The Exploration of Biophilic Design Integration within Post-Pandemic Interior Work Environments: A Matrix-Based Assessment

The biophilia hypothesis

The concept of biophilia shows the natural human tendency to link with nature’s systems and processes.³ The connection with natural systems appears to provide benefits for human health in physical, social, and mental aspects.⁴ The study of human evolution through research started in the 1960s as scientists explored the concept of Biophilia, as shown in Figure 1. During the 1980s, Edward O. Wilson developed the biophilia concept when he explained that humans naturally feel the need to connect with nature along with other living systems.⁵ Stephen R. Kellert and Wilson together reinterpreted biophilia in 1993 as the natural emotional connection humans have with living things.^6,7 At present, designers are still exploring how to integrate biophilia into workplace interiors thirty years after defining the concept.

Figure 1. Timeline showing the word “Biophilia” interventions in research.

(Generated by Researcher from^6,11).

Defining biophilic design

Since the Industrial Revolution, the development of the built environment has accelerated and has cut humans off from nature. The contemporary (modern) detachment from nature has led to the development of biophilic design as a solution that fulfils humans’ natural need to be surrounded by nature.^4,7 Biophilic design refers to any design based on the theory of ‘biophilia’. It incorporates nature into the architectural and interior built environments. The integration of natural elements helps occupants develop beneficial connections with their environment.⁶ The design incorporates natural elements through features such as green walls, green roofs, indoor gardens, water bodies, and other similar features. Biophilic design establishes a sustainable method for human beings to connect with the natural environment through its integration principles.⁸

Concept and patterns of biophilic design

The Terrapin Bright Green (TBG) was established by Bill Browning and Cook&Fox Architects and proposed a list of 14 Patterns of Biophilic Design. The framework was developed to categorize biophilic design features into three levels in order to stengthen the beneficial characteristics of integerating nature in interior environments.⁹ As per Browning’s Framework, the correlation of humans with nature can be seen in their biological response and psychological and physiological health and well-being, performance, and cognition.^9–11 This approach offers a basis for the development of the assessment matrix that will aid in analyzing the studied examples in this paper.

As mentioned in “14 Patterns of Biophilic Design”, Biophilic Design consists of three categories – “Nature in space”, “Natural Analogues”, and “Nature of Space” – as shown in Figure 2. Under these three categories lie the fourteen biophilic patterns proposed by Browning. The patterns are analysed in order to cover the scientific basis of each pattern and explore their application strategies and considerations.^9,10 The approach was further improved by applying additional enhancements to integrate more patterns. As a result, Pattern ‘Awe’ (P15) was added under the “Nature of space” category. The research showed that biophilic design patterns have positive impacts on occupants’ stress levels and cognition, perception, ambiance, and preference for the interior space. Biophilic design patterns can reduce employees’ stress levels and enhance employees’ attention to work tasks.¹² In Table 1, Browning recorded the impacts of the fifteen biophilic design patterns on users’ well-being.

Figure 2. Tree Map diagram illustrating the 15 Patterns of Biophilic Design (Generated by Researcher from^9–10).

The impact of implementing Biophilic Design in workplace design

Biophilic design offers various benefits, including opportunities to enhance physical health, as well as mental health and cognition.¹³ Workplaces with biophilic design experience improvements in creativity, productivity, and well-being. According to the “Human Space Report,” evidence indicates that features found in nature, including lighting, views to the outdoors, materials from nature, and indoor greenery, boost employees’ well-being by up to 15%. Alongside this, employees have become 6% more productive and 15% more creative as well.¹⁴ A 2018 study on healthy workplaces by CBRE highlights the positive impacts of incorporating indoor greenery in workplace design on employees’ well-being. The study states that energy levels have increased by 78%, user satisfaction by 78%, and health by 65% due to the incorporation of such features.^4,15

Basic elements in the workplace interior environment

Employers in the post-pandemic era focus on developing optimal workplace design approaches that will attract employees back to their workplaces. The main purpose of the workplace has changed due to the “Working from Home” phenomenon. The workplace has shifted from being a space for work completion only to becoming a space for interaction and collaboration. The employees’ return to the office is driven by their need to access particular zones and work materials that exist only at their workplace, as a means to enhance their performance, and to facilitate social connections with co-workers. The shift requires architects and designers to create workspaces that serve as destinations for employees rather than an obstacle. The post-pandemic workplaces need to provide twice the experiences that were available before the pandemic.²² The configuration of a creative workplace should consider the diverse needs of its employees throughout the day. A successful workplace should strategically incorporate interior zones in which employees can work, collaborate, rest, and restore.^1,22,25 Thus, the interior layout must incorporate three essential zones: individual workspaces, group workspaces, and spaces for restoration, as explained in Figure 3.^23–25 A proper biophilic presence will enhance these essential zones to support employees in their work.⁹

Figure 3. Characteristics of the three basic elements in workplace interiors: (a) Individual work desks,¹⁸ (b) Phone booth,¹⁹ (c) Focus pod,²⁰ (d) Focus desk,²¹ (e) Meeting space¹⁸ (f ) Closed meeting room¹⁸ (g) Collaborative desk,¹⁸ (h) Meeting pod,²⁰ (i) Informal meeting area,¹⁹ (j) Work Cafe,¹⁸ (k) Zen room,¹⁹ (l) Aerobics room¹⁹ (Generated by Researcher text from^22–24 and ²⁵ and all explanatory images used in the illustration are from^18–21).

The relevance level of biophilic design in rating systems

Recently, there has been a rise in the use of green building rating systems such as Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED), BREEAM, the WELL Building Standard, and the Living Building Challenge (LBC). These systems seek to offer a positive impact on the built environment through the acknowledgment of biophilic elements.^10,11,17 In the recent version of LEED V4, Biophilic design was directly addressed in the innovation (ID) section of the LEED rating system. Biophilic design strategies are included in several Indoor Environmental Quality (EQ) and Materials Resources (MR) credits.^10,11 The WELL Standard utilizes biophilic design that is mostly included in the Mind element of the standard.¹⁰ The “Mind 02: Access to Nature” feature requires for indoor environments to incorporate a direct connection to nature (P1, P7) through views or indoor greenery, an indirect connection to nature (P2, P8, P9) through natural materials or images, and spatial configurations (P11, P12, P13, P14, P15) that enhance experience. Another biophilic design pattern that corresponds to WELL’s Circadian lighting design is the dynamic/diffuse light pattern (P6). The Olfactory comfort and thermal comfort, along with flexible spaces, help to enhance non-rhythmic sensory inputs (P3, P4).^10,17 The enhancement of the current rating systems will align the goals of these rating systems with the principles of biophilic design.^10,11 Additionally, it will also increase public knowledge of mental health. The paper will analyse examples that either received green building certifications or were designed with the aim of attaining certifications.

International Example 1: JLL

The new JLL offices in London were designed by Tetris Design x Build to create a flexible workspace that promotes collaboration. This includes spaces with innovation that mainly focus on improving employee well-being with minimal impact on the environment.²⁶ Elements such as adequate natural light and biophilic design concepts are integrated into the office design. The workplace aim is to obtain WELL Platinum, SKA Gold, and BREEAM Excellent buildings certifications.^26,27 The office space consists of two zones associated with individual work, five zones for group work, and six zones associated with different types of restoration along with the reception area,²⁸ as shown in Figure 4.

Figure 4. Analyzed floor plan of JLL (Modified by Researcher from^26,28).

Qualitative analysis of biophilic attributes in spaces designated for individual work

Throughout the open work area, big operable facades with louvers diffuse daylight (P6) and connect employees with natural systems (P7).^9,16 The use of planter boxes on the storage cabinets enhances the visual connection with nature as well as the non-visual connection (P1, P2). Further, it contributes to thermal and airflow variability (P4).¹¹ Warm, earthy colours also enhance the visual connection (P1). Pods that are partially covered with symbols enhance the Biomorphic forms and patterns (P8). The strategic configuration of individual workspaces along hallways contributes to the complexity and order (P10) by presenting directional clarity,⁹ as noted in Figure 5a. The open work areas are located next to windows, thus stimulating curiosity and providing an outdoor view as well. This strategy enhances the sense of mystery (P13) and Peril (P14). The refuge (P12) is emphasized in the individual focus pods. The pods provide a hiding spot from open areas while being accessible,^9,11 as shown in Figure 5b.

Figure 5. (a) The Open Work Area, (b) The Individual Focus Pods (Modified by Researcher from^26,28).

Qualitative analysis of biophilic attributes in spaces designated for group work

All spaces designated for Group work have floor-to-ceiling windows that allow natural light into the space (P1) and connect to the outside environment (P7).⁴ The Garden Lounge contains pots of plants to connect the zone with nature visually (P1) and offer improved air quality (P4).¹⁶ Earth tones in the Tables and flooring create a warm feel that enhances visual connection with nature (P1).¹¹ The formal meeting rooms indirectly use warm and ambient lighting,⁹ which improves the dynamic and diffusive lighting pattern (P6). Furthermore, hanging curtains in the creative workshop space creates an illusion of light and shadow (P6) and introduces a sensory non-rhythm (P3) effect, as shown in Figure 6 (a) and (b).

Figure 6. (a) The Creative Workshop, (b) The Garden Lounge, and (c) The Meeting Rooms (Modified by Researcher from^26,28).

There are no biomorphic forms (P8) at the creative workshop due to the geometric ceiling. Figure 6b shows that the garden lounge carpets mimic natural shifts that represent varying seasons and thereby enhance both (P7 and P8) patterns. Designing the flooring and furniture in wooden grain patterns¹¹ will improve the material connection with nature (P9). In the group spaces, the ventilation and lighting systems are visible in order to enhance complexity and order (P10).¹² Both the workshop and garden lounge create a visually appealing space with the use of curtains. The curtains increase the sense of refugee (P12). Additionally, the garden lounge is placed in an ideal location to enhance the potential views from the inside (P11). The location reinforces refuge (P12) while enhancing mystery (P13) to promote exploration.⁹ The agora, seen in Figure 7a, is secluded from the entrance via natural materials, allowing glimpses of the interior and exterior spaces.⁹ These strategies reinforce curiosity (P13), prospect (P11), and refuge (P12) patterns.

Figure 7. (a) The Agora and (b) The Huddle Room (Modified by Researcher from^26,28).

Qualitative analysis of biophilic attributes in spaces designated for restoration

Almost all the restoration spaces have floor-to-ceiling windows that maximize the employees’ intake of natural daylight^4,11 and potted plants that help them visually connect with nature (P1) and natural systems (P7). The furniture and walls with natural pastel shades and earth tones strengthen the visual connection pattern (P1), as in Figures 8a and 8b. The colourful carpets and earth-toned tiles in the breakout area mimic the seasonal changes. This mixture boosts the patterns (P2) and (P7). The use of circular pendant lights, light spots, and natural light in most of the zones imitates and enhances the dynamic and diffused lighting design pattern (P6). The huddle room is the only zone that stands out visually due to its warm and intense indirect lighting. The limited positioning of the room restricts the entry of natural light and obstructs the views, thereby reducing the impact of patterns (P1, P6, P7).

Figure 8. (a) Breakout area, (b) Work café, and (c) Lounge at JLL (Modified by Researcher from²⁸).

In the tea point zone, the curved partitions enhance the use of biomorphic forms and patterns (P8).^8,9 Wallpaper patterns in quiet zones imitate nature patterns (P7). Similarly, the carpet pattern used for the quiet and breakout zones floors has organic patterns (P8) that one finds in nature, as in Figures 8a and 9b. Also, the finishing materials used on the floors, walls, and ceilings represent natural materials and colours (P9). The finishings create a welcoming and warm spatial environment in designed spaces for restoration.⁸ The exposed ventilation and lighting systems,^12,16 in all restorative spaces, enhanced the complexity and order (P10). These restorative spaces are located in monitoring positions oriented to the nearby interior space to establish prospect (P11). The presence of hidden spots within an open space that is easily reachable will also improve the refuge (P12) pattern.^8,9 The lounge’s position makes it hard to be observed from outside and helps improve refuge (P12) and mystery (P13), as shown in Figure 8c. The quiet zone is created to provide protective barriers to improve the effectiveness of patterns (P12) and (P13).

Figure 9. (a) Tea Point and (b) The Quiet Zone at JLL (Modified by Researcher from²⁸).

The zones with the most identified biophilic patterns were the garden lounge, followed by creative workshop in group workspaces, along with tea points and lounge zones in spaces for restoration. The biophilic patterns were least identified in the quiet room. The “Natural Analogues” and “Nature of Space” categories achieved the highest overall presence percentage by 75%. The category “Nature of Space” had the lowest percentage of presence by 63%. As shown in Table 3, the dynamic and diffused light (P6) pattern appears to be the most common in most zones. In addition, non-visual connection with nature (P2), visual connection with nature (P1), and connection with natural systems (P7) patterns were strong as well. The zones achieved moderate presence for all “Natural Analogues” patterns. Hence, the Biomorphic forms and patterns (P8) pattern rating was the highest among them. On the contrary, Mystery (P13) had the highest presence of biophilic patterns within the category “Nature of Space”, followed by prospect and refuge patterns (P11 and P12). The Awe (P15) recorded the lowest presence score.

International Example 2: AstraZeneca

AstraZeneca provides an inclusive post-pandemic environment that supports employee well-being, productivity, as well as creativity.²⁹ The new workplace obtained the LEED Gold Interior certificate, won in the BIGSEE 2022 design awards, while becoming a finalist for the Grand Prix award in the workplace category.³⁰ The project concept was developed from Biophilia, which connects the outdoor with indoor spaces to create balanced interior spaces. The design incorporates multiple sensory elements through various textures together with finishing materials, furniture, and color schemes.³² The workplace consists of three zones for individual work, five zones associated with group work, and four zones associated with two types of restoration. The workplace also includes a reception area, circulation routes, and vertical cores, as shown in Figure 10. All the social restoration spaces in the lower floor serve as the main features of the workplace, while the upper floor consists of the majority of the workspaces that employees can use according to their work tasks.³¹

Figure 10. Analysed floor plan of AstraZeneca (Modified by Researcher from³²).

Qualitative analysis of biophilic attributes in spaces designated for individual work

The open-plan work area is located beside large windows which boost the visual connection with nature (P1) and employees’ connection to natural systems (P7). The use of glass walls and doors in focus rooms allows the observation of the whole space in order to connect the user with the exterior natural systems (P7) and allow access to daylight (P6).¹⁶ Vibrant colors used in focus rooms and pods, as shown in Figure 11c, evoke nature, add vitality, and contrast with the neutral flooring in the space.^11,30 Plant boxes placed on the support lockers, as observed in Figure 11a, visually connect users with nature (P1), add a natural olfactory comfort (P2) through the scents of plants, and enhance the thermal air flow (P4).¹⁶ Task lighting provided in the focus rooms improves users’ control as well as the dynamic and diffused light (P6) pattern. In the focus rooms, walls are covered with curved lines that represent water waves in order to emphasize biomorphic forms and patterns (P8). The wooden beam, shown in Figure 11b, is non-raw to enhance the material connection to nature (P9).^11,16 The beam also promotes a sense of direction and hierarchy (P10).^4,31 The work area layout provides views of both the internal and external surroundings to enhance the sense of prospect. The focus rooms give users a sense of prospect (P11) but still sustain a hidden view of the whole space. Within the focus rooms, refuge (P12) is fully attained. Finally, the individual area enhances the sense of awe (P15) by using patterns and colours that mimic nature and engage employees’ senses as shown in Figure 11a.

Figure 11. (a) Open Work Area and Phone Booth, (b) Open Work Area and Phone Booth, and (c) Focus Pods at AstraZeneca (Modified by researcher from³²).

Qualitative analysis of biophilic attributes in spaces designated for group work

The reconfigurable area includes large openings that provide daylight and views in order to establish a visual connection with nature (P1) and a connection to natural systems (P7).^9,12 Suspended plants and potted plants, as seen in Figures 12c and 13b, also enhance the visual connection of nature (P1), provide olfactory comfort (P2), and the thermal airflow (P4) at the same time.^9,16 The blue marine colour in the meeting pod together with the accent colours used in the Informal meeting areas and the green colour in curtains and furniture strengthen the visual connection pattern (P1).¹¹ Non-Rhythmic sensory pattern (P3) is emphasized by using movable curtains that separate zones from adjacent spaces, as shown in Figures 12b and 13a. The reconfigurable area, as well as the mini collaborative area, can benefit from sun-lit daylight coming in from the façades to enhance the dynamic and diffused light pattern (P6).^6,9 Also, the interplay between light and shadows creates a dynamic diffused light pattern (P6) in small spaces,⁴ as shown in Figures 12b and 12c.

Figure 12. (a) The reconfigurable area, (b) mini collaborative, and (c) Informal Meeting pods (Modified by Researcher from^29,32).

Figure 13. (a) The Collaborative Space, (b) and (c) Blue Meeting Pods at AstraZeneca (Modified by Researcher from²⁹).

As seen in Figure 13b, the curved outer shell of the meeting pods, the pattern representing water ripples on the pod glass, and the organic-shaped sofas used in Figure 12a amplify the biomorphic forms and pattern (P8).^9,12 The collaborative space uses large non-raw wooden meeting tabletops, which provide a strong material connection with nature (P9). The strategic placement of Informal meeting areas and meeting pods allows employees to receive various sensory information from neighbouring zones (P10),^8,12 as seen in Figures 12c and 13b. Throughout most zones, users feel safe and protected, which improves the sense of Refuge (P12). Elements such as pods placement and utilizing high-backed furniture units^9,16 further enhance the refuge pattern. The movable curtains and folded wall partitions act as a visual barrier to emphasize the mystery (P13) when the meeting spaces are in use,^11,12 as seen in Figures 12a, 12b, and 13a.

Qualitative analysis of biophilic attributes in spaces designated for restoration

A large window is located behind the kitchenette and faces the counter in order to enhance the visual connection to nature (P1) and connection to natural systems (P7) patterns. The window allows nature to also be encountered through employees’ senses (P2), and varying shadows are formed throughout the day (P3). The combination of accent yellow, blue, and orange colours, as illustrated in Figures 14a and 14b, enhances the visual connection with nature (P1). The Work Café benefits from the façade light, which positively impacts the circadian system (P6). The lighting beams hanging in the work café and the seating area with a spiral form, the curved curtain runner that creates the relax area, and the patterns in the quiet pod walls enhance the biomorphic form and patterns (P8). Natural materials used in structure elements, such as wooden beams, enhance the material connection with nature (P9) in terms of texture and colour.¹¹ The hanging plants support the beam to look like a representation of a walk through a natural forest (P10). Views from the elevated planes at the kitchenette and café counters enhance the prospect pattern (P11), as shown in Figure 14a. Sense of prospect (P11) and refuge (P12) are strong in the Quiet pod (seen in Figure 15) since employees can view the whole space while being in a safe space.^9,11 The alcove seats, seen in Figure 14b, enable the withdrawal from the main circulation through refuge (P12). Apart from that, the curtains in the relax area emphasize the Mystery pattern (P13) as the zone is hidden from the open space.¹⁶

Figure 14. (a) Work Cafe, (b) Multi-Functional Seating Area, and (c) Relax Area at AstraZeneca (Modified by researcher from³²).

Figure 15. Quiet Pod (Modified by Researcher from²⁹).

According to Table 4, the identified biophilic patterns indicated that zones such as open workspaces designated for individual work, along with collaborative spaces and the reconfigurable area in spaces dedicated for group work, represented the zones with the most identified patterns. Users in these zones experience biophilic design the most in the workplace. The arrival area achieved a high presence of biophilic patterns. In all the analyzed zones, the highest presence of biophilic patterns was achieved in the “Natural Analogues” category, followed by “Nature of Space” with a 3% slight difference between them. Meanwhile, the “Nature of Space” category achieved the lowest presence by 52%.

AstraZeneca had a strong presence of biophilic patterns in the “Nature in space” category, such as Visual connection with nature (P1) and Dynamic and diffused light (P6), followed by Connections with natural systems (P7) and Thermal and airflow variability (P4) patterns. On the other hand, the most frequent pattern with the highest score in the “Natural Analogues” category is Biomorphic forms and patterns (P8). Half the patterns that associate with the “Nature of Space” category achieved a moderate presence, with the prospect (P11) as the highest. At the same time, the scores of the Risk/Peril (P14) pattern was recorded as the lowest on the presence scale, as shown in the matrix in Table 4.

Local case study: Workplace A

Workplace A selected Studio Teal as the main architect in order to design a space that provides emotional, mental, and physical well-being and enhances the productivity of its users. The design is broadly flexible and adaptable to accommodate a wide diversity of needs.³³ The plan analysis consists of 13 different zones, as seen in Figure 16. The space design consists of seven zones designed for individual work, four zones specified for group work, as well as two zones designed for different types of restoration.

Figure 16. Zoning diagram for Workplace A (By Researcher).

Qualitative analysis of biophilic attributes in spaces designated for individual work

Open work area B and the manager’s office are located along large still windows, providing natural light (P1) and enhancing both thermal and airflow variability (P4), and the connection to natural systems patterns (P7).¹² The visual connection (P1) is further emphasized through the balance between using earth tones and blue accent colours in flooring and structural elements.^9,11 The coworking Table zones feature air movement that creates cooling effects and humidity levels changes,¹¹ enhancing thermal and airflow variability (P4). Potted plants were only present in the manager’s office in order to emphasize the visual connection (P1) and airflow variability (P4).¹⁶ The still windows allow diffused natural light (P6) to enter all workstations and closed offices. Circular lighting units suspended from ceilings in spaces intended for individual work incorporate biomorphic forms and patterns (P8). The workstation areas, shown in Figures 17a and 17b, receive sensory information from the surroundings and have visible ventilation systems integrated.⁸ Thus, the complexity and order (P10) pattern is improved in all workstation areas. The use of natural materials in the finishing of furniture creates a warm atmosphere that embraces material connection with nature (P9). Circulation routes that connect workstation areas C and D, the manager’s office, and closed offices amplify the prospect pattern (P11). The refuge pattern (P12) is present in some spaces, as the employees can observe the neighbouring exterior spaces while being inside their zones. The work areas A and B, shown in Figure 17b, aren’t accessible visually from the surrounding space. This strategy impacts the Mystery pattern (P13). Since Workstation A is located next to a window that faces a wide view of the outdoors, there is a strong presence of Peril (P14).

Figure 17. (a) Open Work Area C, (b) Open Work Area B, and (c) Manager’s Office at Workplace A (Modified by researcher from³³).

Qualitative analysis of biophilic attributes in spaces designated for group work

The huddle room and meeting rooms are featured with large windows that allow daylight into the interior in order to highlight the visual connection with nature pattern (P1) and connect users with outdoor systems (P7). These spaces have a natural airflow (P4), and users can experience shades and air breeze (P4). The huddle and small meeting rooms feature some potted green plants, as shown in Figures 18b and 18c, to create a natural air filtration system (P4). Accent colours are incorporated in the floor tiles, wall finish, and door frame, which intensify the visual connection (P1) pattern.¹¹ Strategies are implemented to maintain a controlled lighting quality in the huddle room in addition to the light and shadow play through large windows in meeting rooms for an ideal dynamic and diffused light (P6) pattern.^11,12 The use of curves and natural shapes that are used in furniture and lighting units, and also incorporated as patterns on walls,^9,12 as shown in Figure 18c, contributes to the biomorphic forms and patterns (P8). Using finishing materials, such as the rattan lighting unit in the huddle room, leather couch finishing, and wooden Tabletops, which express natural form and pattern, creates a deeper material connection with nature (P9). All group spaces are designed with exposed ceilings and ventilation systems¹² to enhance the complexity and order (P10). Prospect (P11) and Refuge (P12) patterns are well attained in the Huddle room in which users can view the whole space while being in a quite enclosed space.^8,9 The meeting rooms’ placement in the layout promotes a strong sense of Mystery (P13) with fair Refuge (P12). Also, Risk/Peril (P14) is maximized as most zones are located next to large windows.

Figure 18. (a) Large Meeting Room, (b) Small Meeting Room, and (c) Huddle Room at Workplace A (Modified by Researcher from³³).

Qualitative analysis of biophilic attributes in spaces designated for restoration

The placement of green plants in pots along the breakout area windowsills is observed to enhance visual connection with nature pattern (P1), fill up the space with olfactory comfort (P3), and contribute to a natural air filtration system, linking back to the thermal and airflow variability pattern (P4).^9,16 The large windows allow for natural light to flow to enhance the visual and non-visual connection to nature patterns (P1, P2).¹² The design of the Breakout area, Work Cafe, and Relax pods zones utilizes bright and muted colours inspired by nature to strengthen the visual connection with nature (P1) pattern. Applying strategies such as varying intensities of light and shadow to create natural conditions and the play of light and shadow from the large window at the break area accentuate the dynamic and diffused light pattern (P6).^6,8 The layout features a large glass window, as shown in Figure 19b, that opens up to the rest of the workplace. This design maintains a natural flow of light through the space to maximize the dynamic and diffused light (P6) effect and connect the users to the outdoor systems (P7).^9,12 Wall patterns are designed with natural forms incorporating curves and natural shapes to enhance biomorphic forms and patterns (P8), as shown in Figure 19c. The furniture at the work cafe is made out of leather, marble Tabletops are used at the counter, and marble look-alike cladding is used at the breakout area, embracing material connection to nature (P9).¹¹ The visible columns and circular light beams at the breakout area enhance the order complexity pattern (P10).¹² The prospect feeling (P11) is enhanced by allowing the visual connection between spaces,⁹ for example, allowing the break area to view the huddle room on the right and the closed office on the left, as seen in Figure 19c. The location of the breakout area next to the window highlights the presence of risk/peril (P14). Moreover, the materials used and ceiling design increase the sense of Awe (P15) in the breakout area and work café.

Figure 19. (a) The Meeting booth, (b) Breakout Area A, and (c) Work Cafe at Workplace A (Modified by Researcher from³³).

Figure 20. Zone Diagram for (a) Ground floor and (b) Upper floor of Workplace B (By Researcher).

The matrix in Table 5 indicated that all the restoration spaces achieved a high presence of biophilic patterns in Workplace A along with the “huddle room” in group workspaces. The analysis of biophilic patterns revealed that the zones with the most identified patterns were the open work area B designed for individual work, and the manager’s office. In group spaces, the large meeting room was the most biophilic as well. “Natural Analogues” category achieved the highest presence by 74% compared to both “Nature in Space” and “Nature of Space,” which scored lower percentages of 63% and 43%, respectively. Workplace A has strong biophilic patterns under the “Nature in Space”, which include Connection with Natural Systems (P7), Dynamic and Diffused light (P6), and Thermal and airflow (P4), as noted in Table 5. The above average presence is achieved by all “Natural Analogues” patterns, with the highest being complexity and order pattern (P10). In the “Nature of Space” category, the prospect pattern (P11) had the highest presence of biophilic patterns, especially in individual and restoration spaces, whereas the refuge (P12) pattern had the highest presence in group workspaces. Awe (P15) recorded the lowest presence score.

Local case study 2: Workplace B

Studio Teal created a dynamic and creative work environment for Workplace B office in Cairo. Workplace B, which is classified under the financial technology workplace category, has developed a massive technical investment platform in the Middle East.³⁴ The design embodies the company’s values of adaptability, responsiveness, and sustainability through its 830 m2 flexible workspace that supports collaboration and innovation. To create a space that supports employees’ wellbeing while minimizing the environmental impact, the design combined natural design elements such as raw wooden textures and yellow tones.³⁵ The design incorporates repurposed materials such as furniture from their previous workspace. Additionally, the design elements create references to their historical background and dedication toward sustainability. The workplace received widespread recognition from popular online design magazines such as Office Snapshots and Design Lovin ( Figure 20).³⁶

Qualitative analysis of biophilic attributes in spaces designated for individual work

The balancing between the yellow accent colour and earth tones maintains the visual connection with nature (P1) throughout the individual workspaces.^11,15 All open work areas, as shown in Figures 21 and 22, are flooded with the natural light that penetrates the zones through large window openings on the lower and upper levels.⁹ The openings distribution introduced several patterns such as experiencing nature through senses (P2), providing feelings of varying shadows (P3), and underlining the dynamic and diffused light (P6).^9,12 Additionally, the majority of employees can view the outside nature from their work seats (P1, P7).

Figure 21. Open Workstation A (Modified by Researcher from³⁵).

Figure 22. (a) Open Workstation B, (b) Upper-Level Workstation A, and (c) Open Workstation C (Modified by Researcher from³⁵).

Curves and natural shapes are incorporated in elements ranging from furniture to window frames to accentuate biomorphic forms and patterns (P8).^6,9 The use of wooden Tables and partitions in Workstations A and B strengthens the material connection with nature (P9). The clear design of pathways and spaces entry points reflect a strong sense of mobility and way-finding attribute,⁶ as shown in Figure 22. All the open work areas receive various sensory information from outdoors and on both lower and higher floors. Some re-used furniture is integrated in all the individual workspaces.^8,11 The three strategies mentioned previously contribute to the complexity and order pattern (P10).

The layout of Workstation A facilitates observing the views of adjacent spaces such as collaborative areas, the lounge, and the entry area (P11). As shown in Figure 22a, the design of Workstation C aims to achieve a semi-hidden placement in relation to the surrounding routes, along with facilitating movement within the space to improve refuge (P12).^8,9 Some workstations are placed alongside the partitions to moderately enhance the refuge feeling (P12). The layout created a concealed area (P12) for the focus pod design.¹² The layout of workstation C can stimulate curiosity by offering views to both indoor and outdoor environments, which leads to enhancing Mystery (P13).

Qualitative analysis of biophilic attributes in spaces designated for group work

The floor-to-ceiling windows, in the large collaborative space, allow natural light (P6) to enter the space, which emphasizes the visual connection with nature (P1) and provides views to the outdoors (P7).⁴ Spaces such as the large collaborative space and medium meeting room have a natural airflow (P4), and users can experience shades and air breeze (P4). Adding the yellow accent colour to the earth-toned shades further enhanced the visual connection with nature (P1).¹¹ Nature can also be encountered through employees’ senses (P2), and varying shadows are formed throughout the day (P3) in all the spaces.⁹ The meeting pods are designed to have one side with a large glass wall, two solid sides (to maintain privacy), and one side that is moderately open to the pathway,^9,12 as shown in Figure 23a. This design provides the pods with maximum natural light (P6) and connects them with the surrounding natural systems (P1, P7). Meanwhile, the small meeting pods (shown in Figure 23) allow natural light to enter (P6) but partially connect employees with outdoor systems (P7).

Figure 23. (a) Upper Meeting Pods, (b) Large Collaborative Space, and (c) Small Meeting Room (Modified by Researcher from³⁴).

Figure 24. Meeting Pods (Modified by Researcher from³⁴).

The use of curves integrated into partitions and furniture in spaces intended for group work enhances biomorphic forms and patterns (P8). In addition, the window’s purpose is to reveal the interior, further enhancing biomorphic forms (P8),⁹ as shown in Figure 23. The collaborative space seatings provide employees with the visible appeal of wood as they integrate a noticeable wood grain (P9).¹¹ All the spaces receive sensory information from the surroundings and are located along hallways to contribute to the complexity and order (P10).^8,12 The prospect feeling (P11) is well attained by allowing all the group workspaces to view other surrounding zones. The Refuge pattern (P12) is strongly present as the group spaces are designed to be quiet, enclosed spaces and act as hiding spots.^8,9 As shown in Figures 23a and 24, the interior of the pods and meeting rooms are partially visible from the surrounding spaces. This strategy impacts curiosity and Mystery (P13). The location of meeting pods in the upper level highlights the presence of risk/peril (P14).⁹ Moreover, the design and patterns used increase the sense of Awe (P15) in the Upper Meeting Pods, as shown in Figure 23a.

Qualitative analysis of biophilic attributes in spaces designated for restoration

All the restoration spaces feature potted plants that help employees visually connect with nature (P1) and offer improved air quality (P4). Plants also provide the spaces with olfactory comfort (P2, P3).¹⁶ Natural accent shades are incorporated in furniture, which strengthens the visual connection pattern (P1), as shown in Figures 25a and 25b. In the lower break area, various shadows are created by elements of interior space such as suspended ceiling, pendant spots, etc., as well as the natural light that flows inside the space (P6). Meanwhile, in the multifunctional seating area, natural and diffused light flows in from neighbouring zones and accentuates the dynamic and diffused pattern (P6).^9,12 The connection to outdoor systems is moderately maintained in both zones (P7). The variety of finishing materials and colours used in the furniture and design elements improves the material connection with nature (P9). Also, the ceiling design accentuates the complexity and order (P10) in the break area. The restorative spaces are located in positions that enhance prospect by encouraging users to observe their surrounding interior space (P11). The location of the break area seats supports the retreat from the main flow activity (P12). Moreover, mystery and refugee (P12, P13) are fully attained from the open workstations ‘B’ area side and partially attained from the entrance side.

Figure 25. (a) The Multi-Functional Seating Area, and (b) Work Café/Break Area at Workplace B (Modified by Researcher from³⁴).

The analysis of biophilic patterns revealed that the zones with the most identified patterns were the ground floor breakout area in restoration spaces and the large collaborative space in group spaces, followed by the open work area A designed for individual work. The category “Natural Analogues” achieved the highest presence of biophilic patterns, 77% validated by the analysis, and “Nature of Space” was in the second place with 65%. “Nature in Space” had the lowest percentage of presence by 51%. As noted in Table 6, the most common patterns found in the analysed zones were the Dynamic and Diffused Light (P6) and Connection with Natural Systems (P7). In addition to these patterns, Thermal and airflow (P4), and non-visual connection with nature (P1) also exhibited a strong presence under the “Nature in Space”. The above average presence is achieved by “Natural Analogues” patterns, in which material connection with nature (P9) and complexity and order (P10) patterns were the highest. In the “Nature of Space” category, the prospect pattern (P11) had the highest presence of biophilic patterns, whereas Awe (P15) recorded the lowest presence score.