pawlak & Kołodziejczak, 2020). These studies contribute to understanding the importance of sustainable solutions in food production and distribution globally.

The International Journal of Production Research has played a significant role in promoting sustainability in the food industry. For instance, Vorst et al. (2009) conducted research on the simulation of models for redesigning the food supply chain. The study considered integrated decision-making on product quality, sustainability, and logistics. This research laid the foundation for holistic approaches to sustainable management of the food supply chain. These journals have contributed significantly to the consolidation of sustainability as a topic of study and a critical vision of the food industry. They provide a platform to publish and share innovative research that addresses challenges and solutions related to sustainability.

The countries that have excelled in scientific production ( Figure 5) reflect their contributions in this area. The United Kingdom stands out the most due to research on food supply chains and sustainability in producers, particularly in the Scottish/English border region (Ilbery & Maye, 2005), and on ecological entrepreneurship and quality food production in local communities (Marsden & Smith, 2005). These studies have enriched our understanding of sustainable practices in food production and distribution in specific contexts.

The United States has also made significant contributions to the topic. For instance, research conducted by Grimm et al. (2014) analyzed critical factors for managing subcontractors in sustainable food supply chains, while Notarnicola et al. (2012) evaluated progress towards a more sustainable agri-food industry. Italy is notable for its scientific production, including research on decision-making strategies for sustainable food supply chains (Zanoni & Zavanella, 2012) and the evaluation of environmental sustainability in tomato product supply chains through life cycle analysis (Del Borghi, et al. 2014).

Regarding the Netherlands and Germany, their impact is reflected in studies such as the simulation of a model to redesign the food supply chain, which considers integrated decisions on product quality, sustainability, and logistics (Vorst et al., 2009). Additionally, sustainable management practices in the food industry have been analyzed in Germany (Beske et al., 2014). The contributions emphasize the role of these countries in promoting sustainable practices globally. They play an essential role in promoting new practices in the food supply chain and generating knowledge and solutions necessary to contribute to the continued advancement of responsible practices in this crucial area.

4.3 Analysis of food sustainability theme evolution

Regarding thematic evolution, during the initial years of research, the conceptual approach concentrated on the issue of soil erosion, addressing the challenges related to food production and its correlation with soil degradation. However, the research has evolved (see Figure 6), broadening its scope to include key areas such as circular economy, supply chain management, food safety, and wastewater treatment. Through these emerging areas, the growing awareness of the need to comprehensively address the challenges posed by the issue of sustainability in the food industry and how the issue adapts to changing dynamics and current demands is evident, ensuring more sustainable and resilient food production for the future (Brklacich, 1989).

In recent years, various concepts have gained great relevance in the global panorama and have had a significant impact on the topic of sustainability. One such concept is food security, which emerged as a central research topic in 2019. For instance, Kinney et al. (2019) explored the potential of geothermal energy to promote sustainable food production in remote communities in northern Canada. This innovative approach seeks to address the challenges of access to nutritious food in remote regions, thus promoting food security through renewable energy solutions.

In 2020, there was a significant focus on wastewater treatment, which is a crucial aspect of environmental management and public health. Several studies have been published on the topic, including a proposal for improving the pretreatment of wastewater from the food industry to eliminate dyes and yeasts, which enhances the effectiveness and sustainability of the process (Boguniewicz-Zablocka, 2020). This highlights the importance of mitigating water pollution in the food sector and the need for efficient and environmentally friendly technologies.

In 2021, the concept of food security regained its central position in the study of the topic addressed in this research. Recent studies have focused on the global sustainability of the agri-food supply chain, driven by the Internet of Things (IoT), while also considering natural epidemic outbreaks (Yadav et al., 2021). This holistic approach emphasizes the crucial need to ensure food availability during crisis situations, highlighting the role of technology as an essential element in achieving food security.

In 2022, supply chain management was a prominent topic in the food industry due to its critical role in enhancing efficiency and sustainability. Siddh et al. (2021) analyzed quality practices in the fresh food supply chain and their impact on organizational sustainability, highlighting the potential of efficient and transparent supply chain management to reduce food waste and improve overall sustainability.

In 2023, the central concept that emerged was the circular economy. Research focused on exploring the challenges of implementing the circular economy in the food supply chain, highlighting its potential to drive sustainable development (M. Kumar, 2023a). This approach emphasizes the importance of rethinking the food production and consumption system, incorporating principles of reuse and waste reduction to achieve greater sustainability. In summary, the concepts discussed above are fundamental in the search for sustainable solutions to the challenges facing food production and distribution. These concepts are interrelated and have been crucial in recent years.

4.4 Analysis of food sustainability thematic clusters

In the context of a bibliometric analysis on sustainability in the food industry, the following thematic clusters were identified (see Figure 7). The clusters show a high affinity between keywords, with the most prominent being the one identified with the color purple. This cluster focuses on the creation of sustainable fresh food supply chains through waste reduction. The cluster includes keywords such as ‘sustainability,’ ‘waste management,’ and ‘short food supply chain.’ These topics have been analyzed, including research on how waste reduction can contribute to sustainability in food supply chains (Kaipia et al., 2013). Efficient waste management can have a positive impact on the overall sustainability of the supply chain.

Figure 7. Keyword co-occurrence network.

Own elaboration based on scopus and web of science.

The color blue was identified as the second most important cluster, encompassing critical issues such as food security, food production, climate change, biodiversity, and agriculture. This cluster demonstrates a broad concern for the interrelated sustainability challenges facing the food industry. A study exploring the use of geothermal energy to promote sustainable food production in remote communities in Canada demonstrates how sustainability can be addressed in multiple dimensions, both in food production and distribution, contributing to greater resilience and food security.

4.5 Analysis of the frequency and conceptual validity of food sustainability

Regarding this bibliometric analysis of sustainability in the food industry, it is observed that the keywords ‘agriculture’ and ‘food’ have decreased in frequency of use in recent years (refer to Figure 8). Although these terms are traditionally pillars of the discussion on food sustainability, they seem to have lost prominence in contemporary research. The term ‘agriculture’ has been a central topic in discussions on food sustainability. However, recent studies show a significant decrease in its presence. It now appears mainly in research exploring direct links between sustainable agriculture, food production, and poverty reduction (Omodero, 2021). This decrease in frequency may reflect a shift in research focus towards more specific or emerging aspects of sustainability in the food industry.

Figure 8. Validity and frequency of keywords.

Own elaboration based on scopus and web of science.

There has been a decline in the use of the term ‘food’ in contemporary research, despite its historical importance in scientific literature regarding sustainability in food production and distribution. Despite sustainability in the production and distribution of food being a major topic in scientific literature, addressing issues related to food safety, food waste, and supply chain management, there is still a lack of attention given to it. For instance, a study by A. (A. Kumar, 2020) examined the challenges in perishable food supply chains from an economic development perspective. The decrease in the usage frequency of this term indicates a change in terminology and a transition towards more precise concepts.

Concerning Quadrant 2, this section compiles emerging concepts in the scientific field, emphasizing three crucial terms of present and future significance: Covid-19, circular economy, and blockchain. The Covid-19 pandemic has had a transformative impact on various fields, including sustainable supply chains. A study on the impact of Covid-19 on sustainable food supply chains highlights the need to adapt and strengthen these systems in the search for resilience and sustainability (V. Kumar, 2023b).

The circular economy is a crucial paradigm for addressing environmental challenges. It promotes the efficient use of resources, as evidenced by studies such as the analysis of the reconfiguration of a food supply chain in the interest of environmental sustainability, for which resource use and recovery practices are explored (Krishnan, 2020). This approach promotes waste minimization and resource optimization in a continuous cycle of production and consumption.

Blockchain is a decentralized and disruptive technology that has the potential to greatly improve transparency and reliability in sustainable supply chains. Studies have shown that blockchain technology can improve traceability and authenticity in sustainable food supply chains by enabling transparent verification of each stage of the chain (Joo & Han, 2021).

In Quadrant 1, the research consolidates several concepts, with ‘food security’ standing out as a vital concept in the current and near-future scenario. It is a fundamental pillar for the stability and well-being of populations globally. Today, in a world marked by rapid population growth, urbanization, and resulting climate challenges, ensuring a constant and accessible food supply is critical. This term encompasses not only food availability but also access, utilization, and adequate consumption to guarantee a balanced nutritional diet. Various studies have been conducted to examine the role of agriculture in achieving food security in developing countries (Pawlak & Kołodziejczak, 2020).

Additionally, food security is facing new challenges, such as natural epidemics. Therefore, research has been conducted to consider food security from a global and sustainable perspective in the context of the Internet of Things (IoT) in agri-food chains (Yadav et al., 2021). This study utilizes an IoT model to address the issue of food security in an environment prone to epidemic outbreaks. The study highlights technology as an essential component to ensure long-term food security. Food security is a critical global issue, and efforts to address it range from sustainable agricultural production to the application of innovative technologies. The goal is to ensure that populations have access to sufficient and nutritious food in the present and near future.

4.6 Classification of keywords related to food sustainability based on their function

Table 1 presents a comprehensive classification of emerging and growing keywords related to sustainability in the food industry. The keywords were analyzed based on their behavior, evolution, thematic clustering, frequency, and validity, and are organized according to their predominant function. This classification identifies the primary trends in the field, which are then analyzed based on their fundamental characteristics and their applications.

This categorization aims to identify and categorize emerging and growing keywords based on their function. It provides a comprehensive view of focus areas and future opportunities in the search for sustainable solutions to current and future challenges in the food sector. Additionally, this overview provides a strong foundation for analyzing emerging trends and priority areas in the sustainability of the food industry. These areas include Covid-19, circular economy, blockchain, agri-food sector, climate change, and food security, among others.

4.7 Other related studies and literature review

Compared to the findings of our study, the results of the literature review highlight a landscape in which sustainability in the food industry is seen as an ever-evolving field, with an increasing focus on the adoption of emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence, blockchain and precision agriculture (Galanakis, 2020; Şimşek et al., 2024). However, our results reveal an even more recent trend, with a significant increase in scientific production between 2021 and 2023, reflecting a surge in interest in this topic. The key difference lies in the fact that while the technologies mentioned in the literature are recognised as key factors for improving sustainability, our research identifies a concentration of terms such as ‘circular economy’ and ‘food security’, which stand out as consolidated and growing concepts in current research. This finding supports the idea that as emerging technologies gain traction, traditional concepts such as food security remain central to academic discussions.

Furthermore, when looking at authorship patterns and key contributions, figures such as Mangla and Luthra emerge as key references in terms of productivity and impact, which is consistent with the identification of countries such as the UK, the US and Italy as the most productive and influential in the field of food sustainability. However, our research goes further by identifying three groups of countries with different dynamics of productivity and impact. The case studies mentioned in the literature, such as those by Rueda et al. (2017) and Otles et al. (2015), address critical aspects of sustainability in different regions, while our findings show a growing interest in global issues such as climate change and the circular economy. This suggests that while regional research remains relevant, there is an increasing global interconnectedness around food sustainability, with a particular focus on resilience and adaptation to global crises such as the COVID-19 pandemic.

In contrast to the present research, which focuses on the bibliometric evolution of sustainability in the food industry, (Herrero, 2010) emphasize the importance of mixed cropping and livestock systems as significant contributors to global food production. They highlight the need for policies aimed at intensifying agricultural production through efficient input management to reduce waste and environmental impact. Rana, Tricase, and De Cesare, Rana et al. (2021) discuss the potential of blockchain technology in the agri-food supply chain and its contribution to sustainability. Although the author’s research highlights the relevance of key terms such as ‘Circular Economy’ and ‘Blockchain’, Herrero et al. and Rana et al. offer specific approaches related to sustainable agricultural production and the application of technology in the supply chain, respectively.

However, Nicholls et al. (2020) emphasize the role of small-scale food production in urban areas in achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). They examine how urban and peri-urban agriculture, with its small scale and diverse crops, can provide a sustainable alternative by addressing multiple SDGs, including biodiversity and local food production. This study focuses on the evolution of key terms and approaches in the literature on food sustainability. Compared to Garcia et al.(2020) research, which emphasizes the need for a ‘One Health’ approach to ensure food safety and sustainable production, this study offers a more focused view of emerging trends and themes in academic research on sustainability in the food industry. Nicholls et al. demonstrate the significance of sustainable local production. Garcia et al. propose a broader ‘One Health’ framework that addresses the interconnectedness of human, animal, and environmental health in food production. It is important to consider both perspectives when evaluating sustainable food production.

Finally, when comparing the present research to the studies of Režek Jambrak et al. (2021) and Desiderio et al. (2022), additional perspectives on sustainability in the food industry are presented. Režek Jambrak et al. (2021) highlighted the convergence of emerging technologies, such as the Internet of Things (IoT) and non-thermal food processing, in the creation of ‘Internet of nonthermal food processing technologies’ (IoNTP). The study emphasizes the need to evaluate the feasibility of integrating smart sensors, artificial intelligence, and additive technologies with non-thermal approaches. This approach, focused on digitalization and sustainability, highlights the importance of life cycle assessment and points out potential benefits such as energy savings and optimized environmental performance. On the other hand, the work of Desiderio et al. (2022) examines the social dimension of sustainability in the food supply chain, evidencing the lack of consensus and tools to measure social aspects. The article discusses social sustainability tools and measures at different stages of the supply chain, emphasizing the importance of maintaining attention to social sustainability throughout the chain. The studies cited in this article provide additional perspectives on the challenges and opportunities in pursuing sustainability in the food industry, including both technological and social aspects.

4.8 Practical implications

The use of bibliometrics in this study has revealed important shifts in the thematic focus of sustainability in the food sector, highlighting the transition from earlier concerns such as soil erosion to more contemporary issues such as circular economy, supply chain management, food security and wastewater treatment. This shift highlights a wider reorientation of research priorities, indicating an increased recognition of the complex challenges facing the food sector, including agricultural practices, environmental concerns and the need for more systematic and integrated solutions.

The dominant themes emerging from the analysis, in particular sustainability, waste management and short supply chains, underline the growing convergence between environmental efficiency and local, sustainable approaches to food production and distribution. This conceptual shift calls for the promotion of local, sustainable production strategies that minimise environmental impacts and increase the resilience of food systems.

The frequency and validity analysis of keywords revealed an interesting trend: terms such as agriculture and food are becoming less relevant, while emerging concepts such as circular economy, blockchain and climate change are gaining prominence. These evolving terms reflect the increasing focus on technological innovation and the broader environmental challenges that the food industry needs to address. In addition, food security remains a key issue, highlighting the critical need to ensure equitable access to safe and nutritious food amidst ongoing environmental and health transformations.

Exploring these research trends is crucial for shaping future policies and industry practices. By understanding the emerging directions in sustainability research, policymakers and industry leaders can design strategies that address the pressing environmental, social, and economic challenges in the food system. This analysis lays a foundation for the development of effective policies and practices that foster sustainability while encouraging innovation. It also highlights the importance of connecting research findings with practical applications in order to drive the adoption of more sustainable approaches and technologies, ultimately advancing toward a more sustainable and equitable global food system.

4.9 Limitations

The bibliometric analysis was conducted using the PRISMA-2020 methodology and the Scopus and Web of Science databases to gain a deeper understanding of research trends. However, it is important to acknowledge the limitations of the methodology and data sources currently employed. The selection of databases may introduce biases due to the limited coverage of publications. Potentially relevant contributions from other platforms not included in this study may have been excluded.

One limitation of the current methodology is that the search is limited to the title field in the Scopus and Web of Science databases. This may result in missing relevant articles that do not explicitly mention the keywords in the title, but include them in the abstract or keywords. In order to obtain more comprehensive and representative results, it would be useful to extend the search to include not only “title” but also “abstract” and “keywords” in Scopus and “subject” in Web of Science, which could improve the coverage and precision of the results obtained.

Similarly, while tools like Microsoft Excel^® and VOSviewer^® can effectively restructure bibliometric indicators, this approach may overlook certain semantic nuances present in articles, potentially limiting a holistic understanding of thematic evolution as a keyword co-occurrence network. Despite these limitations, the current bibliometrics offer a valuable insight into the latest trends in sustainability research within the food industry. Therefore, the presented results serve as a useful starting point for future research seeking to expand or develop a more comprehensive contextual understanding.

With regard to the limitations of the research, it should be noted that the query used was too restrictive, which could have led to relevant articles being missed. In particular, the use of the term ‘sustainab*’ in lines 230 and 231 was a search strategy designed to cover variants of terms such as sustainable, sustainability and other related terms. However, this approach may have also limited the inclusion of some important studies that did not contain these exact variants, thus limiting the breadth of thematic coverage of the review.

4.10 Research gaps

Refer to underlying data Table 2 presents research and conceptual gaps in sustainability within the food industry that require further attention in future studies. The corresponding justifications and future questions to address these issues are also detailed. These gaps indicate areas where the current literature is deficient and require further exploration on a larger scale to enhance the comprehensive understanding of the relationship between sustainability and the food industry.

Refer to underlying data Table 2 includes gaps in various categories, including those related to the circular economy in the food supply chain, waste management, loss minimization, the incorporation of new technologies such as blockchain, the COVID-19 pandemic, and climate change. These categories aim to improve traceability, transparency, and the industry’s adaptation to unforeseen events. Similarly, this resource emphasizes important topics such as food security within the context of sustainability. It promotes the use of short and localized food systems. This guide is useful for researchers seeking to explore current knowledge gaps in the field. By addressing these gaps, a comprehensive and holistic understanding of the challenges and opportunities in this critical area can be achieved.

4.11 Research agenda

Sustainability in the food industry is a critical area of research due to global challenges such as food security, environmental degradation, and climate change. These issues are interrelated and require comprehensive consideration of economic, environmental, and social aspects of food production and consumption. In this context, the Multidisciplinary Research Agenda is presented to contribute to the development of future research in sustainability in the food industry. The agenda consists of a series of keywords, each reflecting a critical area of study addressing current challenges and emerging opportunities.

This agenda serves as a tool to identify knowledge gaps and guide researchers towards areas that require greater attention. Its aim is to inform and promote the transformation of the food industry towards a more sustainable production and equitable access to resources. Regarding food security, it is a crucial aspect of the sustainability of the food industry. It is widely acknowledged as necessary to guarantee equal access to nutritious and adequate food in a constantly evolving world. Therefore, future research should further analyze innovative strategies that address the challenges of food security in terms of sustainability. This analysis should take into account the impact of climate change, price instability, equitable distribution of resources, and the adaptive capacity of food systems in times of crisis.

Agriculture plays a central role in this issue as the primary source of food. Future research could focus on promoting sustainable agricultural practices that minimize the use of agrochemicals, exploring cropping systems related to agroecology, and assessing the impact of precision agriculture technology. These research areas contribute significantly to advancing knowledge in this regard.

Regarding supply chain management, optimizing traceability and transparency is essential for achieving comprehensive sustainability. Future research should focus on waste reduction, logistics efficiency, and cooperation among supply chain actors. Similarly, exploring circular supply chain approaches is necessary to gain insights on closing material cycles and minimizing environmental impacts from production to consumption.

Environmental impact assessment is a crucial topic that can be approached from various angles. Future research could focus on quantifying environmental impacts through tools like life cycle assessment and the environmental footprint approach. Additionally, studying the adoption of cleaner production practices that use environmentally friendly technologies is relevant to minimize greenhouse gas emissions and reduce environmental degradation.

Finally, sustainable marketing is a topic that has gained great relevance and is growing. Therefore, future research should analyze marketing strategies that influence the adoption of responsible consumption habits and explore narratives that influence consumer purchases. It is important to communicate effectively, highlighting the environmental and social benefits for the advancement of sustainability in the industry.

Regarding Figure 9, it displays the research agenda for the sustainability of the food industry. The figure includes key terms that have been studied since 1995, such as environment, biodiversity, food systems, and aquaculture. Some of these terms have lost validity over time. The lack of current relevance is a potential issue that could be addressed in future research. This could involve analyzing the environmental and social factors that may contribute to the decline in participation in current studies.

Figure 9. Research agenda.

Prepared by the authors based on scopus and web of science.