The influence of tantalum oxide nanoparticle on thermal conductivity and tear strength after addition on maxillofacial silicone

saif Ali Mousa; Zainab Saleh Abdullah

doi:10.12688/f1000research.159001.1

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Research Article

The influence of tantalum oxide nanoparticle on thermal conductivity and tear strength after addition on maxillofacial silicone

[version 1; peer review: 1 approved, 1 approved with reservations]

saif Ali Mousa ¹, Zainab Saleh Abdullah¹

PUBLISHED 11 Feb 2025

Author details Author details

¹ Department of Prosthodontic, College of Dentistry, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Baghdad Governorate, 10011, Iraq

saif Ali Mousa
Roles: Data Curation, Funding Acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Resources, Software, Validation, Visualization, Writing – Review & Editing

Zainab Saleh Abdullah
Roles: Supervision

OPEN PEER REVIEW

REVIEWER STATUS

This article is included in the Nanoscience & Nanotechnology gateway.

Abstract

Background

Maxillofacial prosthetic materials exhibit a range of qualities that vary considerably, including the hardness and stiffness of alloys and polymers, as well as the flexibility of elastomers and soft polymers. Silicone elastomers are the primary materials employed for maxillofacial prostheses due to their physical properties, which allow for adaptation to the movement of soft tissue. They also exhibit exceptional tensile and tear strength across a broad temperature range. The addition of nanoparticle enhance thermal and tear strength of maxillofacial silicon.

This study estimates the influence of addition tantalum oxide nanoparticle on thermal conductivity and tear strength after addition on maxillofacial silicone.

Method

Tantalum oxide nanoparticles were added into VST-50F platinum silicone elastomer at two weight percentages: 1wt% and 1.5wt%. 60 specimens were prepared and classified into two groups: one control group for each property and two experimental groups. All collected data underwent statistical analysis by one-way ANOVA and Bonferroni’s multiple comparison test, with significance set at p < 0.05. The Shapiro-Wilk test and Bartlett’s test were employed to assess the normality and homogeneity of the data, respectively.

Result

The one-way ANOVA test found a very significant difference between all groups, while Bonferroni’s test revealed a highly significant difference between the control and experimental groups. Thermal conductivity test found no significant difference between the 1wt% and 1.5wt% groups, however the tear strength test was highly significant.

Conclusions

The addition tantalum oxide nano particles improve tear strength and thermal conductivity.

Keywords

Tantalum oxide (Ta2O5), VST-50F silicone elastomer, thermal conductivity, tear strength.

Corresponding author: saif Ali Mousa

Competing interests: No competing interests were disclosed.

Grant information: The author(s) declared that no grants were involved in supporting this work.

Copyright: © 2025 Ali Mousa s and Abdullah ZS. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The author(s) is/are employees of the US Government and therefore domestic copyright protection in USA does not apply to this work. The work may be protected under the copyright laws of other jurisdictions when used in those jurisdictions.

How to cite: Ali Mousa s and Abdullah ZS. The influence of tantalum oxide nanoparticle on thermal conductivity and tear strength after addition on maxillofacial silicone [version 1; peer review: 1 approved, 1 approved with reservations]. F1000Research 2025, 14:189 (https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.159001.1) First published: 11 Feb 2025, 14:189 (https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.159001.1) Latest published: 22 Apr 2025, 14:189 (https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.159001.3)

Introduction

The branch of prosthodontics known as maxillofacial prosthetics is concerned with replacing and restoring both stomatognathic and related facial features with artificial replacements that may or may not be removed.¹

Using maxillofacial prostheses for facial restoration, these patients could improve their functional rehabilitation, restore their appearance, correct speech difficulties, and support their mental health, allowing them to resume their social connections.^2,3

Over time, when the maxillofacial prosthesis touches human skin, it might absorb sweat and sebum.⁴

The efficiency of maxillofacial prosthesis materials used for facial defect reconstruction is restricted by appropriate mechanical and physical properties, as well as the capacity to maintain these features over the prosthesis’s service life, as they must not be inflammatory or carcinogenic. Maxillofacial prostheses used to rehabilitate individuals with face deformities can deteriorate and discolor due to ambient exposure to ultraviolet (U.V.) radiation, air pollution, and increases in humidity.⁵

The translucency of silicone is the primary advantage, facilitating color matching with the patient’s missing structure. Silicone exhibits biocompatibility, color stability, and controllability. Silicone exhibits exceptional thermal stability and maintains color fidelity when subjected to ultraviolet light, is aesthetically pleasing, biologically inert, and maintains physical and chemical qualities across a broad temperature range.⁶

The primary disadvantage of silicon is its early deterioration due to a variety of variables, including handling, hygiene, air pollution, and temperature changes, even though VST-50 (R.T.V.) maxillofacial silicone has several promising qualities. Additionally, when different disinfection techniques are used as part of the prosthesis maintenance regimen, silicone’s extremely porous nature may cause discoloration. Additionally, when different disinfection techniques are used as part of the prosthesis maintenance regimen, silicone’s extremely porous nature may cause discoloration.^7,8

Silicone prostheses can be cleaned using a variety of methods, including mechanical cleaning with manual brushing or hand washing with neutral soap and chemical cleaning with nontoxic disinfectants.⁹

The main drawback of silicone material is the significant risk of early deterioration, which might manifest as lower tear strength, a reasonably fitting margin, material discoloration, and a modified texture. As a result, silicone elastomers are typically reinforced with fillers to improve their mechanical qualities. The efficiency of fillers is connected to their features, such as particle form and size, as well as the strength of filler-polymer interaction, which enhances the degree of crosslinking.¹⁰

While materials with low heat conductivity are referred to as insulators, those with high thermal conductivity are considered good conductors. Elastomers’ mechanical qualities and thermal stabilities are enhanced by the fillers in addition to their thermal conductivity.^11–13

The clinically significant tear strength property is paramount for achieving aesthetic results, precise marginal adaptation, and integrity, all of which are essential for maxillofacial prostheses to integrate seamlessly with surrounding tissues; thus, specialized margins are required to connect the prosthesis with the patient’s tissues. Nonetheless, slender edges yield exceedingly delicate margins that can fracture during processing. Insufficient tear strength may lead to margin degradation during the removal of facial prostheses for maintenance. Improved tear strength signifies that the prosthesis can be fabricated with a refined finishing line that blends naturally with the skin, concealing the prosthesis’s edge.^14,15

The addition of nanoparticle-like tantalum oxide (Ta₂O₅) may improve the maxillofacial silicon’s tear strength, thermal conductivity, and other characteristics. Apatite has formed and nucleated on the surface of tantalum metal due to its bioactivity and affinity for phosphate groups. Furthermore, it has been discovered that tantalum oxide is bioactive, encouraging the formation of hydroxyapatite and the attachment of osteoblasts. Because of their great workability and fracture toughness, tantalum oxide and metal alloys containing tantalum have been used in the medical and dentistry fields. Because of these characteristics, tantalum is being researched for potential application in dentistry and has been added to materials made of polymers.^16,17

Hypothesis of study: Thermal conductivity and tear strength do not vary by the addition of Ta₂O₅ nanoparticles, according to the null hypothesis (H0). Thermal conductivity and tear strength may be varied by the addition of Ta₂O₅ nanoparticles, according to the alternative hypothesis (H1).

Methods

Tantalum oxide (Ta₂O₅) (Sky Spring Nanomaterials, U.S.A.) and VST-50F room temperature vulcanized silicone (Factor II Inc., U.S.A.) were used.

The Ta₂O₅ particles were confirmed to be at the nanoscale using a particle size analyzer, and the effective diameter was (70.2 nm).

Pilot study

A pilot study was conducted on various percentages of nanoparticles incorporated into maxillofacial silicone to evaluate their effects, after which the optimal percentage enhancing tear strength and thermal conductivity will be determined. Following the identification of the two most suitable percentages of modified maxillofacial silicone from the pilot study, new specimens will be fabricated for utilization in the main investigation, employing the tests of tear strength and thermal conductivity.

Specimen grouping

A total of 60 specimens were produced and classified into two groups according to the tests (tear strength and thermal conductivity), with each group comprising 30 specimens. Group A, designated as the control group, contained 0% Ta₂O₅ nanofiller, while groups B and C, referred to as experimental groups, contained 1 wt% and 1.5 wt% Ta₂O₅ nanofiller, respectively.

Mold fabrication

Three transparent acrylic sheets (the matrix, bottom, and cover) with a thickness of 2 ± 0.05 mm were produced. The matrix sheet for the tear strength test was constructed with an unticked edge and a 90° angle on one side, featuring tab ends. In contrast, the thermal conductivity test matrix was designed with disco-shaped perforations measuring 40 mm in diameter and 2.5 mm in thickness. These were affixed to the bottom sheet using chloroform as an adhesive to prevent movement during the silicone pouring process. Utilizing CorelDraw 2020 software for mold design and employing a C.N.C. machine for fabrication. Clamps, screws, and nuts were additionally used for enhanced tightness at the peripheries.¹⁸

Fabrication and conditioning of the specimens

The specimens of the control subgroup were prepared and combined at a base-to-catalyst ratio of 10:1 (w/w), following the manufacturer’s guidelines. A vacuum mixer was employed to blend the mixture for 5 minutes at a speed of 140 ± 10 rpm at a vacuum of -10 bar (-28 inches Hg).

All specimens from the experimental subgroup were mixed in a manner analogous to the control subgroups, with the same mixing ratio but incorporating nano Ta₂O₅ filler with a clean spatula. The silicone elastomer base was incorporated and mixed without vacuum for three minutes to prevent powder suction, followed by activation of the vacuum mixer for seven minutes at a speed of 140 ± 10 rpm with a vacuum pressure of -10 bar to eliminate air bubbles. The mixture was subsequently permitted to cool for 5 minutes. The catalyst was subsequently incorporated into the base-filler combination and blended for five minutes. The mixture was put into the mold, and the cover was secured over it. The mold was secured using screws, nuts, and G-clamps. The mixture was allowed to cure at (23°C ± 2°C) for 4 hours per the manufacturer’s guidelines. The specimens were maintained at 20-25°C with 50 ± 10% humidity for 16 hours before testing, in accordance with ISO 23529:2016.^18,19

Experimental tests

Test for tear strength

The specimens, constructed in accordance with ISO 34-1 (2022) specifications, featured an unticked design with a 90° angle on one side and tab ends. They were subjected to testing using a universal testing machine to evaluate tear initiation at a stress concentration point positioned at the 90° apex. The thickness is 2 ± 0.2 mm.²⁰

The tear strength, measured in N/mm, was determined using the subsequent equation. (ISO 34-1, 2022):

Ts (Tear strength) = f / d - - - - - - - - - - - - (2 - 2)

Where:

f: The maximum force required for complete rupturing of the sample at the apex (kN). d: The average thickness of the tested specimen in (millimeters).²⁰

Test for thermal conductivity

All samples were prepared with the Hot Disc apparatus. The specimen must exhibit a flat and smooth surface, with disc samples measuring 40 mm in radius and 6 mm in thickness (ISO 22007-2, 2022). The transient plane heat source (T.P.S.) thermal conductivity tester device (model: Skz1061C) was used to perform the test (ISO 22007-2, 2022). This apparatus employs a double helical plane probe inscribed with alloy sheets. The plane probe must be positioned between two specimens and secured with a fastening. The probe functions as both a heat source and a sensor. The power bridge technique is employed to measure the specimen by detecting voltage variations on the probe. The acquired data is subsequently transmitted to computer software for analysis and processing, ultimately yielding thermal conductivity. The thermal conductivity was assessed in (W/m.k.).²¹

Where:

W represents watt.

m is meter.

k is kelvin.

Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy (FTIR)

FTIR (IRAffinity-1 laser product, Shimadzu, Japan) was employed to ascertain whether there was a chemical interaction between the silicone substance and the Ta₂O₅ nanoparticles. Three samples, one from each group, were examined. (Control, 1 wt% and 1.5 wt%). The resolution was at 400-4000 cm⁻¹.

Statistical analysis

The study’s results were assessed using SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, version 24) software, employing one-way ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) to compare the mean values of the examined groups. The significance of the difference between the two tested groups was assessed using Bonferroni’s multiple comparisons test. The Shapiro-Wilk test was employed to assess the normality of data distribution, while Bartlett’s test was utilized to evaluate the homogeneity of variances.

P values of >0.05 were considered statistically non-significant (N.S.), P values of ≤0.05 were considered statistically significant (S), and P values of ≤0.01 were considered highly significant.

Results

FTIR Results: The addition of Ta₂O₅ did not alter the spectral range of VST-50F silicone, indicating no chemical interaction, as shown in Figure 3. One test sample was evaluated in order to compare it with the control group; the FTIR was simply utilized to verify whether or not there was a chemical reaction.

Figure 1. Particle size analyzer for tantalum oxide nanoparticle.

Figure 2. A: Samples poured in tear Mold. B: Sample tested in Universal testing machine. C: Material ready for poured in thermals mold. D: Samples for thermal test. E: The mold is secured with screws, nuts, and G-clamps after pouring the mixed silicone inside.

Figure 3. A, FTIR of control specimen; B, FTIR of 1.5 wt% Ta₂O₅ specimen, revealing there is no chemical interaction.

The X-axis refers to Wavenumber cm-1, Y-axis refers to Transmittance %.

Figure 4. Bar chart of the mean and standard deviation of tear strength for studied groups.

Figure 5. Bar chart of the mean and standard deviation of thermal conductivity for studied groups.

Tear strength test results

The Shapiro-Wilk test revealed a normal distribution of data around the mean (P value > 0.05) ( Table 1).

Table 1. Shapiro-wilk test of normality.

Shapiro-wilk	Control	1 wt% Ta₂O₅	1.5 wt% Ta₂O₅
W	0.9510	0.9400	0.9514
P value	0.6803	0.5533	0.6850
Sig	ns	ns	ns

The descriptive statistic revealed an increase in the mean value as the concentration of Ta₂O₅ increased, as shown in Table 2.

Table 2. Descriptive statistics of tear strength test.

Groups	No.	Min.	Max.	Mean	± SD	± SE	Lower 95% confidence interval of mean	Upper 95% confidence interval of mean
Control	10	22.00	24.00	23.17	0.6165	0.1950	22.73	23.61
1 wt% Ta₂O₅	10	24.30	26.80	25.23	0.7747	0.2450	24.68	25.78
1.5 wt% Ta₂O₅	10	25.50	27.30	26.25	0.5817	0.1839	25.83	26.67

One-way ANOVA test revealed a highly significant difference in the mean values among all groups (P < 0.01) ( Table 3).

Table 3. One-way ANOVA analysis of variance among groups.

	Sum of squares	D.F.	Mean squares	F	P value
Between groups	49.23	2	24.62	56.01	P<0.0001Hs
Within groups	11.87	27	0.4395
Total	61.10	29

To choose the type of multiple comparisons, Bonferroni’s multiple comparisons test was used to assess the homogeneity of variances, and Bartlett’s test was used ( Table 4).

Table 4. Bartlett’s test for tear strength test.

Bartlett’s statistic	P value	P value summary
0.8184	0.6642	ns

Bonferroni’s multiple comparison tests revealed a highly significant difference between groups (P < 0.01) ( Table 5).

Table 5. Bonferroni’s multiple comparisons test for tear strength test.

	M.D.	P value
control vs. 1% Ta₂O₅	-2.060	<0.0001 H. sig
control vs. 1.5% Ta₂O₅	-3.080	<0.0001 H. sig
1% Ta₂O₅ vs. 1.5% Ta₂O₅	-1.020	0.0057 ns

Thermal conductivity test results

The Shapiro-Wilk test revealed a normal distribution of data around the mean (P value > 0.05) ( Table 6).

Table 6. Shapiro-wilk test of normality.

Shapiro-wilk	Control	1 wt% Ta₂O₅	1.5 wt% Ta₂O₅
W	0.9318	0.8944	0.8880
P value	0.4656	0.1901	0.1612
Sig	ns	ns	Ns

The descriptive statistic revealed an increase in the mean value as the concentration of Ta₂O₅ increased, as shown in Table 7.

Table 7. Descriptive statistics of the thermal conductivity test.

Groups	No.	Min.	Max.	Mean	± SD	± SE	A lower 95% confidence interval of the mean	Upper 95% confidence interval of mean
Control	10	0.2110	0.2300	0.2214	0.006851	0.002166	0.2165	0.2263
1 wt% Ta₂O₅	10	0.2180	0.2410	0.2333	0.006567	0.002077	0.2286	0.2380
1.5 wt% Ta₂O₅	10	0.2220	0.2530	0.2408	0.009887	0.003126	0.2337	0.2479

One-way ANOVA test revealed a highly significant difference in the mean values among all groups (P < 0.01) ( Table 8).

Table 8. One-way ANOVA analysis of variance among groups.

	Sum of squares	D.F.	Mean squares	F	P value
Between groups	0.001918	2	0.0009588	15.32	P<0.0001Hs
Within groups	0.001690	27	6.260e-005
Total	0.003608	29

Bonferroni’s multiple comparisons test was used to assess the homogeneity of variances, and Bartlett’s test was used to choose the type of multiple comparisons ( Table 9).

Table 9. Bartlett’s test for thermal conductivity test.

Bartlett’s statistic	P value	P value summary
1.846	0.3974	Ns

Bonferroni’s multiple comparisons tests revealed a highly significant difference between the control and experimental groups (P < 0.01), except there was No significant difference between 1 wt% group and 1.5 wt% group at (P > 0.05) ( Table 10).

Table 10. Bonferroni’s multiple comparisons test for thermal conductivity test.

	M.D.	P value
control vs. 1% Ta₂O₅	-0.01190	0.0070 Hs
control vs. 1.5% Ta₂O₅	-0.01942	<0.0001 Hs
1% Ta₂O₅ vs. 1.5% Ta₂O₅	-0.007520	0.1286 ns

Discussion

Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy

Both before and after the addition of Ta₂O₅ nanoparticles, FTIR analyses were carried out. There was no chemical reaction since the spectral range did not change before or after the addition. Fillers and silicone interact to produce the main interaction in this instance, which is characterized as a physical reaction (hydrogen bond or Van der Waals bond). This interaction showed up as a modest alteration in the light transmittance of the silicone matrix and a change in the vibration of preexisting bonds. This demonstrates that since no novel chemical substance was created.²²

Tear strength test

As compared to the control group, the results of the tear strength test showed improvements in tear strength for both experimental groups (1 wt% and 1.5 wt% Ta₂O₅), and its proportion raised in direct proportion to the percentage increase (highly significant). Thus, the alternate theory was approved. By forming three-dimensional networks inside the polymer matrix, nanoparticles can physically trap certain polymer chains, resulting in filler meshes inside the polymer matrix. The contact between the nanoparticles and the polymer matrix prevents the polymer chains from moving against the nanoparticles or against each other. Consequently, the density and tear strength increase.¹⁹

Rubber materials possess the capability to dissipate strain energy at the point of crack development. Consequently, when the break propagates, nanoparticles may distribute their energy, so enhancing the material’s resistance to rupture.²²

Thermal conductivity test

The thermal conductivity test findings indicated improvements in thermal conductivity for both experimental groups (1 wt% and 1.5 wt% Ta₂O₅) relative to the control group, with the proportionate increase corresponding directly to the percentage increase. The null hypothesis was dismissed.

The substantial rise in thermal conductivity values may result from the progressive interaction of particles forming a network arrangement termed heat conductive pathways. This channel facilitates heat flow from one side of the specimen to the other, overcoming the insulating properties of the polymer. Consequently, the polymer will exhibit elevated heat conductivity.²³

Furthermore, this phenomenon could be explained by the compact structure of composites. A compact structure of composites with superior heat conductivity over pure polymers is produced as the particles are added to the matrix, taking on the role of gaps and reducing the free volume (air-filled voids).²³

Conclusions

The addition of Ta₂O₅ powder to VST-50F maxillofacial silicon elastomer will improve the tear strength and heat conductivity of silicon, and this improvement appears to be concentration-dependent, according to the study’s limits. Ta₂O₅ nanoparticles could be added to colored VST-50F RTV silicone elastomers to investigate their effects and assess how they affect the bacterial biofilm’s adherence to the silicones in the maxillofacial region. Another idea that might be investigated is assessing the artificial aging of VST-50F RTV maxillofacial silicone following the inclusion of Ta₂O₅ Nano powder.

Ethics and consent

Ethical approval and consent were not required.

Data availability

Underlying data

figshare: “The influence of tantalum oxide nanoparticle on thermal conductivity and tear strength after addition on maxillofacial silicone”. Doi: https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.28060640.v1.²⁴

This project contains the following underlying data:

• FTIR
• Particle size analyzer of Ta₂O₅
• raw data of thermal conductivity and tear strength
• pictures

Data are available under the terms of the Creative Commons Zero “No rights reserved” data waiver (CC0 1.0 Public domain dedication).

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Version 3

VERSION 3 PUBLISHED 11 Feb 2025

Author details Author details

¹ Department of Prosthodontic, College of Dentistry, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Baghdad Governorate, 10011, Iraq

saif Ali Mousa
Roles: Data Curation, Funding Acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Resources, Software, Validation, Visualization, Writing – Review & Editing

Zainab Saleh Abdullah
Roles: Supervision

Competing interests

No competing interests were disclosed.

Grant information

The author(s) declared that no grants were involved in supporting this work.

Article Versions (3)

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Published: 22 Apr 2025, 14:189

https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.159001.3

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Published: 17 Mar 2025, 14:189

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version 1

Published: 11 Feb 2025, 14:189

https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.159001.1

© 2025 Ali Mousa s and Abdullah ZS. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The author(s) is/are employees of the US Government and therefore domestic copyright protection in USA does not apply to this work. The work may be protected under the copyright laws of other jurisdictions when used in those jurisdictions.

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Ali Mousa s and Abdullah ZS. The influence of tantalum oxide nanoparticle on thermal conductivity and tear strength after addition on maxillofacial silicone [version 1; peer review: 1 approved, 1 approved with reservations]. F1000Research 2025, 14:189 (https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.159001.1)

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Reviewer Report 24 Feb 2025

Dr.Manar E. Al-Samaray, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq

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https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.174668.r366042

Dear Editor
This study is conducted to estimate the influence of addition tantalum oxide nanoparticle on thermal conductivity and tear strength after addition on maxillofacial silicone. The manuscript entitled " The influence of tantalum oxide nanoparticle on thermal conductivity and tear strength after addition on maxillofacial silicone" contains indexable content and may be accepted after revision by the respected authors:
Abstract

Kindly mention the type of silicone, i.e.: RTV in the abstract.
Please report the numbers in Ta2O5 as subscripted numbers (Ta₂O₅).

Introduction

The paragraphs should be written coherently.
Previous research is missing.
Kindly report the abbreviation meaning when its mentioned the first time, then, it can be written as an abbreviation.
Please mention the advantages/disadvantages as paragraphs not as separated not organized sections.
Kindly discuss the effect of apatite layer formation on tear strength.

Materials and Methods

Kindly report the model, design, and manufacturer for each device or machine used in the study.
Regarding the tear strength test, is the force unit N/mm or KN/mm?
Abbreviations can not be reported at the beginning of the sentence.

Results
Kindly report the change in peak intensity in the FTIR results.

Discussion

Kindly begin the discussion section with the aim of your study.
Try to rewrite the discussion as one section with multiple paragraphs

Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature?

Yes
Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound?

Yes
Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others?

Yes
If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate?

Yes
Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility?

Yes
Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results?

Yes

Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed.

Reviewer Expertise: Prosthodontist

I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard.

CITE

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Author Response 26 Feb 2025

saif hablalmateen, Department of Prosthodontic, College of Dentistry, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, 10011, Iraq

26 Feb 2025

Author Response

Dear Dr. Manar E. Al-Samaray,

Thanks for your comments

1- About the Ta₂o₅we write it as this formolation
2- The unite of tear is kn/m
3- About the abbreviation ... Continue reading Dear Dr. Manar E. Al-Samaray,

Thanks for your comments

1- About the Ta₂o₅we write it as this formolation
2- The unite of tear is kn/m
3- About the abbreviation we write all it with complete meaning
4- About the design the device i send all the figure and detail in figshare document
Dear Dr. Manar E. Al-Samaray,

Thanks for your comments

1- About the Ta₂o₅we write it as this formolation
2- The unite of tear is kn/m
3- About the abbreviation we write all it with complete meaning
4- About the design the device i send all the figure and detail in figshare document
Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Close
Report a concern
Author Response 17 Mar 2025

saif hablalmateen, Department of Prosthodontic, College of Dentistry, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, 10011, Iraq

17 Mar 2025

Author Response

Dear Dr.
1- I mention the type of silicone
2- I type tantalum oxide in this formula (ta₂O₅)
3- The paragraphs written coherently
4- All abbreviation firstly write the meaning
... Continue reading Dear Dr.
1- I mention the type of silicone
2- I type tantalum oxide in this formula (ta₂O₅)
3- The paragraphs written coherently
4- All abbreviation firstly write the meaning
5- Mentioned all advantages or disadvantages as paragraph
6- All design, and details about machine or device I mentioned in during the paragraphs
7- N/mm the unite of force in the tear strength
8- Not begin with abbreviations
9- There is no chemical change in the FTIR
10- Start the discussion with the aim of study and write it as on section
Dear Dr.
1- I mention the type of silicone
2- I type tantalum oxide in this formula (ta₂O₅)
3- The paragraphs written coherently
4- All abbreviation firstly write the meaning
5- Mentioned all advantages or disadvantages as paragraph
6- All design, and details about machine or device I mentioned in during the paragraphs
7- N/mm the unite of force in the tear strength
8- Not begin with abbreviations
9- There is no chemical change in the FTIR
10- Start the discussion with the aim of study and write it as on section
Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Close
Report a concern
Respond or Comment

COMMENTS ON THIS REPORT

Author Response 26 Feb 2025

saif hablalmateen, Department of Prosthodontic, College of Dentistry, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, 10011, Iraq

26 Feb 2025

Author Response

Dear Dr. Manar E. Al-Samaray,

Thanks for your comments

1- About the Ta₂o₅we write it as this formolation
2- The unite of tear is kn/m
3- About the abbreviation ... Continue reading Dear Dr. Manar E. Al-Samaray,

Thanks for your comments

1- About the Ta₂o₅we write it as this formolation
2- The unite of tear is kn/m
3- About the abbreviation we write all it with complete meaning
4- About the design the device i send all the figure and detail in figshare document
Dear Dr. Manar E. Al-Samaray,

Thanks for your comments

1- About the Ta₂o₅we write it as this formolation
2- The unite of tear is kn/m
3- About the abbreviation we write all it with complete meaning
4- About the design the device i send all the figure and detail in figshare document
Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Close
Report a concern
Author Response 17 Mar 2025

saif hablalmateen, Department of Prosthodontic, College of Dentistry, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, 10011, Iraq

17 Mar 2025

Author Response

Dear Dr.
1- I mention the type of silicone
2- I type tantalum oxide in this formula (ta₂O₅)
3- The paragraphs written coherently
4- All abbreviation firstly write the meaning
... Continue reading Dear Dr.
1- I mention the type of silicone
2- I type tantalum oxide in this formula (ta₂O₅)
3- The paragraphs written coherently
4- All abbreviation firstly write the meaning
5- Mentioned all advantages or disadvantages as paragraph
6- All design, and details about machine or device I mentioned in during the paragraphs
7- N/mm the unite of force in the tear strength
8- Not begin with abbreviations
9- There is no chemical change in the FTIR
10- Start the discussion with the aim of study and write it as on section
Dear Dr.
1- I mention the type of silicone
2- I type tantalum oxide in this formula (ta₂O₅)
3- The paragraphs written coherently
4- All abbreviation firstly write the meaning
5- Mentioned all advantages or disadvantages as paragraph
6- All design, and details about machine or device I mentioned in during the paragraphs
7- N/mm the unite of force in the tear strength
8- Not begin with abbreviations
9- There is no chemical change in the FTIR
10- Start the discussion with the aim of study and write it as on section
Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Close
Report a concern

Views

Reviewer Report 14 Feb 2025

Radhwan H. Hasan, Mosul University, Mosul, Iraq

Approved with Reservations

https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.174668.r366037

1. **Strengths of the Study**:
   - The study exhibits strong clarity in its methodology, which is crucial for reproducibility and credibility. Detailed explanations of material selection, experimental setups, and testing procedures make the study transparent.
   - Incorporating statistical tests such as one-way ANOVA and Bonferroni's multiple comparisons enhance the validity of the findings. By using rigorous statistical methods, the study ensures that the results are not due to random chance, which adds robustness to the conclusions.

2. **Weaknesses of the Study**:
   - **Lack of Discussion**: The paper falls short in offering an in-depth discussion of the results. This omission prevents readers from understanding how the findings fit into the broader context of existing research. For instance, if previous studies on similar nanoparticle composites show consistent or conflicting results, this comparison should be highlighted.
   - **Sample Size Justification**: Although the paper includes 60 specimens, it neglects to justify this sample size or present a power analysis. Sample size justification is crucial for determining whether the study could adequately detect significant effects. Without this, the results could be questioned for not having enough statistical power.
   - **Insufficient Interpretation**: The conclusion that tantalum oxide nanoparticles enhance tear strength and thermal conductivity is made without enough depth. The practical implications for maxillofacial prosthetics or the mechanisms underlying the enhanced properties are not thoroughly explored. Discussing potential applications or limitations would strengthen the argument.

3. **Validity of Arguments**:
   - **Hypothesis Testing**: The study sets out with clear null and alternative hypotheses, important for guiding research. Nonetheless, the discussion fails to re-evaluate these hypotheses in light of the results, weakening the paper’s narrative arc. Explicitly stating how the findings support or refute the hypotheses would have added clarity and strength.
   - **Experimental Design**: The study’s design appears robust with appropriate control and experimental groups. However, the paper would benefit from an explanation of why 1wt% and 1.5wt% were chosen as the specific weight percentages for the nanoparticles to ensure the rationale behind these concentrations is sound and relevant.

4. **Recommendations**:
   - **Expand Discussion Section**: Enhancing the discussion to interpret findings deeply and link them to previous research will offer a richer context. For example, comparing this study’s results with others that used different nanoparticles or weight percentages could provide insights into the specific role of tantalum oxide.
   - **Justification of Sample Size**: Including a power analysis or rationale behind choosing 60 specimens will reinforce the study’s credibility. Providing outcomes from a pilot study could also substantiate the chosen sample size.
   - **Addressing Practical Implications**: Discussing how the improved tear strength and thermal conductivity affect the usability and performance of maxillofacial silicone prosthetics can make the paper more impactful. It could explore potential benefits for patients or manufacturing processes, making the results more relevant for practical applications.

**Concrete Examples**:
- **Lack of Discussion**: A similar study on alumina nanoparticles showed increased tear strength in maxillofacial silicones (reference: Elmorsy et al., 2019). Comparing findings could provide insights into whether tantalum oxide offers unique advantages or if any observed differences are due to specific properties of the nanoparticles used.
- **Sample Size Justification**: For example, a power analysis in a related study on biomaterials may have shown that a minimum sample size of 50 is required to detect a 10% difference in material properties with 80% power. Stating such specifics strengthens the study's design.

By addressing these points, the paper can enhance the validity of its arguments and contribute more effectively to the field of maxillofacial prosthetics.

Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature?

Yes
Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound?

Partly
Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others?

Yes
If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate?

Partly
Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility?

Yes
Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results?

Yes

Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed.

Reviewer Expertise: prosthodontics , dental material

I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above.

CITE

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Author Response 18 Feb 2025

saif hablalmateen, Department of Prosthodontic, College of Dentistry, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, 10011, Iraq

18 Feb 2025

Author Response

I wish to let the reviewer know that we also want to add only reference number 24 at the end of the Fabrication and conditioning of the specimens section of ... Continue reading I wish to let the reviewer know that we also want to add only reference number 24 at the end of the Fabrication and conditioning of the specimens section of the article besides the Reference number 18,19 that indicate the number of sited reference.

We are in talks with the copy editing team to update the same at the earliest
I wish to let the reviewer know that we also want to add only reference number 24 at the end of the Fabrication and conditioning of the specimens section of the article besides the Reference number 18,19 that indicate the number of sited reference.

We are in talks with the copy editing team to update the same at the earliest
Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Close
Report a concern
Author Response 17 Mar 2025

saif hablalmateen, Department of Prosthodontic, College of Dentistry, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, 10011, Iraq

17 Mar 2025

Author Response

thanks dear dr. for your comments
1- about the sample size we use 10 sample for control group and 10 sample for 1% and 10 samples for 1.5% for each ... Continue reading thanks dear dr. for your comments
1- about the sample size we use 10 sample for control group and 10 sample for 1% and 10 samples for 1.5% for each test and from pilot study we choose the best percent of tantalum oxide nanoparticle
2- about the discussion we mention briefly about the improvement on the tear and thermal test
thanks dear dr. for your comments
1- about the sample size we use 10 sample for control group and 10 sample for 1% and 10 samples for 1.5% for each test and from pilot study we choose the best percent of tantalum oxide nanoparticle
2- about the discussion we mention briefly about the improvement on the tear and thermal test
Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Close
Report a concern
Respond or Comment

COMMENTS ON THIS REPORT

Author Response 18 Feb 2025

saif hablalmateen, Department of Prosthodontic, College of Dentistry, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, 10011, Iraq

18 Feb 2025

Author Response

I wish to let the reviewer know that we also want to add only reference number 24 at the end of the Fabrication and conditioning of the specimens section of ... Continue reading I wish to let the reviewer know that we also want to add only reference number 24 at the end of the Fabrication and conditioning of the specimens section of the article besides the Reference number 18,19 that indicate the number of sited reference.

We are in talks with the copy editing team to update the same at the earliest
I wish to let the reviewer know that we also want to add only reference number 24 at the end of the Fabrication and conditioning of the specimens section of the article besides the Reference number 18,19 that indicate the number of sited reference.

We are in talks with the copy editing team to update the same at the earliest
Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Close
Report a concern
Author Response 17 Mar 2025

saif hablalmateen, Department of Prosthodontic, College of Dentistry, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, 10011, Iraq

17 Mar 2025

Author Response

thanks dear dr. for your comments
1- about the sample size we use 10 sample for control group and 10 sample for 1% and 10 samples for 1.5% for each ... Continue reading thanks dear dr. for your comments
1- about the sample size we use 10 sample for control group and 10 sample for 1% and 10 samples for 1.5% for each test and from pilot study we choose the best percent of tantalum oxide nanoparticle
2- about the discussion we mention briefly about the improvement on the tear and thermal test
thanks dear dr. for your comments
1- about the sample size we use 10 sample for control group and 10 sample for 1% and 10 samples for 1.5% for each test and from pilot study we choose the best percent of tantalum oxide nanoparticle
2- about the discussion we mention briefly about the improvement on the tear and thermal test
Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Close
Report a concern

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Version 3

VERSION 3 PUBLISHED 11 Feb 2025

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Reviewer Reports

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	1	2
Version 3 (revision) 22 Apr 25	read
Version 2 (revision) 17 Mar 25	read
Version 1 11 Feb 25	read	read

Radhwan H. Hasan, Mosul University, Mosul, Iraq
Dr.Manar E. Al-Samaray, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq

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Reviewer Report

6 Views

02 May 2025 | for Version 3

Radhwan H. Hasan, Mosul University, Mosul, Iraq

6 Views Cite this report Responses(0)

Approved

The researchers made all the suggestions that aim to raise the level of research.

Competing Interests

No competing interests were disclosed.

Reviewer Expertise

prosthodontics , dental material

I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard.

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Reviewer Report

17 Views

21 Mar 2025 | for Version 2

Radhwan H. Hasan, Mosul University, Mosul, Iraq

17 Views Cite this report Responses(2)

Approved With Reservations

The researcher did not complete all the points mentioned in the previous report.

Competing Interests

No competing interests were disclosed.

Reviewer Expertise

prosthodontics , dental material

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Reviewer Report

14 Views

24 Feb 2025 | for Version 1

Dr.Manar E. Al-Samaray, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq

14 Views Cite this report Responses(2)

Approved

Kindly mention the type of silicone, i.e.: RTV in the abstract.
Please report the numbers in Ta2O5 as subscripted numbers (Ta₂O₅).

Introduction

The paragraphs should be written coherently.
Previous research is missing.
Kindly report the abbreviation meaning when its mentioned the first time, then, it can be written as an abbreviation.
Please mention the advantages/disadvantages as paragraphs not as separated not organized sections.
Kindly discuss the effect of apatite layer formation on tear strength.

Materials and Methods

Kindly report the model, design, and manufacturer for each device or machine used in the study.
Regarding the tear strength test, is the force unit N/mm or KN/mm?
Abbreviations can not be reported at the beginning of the sentence.

Results
Kindly report the change in peak intensity in the FTIR results.

Discussion

Kindly begin the discussion section with the aim of your study.
Try to rewrite the discussion as one section with multiple paragraphs

Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature?

Yes
Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound?

Yes
Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others?

Yes
If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate?

Yes
Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility?

Yes
Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results?

Yes

Competing Interests

No competing interests were disclosed.

Reviewer Expertise

Prosthodontist

I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard.

Respond to this report

Responses (2)

Author Response

17 Mar 2025

saif hablalmateen, Department of Prosthodontic, College of Dentistry, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, 10011, Iraq

Dear Dr.
1- I mention the type of silicone
2- I type tantalum oxide in this formula (ta₂O₅)
3- The paragraphs written coherently
4- All abbreviation firstly write the meaning
5- Mentioned all advantages or disadvantages as paragraph
6- All design, and details about machine or device I mentioned in during the paragraphs
7- N/mm the unite of force in the tear strength
8- Not begin with abbreviations
9- There is no chemical change in the FTIR
10- Start the discussion with the aim of study and write it as on section

View more View less

Competing Interests

No competing interests were disclosed.

Back to all reports

Reviewer Report

30 Views

14 Feb 2025 | for Version 1

Radhwan H. Hasan, Mosul University, Mosul, Iraq

30 Views Cite this report Responses(2)

Approved With Reservations

Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature?

Yes
Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound?

Partly
Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others?

Yes
If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate?

Partly
Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility?

Yes
Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results?

Yes

Competing Interests

No competing interests were disclosed.

Reviewer Expertise

prosthodontics , dental material

Respond to this report

Responses (2)

Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article:

Approved - the paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested

Approved with reservations - A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit.

Not approved - fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions

[1] 1. G.P.T. Glossary of Prosthodontic Terms: Ninth Edition. J. Prosthet. Dent. 2017; 117(5s): e1–e105.

[2] 2. Goiato MC, Pesqueira AA, da Silva CR , et al.: Patient satisfaction with maxillofacial prosthesis. Literature review. J. Plast. Reconstr. Aesthet. Surg. 2009; 62(2): 175–180. Publisher Full Text

[3] 3. Cevik P: Effects of the addition of titanium dioxide and silaned silica nanoparticles on the color stability of a maxillofacial silicone elastomer submitted to artificial aging. Cumhur. Dent. J. 2016; 19(1): 9–15.

[4] 4. Gandhi DS, Sethuraman R: Comparative evaluation of tensile strength, tear strength, color stability and hardness of conventional and 1% trisnorbornenylisobutyl polyhedralsilsesquioxane modified room temperature vulcanizing maxillofacial silicone after a six-month artificial aging period. J. Indian Prosthodont. Soc. 2022; 22(4): 328–337. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text

[5] 5. Fouad M, Moudhaffer M: Effect of Disinfection on Some Properties of Heat- Vulcanized Maxillofacial Silicone Elastomer Reinforced by Nano Silicone Dioxide.J. Baghdad Coll. Dent.2016; 28(4):16–21. Publisher Full Text

[6] 6. Dubey SG, Balwani TR, Chandak AV, et al.: D. Material in Maxillofacial Prosthodontics. J. J. o. E. o. M. & Sciences, -A Review. 2020; 9(44): 3319–3325.

[7] 7. Alsamaraay ME, Fatihallah AA: Effect of Polyamide (Nylon 6) Micro-Particles Incorporation into RTV Maxillofacial Silicone Elastomer on Tear and Tensile Strength. J. Baghdad Coll. Dent. 2017; 29(4):7–12. Publisher Full Text

[8] 8. Chotprasert N, Shrestha B, Sipiyaruk K: Effects of Disinfection Methods on the Color Stability of Precolored and Hand-Colored Maxillofacial Silicone: An in vitro Study. Int. J. Biomater. 2022; 2022: 7744744.

[9] 9. Goiato MC, Zucolotti BC, Mancuso DN, et al.: Care and cleaning of maxillofacial prostheses. J. Craniofac. Surg. 2010; 21(4): 1270–1273. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text

[10] 10. Patil A, Salunke A, Patil R, et al.: International Journal of Innovative Studies in Medical Sciences (IJISMS) Reinforcing the Maxillofacial Silicones: A Review.2019; 2: 31.

[11] 11. Walls A, Mccabe JF: Applied dental materials. 9th ed.Blackwell Pub; 2008.

[12] 12. Anusavice KJ, Shen C, Rawls HR: Phillips’ science of dental materials. 12th ed.st. Louis, Missouri: Mosby, Inc., Elsevier Health Sciences; 2013.

[13] 13. Sim L, Ramanan SR, Ismail H, et al.: Thermal characterization of Al2O3 and ZnO reinforced silicone rubber as thermal pads for heat dissipation purposes. Thermochim. Acta. 2005; 430(1-2): 155–165. Publisher Full Text

[14] 14. Cevik P, Eraslan O: Effects of the addition of titanium dioxide and silaned silica nanoparticles on the mechanical properties of maxillofacial silicones. J. Prosthodont. 2017; 26(7): 611–615. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text

[15] 15. Mitra A, Choudhary S, Garg H, et al.: Maxillofacial prosthetic materials- an inclination towards silicones. J. Clin. Diagn. Res. 2014; 8(12): Ze08-13. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text

[16] 16. Mahgoub AN, Juárez-Arriaga E, Böhnel H, et al.: Refined 3600 years palaeointensity curve for Mexico. Phys. Earth Planet. Inter. 2019; 296: 106328. Publisher Full Text

[17] 17. Wang X, Liu W, Yu X, et al.: Advances in surface modification of tantalum and porous tantalum for rapid osseointegration: A thematic review. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol. 2022; 10: 983695. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text

[18] 18. Al-Naser ZH, Abdul-Ameer FM: Effect-of-addition-of-the-intrinsic-pigment-on-the-some-physical-and-mechanical-properties-of-modified-silicone-elastome. J. Res. Med. Dent. Sci. 2022; 10(3):180–187. Reference Source

[19] 19. Kareem YM, Hamad TI: Assessment of the antibacterial effect of Barium Titanate nanoparticles against Staphylococcus epidermidis adhesion after addition to maxillofacial silicone. F1000Res. 2023; 12: 385. Publisher Full Text

[20] 20. ISO 34-1: Rubber, vulcanized or thermoplastic - Determination of tear strength -- Part 1: Trouser, angle and crescent test pieces.2022

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[22] 22. Ahmed AS, Ali MM: Effect of Strontium Titanate Nano Powder Addition on Some Mechanical Properties of Room Temperature Vulcanized Maxillofacial Silicone. J. Res. Med. Dent. Sci. 2021 Dec; 9(12): 59–65.

[23] 23. Agarwal S, Saxena NS, Kumar V: Study on effective thermal conductivity of zinc sulphide/poly (methyl methacrylate) nanocomposites. Appl. Nanosci. 2015 Aug; 5: 697–702. Publisher Full Text

[24] 24. AbdulKareem AA, Hamad TI: The effects of nano alumina on mechanical properties of room temperature vulcanized maxillofacial silicone (pilot study). J. Bagh. Coll. Dent. 2019; 31(4): 59–62. Publisher Full Text

The influence of tantalum oxide nanoparticle on thermal conductivity and tear strength after addition on maxillofacial silicone

Abstract

Background

Method

Result

Conclusions

Keywords

Introduction

Methods

Pilot study

Specimen grouping

Mold fabrication

Fabrication and conditioning of the specimens

Experimental tests

Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy (FTIR)

Statistical analysis

Results

Figure 1. Particle size analyzer for tantalum oxide nanoparticle.

Figure 2. A: Samples poured in tear Mold. B: Sample tested in Universal testing machine. C: Material ready for poured in thermals mold. D: Samples for thermal test. E: The mold is secured with screws, nuts, and G-clamps after pouring the mixed silicone inside.

Figure 3. A, FTIR of control specimen; B, FTIR of 1.5 wt% Ta2O5 specimen, revealing there is no chemical interaction.

Figure 4. Bar chart of the mean and standard deviation of tear strength for studied groups.

Figure 5. Bar chart of the mean and standard deviation of thermal conductivity for studied groups.

Table 1. Shapiro-wilk test of normality.

Table 2. Descriptive statistics of tear strength test.

Table 3. One-way ANOVA analysis of variance among groups.

Table 4. Bartlett’s test for tear strength test.

Table 5. Bonferroni’s multiple comparisons test for tear strength test.

Thermal conductivity test results

Table 6. Shapiro-wilk test of normality.

Table 7. Descriptive statistics of the thermal conductivity test.

Table 8. One-way ANOVA analysis of variance among groups.

Table 9. Bartlett’s test for thermal conductivity test.

Table 10. Bonferroni’s multiple comparisons test for thermal conductivity test.

Discussion

Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy

Tear strength test

Thermal conductivity test

Conclusions

Ethics and consent

Data availability

Underlying data

References

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Figure 3. A, FTIR of control specimen; B, FTIR of 1.5 wt% Ta₂O₅ specimen, revealing there is no chemical interaction.