A highly sensitive enzyme‑linked immunosorbent assay allows accurate measurements of brain‑derived neurotrophic factor levels in human saliva

Fumie Akutsu; Shiro Sugino; Mitsuo Watanabe; Yves-Alain Barde; Masaaki Kojima

doi:10.12688/f1000research.160304.1

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Research Article

A highly sensitive enzyme‑linked immunosorbent assay allows accurate measurements of brain‑derived neurotrophic factor levels in human saliva

[version 1; peer review: 1 approved with reservations, 1 not approved]

Fumie Akutsu¹, Shiro Sugino¹, Mitsuo Watanabe¹, Yves-Alain Barde², Masaaki Kojima¹

Fumie Akutsu¹, Shiro Sugino¹, [...] Mitsuo Watanabe¹, Yves-Alain Barde², Masaaki Kojima¹

PUBLISHED 04 Feb 2025

Author details Author details

¹ FUJIFILM Wako Pure Chemical Corporation, Osaka, Japan
² School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK

Fumie Akutsu
Roles: Data Curation, Formal Analysis, Investigation, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing

Shiro Sugino
Roles: Conceptualization, Investigation, Writing – Review & Editing

Mitsuo Watanabe
Roles: Writing – Review & Editing

Yves-Alain Barde
Roles: Writing – Review & Editing

Masaaki Kojima
Roles: Conceptualization, Funding Acquisition, Investigation, Supervision, Validation, Writing – Review & Editing

OPEN PEER REVIEW

REVIEWER STATUS

Abstract

Background

Hitherto, BDNF levels in humans have been primarily measured in serum and/or plasma where these levels are readily measurable, but primarily reflect the content of BDNF in blood platelets. By contrast, previous attempts to measure BDNF levels in readily accessible human body fluids such as saliva have been complicated by a lack of sensitivity and/or specificity of BDNF ELISAs (see Discussion). Recently, the suitability of a highly sensitive BDNF ELISA assay was validated using mouse plasma and serum where conventional BDNF ELISA fail to detect BDNF. In this report, we demonstrate that BDNF levels in human saliva are extremely low, in the low pg/mL range, yet detectable in all saliva samples tested.

Methods

Saliva samples were collected from healthy volunteers by a passive drool method. All samples were aliquoted and immediately frozen to keep at -80°C until use. At the time of use, the samples were thawed, centrifuged to remove any remaining particles and BDNF measurement conducted by using a previously validated BDNF ELISA assay (see below). Recombinant mature BDNF was used as a reference.

Results

The intra-assay variability was in the range of CV = 1.8 to 4.9%. Saliva samples could be kept frozen at -80°C for 2 months until use for measurements, but more than 4 freeze and thaw cycles caused BDNF losses presumably due to structural change of the antigen. The measurements were not affected by the method of collection provided the samples were diluted at least 2-fold.

Conclusions

The results indicate that human saliva samples collected in a non-invasive fashion can be used as a source of material to try and correlate BDNF levels with human conditions of interest. These results also confirm those of an independent study published recently using the same BDNF ELISA kit to measure BDNF levels in human saliva samples.

Keywords

ELISA, BDNF, Saliva, Immunoassay, Analytical Method

Corresponding author: Masaaki Kojima

Competing interests: FA, MW, SS, and MK are employees of FUJIFILM Wako Pure Chemical Corporation. YB is a consultant of FUJIFILM Wako Pure Chemical Corporation

Grant information: This study was supported by FUJIFILM Wako Pure Chemical Corporation and no separate grants were involved in supporting this work.
The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

Copyright: © 2025 Akutsu F et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

How to cite: Akutsu F, Sugino S, Watanabe M et al. A highly sensitive enzyme‑linked immunosorbent assay allows accurate measurements of brain‑derived neurotrophic factor levels in human saliva [version 1; peer review: 1 approved with reservations, 1 not approved]. F1000Research 2025, 14:161 (https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.160304.1) First published: 04 Feb 2025, 14:161 (https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.160304.1) Latest published: 22 May 2025, 14:161 (https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.160304.2)

Introduction

The role of Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) in the function of the nervous system is well-established and a large body of work, primarily using mouse models, has long demonstrated this role to be essential for key aspects of brain function.¹ In humans, this essential role is supported by genetic studies including gene deletion and polymorphisms (for a recent review see Ateaque et al.²). BDNF is also likely to be involved in a number of major neurological and psychiatric conditions including Major Depressive Disorder (MDD),³ Alzheimer’s Disease,⁴ Parkinson’s Disease,⁵ and epilepsy.⁶ What is less clear is the degree to which measurements of BDNF levels in accessible body fluids may be used to correlate these levels with brain function and dysfunction. While BDNF levels can be readily measured in human blood using traditional BDNF ELISAs, these levels primarily reflect the content of BDNF in blood platelets.^7,8 Thus, whether or not these levels are informative with regard to brain function and dysfunction in humans remains uncertain. This important question has been difficult to answer conclusively because of a major difference between mice and humans with regard to the presence of BDNF in blood. In mice, the most widely used animal model to explore the function and dysfunction of the nervous system, megakaryocytes, the progenitor cells of platelets, do not express the Bdnf gene at significant levels, unlike in the case in humans.⁸ Very recently, minute levels of BDNF could be detected in mouse blood following the development of a much more sensitive BDNF ELISA.⁹ The neurotrophins nerve growth factor (NGF) and neurotrophin-3 (NT3) share key structural features with BDNF but mouse serum incubation with anti-NGF and anti-NT3 antibodies did not reduce the BDNF ELISA signal.⁹ By contrast, incubation with an anti-BDNF monoclonal antibody unrelated to the antibodies used in the BDNF ELISA did markedly reduce the signal.⁹ The BDNF levels determined in mouse blood were found to be about 3 orders of magnitude lower than those determined in humans, with no difference between mouse plasma and serum, unlike is the case in humans.⁹ This finding is consistent with the notion that BDNF in mouse blood does not originate from platelets, but from other sources, including the skeletal musculature as demonstrated by Fulgenzi et al.¹⁰ Very recently, Ikenouchi et al.¹¹ conducted an independent study using the same BDNF ELISA described in the above and in an attempt to correlate BDNF levels in human saliva with psychological distress in healthcare workers¹¹ with the values in line with those reported here. Saliva samples can be readily collected and in a large number if needed, with minimum stress even for elderly patients. These straightforward points have attracted the attention of many in the biomedical community in the past as illustrated by a number of reports about measurement of BDNF in human saliva (see for example Nakagawa et al.,¹² Kikuchi et al.,¹³ Zappella et al.,¹⁴ Biamonte et al.,¹⁵ Jasim et al.,¹⁶ and Zhang et al.¹⁷ However, the BDNF values reported in these studies varied over a very wide range indicating that most BDNF measurement methods used thus far had either not the specificity and/or the sensitivity needed to reliably measure BDNF levels in human saliva, a conclusion already reached by Vrijen et al.¹⁸ One recent exception was the use of a recently introduced and validated BDNF ELISA kit⁹ that was independently used in a study conducted in parallel with ours (Ikenouchi et al.,¹¹ see Discussion for details).

In the present study, we report the supporting data indicating that the highly sensitive BDNF ELISA assay can be used to accurately measure levels of BDNF in human saliva samples, including after sample storage.

Methods

Samples

Saliva samples were collected from 11 healthy volunteers at the company who did not have known significant health issues or drug usage. Written informed consents were obtained from all of the volunteers according to the company’s procedure which is set in accordance with Ethical Guidelines for Medical and Health Research Involving Human Subjects published by Ministry of Health, Labor, and Welfare, Japan. The participant were given a sterilized sample collection tube (2 mL cryovial (Salimetrics, Pennsylvania)) and instructed to rinse their mouth with a cup of water before saliva collection, saliva sample was collected into a sterilized sample collection tube by a passive drool method by using the Saliva Collection Aid (Salimetrics, Pennsylvania) according to the manufacturer’s instruction manual. All samples were collected in the same afternoon and then samples were aliquoted into 1.5 mL Eppendorf Safe-Lock Tube (Eppendorf, Tokyo) and then immediately frozen and kept at -80°C until use. At a time of sample use, the samples were thawed at room temperature and then centrifuged at 1500 × g for 15 min to remove remaining particles (pre-treated samples).

Recombinant mature BDNF (PeproTech, Cranbury, New Jersey, USA) was purchased and used as a reference and standard material for the assays.

Measurement of BDNF

BDNF measurement was conducted by using Mature BDNF ELISA kit Wako, High Sensitive (FUJIFILM Wako Pure Chemical Corporation, Osaka, Japan) according to the instructions provided with the kit. Briefly, samples were diluted 2-fold with the kit Buffer Solution. The BDNF standard stock solution was prepared by adding defined amount of purified water to the Mature BDNF Standard vial, and then a various concentration (0.000, 0.205, 0.512, 1.28, 3.20, 8.00, 20.0, 50.0, and 500 pg/mL) of standard solutions were prepared by diluting the 10 ng/mL Mature BDNF Standard stock solution with Buffer provided in the kit, according to the dilution scheme provided in the instruction. The solution initially filling the ELISA plate was discarded and the wells were washed 4 times with the Wash Solution (1×) included in the kit. The plate was inverted after each wash and gently tapped against clean paper towels to remove any excess liquid retained in the wells. 50 μL of diluted standard solution and of diluted samples were added to respective wells, with duplicate wells used for each standard and sample. After agitating the plate on a microplate mixer, the plate was then covered by Plate Seal (plastic film) and incubated for 2 hours at room temperature (20–25°C). After 2-hour incubation, the solution was discarded, and the wells were washed again 4 times with Wash Solution as above. 50 μL of Biotin-conjugated antibody solution was added to each well, the plate covered by Plate Seal and agitated and then incubated for one hour at room temperature. The solution was then discarded, and wells were washed 4 times with Wash Buffer as above. 50 μL of Peroxidase-conjugated Streptavidin Solution was added to each well, the plate was covered and incubated on for 30 min at room temperature. After a final series of 4 washes with the Wash Buffer, 50 μL of mixed luminescent reagents 1 and 2 (mixed at a ratio of 1:1 before use) were added to each well, the plate was placed on a shaker for 1 min and the luminescence was measured using a 96-well microplate reader Infinite200PRO MPlex from TECAN (Switzerland) at 10 min after the addition of the luminescent reagent. The standard solutions were used to generate a standard curve converting luminescence to BDNF concentrations used to determine the BDNF concentration in the experimental samples. All measurements were conducted twice (n=2) and average of 2 measurements was used for the evaluations.

Results

Spike test

Saliva samples were spiked with 0, 20, or 100 pg/mL of known concentrations of recombinant mBDNF (reference material) at a 9:1 ratio, and then measurements conducted according to the instruction provided in the ELISA kit. The yields of the spiked mBDNF ranged from 85.1 to 102.0%, within the manufacturer’s specifications (within ±15%). The distribution of BDNF levels in undiluted samples were 0.296 to 4.09 pg/mL (average = 1.04 pg/mL, SD = 1.09 pg/mL) ( Table 1).

Table 1. Recovery of spiked BDNF in saliva samples.

Saliva sample ID	Spiked BDNF (pg/mL)	Measured BDNF (pg/mL)	Recovered BDNF (pg/mL)	Yield (%)
#1	0	0.783	-	-
	20	18.4	17.7	88.5
	100	90.3	89.6	89.6
#2	0	0.327	-	-
	20	18.2	17.9	89.5
	100	91.6	91.3	91.3
#3	0	1.67	-	-
	20	22.1	20.4	102
	100	98.8	97.1	97.1
#4	0	0.512	-	-
	20	18.1	17.6	88.0
	100	86.9	86.4	86.4
#5	0	0.296	-	-
	20	18.7	18.4	92.0
	100	95.7	95.4	95.4
#6	0	0.393	-	-
	20	17.5	17.1	85.5
	100	85.5	85.1	85.1
#7	0	0.814	-	-
	20	18.4	17.6	88.0
	100	86.4	85.6	85.6
#8	0	4.09	-	-
	20	23.9	19.8	99.0
	100	91.1	87.0	87.0
#9	0	0.601	-	-
	20	18.6	18.0	90.0
	100	101	100	100
#10	0	0.852	-	-
	20	18.3	17.4	87.0
	100	86.3	85.4	85.4
#11	0	1.12	-	-
	20	18.5	17.4	87.0
	100	100	98.9	98.9

Dilution linearity test

Samples were serially diluted using the buffer included in the kit, and BDNF levels measured. As shown in Figure 1, linearity was achieved when at least 2-fold sample dilution (one-to-one dilution) was conducted.

Figure 1. Dilution linearity test.

Samples were serially diluted by the buffer attached to the commercial kit.

Precision

Samples were spiked with 4 or 40 pg/mL of recombinant mBDNF at a ratio of 9:1. The resulted samples were measured 10 times (n=10) using the ELISA kit to calculate the within precision of the assay. The results showed that intra-assay repeatability was calculated to be within a range of CV =1.8 to 4.9% as shown in Table 2.

Table 2. Assay precision of the mBDNF ELISA.

Sample ID	#2		#8		#9
Spiked BDNF (pg/mL)	4.0	40.0	4.0	40.0	4.0	40.0
n	Measured BDNF (pg/mL)
1	3.39	36.7	8.05	44.3	3.55	37.1
2	3.40	36.2	8.03	43.5	3.62	37.0
3	3.38	36.4	7.93	44.2	3.41	37.0
4	3.44	35.6	8.20	43.0	3.43	36.5
5	3.24	36.6	8.30	43.3	3.41	38.0
6	3.41	36.7	8.28	43.4	3.61	37.8
7	3.33	36.8	8.48	43.4	3.72	38.2
8	3.27	37.2	8.18	43.3	3.50	37.9
9	3.28	37.3	8.16	44.5	3.60	38.2
10	3.60	39.2	8.23	45.5	3.99	39.3
Mean	3.37	36.9	8.18	43.8	3.58	37.7
SD	0.10	0.95	0.16	0.77	0.18	0.82
CV (%)	3.1	2.6	1.9	1.8	4.9	2.2

Sample stability

Long-term stability

Long term BDNF stability was assessed at 2 different temperatures, -20 and -80°C by using 6 saliva samples spiked with the recombinant mBDNF. They were kept at the designated temperatures for 2 or 3 months, then remaining BDNF levels were measured by the ELISA kit of this study.

As shown in Table 3, degradation of BDNF at -20°C was significant and 30-40% reduction was observed. By contrast, BDNF reduction during 2-month storage was minimal at -80°C and the changes were within 15% although one outlier showed 20% reduction, which was still within the boundary of the acceptable range of 80 to 120% shown in ICH HARMONISED TRIPARTITE GUIDELINE, “Validation of Analytical Procedures: Methodology: Text and Methodology. Q2(R1)” (2005). These data indicates that measurement should be performed within 2 months after saliva sample collection.

Table 3. Long term stability of BDNF in saliva.

ID	Day 0		2 months		3 months
ID	BDNF (pg/mL)	(%)	BDNF (pg/mL)	(%)	BDNF (pg/mL)	(%)
a) Stored at -20°C
Spiked sample A	1.86	100%	1.17	62.9%	0.46	24.6%
Spiked sample B	3.62	100%	2.23	61.6%	1.77	48.9%
Spiked sample C	5.76	100%	5.71	99.1%	4.05	70.3%
Spiked sample D	18.5	100%	14.2	76.8%	8.00	43.2%
Spiked sample E	29.6	100%	16.9	57.1%	11.3	38.2%
Spiked sample F	37.1	100%	24.0	64.7%	16.8	45.3%
b) Stored at -80°C
Spiked sample A	1.86	100%	1.70	91.4%	0.88	47.5%
Spiked sample B	3.62	100%	3.43	94.8%	2.24	61.9%
Spiked sample C	5.76	100%	5.21	90.5%	5.05	87.7%
Spiked sample D	18.5	100%	16.4	88.6%	8.70	47.0%
Spiked sample E	29.6	100%	23.6	79.7%	16.0	54.1%
Spiked sample F	37.1	100%	34.7	93.5%	28.5	76.8%

Repeated freeze and thawing test

Impact of repeated freeze and thawing was assessed by repeating freeze and thawing cycle of the spiked saliva samples for 5 time and the remaining BDNF levels were measured. As shown in Figure 2, more than 4 times freeze and thawing resulted in 15% or more BDNF reduction, therefore the maximum cycle number applicable to the frozen BDNF samples were determined to be 3 times or less.

Figure 2. Effect of freeze and thaw cycles for the stability of BDNF in saliva samples.

Evaluation of sample collection methods

In order to standardize the sample collection procedure, 2 types of saliva collection devices, Salivette made of cotton (Sartstedt, Nümbrecht, Germany) and SalivaBio Infant Swab (Salimetrics, PA, USA) were tested for the mBDNF recovery. The tested devices were soaked with the saliva samples (ID #2, 4, and #11) spiked with known concentrations of recombinant mBDNF and then samples were recovered by centrifugation (1000 × g, 2 min for Salivette and 1500 × g, 15 min for SalivaBio Infant Swab), according to the manufacturers’ instructions. The resulted samples were diluted 2-fold and then mBDNF levels were measured. The average recovery of the mBDNF with these commercially available saliva collection devices were 97.8 and 102.3% with the cotton (Salivette) and inactivated polymer (SalivaBio Infant Swab) devices, respectively ( Table 4).

Table 4. mBDNF recovery from swab samples.

Saliva sample ID	Spiked BDNF (pg/mL)	Measured BDNF (pg/mL)	Recovered BDNF (pg/mL)	Yield (%)
#2, cotton	0	0.224
	20	18.6	18.4	92.0
	100	102	102	102
#2, inactivated polymer	0	0.309
	20	20.5	20.2	101
	100	103	103	103
#4, cotton	0	0.432
	20	18.2	17.8	89.0
	100	109	109	109
#4, inactivated polymer	0	0.580
	20	23.0	22.4	112
	100	106	105	105
#11, cotton	0	0.804
	20	18.0	17.2	86.0
	100	110	109	109
#11, inactivated polymer	0	0.980
	20	20.9	19.9	99.5
	100	94.1	93.1	93.1

Discussion

The main outcome of this study is that it confirms the notion that BDNF levels can be accurately quantified in human saliva samples with a commercially available, highly sensitive BDNF ELISA kit. The distribution of the BDNF levels in the saliva samples were 0.296 to 4.09 pg/mL, in line with the levels reported by Ikenouchi et al.¹¹ in a very recent study using the same BDNF ELISA. These levels are indeed extremely low and significantly below the detection limits of other commercially available ELISA kits, in agreement with conclusions reached by Vrijen et al.¹⁸ These levels are also well below the limit of detection of notoriously insensitive methods such as Western blots.^19,20 Also, previous attempts to increase the sensitivity of BDNF ELISA measurements by the use of for example BDNF polyclonal antibodies raise questions about the specificity of such assays.^21,22 Not only do the levels of BDNF in human saliva reported in these previous studies vary greatly but also, they are 2 to 3 orders of magnitude higher than those reported here, i.e. in the ng/ml range (see for example Mandel et al.²¹ or Bhat et al.²²).

Obviously, saliva samples can be readily and repeatedly collected for BDNF level determinations and possible correlations explored with for example sex, age and physical exercise. Indeed, there is currently a great deal of interest reflected by multiple studies exploring possible relationships between various interventions such as physical exercise, cognitive training, dietary factors and the levels of “exerkines”, defined as secreted factors in response to exercise and carriers of information to various organs including brain (for a recent review, see Chow et al.²³). A possible role for exerkines is of great interest, especially in the context of the prevention of cognitive decline accompanying aging and neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer’s Disease. One such exerkine is platelet factor 4 (PF4), a factor derived from blood platelets that has recently been proposed to mediate the rejuvenating effects of young blood and to stimulate adult neurogenesis.^24,25 It has also been reported that platelets are a major source of extracellular vesicles (EVs) carrying PF4²⁶ as well as BDNF.²⁷ In theory then, it is possible that PF4 and BDNF may be transferred by platelet-derived EVs from platelet to brain whereby the reality of this proposition has not been demonstrated yet at the ultrastructural level using immuno-electron microscopy.

Conclusion

The results of this study using a highly sensitive BDNF ELISA demonstrate that saliva samples can be used to measure BDNF levels accurately in readily accessible human samples like saliva, thus confirming the very recent results of Ikenouchi et al.¹¹ Correlations can now be readily explored between BDNF levels in human saliva and a range of physiological and pathological conditions of interest, including exercise, ageing, depression and neurodegeneration.

Ethical considerations

Collection of the saliva samples from the volunteers was approved at the Expedited 27th Fujifilm Wako Pure Chemicals Life Science Ethics Review Committee with the approval number of #LS 011 on February 3, 2022. The company’s Ethics Review Committee was set in accordance with Ethical Guidelines for Medical and Health Research Involving Human Subjects published by Ministry of Health, Labor, and Welfare, Japan, and written informed consents were obtained from all of the volunteers.

Author contributions

Fumie Akutsu: Data curation; Formal analysis; Investigation; Validation; Writing—original draft; Writing—review & editing. Shiro Sugino: Conceptualization; Investigation; Writing—review & editing. Mitsuo Watanabe: Writing—review & editing. Yves-Alain Barde: Writing—review & editing. Masaaki Kojima: Conceptualization; Funding acquisition; Investigation; Supervision; Validation; Writing—review & editing.

Roles

Fumie Akutsu: Data curation; Formal analysis; Investigation; Validation; Writing—original draft; Writing—review & editing. Shiro Sugino: Conceptualization; Investigation; Writing—review & editing. Mitsuo Watanabe: Writing—review & editing. Yves-Alain Barde: Writing—review & editing. Masaaki Kojima: Conceptualization; Funding acquisition; Investigation; Supervision; Validation; Writing—review & editing.

Data availability

Figshare: BDNF measurement in saliva samples using highly sensitive ELISA, https://www.doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.27978699²⁸

This project contains the following underlying data:

1. Dataset for the tables and figures (Saliva validation data for manuscript_final.xlsx)

Data are available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license (CC-BY 4.0).

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Version 2

VERSION 2 PUBLISHED 04 Feb 2025

Author details Author details

¹ FUJIFILM Wako Pure Chemical Corporation, Osaka, Japan
² School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK

Fumie Akutsu
Roles: Data Curation, Formal Analysis, Investigation, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing

Shiro Sugino
Roles: Conceptualization, Investigation, Writing – Review & Editing

Mitsuo Watanabe
Roles: Writing – Review & Editing

Yves-Alain Barde
Roles: Writing – Review & Editing

Masaaki Kojima
Roles: Conceptualization, Funding Acquisition, Investigation, Supervision, Validation, Writing – Review & Editing

Competing interests

FA, MW, SS, and MK are employees of FUJIFILM Wako Pure Chemical Corporation. YB is a consultant of FUJIFILM Wako Pure Chemical Corporation

Grant information

This study was supported by FUJIFILM Wako Pure Chemical Corporation and no separate grants were involved in supporting this work.
The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

Article Versions (2)

version 2

Revised

Published: 22 May 2025, 14:161

https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.160304.2

version 1

Published: 04 Feb 2025, 14:161

https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.160304.1

© 2025 Akutsu F et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Akutsu F, Sugino S, Watanabe M et al. A highly sensitive enzyme‑linked immunosorbent assay allows accurate measurements of brain‑derived neurotrophic factor levels in human saliva [version 1; peer review: 1 approved with reservations, 1 not approved]. F1000Research 2025, 14:161 (https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.160304.1)

NOTE: If applicable, it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article.

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Open Peer Review

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VERSION 1

PUBLISHED 04 Feb 2025

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Reviewer Report 04 Apr 2025

Elizabeth A Thomas, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA

Approved with Reservations

https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.176178.r371741

The paper “A highly sensitive enzyme‑linked immunosorbent assay allows accurate measurements of brain‑derived neurotrophic factor levels in human saliva” presents important assay details for quantifying BDNF levels in saliva samples. These include spike and recovery data for the saliva matrix, the effects of different saliva collection protocols, linearity of dilution in the saliva matrix, precision and reproducibility of the BDNF measures and information regarding sample stability under long-term storage and the effects of multiple freeze thaws on BDNF detection. These are all essential considerations to show that saliva can be used for BDNF measurements. Saliva is a non-invasive biofluid that has gained recent attention for use in a wide range of human studies; hence knowing assay specifics for quantification of a very popular physiological peptide by ELISA has important consequences for others wanting to measure BDNF in saliva.

The authors list previous studies that have quantified BDNF in human saliva samples and state that “BDNF values reported in these studies varied over a very wide range, indicating that most BDNF measurement methods used thus far had either not the specificity and/or the sensitivity needed to reliably measure BDNF levels in human saliva”. Aside from using different ELISA assays, it is also very likely that these past studies used different saliva collection methods and storage conditions, which the authors show can affect BDNF levels in saliva. Hence, the current findings could possibly explain some of the variability observed in past studies. This is another relevant aspect of the work.

A few other corrections/suggestions:
-In the Introduction, they include Nakagawa et al. (ref 12) and Kikuchi et al., (ref 13) as human saliva studies, when these were carried out in rats. These should be omitted, but there are several other studies that have measured BDNF in saliva samples in humans that could be mentioned.

-In particular, one past study (Mandel A et a., 2011) also had worked out optimized conditions for another BDNF ELISA (although not as in depth as the current paper) and this study should be mentioned somewhere.

-In the Abstract, it is not necessary to mention the mouse study: “Recently, the suitability of a highly sensitive BDNF ELISA assay was validated using mouse plasma and serum where conventional BDNF ELISA fail to detect BDNF”. The fact that it was validated in mouse is not as important as the fact that the assay works well in human saliva.

-The introductory text regarding the origin of plasma/serum-derived BDNF levels is interesting, as the author make the suggestion that BDNF levels measures in blood might not inform about brain dysfunction in humans. Two previous studies (Ikenouchi A et al., 2023 and Gutierrez A et al., 2020). shown that saliva and plasma levels of BDNF are not correlated, possibly suggesting that saliva measures could be more relevant. This is worth mentioning in the Discussion.

-The time frame (i.e. 2 pm to 5 pm) of saliva sample collection should be stated. Also, the amount of saliva (i.e. 1 ml) collected should be stated.

Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature?

Partly
Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound?

Yes
Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others?

Yes
If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate?

Yes
Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility?

Yes
Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results?

Yes

Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed.

Reviewer Expertise: biomarkers, peripheral biofluids (plasma, saliva), neurodegenerative diseases

I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above.

CITE

Report a concern

Author Response 22 May 2025

Fumie Akutsu, FUJIFILM Wako Pure Chemical Corporation, Osaka, Japan

22 May 2025

Author Response

Dear Dr. Thomas,

Please find our responses written below.

Reviewer’s comments:
The paper “A highly sensitive enzyme‑linked immunosorbent assay allows accurate measurements of brain‑derived neurotrophic factor levels in ... Continue reading Dear Dr. Thomas,

Please find our responses written below.

Reviewer’s comments:
The paper “A highly sensitive enzyme‑linked immunosorbent assay allows accurate measurements of brain‑derived neurotrophic factor levels in human saliva” presents important assay details for quantifying BDNF levels in saliva samples. These include spike and recovery data for the saliva matrix, the effects of different saliva collection protocols, linearity of dilution in the saliva matrix, precision and reproducibility of the BDNF measures and information regarding sample stability under long-term storage and the effects of multiple freeze thaws on BDNF detection. These are all essential considerations to show that saliva can be used for BDNF measurements. Saliva is a non-invasive biofluid that has gained recent attention for use in a wide range of human studies; hence knowing assay specifics for quantification of a very popular physiological peptide by ELISA has important consequences for others wanting to measure BDNF in saliva.

The authors list previous studies that have quantified BDNF in human saliva samples and state that “BDNF values reported in these studies varied over a very wide range, indicating that most BDNF measurement methods used thus far had either not the specificity and/or the sensitivity needed to reliably measure BDNF levels in human saliva”. Aside from using different ELISA assays, it is also very likely that these past studies used different saliva collection methods and storage conditions, which the authors show can affect BDNF levels in saliva. Hence, the current findings could possibly explain some of the variability observed in past studies. This is another relevant aspect of the work.

A few other corrections/suggestions:
-In the Introduction, they include Nakagawa et al. (ref 12) and Kikuchi et al., (ref 13) as human saliva studies, when these were carried out in rats. These should be omitted, but there are several other studies that have measured BDNF in saliva samples in humans that could be mentioned.

1. We agree to your comment to remove Nakagawa et al (ref 12) and Kikuchi et al (ref 13), since their studies are not for human but for rat saliva BDNF levels.

We included the Tahiroglu et al. in the Discussion section (new ref 22) as the most recent report discussing measurement of salivary BDNF.

-In particular, one past study (Mandel A et al., 2011) also had worked out optimized conditions for another BDNF ELISA (although not as in depth as the current paper) and this study should be mentioned somewhere.

2. We add some description about Mandel A et al in Discussion: “and significant number (up to 35%) of saliva samples needed to be excluded from the analysis due to the lack of appropriate detection sensitivity in the case of Mandel et al ²⁰.”

-In the Abstract, it is not necessary to mention the mouse study: “Recently, the suitability of a highly sensitive BDNF ELISA assay was validated using mouse plasma and serum where conventional BDNF ELISA fail to detect BDNF”. The fact that it was validated in mouse is not as important as the fact that the assay works well in human saliva.

3. Although the reviewer suggests removing the sentence about the mouse study in the Abstract, we believe this is an important improvement in measurement of BDNF in various samples which was not done by commercially available BDNF assays in the past. So, we would like to keep the sentence in the Abstract as it specifically refers to validation, an all-important aspect. Sensitivity is of course key but so is validation. Readers may be interested to go back to the study we cite in our manuscript and check for themselves what is meant by validation. Briefly, beyond the reduction of the BDNF signal using a BDNF monoclonal antibody not used in the BDNF ELISA. the finding that BDNF levels in mouse plasma and serum are indistinguishable is key. Indeed, the process of platelet degranulation leads to the release of a number of cytokines and growth factors from platelets and the finding that the BDNF values remain unchanged compared with the plasma values is an important aspect of the validation.

-The introductory text regarding the origin of plasma/serum-derived BDNF levels is interesting, as the author make the suggestion that BDNF levels measures in blood might not inform about brain dysfunction in humans. Two previous studies (Ikenouchi A et al., 2023 and Gutierrez A et al., 2020). shown that saliva and plasma levels of BDNF are not correlated, possibly suggesting that saliva measures could be more relevant. This is worth mentioning in the Discussion.

4. Per reviewer’s suggestion, we modify the discussion section: “Obviously, saliva samples can be readily and repeatedly collected for BDNF level determinations and possible correlations explored with various neurological and psychiatric conditions. While the origin of BDNF in saliva is unclear, the study by Ikenouchi et al. ¹² demonstrated that there is no correlation between the levels of mBDNF in saliva and plasma. One possible source of BDNF in saliva samples are the sensory nerves innervating the buccal cavity including the tongue and gingiva as the levels of BDNF in sensory afferents are comparatively high (for review, see 2). Given that it is now possible to measure BDNF levels in human saliva, it would be interesting to know whether BDNF levels in saliva correlate with a range of physiological and pathological conditions of interest using appropriate study designs.”

-The time frame (i.e. 2 pm to 5 pm) of saliva sample collection should be stated. Also, the amount of saliva (i.e. 1 ml) collected should be stated.
Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature?

5. We modify the part about the sample collection by adding the time frame and amount of the saliva sample collection to the original manuscript: All samples were collected in the same afternoon (noon to 5 pm) and then 6 to 10 mL of the samples were aliquoted into 1.5 mL
Dear Dr. Thomas,

Please find our responses written below.

Reviewer’s comments:
The paper “A highly sensitive enzyme‑linked immunosorbent assay allows accurate measurements of brain‑derived neurotrophic factor levels in human saliva” presents important assay details for quantifying BDNF levels in saliva samples. These include spike and recovery data for the saliva matrix, the effects of different saliva collection protocols, linearity of dilution in the saliva matrix, precision and reproducibility of the BDNF measures and information regarding sample stability under long-term storage and the effects of multiple freeze thaws on BDNF detection. These are all essential considerations to show that saliva can be used for BDNF measurements. Saliva is a non-invasive biofluid that has gained recent attention for use in a wide range of human studies; hence knowing assay specifics for quantification of a very popular physiological peptide by ELISA has important consequences for others wanting to measure BDNF in saliva.

The authors list previous studies that have quantified BDNF in human saliva samples and state that “BDNF values reported in these studies varied over a very wide range, indicating that most BDNF measurement methods used thus far had either not the specificity and/or the sensitivity needed to reliably measure BDNF levels in human saliva”. Aside from using different ELISA assays, it is also very likely that these past studies used different saliva collection methods and storage conditions, which the authors show can affect BDNF levels in saliva. Hence, the current findings could possibly explain some of the variability observed in past studies. This is another relevant aspect of the work.

A few other corrections/suggestions:
-In the Introduction, they include Nakagawa et al. (ref 12) and Kikuchi et al., (ref 13) as human saliva studies, when these were carried out in rats. These should be omitted, but there are several other studies that have measured BDNF in saliva samples in humans that could be mentioned.

1. We agree to your comment to remove Nakagawa et al (ref 12) and Kikuchi et al (ref 13), since their studies are not for human but for rat saliva BDNF levels.

We included the Tahiroglu et al. in the Discussion section (new ref 22) as the most recent report discussing measurement of salivary BDNF.

-In particular, one past study (Mandel A et al., 2011) also had worked out optimized conditions for another BDNF ELISA (although not as in depth as the current paper) and this study should be mentioned somewhere.

2. We add some description about Mandel A et al in Discussion: “and significant number (up to 35%) of saliva samples needed to be excluded from the analysis due to the lack of appropriate detection sensitivity in the case of Mandel et al ²⁰.”

-In the Abstract, it is not necessary to mention the mouse study: “Recently, the suitability of a highly sensitive BDNF ELISA assay was validated using mouse plasma and serum where conventional BDNF ELISA fail to detect BDNF”. The fact that it was validated in mouse is not as important as the fact that the assay works well in human saliva.

3. Although the reviewer suggests removing the sentence about the mouse study in the Abstract, we believe this is an important improvement in measurement of BDNF in various samples which was not done by commercially available BDNF assays in the past. So, we would like to keep the sentence in the Abstract as it specifically refers to validation, an all-important aspect. Sensitivity is of course key but so is validation. Readers may be interested to go back to the study we cite in our manuscript and check for themselves what is meant by validation. Briefly, beyond the reduction of the BDNF signal using a BDNF monoclonal antibody not used in the BDNF ELISA. the finding that BDNF levels in mouse plasma and serum are indistinguishable is key. Indeed, the process of platelet degranulation leads to the release of a number of cytokines and growth factors from platelets and the finding that the BDNF values remain unchanged compared with the plasma values is an important aspect of the validation.

-The introductory text regarding the origin of plasma/serum-derived BDNF levels is interesting, as the author make the suggestion that BDNF levels measures in blood might not inform about brain dysfunction in humans. Two previous studies (Ikenouchi A et al., 2023 and Gutierrez A et al., 2020). shown that saliva and plasma levels of BDNF are not correlated, possibly suggesting that saliva measures could be more relevant. This is worth mentioning in the Discussion.

4. Per reviewer’s suggestion, we modify the discussion section: “Obviously, saliva samples can be readily and repeatedly collected for BDNF level determinations and possible correlations explored with various neurological and psychiatric conditions. While the origin of BDNF in saliva is unclear, the study by Ikenouchi et al. ¹² demonstrated that there is no correlation between the levels of mBDNF in saliva and plasma. One possible source of BDNF in saliva samples are the sensory nerves innervating the buccal cavity including the tongue and gingiva as the levels of BDNF in sensory afferents are comparatively high (for review, see 2). Given that it is now possible to measure BDNF levels in human saliva, it would be interesting to know whether BDNF levels in saliva correlate with a range of physiological and pathological conditions of interest using appropriate study designs.”

-The time frame (i.e. 2 pm to 5 pm) of saliva sample collection should be stated. Also, the amount of saliva (i.e. 1 ml) collected should be stated.
Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature?

5. We modify the part about the sample collection by adding the time frame and amount of the saliva sample collection to the original manuscript: All samples were collected in the same afternoon (noon to 5 pm) and then 6 to 10 mL of the samples were aliquoted into 1.5 mL
Competing Interests: FA, MW, SS, and MK are employees of FUJIFILM Wako Pure Chemical Corporation. YB is a consultant of FUJIFILM Wako Pure Chemical Corporation Close
Report a concern
Respond or Comment

COMMENTS ON THIS REPORT

Author Response 22 May 2025

Fumie Akutsu, FUJIFILM Wako Pure Chemical Corporation, Osaka, Japan

22 May 2025

Author Response

Dear Dr. Thomas,

Please find our responses written below.

Reviewer’s comments:
The paper “A highly sensitive enzyme‑linked immunosorbent assay allows accurate measurements of brain‑derived neurotrophic factor levels in ... Continue reading Dear Dr. Thomas,

Please find our responses written below.

Reviewer’s comments:
The paper “A highly sensitive enzyme‑linked immunosorbent assay allows accurate measurements of brain‑derived neurotrophic factor levels in human saliva” presents important assay details for quantifying BDNF levels in saliva samples. These include spike and recovery data for the saliva matrix, the effects of different saliva collection protocols, linearity of dilution in the saliva matrix, precision and reproducibility of the BDNF measures and information regarding sample stability under long-term storage and the effects of multiple freeze thaws on BDNF detection. These are all essential considerations to show that saliva can be used for BDNF measurements. Saliva is a non-invasive biofluid that has gained recent attention for use in a wide range of human studies; hence knowing assay specifics for quantification of a very popular physiological peptide by ELISA has important consequences for others wanting to measure BDNF in saliva.

The authors list previous studies that have quantified BDNF in human saliva samples and state that “BDNF values reported in these studies varied over a very wide range, indicating that most BDNF measurement methods used thus far had either not the specificity and/or the sensitivity needed to reliably measure BDNF levels in human saliva”. Aside from using different ELISA assays, it is also very likely that these past studies used different saliva collection methods and storage conditions, which the authors show can affect BDNF levels in saliva. Hence, the current findings could possibly explain some of the variability observed in past studies. This is another relevant aspect of the work.

A few other corrections/suggestions:
-In the Introduction, they include Nakagawa et al. (ref 12) and Kikuchi et al., (ref 13) as human saliva studies, when these were carried out in rats. These should be omitted, but there are several other studies that have measured BDNF in saliva samples in humans that could be mentioned.

1. We agree to your comment to remove Nakagawa et al (ref 12) and Kikuchi et al (ref 13), since their studies are not for human but for rat saliva BDNF levels.

We included the Tahiroglu et al. in the Discussion section (new ref 22) as the most recent report discussing measurement of salivary BDNF.

-In particular, one past study (Mandel A et al., 2011) also had worked out optimized conditions for another BDNF ELISA (although not as in depth as the current paper) and this study should be mentioned somewhere.

2. We add some description about Mandel A et al in Discussion: “and significant number (up to 35%) of saliva samples needed to be excluded from the analysis due to the lack of appropriate detection sensitivity in the case of Mandel et al ²⁰.”

-In the Abstract, it is not necessary to mention the mouse study: “Recently, the suitability of a highly sensitive BDNF ELISA assay was validated using mouse plasma and serum where conventional BDNF ELISA fail to detect BDNF”. The fact that it was validated in mouse is not as important as the fact that the assay works well in human saliva.

3. Although the reviewer suggests removing the sentence about the mouse study in the Abstract, we believe this is an important improvement in measurement of BDNF in various samples which was not done by commercially available BDNF assays in the past. So, we would like to keep the sentence in the Abstract as it specifically refers to validation, an all-important aspect. Sensitivity is of course key but so is validation. Readers may be interested to go back to the study we cite in our manuscript and check for themselves what is meant by validation. Briefly, beyond the reduction of the BDNF signal using a BDNF monoclonal antibody not used in the BDNF ELISA. the finding that BDNF levels in mouse plasma and serum are indistinguishable is key. Indeed, the process of platelet degranulation leads to the release of a number of cytokines and growth factors from platelets and the finding that the BDNF values remain unchanged compared with the plasma values is an important aspect of the validation.

-The introductory text regarding the origin of plasma/serum-derived BDNF levels is interesting, as the author make the suggestion that BDNF levels measures in blood might not inform about brain dysfunction in humans. Two previous studies (Ikenouchi A et al., 2023 and Gutierrez A et al., 2020). shown that saliva and plasma levels of BDNF are not correlated, possibly suggesting that saliva measures could be more relevant. This is worth mentioning in the Discussion.

4. Per reviewer’s suggestion, we modify the discussion section: “Obviously, saliva samples can be readily and repeatedly collected for BDNF level determinations and possible correlations explored with various neurological and psychiatric conditions. While the origin of BDNF in saliva is unclear, the study by Ikenouchi et al. ¹² demonstrated that there is no correlation between the levels of mBDNF in saliva and plasma. One possible source of BDNF in saliva samples are the sensory nerves innervating the buccal cavity including the tongue and gingiva as the levels of BDNF in sensory afferents are comparatively high (for review, see 2). Given that it is now possible to measure BDNF levels in human saliva, it would be interesting to know whether BDNF levels in saliva correlate with a range of physiological and pathological conditions of interest using appropriate study designs.”

-The time frame (i.e. 2 pm to 5 pm) of saliva sample collection should be stated. Also, the amount of saliva (i.e. 1 ml) collected should be stated.
Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature?

5. We modify the part about the sample collection by adding the time frame and amount of the saliva sample collection to the original manuscript: All samples were collected in the same afternoon (noon to 5 pm) and then 6 to 10 mL of the samples were aliquoted into 1.5 mL
Dear Dr. Thomas,

Please find our responses written below.

Reviewer’s comments:
The paper “A highly sensitive enzyme‑linked immunosorbent assay allows accurate measurements of brain‑derived neurotrophic factor levels in human saliva” presents important assay details for quantifying BDNF levels in saliva samples. These include spike and recovery data for the saliva matrix, the effects of different saliva collection protocols, linearity of dilution in the saliva matrix, precision and reproducibility of the BDNF measures and information regarding sample stability under long-term storage and the effects of multiple freeze thaws on BDNF detection. These are all essential considerations to show that saliva can be used for BDNF measurements. Saliva is a non-invasive biofluid that has gained recent attention for use in a wide range of human studies; hence knowing assay specifics for quantification of a very popular physiological peptide by ELISA has important consequences for others wanting to measure BDNF in saliva.

The authors list previous studies that have quantified BDNF in human saliva samples and state that “BDNF values reported in these studies varied over a very wide range, indicating that most BDNF measurement methods used thus far had either not the specificity and/or the sensitivity needed to reliably measure BDNF levels in human saliva”. Aside from using different ELISA assays, it is also very likely that these past studies used different saliva collection methods and storage conditions, which the authors show can affect BDNF levels in saliva. Hence, the current findings could possibly explain some of the variability observed in past studies. This is another relevant aspect of the work.

A few other corrections/suggestions:
-In the Introduction, they include Nakagawa et al. (ref 12) and Kikuchi et al., (ref 13) as human saliva studies, when these were carried out in rats. These should be omitted, but there are several other studies that have measured BDNF in saliva samples in humans that could be mentioned.

1. We agree to your comment to remove Nakagawa et al (ref 12) and Kikuchi et al (ref 13), since their studies are not for human but for rat saliva BDNF levels.

We included the Tahiroglu et al. in the Discussion section (new ref 22) as the most recent report discussing measurement of salivary BDNF.

-In particular, one past study (Mandel A et al., 2011) also had worked out optimized conditions for another BDNF ELISA (although not as in depth as the current paper) and this study should be mentioned somewhere.

2. We add some description about Mandel A et al in Discussion: “and significant number (up to 35%) of saliva samples needed to be excluded from the analysis due to the lack of appropriate detection sensitivity in the case of Mandel et al ²⁰.”

-In the Abstract, it is not necessary to mention the mouse study: “Recently, the suitability of a highly sensitive BDNF ELISA assay was validated using mouse plasma and serum where conventional BDNF ELISA fail to detect BDNF”. The fact that it was validated in mouse is not as important as the fact that the assay works well in human saliva.

3. Although the reviewer suggests removing the sentence about the mouse study in the Abstract, we believe this is an important improvement in measurement of BDNF in various samples which was not done by commercially available BDNF assays in the past. So, we would like to keep the sentence in the Abstract as it specifically refers to validation, an all-important aspect. Sensitivity is of course key but so is validation. Readers may be interested to go back to the study we cite in our manuscript and check for themselves what is meant by validation. Briefly, beyond the reduction of the BDNF signal using a BDNF monoclonal antibody not used in the BDNF ELISA. the finding that BDNF levels in mouse plasma and serum are indistinguishable is key. Indeed, the process of platelet degranulation leads to the release of a number of cytokines and growth factors from platelets and the finding that the BDNF values remain unchanged compared with the plasma values is an important aspect of the validation.

-The introductory text regarding the origin of plasma/serum-derived BDNF levels is interesting, as the author make the suggestion that BDNF levels measures in blood might not inform about brain dysfunction in humans. Two previous studies (Ikenouchi A et al., 2023 and Gutierrez A et al., 2020). shown that saliva and plasma levels of BDNF are not correlated, possibly suggesting that saliva measures could be more relevant. This is worth mentioning in the Discussion.

4. Per reviewer’s suggestion, we modify the discussion section: “Obviously, saliva samples can be readily and repeatedly collected for BDNF level determinations and possible correlations explored with various neurological and psychiatric conditions. While the origin of BDNF in saliva is unclear, the study by Ikenouchi et al. ¹² demonstrated that there is no correlation between the levels of mBDNF in saliva and plasma. One possible source of BDNF in saliva samples are the sensory nerves innervating the buccal cavity including the tongue and gingiva as the levels of BDNF in sensory afferents are comparatively high (for review, see 2). Given that it is now possible to measure BDNF levels in human saliva, it would be interesting to know whether BDNF levels in saliva correlate with a range of physiological and pathological conditions of interest using appropriate study designs.”

-The time frame (i.e. 2 pm to 5 pm) of saliva sample collection should be stated. Also, the amount of saliva (i.e. 1 ml) collected should be stated.
Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature?

5. We modify the part about the sample collection by adding the time frame and amount of the saliva sample collection to the original manuscript: All samples were collected in the same afternoon (noon to 5 pm) and then 6 to 10 mL of the samples were aliquoted into 1.5 mL
Competing Interests: FA, MW, SS, and MK are employees of FUJIFILM Wako Pure Chemical Corporation. YB is a consultant of FUJIFILM Wako Pure Chemical Corporation Close
Report a concern

Views

Reviewer Report 24 Feb 2025

Bijorn Omar Balzamino, IRCCS Fondazione Bietti, Rome, Italy

Not Approved

https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.176178.r367703

Report
1. Importance of the idea.

In this short paper the authors analyze the effectiveness of a new ELISA kit for BDNF, using saliva as sample.
Unfortunately, the idea is not new and

Report
1. Importance of the idea.

In this short paper the authors analyze the effectiveness of a new ELISA kit for BDNF, using saliva as sample.
Unfortunately, the idea is not new and there are several kits on the market for the analysis of BDNF from, which have also been used for the study of BDNF in saliva (see Nakagawa et al., 2019; Ye et al., 2020, Jasim et al., 2020; Kikuchi et al., 2020; Zappella et al., 2021; Biamonte et al., 2022 and Zhang et al., 2024) for example.
The method section is well written so for statistical results.

2. Recommending a Revision and Resubmission:

I think that the entire work should be set up differently, specifying better how other kits already exist on the market and how the BDNF has already been evaluated with these kits, therefore it’s more likely to describe a comparison between them.
The results and discussion are well written and justified, the only thing that is not well illustrated is the abstract part where it is said that BDNF is not detectable in saliva, and this, as previously stated, is not true.

Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature?

Partly
Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound?

Yes
Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others?

Yes
If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate?

Yes
Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility?

Partly
Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results?

Partly

References

1. Nakagawa Y, To M, Saruta J, Yamamoto Y, et al.: Effect of social isolation stress on saliva BDNF in rat.J Oral Sci. 2019; 61 (4): 516-520 PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
2. Ye D, Gajendra S, Lawyer G, Jadeja N, et al.: Inflammatory biomarkers and growth factors in saliva and gingival crevicular fluid of e-cigarette users, cigarette smokers, and dual smokers: A pilot study.J Periodontol. 2020; 91 (10): 1274-1283 PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
3. Jasim H, Ghafouri B, Carlsson A, Hedenberg-Magnusson B, et al.: Daytime changes of salivary biomarkers involved in pain.J Oral Rehabil. 2020; 47 (7): 843-850 PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
4. Kikuchi T, Sakaguchi W, Saruta J, Yamamoto Y, et al.: Hypertriglyceridemia-induced brain-derived neurotrophic factor in rat submandibular glands.J Oral Biosci. 2020; 62 (4): 327-335 PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
5. Zappella M, Biamonte F, Balzamino BO, Manieri R, et al.: Relaxation Response in Stressed Volunteers: Psychometric Tests and Neurotrophin Changes in Biological Fluids.Front Psychiatry. 2021; 12: 655453 PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
6. Biamonte F, Re A, Balzamino BO, Ciasca G, et al.: Circulating and Salivary NGF and BDNF Levels in SARS-CoV-2 Infection: Potential Predictor Biomarkers of COVID-19 Disease-Preliminary Data.J Pers Med. 2022; 12 (11). PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text

Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed.

I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to state that I do not consider it to be of an acceptable scientific standard, for reasons outlined above.

CITE

Report a concern

Author Response 28 Feb 2025

Fumie Akutsu, FUJIFILM Wako Pure Chemical Corporation, Osaka, Japan

28 Feb 2025

Author Response

Dear reviewer,

“We never claimed that measuring BDNF levels in human saliva is a new idea. Our intention was instead to demonstrate that this is a feasible objective using ... Continue reading Dear reviewer,

“We never claimed that measuring BDNF levels in human saliva is a new idea. Our intention was instead to demonstrate that this is a feasible objective using a BDNF ELISA kit that has the necessary sensitivity and specificity. Our study confirmed the results of just one previous, recent study using the same BDNF ELISA kit by Ikenouchi and colleagues. This kit is the one BDNF ELISA kit that has been fully validated in a previous study (PMID: 37173369) in which Want and colleagues thoroughly documents both the specificity and sensitivity of this ELISA kit. The other BDNF ELISA kits mentioned by the reviewer report values that are implausibly high for BDNF levels in human saliva, with no demonstration of specificity. We hope that these additional comments will help clarifying what appears to be a misunderstanding about the objective of our study.”

In order to clarify our intention, we will modify the Conclusion to:

Our results indicate that the BDNF ELISA kit previously validated both with regard to specificity and sensitivity (Want et al.) ⁹ can be used to accurately determine the minute amounts of BDNF present in human saliva. These results also confirm those recently published by Ikenouchi and colleagues ¹¹ using the very same BDNF ELISA kit. Correlations can now be readily explored between BDNF levels in human saliva and a range of physiological and pathological conditions of interest, including exercise, ageing, depression and neurodegeneration.

We would appreciate your kind review.
Dear reviewer,

“We never claimed that measuring BDNF levels in human saliva is a new idea. Our intention was instead to demonstrate that this is a feasible objective using a BDNF ELISA kit that has the necessary sensitivity and specificity. Our study confirmed the results of just one previous, recent study using the same BDNF ELISA kit by Ikenouchi and colleagues. This kit is the one BDNF ELISA kit that has been fully validated in a previous study (PMID: 37173369) in which Want and colleagues thoroughly documents both the specificity and sensitivity of this ELISA kit. The other BDNF ELISA kits mentioned by the reviewer report values that are implausibly high for BDNF levels in human saliva, with no demonstration of specificity. We hope that these additional comments will help clarifying what appears to be a misunderstanding about the objective of our study.”

In order to clarify our intention, we will modify the Conclusion to:

Our results indicate that the BDNF ELISA kit previously validated both with regard to specificity and sensitivity (Want et al.) ⁹ can be used to accurately determine the minute amounts of BDNF present in human saliva. These results also confirm those recently published by Ikenouchi and colleagues ¹¹ using the very same BDNF ELISA kit. Correlations can now be readily explored between BDNF levels in human saliva and a range of physiological and pathological conditions of interest, including exercise, ageing, depression and neurodegeneration.

We would appreciate your kind review.
Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Close
Report a concern
Author Response 22 May 2025

Fumie Akutsu, FUJIFILM Wako Pure Chemical Corporation, Osaka, Japan

22 May 2025

Author Response

Dear Dr. Thomas,

Please find our responses written below.

Reviewer’s comments:
The paper “A highly sensitive enzyme‑linked immunosorbent assay allows accurate measurements of brain‑derived neurotrophic factor levels in ... Continue reading Dear Dr. Thomas,

Please find our responses written below.

Reviewer’s comments:
The paper “A highly sensitive enzyme‑linked immunosorbent assay allows accurate measurements of brain‑derived neurotrophic factor levels in human saliva” presents important assay details for quantifying BDNF levels in saliva samples. These include spike and recovery data for the saliva matrix, the effects of different saliva collection protocols, linearity of dilution in the saliva matrix, precision and reproducibility of the BDNF measures and information regarding sample stability under long-term storage and the effects of multiple freeze thaws on BDNF detection. These are all essential considerations to show that saliva can be used for BDNF measurements. Saliva is a non-invasive biofluid that has gained recent attention for use in a wide range of human studies; hence knowing assay specifics for quantification of a very popular physiological peptide by ELISA has important consequences for others wanting to measure BDNF in saliva.

The authors list previous studies that have quantified BDNF in human saliva samples and state that “BDNF values reported in these studies varied over a very wide range, indicating that most BDNF measurement methods used thus far had either not the specificity and/or the sensitivity needed to reliably measure BDNF levels in human saliva”. Aside from using different ELISA assays, it is also very likely that these past studies used different saliva collection methods and storage conditions, which the authors show can affect BDNF levels in saliva. Hence, the current findings could possibly explain some of the variability observed in past studies. This is another relevant aspect of the work.

A few other corrections/suggestions:
-In the Introduction, they include Nakagawa et al. (ref 12) and Kikuchi et al., (ref 13) as human saliva studies, when these were carried out in rats. These should be omitted, but there are several other studies that have measured BDNF in saliva samples in humans that could be mentioned.

à We agree to your comment to remove Nakagawa et al (ref 12) and Kikuchi et al (ref 13), since their studies are not for human but for rat saliva BDNF levels.

We included the Tahiroglu et al. in the Discussion section (new ref 22) as the most recent report discussing measurement of salivary BDNF.

-In particular, one past study (Mandel A et al., 2011) also had worked out optimized conditions for another BDNF ELISA (although not as in depth as the current paper) and this study should be mentioned somewhere.

à We add some description about Mandel A et al in Discussion: “and significant number (up to 35%) of saliva samples needed to be excluded from the analysis due to the lack of appropriate detection sensitivity in the case of Mandel et al ²⁰.”

-In the Abstract, it is not necessary to mention the mouse study: “Recently, the suitability of a highly sensitive BDNF ELISA assay was validated using mouse plasma and serum where conventional BDNF ELISA fail to detect BDNF”. The fact that it was validated in mouse is not as important as the fact that the assay works well in human saliva.

à Although the reviewer suggests removing the sentence about the mouse study in the Abstract, we believe this is an important improvement in measurement of BDNF in various samples which was not done by commercially available BDNF assays in the past. So, we would like to keep the sentence in the Abstract as it specifically refers to validation, an all-important aspect. Sensitivity is of course key but so is validation. Readers may be interested to go back to the study we cite in our manuscript and check for themselves what is meant by validation. Briefly, beyond the reduction of the BDNF signal using a BDNF monoclonal antibody not used in the BDNF ELISA. the finding that BDNF levels in mouse plasma and serum are indistinguishable is key. Indeed, the process of platelet degranulation leads to the release of a number of cytokines and growth factors from platelets and the finding that the BDNF values remain unchanged compared with the plasma values is an important aspect of the validation.

-The introductory text regarding the origin of plasma/serum-derived BDNF levels is interesting, as the author make the suggestion that BDNF levels measures in blood might not inform about brain dysfunction in humans. Two previous studies (Ikenouchi A et al., 2023 and Gutierrez A et al., 2020). shown that saliva and plasma levels of BDNF are not correlated, possibly suggesting that saliva measures could be more relevant. This is worth mentioning in the Discussion.

à Per reviewer’s suggestion, we modify the discussion section: “Obviously, saliva samples can be readily and repeatedly collected for BDNF level determinations and possible correlations explored with various neurological and psychiatric conditions. While the origin of BDNF in saliva is unclear, the study by Ikenouchi et al. ¹² demonstrated that there is no correlation between the levels of mBDNF in saliva and plasma. One possible source of BDNF in saliva samples are the sensory nerves innervating the buccal cavity including the tongue and gingiva as the levels of BDNF in sensory afferents are comparatively high (for review, see 2). Given that it is now possible to measure BDNF levels in human saliva, it would be interesting to know whether BDNF levels in saliva correlate with a range of physiological and pathological conditions of interest using appropriate study designs.”

-The time frame (i.e. 2 pm to 5 pm) of saliva sample collection should be stated. Also, the amount of saliva (i.e. 1 ml) collected should be stated.
Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature?

à We modify the part about the sample collection by adding the time frame and amount of the saliva sample collection to the original manuscript: All samples were collected in the same afternoon (noon to 5 pm) and then 6 to 10 mL of the samples were aliquoted into 1.5 mL
Dear Dr. Thomas,

Please find our responses written below.

Reviewer’s comments:
The paper “A highly sensitive enzyme‑linked immunosorbent assay allows accurate measurements of brain‑derived neurotrophic factor levels in human saliva” presents important assay details for quantifying BDNF levels in saliva samples. These include spike and recovery data for the saliva matrix, the effects of different saliva collection protocols, linearity of dilution in the saliva matrix, precision and reproducibility of the BDNF measures and information regarding sample stability under long-term storage and the effects of multiple freeze thaws on BDNF detection. These are all essential considerations to show that saliva can be used for BDNF measurements. Saliva is a non-invasive biofluid that has gained recent attention for use in a wide range of human studies; hence knowing assay specifics for quantification of a very popular physiological peptide by ELISA has important consequences for others wanting to measure BDNF in saliva.

The authors list previous studies that have quantified BDNF in human saliva samples and state that “BDNF values reported in these studies varied over a very wide range, indicating that most BDNF measurement methods used thus far had either not the specificity and/or the sensitivity needed to reliably measure BDNF levels in human saliva”. Aside from using different ELISA assays, it is also very likely that these past studies used different saliva collection methods and storage conditions, which the authors show can affect BDNF levels in saliva. Hence, the current findings could possibly explain some of the variability observed in past studies. This is another relevant aspect of the work.

A few other corrections/suggestions:
-In the Introduction, they include Nakagawa et al. (ref 12) and Kikuchi et al., (ref 13) as human saliva studies, when these were carried out in rats. These should be omitted, but there are several other studies that have measured BDNF in saliva samples in humans that could be mentioned.

à We agree to your comment to remove Nakagawa et al (ref 12) and Kikuchi et al (ref 13), since their studies are not for human but for rat saliva BDNF levels.

We included the Tahiroglu et al. in the Discussion section (new ref 22) as the most recent report discussing measurement of salivary BDNF.

-In particular, one past study (Mandel A et al., 2011) also had worked out optimized conditions for another BDNF ELISA (although not as in depth as the current paper) and this study should be mentioned somewhere.

à We add some description about Mandel A et al in Discussion: “and significant number (up to 35%) of saliva samples needed to be excluded from the analysis due to the lack of appropriate detection sensitivity in the case of Mandel et al ²⁰.”

-In the Abstract, it is not necessary to mention the mouse study: “Recently, the suitability of a highly sensitive BDNF ELISA assay was validated using mouse plasma and serum where conventional BDNF ELISA fail to detect BDNF”. The fact that it was validated in mouse is not as important as the fact that the assay works well in human saliva.

à Although the reviewer suggests removing the sentence about the mouse study in the Abstract, we believe this is an important improvement in measurement of BDNF in various samples which was not done by commercially available BDNF assays in the past. So, we would like to keep the sentence in the Abstract as it specifically refers to validation, an all-important aspect. Sensitivity is of course key but so is validation. Readers may be interested to go back to the study we cite in our manuscript and check for themselves what is meant by validation. Briefly, beyond the reduction of the BDNF signal using a BDNF monoclonal antibody not used in the BDNF ELISA. the finding that BDNF levels in mouse plasma and serum are indistinguishable is key. Indeed, the process of platelet degranulation leads to the release of a number of cytokines and growth factors from platelets and the finding that the BDNF values remain unchanged compared with the plasma values is an important aspect of the validation.

-The introductory text regarding the origin of plasma/serum-derived BDNF levels is interesting, as the author make the suggestion that BDNF levels measures in blood might not inform about brain dysfunction in humans. Two previous studies (Ikenouchi A et al., 2023 and Gutierrez A et al., 2020). shown that saliva and plasma levels of BDNF are not correlated, possibly suggesting that saliva measures could be more relevant. This is worth mentioning in the Discussion.

à Per reviewer’s suggestion, we modify the discussion section: “Obviously, saliva samples can be readily and repeatedly collected for BDNF level determinations and possible correlations explored with various neurological and psychiatric conditions. While the origin of BDNF in saliva is unclear, the study by Ikenouchi et al. ¹² demonstrated that there is no correlation between the levels of mBDNF in saliva and plasma. One possible source of BDNF in saliva samples are the sensory nerves innervating the buccal cavity including the tongue and gingiva as the levels of BDNF in sensory afferents are comparatively high (for review, see 2). Given that it is now possible to measure BDNF levels in human saliva, it would be interesting to know whether BDNF levels in saliva correlate with a range of physiological and pathological conditions of interest using appropriate study designs.”

-The time frame (i.e. 2 pm to 5 pm) of saliva sample collection should be stated. Also, the amount of saliva (i.e. 1 ml) collected should be stated.
Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature?

à We modify the part about the sample collection by adding the time frame and amount of the saliva sample collection to the original manuscript: All samples were collected in the same afternoon (noon to 5 pm) and then 6 to 10 mL of the samples were aliquoted into 1.5 mL
Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Close
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COMMENTS ON THIS REPORT

Author Response 28 Feb 2025

Fumie Akutsu, FUJIFILM Wako Pure Chemical Corporation, Osaka, Japan

28 Feb 2025

Author Response

Dear reviewer,

“We never claimed that measuring BDNF levels in human saliva is a new idea. Our intention was instead to demonstrate that this is a feasible objective using ... Continue reading Dear reviewer,

“We never claimed that measuring BDNF levels in human saliva is a new idea. Our intention was instead to demonstrate that this is a feasible objective using a BDNF ELISA kit that has the necessary sensitivity and specificity. Our study confirmed the results of just one previous, recent study using the same BDNF ELISA kit by Ikenouchi and colleagues. This kit is the one BDNF ELISA kit that has been fully validated in a previous study (PMID: 37173369) in which Want and colleagues thoroughly documents both the specificity and sensitivity of this ELISA kit. The other BDNF ELISA kits mentioned by the reviewer report values that are implausibly high for BDNF levels in human saliva, with no demonstration of specificity. We hope that these additional comments will help clarifying what appears to be a misunderstanding about the objective of our study.”

In order to clarify our intention, we will modify the Conclusion to:

Our results indicate that the BDNF ELISA kit previously validated both with regard to specificity and sensitivity (Want et al.) ⁹ can be used to accurately determine the minute amounts of BDNF present in human saliva. These results also confirm those recently published by Ikenouchi and colleagues ¹¹ using the very same BDNF ELISA kit. Correlations can now be readily explored between BDNF levels in human saliva and a range of physiological and pathological conditions of interest, including exercise, ageing, depression and neurodegeneration.

We would appreciate your kind review.
Dear reviewer,

“We never claimed that measuring BDNF levels in human saliva is a new idea. Our intention was instead to demonstrate that this is a feasible objective using a BDNF ELISA kit that has the necessary sensitivity and specificity. Our study confirmed the results of just one previous, recent study using the same BDNF ELISA kit by Ikenouchi and colleagues. This kit is the one BDNF ELISA kit that has been fully validated in a previous study (PMID: 37173369) in which Want and colleagues thoroughly documents both the specificity and sensitivity of this ELISA kit. The other BDNF ELISA kits mentioned by the reviewer report values that are implausibly high for BDNF levels in human saliva, with no demonstration of specificity. We hope that these additional comments will help clarifying what appears to be a misunderstanding about the objective of our study.”

In order to clarify our intention, we will modify the Conclusion to:

Our results indicate that the BDNF ELISA kit previously validated both with regard to specificity and sensitivity (Want et al.) ⁹ can be used to accurately determine the minute amounts of BDNF present in human saliva. These results also confirm those recently published by Ikenouchi and colleagues ¹¹ using the very same BDNF ELISA kit. Correlations can now be readily explored between BDNF levels in human saliva and a range of physiological and pathological conditions of interest, including exercise, ageing, depression and neurodegeneration.

We would appreciate your kind review.
Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Close
Report a concern
Author Response 22 May 2025

Fumie Akutsu, FUJIFILM Wako Pure Chemical Corporation, Osaka, Japan

22 May 2025

Author Response

Dear Dr. Thomas,

Please find our responses written below.

Reviewer’s comments:
The paper “A highly sensitive enzyme‑linked immunosorbent assay allows accurate measurements of brain‑derived neurotrophic factor levels in ... Continue reading Dear Dr. Thomas,

Please find our responses written below.

Reviewer’s comments:
The paper “A highly sensitive enzyme‑linked immunosorbent assay allows accurate measurements of brain‑derived neurotrophic factor levels in human saliva” presents important assay details for quantifying BDNF levels in saliva samples. These include spike and recovery data for the saliva matrix, the effects of different saliva collection protocols, linearity of dilution in the saliva matrix, precision and reproducibility of the BDNF measures and information regarding sample stability under long-term storage and the effects of multiple freeze thaws on BDNF detection. These are all essential considerations to show that saliva can be used for BDNF measurements. Saliva is a non-invasive biofluid that has gained recent attention for use in a wide range of human studies; hence knowing assay specifics for quantification of a very popular physiological peptide by ELISA has important consequences for others wanting to measure BDNF in saliva.

The authors list previous studies that have quantified BDNF in human saliva samples and state that “BDNF values reported in these studies varied over a very wide range, indicating that most BDNF measurement methods used thus far had either not the specificity and/or the sensitivity needed to reliably measure BDNF levels in human saliva”. Aside from using different ELISA assays, it is also very likely that these past studies used different saliva collection methods and storage conditions, which the authors show can affect BDNF levels in saliva. Hence, the current findings could possibly explain some of the variability observed in past studies. This is another relevant aspect of the work.

A few other corrections/suggestions:
-In the Introduction, they include Nakagawa et al. (ref 12) and Kikuchi et al., (ref 13) as human saliva studies, when these were carried out in rats. These should be omitted, but there are several other studies that have measured BDNF in saliva samples in humans that could be mentioned.

à We agree to your comment to remove Nakagawa et al (ref 12) and Kikuchi et al (ref 13), since their studies are not for human but for rat saliva BDNF levels.

We included the Tahiroglu et al. in the Discussion section (new ref 22) as the most recent report discussing measurement of salivary BDNF.

-In particular, one past study (Mandel A et al., 2011) also had worked out optimized conditions for another BDNF ELISA (although not as in depth as the current paper) and this study should be mentioned somewhere.

à We add some description about Mandel A et al in Discussion: “and significant number (up to 35%) of saliva samples needed to be excluded from the analysis due to the lack of appropriate detection sensitivity in the case of Mandel et al ²⁰.”

-In the Abstract, it is not necessary to mention the mouse study: “Recently, the suitability of a highly sensitive BDNF ELISA assay was validated using mouse plasma and serum where conventional BDNF ELISA fail to detect BDNF”. The fact that it was validated in mouse is not as important as the fact that the assay works well in human saliva.

à Although the reviewer suggests removing the sentence about the mouse study in the Abstract, we believe this is an important improvement in measurement of BDNF in various samples which was not done by commercially available BDNF assays in the past. So, we would like to keep the sentence in the Abstract as it specifically refers to validation, an all-important aspect. Sensitivity is of course key but so is validation. Readers may be interested to go back to the study we cite in our manuscript and check for themselves what is meant by validation. Briefly, beyond the reduction of the BDNF signal using a BDNF monoclonal antibody not used in the BDNF ELISA. the finding that BDNF levels in mouse plasma and serum are indistinguishable is key. Indeed, the process of platelet degranulation leads to the release of a number of cytokines and growth factors from platelets and the finding that the BDNF values remain unchanged compared with the plasma values is an important aspect of the validation.

-The introductory text regarding the origin of plasma/serum-derived BDNF levels is interesting, as the author make the suggestion that BDNF levels measures in blood might not inform about brain dysfunction in humans. Two previous studies (Ikenouchi A et al., 2023 and Gutierrez A et al., 2020). shown that saliva and plasma levels of BDNF are not correlated, possibly suggesting that saliva measures could be more relevant. This is worth mentioning in the Discussion.

à Per reviewer’s suggestion, we modify the discussion section: “Obviously, saliva samples can be readily and repeatedly collected for BDNF level determinations and possible correlations explored with various neurological and psychiatric conditions. While the origin of BDNF in saliva is unclear, the study by Ikenouchi et al. ¹² demonstrated that there is no correlation between the levels of mBDNF in saliva and plasma. One possible source of BDNF in saliva samples are the sensory nerves innervating the buccal cavity including the tongue and gingiva as the levels of BDNF in sensory afferents are comparatively high (for review, see 2). Given that it is now possible to measure BDNF levels in human saliva, it would be interesting to know whether BDNF levels in saliva correlate with a range of physiological and pathological conditions of interest using appropriate study designs.”

-The time frame (i.e. 2 pm to 5 pm) of saliva sample collection should be stated. Also, the amount of saliva (i.e. 1 ml) collected should be stated.
Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature?

à We modify the part about the sample collection by adding the time frame and amount of the saliva sample collection to the original manuscript: All samples were collected in the same afternoon (noon to 5 pm) and then 6 to 10 mL of the samples were aliquoted into 1.5 mL
Dear Dr. Thomas,

Please find our responses written below.

Reviewer’s comments:
The paper “A highly sensitive enzyme‑linked immunosorbent assay allows accurate measurements of brain‑derived neurotrophic factor levels in human saliva” presents important assay details for quantifying BDNF levels in saliva samples. These include spike and recovery data for the saliva matrix, the effects of different saliva collection protocols, linearity of dilution in the saliva matrix, precision and reproducibility of the BDNF measures and information regarding sample stability under long-term storage and the effects of multiple freeze thaws on BDNF detection. These are all essential considerations to show that saliva can be used for BDNF measurements. Saliva is a non-invasive biofluid that has gained recent attention for use in a wide range of human studies; hence knowing assay specifics for quantification of a very popular physiological peptide by ELISA has important consequences for others wanting to measure BDNF in saliva.

The authors list previous studies that have quantified BDNF in human saliva samples and state that “BDNF values reported in these studies varied over a very wide range, indicating that most BDNF measurement methods used thus far had either not the specificity and/or the sensitivity needed to reliably measure BDNF levels in human saliva”. Aside from using different ELISA assays, it is also very likely that these past studies used different saliva collection methods and storage conditions, which the authors show can affect BDNF levels in saliva. Hence, the current findings could possibly explain some of the variability observed in past studies. This is another relevant aspect of the work.

A few other corrections/suggestions:
-In the Introduction, they include Nakagawa et al. (ref 12) and Kikuchi et al., (ref 13) as human saliva studies, when these were carried out in rats. These should be omitted, but there are several other studies that have measured BDNF in saliva samples in humans that could be mentioned.

à We agree to your comment to remove Nakagawa et al (ref 12) and Kikuchi et al (ref 13), since their studies are not for human but for rat saliva BDNF levels.

We included the Tahiroglu et al. in the Discussion section (new ref 22) as the most recent report discussing measurement of salivary BDNF.

-In particular, one past study (Mandel A et al., 2011) also had worked out optimized conditions for another BDNF ELISA (although not as in depth as the current paper) and this study should be mentioned somewhere.

à We add some description about Mandel A et al in Discussion: “and significant number (up to 35%) of saliva samples needed to be excluded from the analysis due to the lack of appropriate detection sensitivity in the case of Mandel et al ²⁰.”

-In the Abstract, it is not necessary to mention the mouse study: “Recently, the suitability of a highly sensitive BDNF ELISA assay was validated using mouse plasma and serum where conventional BDNF ELISA fail to detect BDNF”. The fact that it was validated in mouse is not as important as the fact that the assay works well in human saliva.

à Although the reviewer suggests removing the sentence about the mouse study in the Abstract, we believe this is an important improvement in measurement of BDNF in various samples which was not done by commercially available BDNF assays in the past. So, we would like to keep the sentence in the Abstract as it specifically refers to validation, an all-important aspect. Sensitivity is of course key but so is validation. Readers may be interested to go back to the study we cite in our manuscript and check for themselves what is meant by validation. Briefly, beyond the reduction of the BDNF signal using a BDNF monoclonal antibody not used in the BDNF ELISA. the finding that BDNF levels in mouse plasma and serum are indistinguishable is key. Indeed, the process of platelet degranulation leads to the release of a number of cytokines and growth factors from platelets and the finding that the BDNF values remain unchanged compared with the plasma values is an important aspect of the validation.

-The introductory text regarding the origin of plasma/serum-derived BDNF levels is interesting, as the author make the suggestion that BDNF levels measures in blood might not inform about brain dysfunction in humans. Two previous studies (Ikenouchi A et al., 2023 and Gutierrez A et al., 2020). shown that saliva and plasma levels of BDNF are not correlated, possibly suggesting that saliva measures could be more relevant. This is worth mentioning in the Discussion.

à Per reviewer’s suggestion, we modify the discussion section: “Obviously, saliva samples can be readily and repeatedly collected for BDNF level determinations and possible correlations explored with various neurological and psychiatric conditions. While the origin of BDNF in saliva is unclear, the study by Ikenouchi et al. ¹² demonstrated that there is no correlation between the levels of mBDNF in saliva and plasma. One possible source of BDNF in saliva samples are the sensory nerves innervating the buccal cavity including the tongue and gingiva as the levels of BDNF in sensory afferents are comparatively high (for review, see 2). Given that it is now possible to measure BDNF levels in human saliva, it would be interesting to know whether BDNF levels in saliva correlate with a range of physiological and pathological conditions of interest using appropriate study designs.”

-The time frame (i.e. 2 pm to 5 pm) of saliva sample collection should be stated. Also, the amount of saliva (i.e. 1 ml) collected should be stated.
Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature?

à We modify the part about the sample collection by adding the time frame and amount of the saliva sample collection to the original manuscript: All samples were collected in the same afternoon (noon to 5 pm) and then 6 to 10 mL of the samples were aliquoted into 1.5 mL
Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Close
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Version 2

VERSION 2 PUBLISHED 04 Feb 2025

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Version 2 (revision) 22 May 25	read	read	read	read
Version 1 04 Feb 25	read	read

Bijorn Omar Balzamino, IRCCS Fondazione Bietti, Rome, Italy
Elizabeth A Thomas, University of California Irvine, Irvine, USA
Sedat Yildiz, University of Inonu, Malatya, Turkey
Emad Al-Dujaili, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK

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3 Views

22 Jul 2025 | for Version 2

Emad Al-Dujaili, Queens Research Medical Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Honorary Professor, UK

3 Views Cite this report Responses(0)

Approved With Reservations

The assay seems to be very well conducted and followed the guidelines to develop and evaluate an immunoassay method. I have the following the comments

The researcher does not have to freeze and thaw 4 times. He must prepare aliquots and use one at a time!
Add some important results to the abstract such as the specificity and sensitivity.
Collection and handling of saliva samples were properly conducted; however, the number of participants was small.
What is the lower detection limit and sensitivity of this ELISA?
Is there some specificity data performed? I did not see any.
In the abstract, the authors said that saliva samples were collected by a passive drool method. However, in the results, they use the Salivette made of cotton (Sartstedt, Nümbrecht, Germany) and SalivaBio Infant Swab (Salimetrics, PA, USA). These methods are different! Can the authors explain?
The discussion is short and require further clarifications. The nature of the volunteers, and samples from males verses females etc. What are the applications of this assay?

Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature?

Yes
Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound?

Yes
Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others?

Partly
If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate?

Not applicable
Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility?

Yes
Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results?

Yes

Competing Interests

No competing interests were disclosed.

Reviewer Expertise

BiochemistryNutrition and DieteticsNutritional Biochemistry, EndocrinologyPharmacy

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9 Views

28 Jun 2025 | for Version 2

Sedat Yildiz, University of Inonu, Malatya, Turkey

9 Views Cite this report Responses(0)

Approved

I thank to the authors for this simple yet important presentation. As BDNF is associated with many physiological/pathological functions in the body, its non-invasive determination in saliva samples provides a valuable tool for reasearch and developments in associated areas.

The authors have used FUJIFILM Wako's chemiluminescence assay. Although features of this assay is given in the website of the producer, some details need to be given in this manuscript. These are:
1. Please provide reference curve that you have obtained and used for calculation of the results. The readership would like to see the shape of that curve. My imagination, after reading the data in the commercial website, is that the curve is very linear and suitable for determination of low levels of BDNF (such as in saliva).
2. Please provide cross-reactivity of the antibody/test towards the similar molecules such as NGF-beta and NT, as presented in the commercial website. This will help readership to understand specificity of the antibody/test.
3. Please provide the data about the specific recognition of BDNF by the test as revealed by the BDNF knockout mice. This further provides data about reliability of the test developed.
4. Please state (in materials methods section, under mmeasurement of BDNF) thar this test is a chemiluminescence test. So that, the readership can understand it is a sensitive test kit.
5. If it is feasable to you, please provide data that increased saliva level does not result in an interference in the assay. Although dilution study is quite parallel, we need to know matrix effect as the standards are prepared in buffer instead of saliva or artificial saliva. In order to solve this issue, please add increasing amounts of saliva to reference curve and check whether the linearity and parallelism with original standard curve continues. If it is not feasible for you, you can omit this comment.

There are some othe minor corrections that needed to be carried out:
1. In the abstract section, please remove "see discussion" part as it is not necessary in the abstarct
2. In the abstract section, beginf the results with the mean levels of the BDNF, rather than the validation data. Please provide the levels first, then the validation. Because, as a reader, I would like to see the real/quantitative results in the saliva, as it is said to be very low compared to the blood samples.
3.In the results section, please add the reference curve first, as explained above.
4. In the discussion section, please use a a careful language when referring to the products of the other companies. In that respect, in terms of research oriented kits, no one should expect similar levels accross the products of the different companies. Because, this generally is due to the purity and structure of the test types. But this does not mean that the other test kits are not able to measure the analyte. The level might be different but the measurement might be more accurate. As far as I understand from the producer's web site, this kit is not a "diagnostically approved kit". Therefore, "different levels accross the companies" should not be the backbone of the discussion section. Rather, the usability of these test kits might be discussed or the areas where all these test kits might be used should be explained more.
4.In the first sentence of the discussion, rather than using "confirm", please use "provides evidence" as there should be much more comprehensive studies that the data presented in the current study.
5. In the discussion section, please remove the term "notoriously" as it is not an academic explanation. Please use more direct language like "... detection by the methods like Western blots".
6. Please use a careful language for the test kits that use polyclonal antibodies. Because, in ELISA, sometimes the best results are obtained by the use of polyclonal antibodies or cocktail of the monoclonal antibodies.
7. In conclusions section, please remove "...thus confirming ...". There is no need for the last part of this sentence. There should not be a "confirming" situation taking into account the variables in the test systems and biology itself.
8. Please remove the words "readily" from the conclusion section. Instead, the terms "easily" or "non-invasively" should be preferred.

Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature?

Yes
Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound?

Yes
Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others?

Yes
If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate?

Yes
Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility?

Yes
Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results?

Yes

Competing Interests

No competing interests were disclosed.

Reviewer Expertise

Immunoassay development, stress physiology, antibody production, assay validation, antibody or antigen tagging with enzymes, immunoaffinity purification,

I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard.

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7 Views

09 Jun 2025 | for Version 2

Bijorn Omar Balzamino, IRCCS Fondazione Bietti, Rome, Italy

7 Views Cite this report Responses(0)

Not Approved

The author claims that other kits show very variable values of bdnf in saliva, according to him, very high and therefore influenced by various factors, including the non-specificity of the kit used.
I appreciate the author's response, but I still can't understand how he can justify that this product is more specific than an R&D mab248 duo-set for example. Any kit used for research has a certificate of specificity of the marker, specifying no cross-reactivity with other similar markers. if the author then wants to make this kit usable in diagnostics, the results must be demonstrated differently.

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No competing interests were disclosed.

Reviewer Expertise

Research and development laboratory for biochemical, molecular and cellular applications in ophthalmological sciences

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Reviewer Report

6 Views

06 Jun 2025 | for Version 2

Elizabeth A Thomas, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA

6 Views Cite this report Responses(0)

Approved

I have no further comments.

Competing Interests

No competing interests were disclosed.

Reviewer Expertise

biomarkers, peripheral biofluids (plasma, saliva), neurodegenerative diseases

I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard.

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Reviewer Report

34 Views

04 Apr 2025 | for Version 1

Elizabeth A Thomas, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA

34 Views Cite this report Responses(1)

Approved With Reservations

Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature?

Partly
Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound?

Yes
Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others?

Yes
If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate?

Yes
Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility?

Yes
Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results?

Yes

Competing Interests

No competing interests were disclosed.

Reviewer Expertise

biomarkers, peripheral biofluids (plasma, saliva), neurodegenerative diseases

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Author Response

22 May 2025

Fumie Akutsu, FUJIFILM Wako Pure Chemical Corporation, Osaka, Japan

Dear Dr. Thomas,

Please find our responses written below.

Reviewer’s comments:
The paper “A highly sensitive enzyme‑linked immunosorbent assay allows accurate measurements of brain‑derived neurotrophic factor levels in human saliva” presents important assay details for quantifying BDNF levels in saliva samples. These include spike and recovery data for the saliva matrix, the effects of different saliva collection protocols, linearity of dilution in the saliva matrix, precision and reproducibility of the BDNF measures and information regarding sample stability under long-term storage and the effects of multiple freeze thaws on BDNF detection. These are all essential considerations to show that saliva can be used for BDNF measurements. Saliva is a non-invasive biofluid that has gained recent attention for use in a wide range of human studies; hence knowing assay specifics for quantification of a very popular physiological peptide by ELISA has important consequences for others wanting to measure BDNF in saliva.

The authors list previous studies that have quantified BDNF in human saliva samples and state that “BDNF values reported in these studies varied over a very wide range, indicating that most BDNF measurement methods used thus far had either not the specificity and/or the sensitivity needed to reliably measure BDNF levels in human saliva”. Aside from using different ELISA assays, it is also very likely that these past studies used different saliva collection methods and storage conditions, which the authors show can affect BDNF levels in saliva. Hence, the current findings could possibly explain some of the variability observed in past studies. This is another relevant aspect of the work.

A few other corrections/suggestions:
-In the Introduction, they include Nakagawa et al. (ref 12) and Kikuchi et al., (ref 13) as human saliva studies, when these were carried out in rats. These should be omitted, but there are several other studies that have measured BDNF in saliva samples in humans that could be mentioned.

1. We agree to your comment to remove Nakagawa et al (ref 12) and Kikuchi et al (ref 13), since their studies are not for human but for rat saliva BDNF levels.

We included the Tahiroglu et al. in the Discussion section (new ref 22) as the most recent report discussing measurement of salivary BDNF.

-In particular, one past study (Mandel A et al., 2011) also had worked out optimized conditions for another BDNF ELISA (although not as in depth as the current paper) and this study should be mentioned somewhere.

2. We add some description about Mandel A et al in Discussion: “and significant number (up to 35%) of saliva samples needed to be excluded from the analysis due to the lack of appropriate detection sensitivity in the case of Mandel et al ²⁰.”

-In the Abstract, it is not necessary to mention the mouse study: “Recently, the suitability of a highly sensitive BDNF ELISA assay was validated using mouse plasma and serum where conventional BDNF ELISA fail to detect BDNF”. The fact that it was validated in mouse is not as important as the fact that the assay works well in human saliva.

3. Although the reviewer suggests removing the sentence about the mouse study in the Abstract, we believe this is an important improvement in measurement of BDNF in various samples which was not done by commercially available BDNF assays in the past. So, we would like to keep the sentence in the Abstract as it specifically refers to validation, an all-important aspect. Sensitivity is of course key but so is validation. Readers may be interested to go back to the study we cite in our manuscript and check for themselves what is meant by validation. Briefly, beyond the reduction of the BDNF signal using a BDNF monoclonal antibody not used in the BDNF ELISA. the finding that BDNF levels in mouse plasma and serum are indistinguishable is key. Indeed, the process of platelet degranulation leads to the release of a number of cytokines and growth factors from platelets and the finding that the BDNF values remain unchanged compared with the plasma values is an important aspect of the validation.

-The introductory text regarding the origin of plasma/serum-derived BDNF levels is interesting, as the author make the suggestion that BDNF levels measures in blood might not inform about brain dysfunction in humans. Two previous studies (Ikenouchi A et al., 2023 and Gutierrez A et al., 2020). shown that saliva and plasma levels of BDNF are not correlated, possibly suggesting that saliva measures could be more relevant. This is worth mentioning in the Discussion.

4. Per reviewer’s suggestion, we modify the discussion section: “Obviously, saliva samples can be readily and repeatedly collected for BDNF level determinations and possible correlations explored with various neurological and psychiatric conditions. While the origin of BDNF in saliva is unclear, the study by Ikenouchi et al. ¹² demonstrated that there is no correlation between the levels of mBDNF in saliva and plasma. One possible source of BDNF in saliva samples are the sensory nerves innervating the buccal cavity including the tongue and gingiva as the levels of BDNF in sensory afferents are comparatively high (for review, see 2). Given that it is now possible to measure BDNF levels in human saliva, it would be interesting to know whether BDNF levels in saliva correlate with a range of physiological and pathological conditions of interest using appropriate study designs.”

-The time frame (i.e. 2 pm to 5 pm) of saliva sample collection should be stated. Also, the amount of saliva (i.e. 1 ml) collected should be stated.
Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature?

5. We modify the part about the sample collection by adding the time frame and amount of the saliva sample collection to the original manuscript: All samples were collected in the same afternoon (noon to 5 pm) and then 6 to 10 mL of the samples were aliquoted into 1.5 mL

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Competing Interests

FA, MW, SS, and MK are employees of FUJIFILM Wako Pure Chemical Corporation. YB is a consultant of FUJIFILM Wako Pure Chemical Corporation

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Reviewer Report

32 Views

24 Feb 2025 | for Version 1

Bijorn Omar Balzamino, IRCCS Fondazione Bietti, Rome, Italy

32 Views Cite this report Responses(2)

Not Approved

Report
1. Importance of the idea.

In this short paper the authors analyze the effectiveness of a new ELISA kit for BDNF, using saliva as sample.
Unfortunately, the idea is not new and there are several kits on the market for the analysis of BDNF from, which have also been used for the study of BDNF in saliva (see Nakagawa et al., 2019; Ye et al., 2020, Jasim et al., 2020; Kikuchi et al., 2020; Zappella et al., 2021; Biamonte et al., 2022 and Zhang et al., 2024) for example.
The method section is well written so for statistical results.

2. Recommending a Revision and Resubmission:

I think that the entire work should be set up differently, specifying better how other kits already exist on the market and how the BDNF has already been evaluated with these kits, therefore it’s more likely to describe a comparison between them.
The results and discussion are well written and justified, the only thing that is not well illustrated is the abstract part where it is said that BDNF is not detectable in saliva, and this, as previously stated, is not true.

Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature?

Partly
Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound?

Yes
Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others?

Yes
If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate?

Yes
Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility?

Partly
Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results?

Partly

References

Competing Interests

No competing interests were disclosed.

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Responses (2)

Author Response

28 Feb 2025

Fumie Akutsu, FUJIFILM Wako Pure Chemical Corporation, Osaka, Japan

Dear reviewer,

“We never claimed that measuring BDNF levels in human saliva is a new idea. Our intention was instead to demonstrate that this is a feasible objective using a BDNF ELISA kit that has the necessary sensitivity and specificity. Our study confirmed the results of just one previous, recent study using the same BDNF ELISA kit by Ikenouchi and colleagues. This kit is the one BDNF ELISA kit that has been fully validated in a previous study (PMID: 37173369) in which Want and colleagues thoroughly documents both the specificity and sensitivity of this ELISA kit. The other BDNF ELISA kits mentioned by the reviewer report values that are implausibly high for BDNF levels in human saliva, with no demonstration of specificity. We hope that these additional comments will help clarifying what appears to be a misunderstanding about the objective of our study.”

In order to clarify our intention, we will modify the Conclusion to:

Our results indicate that the BDNF ELISA kit previously validated both with regard to specificity and sensitivity (Want et al.) ⁹ can be used to accurately determine the minute amounts of BDNF present in human saliva. These results also confirm those recently published by Ikenouchi and colleagues ¹¹ using the very same BDNF ELISA kit. Correlations can now be readily explored between BDNF levels in human saliva and a range of physiological and pathological conditions of interest, including exercise, ageing, depression and neurodegeneration.

We would appreciate your kind review.

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Competing Interests

No competing interests were disclosed.

Author Response

22 May 2025

Fumie Akutsu, FUJIFILM Wako Pure Chemical Corporation, Osaka, Japan

Dear Dr. Thomas,

Please find our responses written below.

Reviewer’s comments:
The paper “A highly sensitive enzyme‑linked immunosorbent assay allows accurate measurements of brain‑derived neurotrophic factor levels in human saliva” presents important assay details for quantifying BDNF levels in saliva samples. These include spike and recovery data for the saliva matrix, the effects of different saliva collection protocols, linearity of dilution in the saliva matrix, precision and reproducibility of the BDNF measures and information regarding sample stability under long-term storage and the effects of multiple freeze thaws on BDNF detection. These are all essential considerations to show that saliva can be used for BDNF measurements. Saliva is a non-invasive biofluid that has gained recent attention for use in a wide range of human studies; hence knowing assay specifics for quantification of a very popular physiological peptide by ELISA has important consequences for others wanting to measure BDNF in saliva.

The authors list previous studies that have quantified BDNF in human saliva samples and state that “BDNF values reported in these studies varied over a very wide range, indicating that most BDNF measurement methods used thus far had either not the specificity and/or the sensitivity needed to reliably measure BDNF levels in human saliva”. Aside from using different ELISA assays, it is also very likely that these past studies used different saliva collection methods and storage conditions, which the authors show can affect BDNF levels in saliva. Hence, the current findings could possibly explain some of the variability observed in past studies. This is another relevant aspect of the work.

A few other corrections/suggestions:
-In the Introduction, they include Nakagawa et al. (ref 12) and Kikuchi et al., (ref 13) as human saliva studies, when these were carried out in rats. These should be omitted, but there are several other studies that have measured BDNF in saliva samples in humans that could be mentioned.

à We agree to your comment to remove Nakagawa et al (ref 12) and Kikuchi et al (ref 13), since their studies are not for human but for rat saliva BDNF levels.

We included the Tahiroglu et al. in the Discussion section (new ref 22) as the most recent report discussing measurement of salivary BDNF.

-In particular, one past study (Mandel A et al., 2011) also had worked out optimized conditions for another BDNF ELISA (although not as in depth as the current paper) and this study should be mentioned somewhere.

à We add some description about Mandel A et al in Discussion: “and significant number (up to 35%) of saliva samples needed to be excluded from the analysis due to the lack of appropriate detection sensitivity in the case of Mandel et al ²⁰.”

-In the Abstract, it is not necessary to mention the mouse study: “Recently, the suitability of a highly sensitive BDNF ELISA assay was validated using mouse plasma and serum where conventional BDNF ELISA fail to detect BDNF”. The fact that it was validated in mouse is not as important as the fact that the assay works well in human saliva.

à Although the reviewer suggests removing the sentence about the mouse study in the Abstract, we believe this is an important improvement in measurement of BDNF in various samples which was not done by commercially available BDNF assays in the past. So, we would like to keep the sentence in the Abstract as it specifically refers to validation, an all-important aspect. Sensitivity is of course key but so is validation. Readers may be interested to go back to the study we cite in our manuscript and check for themselves what is meant by validation. Briefly, beyond the reduction of the BDNF signal using a BDNF monoclonal antibody not used in the BDNF ELISA. the finding that BDNF levels in mouse plasma and serum are indistinguishable is key. Indeed, the process of platelet degranulation leads to the release of a number of cytokines and growth factors from platelets and the finding that the BDNF values remain unchanged compared with the plasma values is an important aspect of the validation.

-The introductory text regarding the origin of plasma/serum-derived BDNF levels is interesting, as the author make the suggestion that BDNF levels measures in blood might not inform about brain dysfunction in humans. Two previous studies (Ikenouchi A et al., 2023 and Gutierrez A et al., 2020). shown that saliva and plasma levels of BDNF are not correlated, possibly suggesting that saliva measures could be more relevant. This is worth mentioning in the Discussion.

à Per reviewer’s suggestion, we modify the discussion section: “Obviously, saliva samples can be readily and repeatedly collected for BDNF level determinations and possible correlations explored with various neurological and psychiatric conditions. While the origin of BDNF in saliva is unclear, the study by Ikenouchi et al. ¹² demonstrated that there is no correlation between the levels of mBDNF in saliva and plasma. One possible source of BDNF in saliva samples are the sensory nerves innervating the buccal cavity including the tongue and gingiva as the levels of BDNF in sensory afferents are comparatively high (for review, see 2). Given that it is now possible to measure BDNF levels in human saliva, it would be interesting to know whether BDNF levels in saliva correlate with a range of physiological and pathological conditions of interest using appropriate study designs.”

-The time frame (i.e. 2 pm to 5 pm) of saliva sample collection should be stated. Also, the amount of saliva (i.e. 1 ml) collected should be stated.
Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature?

à We modify the part about the sample collection by adding the time frame and amount of the saliva sample collection to the original manuscript: All samples were collected in the same afternoon (noon to 5 pm) and then 6 to 10 mL of the samples were aliquoted into 1.5 mL

View more View less

Competing Interests

No competing interests were disclosed.

Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article:

Approved - the paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested

Approved with reservations - A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit.

Not approved - fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions

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A highly sensitive enzyme‑linked immunosorbent assay allows accurate measurements of brain‑derived neurotrophic factor levels in human saliva

Abstract

Background

Methods

Results

Conclusions

Keywords

Introduction

Methods

Samples

Measurement of BDNF

Results

Spike test

Table 1. Recovery of spiked BDNF in saliva samples.

Dilution linearity test

Figure 1. Dilution linearity test.

Precision

Table 2. Assay precision of the mBDNF ELISA.

Sample stability

Table 3. Long term stability of BDNF in saliva.

Repeated freeze and thawing test

Figure 2. Effect of freeze and thaw cycles for the stability of BDNF in saliva samples.

Evaluation of sample collection methods

Table 4. mBDNF recovery from swab samples.

Discussion

Conclusion

Ethical considerations

Author contributions

Roles

Data availability

References

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