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Method Article

Detecting miRNA Mentions and Relations in Biomedical Literature

[version 1; peer review: 2 approved with reservations]
PUBLISHED 28 Aug 2014
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This article is included in the Machine learning: life sciences collection.

Abstract

Introduction: MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have demonstrated their potential as post-transcriptional gene expression regulators, participating in a wide spectrum of regulatory events such as apoptosis, differentiation, and stress response. Apart from the role of miRNAs in normal physiology, their dysregulation is implicated in a vast array of diseases. Dissection of miRNA-related associations are valuable for contemplating their mechanism in diseases, leading to the discovery of novel miRNAs for disease prognosis, diagnosis, and therapy.

Motivation: Apart from databases and prediction tools, miRNA-related information is largely available as unstructured text. Manual retrieval of these
associations can be labor-intensive due to steadily growing number of publications. Despite the fact that several databases host miRNA-associations derived from text, lower sensitivity has motivated the need for an improvised framework. Additionally, the lack of a standard corpus for miRNA-relations has caused difficulty in evaluating the available systems.
We propose methods to automatically extract mentions of miRNAs, species, genes/proteins, disease, and relations from scientific literature. Our generated corpora, along with dictionaries, and miRNA regular expression are freely available for academic purposes. To our knowledge, these resources are the most comprehensive developed so far.

Results: The identification of specific miRNA mentions reaches a recall of 0.94 and precision of 0.93.  Extraction of miRNA-disease and miRNA-gene relations lead to an F1 score of up to 0.76. A comparison of the information extracted by our approach to the databases miR2Disease and miRSel for the extraction of Alzheimer's disease related relations shows the capability of our proposed methods in identifying correct relations with improved sensitivity. The published resources and described methods can help the researchers for maximal retrieval of miRNA-relations and generation of miRNA-regulatory networks.

Availability: The training and test corpora, annotation guidelines, developed dictionaries, and supplementary files are available at http://www.scai.fraunhofer.de/mirna-corpora.html

Introduction

Functionally important non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are now better understood with the progress of high-throughput technologies. Discovery of the major class of ncRNAs, microRNAs (miRNAs1) has further facilitated the molecular aspects of biomedical research.

MicroRNAs are a large group of small endogenous single-stranded non-coding RNAs (17–22nt long) found in eukaryotic cells. They post-transcriptionally regulate gene expression of specific mRNAs by degradation, translational inhibition, or destabilization of the targets (transcripts of protein-coding genes)2. Esquela-Kerscher et al. have reported on miRNAs involvement in almost every regulation aspect of biological processes such as apoptosis, and stress response3. Wubin et al. demonstrated that miR-29a regulatory circuitry plays an important role in epididymal development and its functions4. Additionally, tissue-specificity of miRNAs has been shown to provide a better clue of their fundamental roles in normal physiology5.

Dysregulation of miRNAs and their ability to regulate repertoires of genes (as well as co-ordinate multiple biological pathways) has been linked to several diseases6,7. One example is chronic lymphocytic leukemia where in about 68% of the cases miRNA genes (miR15 and miR16) are missing or down-regulated8. Thus, uncovering the relations between miRNAs and diseases as well as genes/proteins is crucial for our understanding of miRNA regulatory mechanisms for diagnosis and therapy9,10.

Several databases, prediction algorithms and tools are available, providing insight into miRNA-disease and miRNA-mRNA associations. Although the detailed target recognition mechanism is still elusive, several algorithms attempt to predict miRNA targets. However, a limited precision of 0.50 and recall of 0.12 has been reported when evaluated against proteomics supported miRNA targets11. Despite the fact that these resources provide insight into miRNA-associated relationships, the majority of relations are scattered as unstructured text in scientific publications12. Figure 1 shows the growth of publications in MEDLINE and in addition depicts the normalized growth of publications that reference the keyword “microRNA”.

a1d4c38b-59c0-4035-9d2c-4828d2bcd2eb_figure1.gif

Figure 1. Growth of miRNA-related publications in comparison with the growth of MEDLINE.

The dotted line points out the relative increase of miRNA-related publications per year in comparison to the growth of MEDLINE (as of 31 December, 2013).

Some databases such as miR2Disease and PhenomiR store manually extracted relations from literature. The miR2Disease database13 contains information about miRNA-disease relationships with 3273 entries (as of the last update on March 14, 2011). PhenomiR14 is a database on miRNA-related phenotypes extracted from published experiments. It consists of 675 unique miRNAs, 145 diseases, and 98 bioprocesses from 365 articles (Version 2.0, last updated on February 2011). TarBase11 hosts more than 6500 experimentally validated miRNA targets extracted from literature.

However, manual retrieval of relevant articles and extraction of relation mentions from them is labor-intensive. A solution is to use text-mining techniques. Moreover, the vast majority of the research in this direction is mainly focused around extraction of protein-protein interactions15. On the contrary, miRNA relation extraction is still naive. The shift of focus towards identification of miRNA-relations is slowly establishing with the rise in systems approaches to investigate complex diseases. The manually curated database miRTarbase16 incorporates such text-mining techniques to retrieve miRNA-related articles. Recently, the miRCancer database has been constructed using a rule-based approach to extract miRNA-cancer associations from text17. As of June 14, 2014, this database contains 2271 associations between 38562 miRNAs and 161 human cancers from 1478 articles.

Related work

Text-mining technologies are established for a variety of applications. For instance, the BioCreative competition18,19 and BioNLP Shared Task2022 series have been conducted to benchmark text mining techniques for gene mention identification, protein-protein relation extraction and event extraction, among others.

To our knowledge, only limited work has been carried out in the area of miRNA-related text-mining. Murray et al. considered miRNA-gene associations from PubMed database using semantic search techniques23. For their analysis, experimentally derived datasets were examined, combined with network analysis and ontological enrichment. Regular expressions were used to detect miRNA mentions. The authors optimized the approach to reach 100% accuracy and recall for detecting miRNAs mentions as in miRBase. Relations were identified based on a manually curated rule set. The authors extracted 1165 associations between 270 miRNAs and 581 genes from the whole MEDLINE.

The freely available miRSel12 database integrates automatically extracted miRNA-target relationships from PubMed abstracts. A set of regular expressions is used for miRNA recognition that matches all miRBase synonyms and generic occurrences. The authors reach a recall of 0.96 and precision of 1.0 on 50 manually annotated abstracts for miRNA mention identification. Further, the relations between miRNA and genes were extracted at sentence level employing a rule-based approach. They evaluated on 89 sentences from 50 abstracts resulting in a recall of 0.90 and precision of 0.65. Currently, it hosts 3690 miRNA-gene interactions11.

In contrast to the previous text-mining approaches focusing purely on miRNA gene relations, we extend the information extraction approach additionally to retrieve miRNA-disease relations. Furthermore, we evaluate our approach using a larger corpus to achieve robustness. We differentiate between actual miRNA mentions (refered to as Specific miRNAs) and co-referencing miRNAs (Non-Specific miRNAs). We evaluated three different relation extraction approaches, namely co-occurrence, tri-occurrence and machine learning based methods.

To support further research, our corpora are made publicly available in an established XML format as proposed by Pyysalo et al.24, as well as the regular expressions used for miRNAs named entity recognition. In addition, our dictionary for trigger term detection and general miRNA mention identification are made available. To our knowledge, the annotated corpora as well as the information extraction resources are the most comprehensive developed so far.

Methods

Named entities annotation

Mentions of miRNAs consisting of keywords (case-insensitive and not containing any suffixed numerical identifier) such as “Micro-RNAs” or “miRs” are annotated as Non-Specific miRNA. Names of particular miRNAs such as miRNA-101, suffixed with numerical identifiers are labeled as Specific miRNA. Numerical identifiers (separated by delimiters such as “,”, “/”, and “and”) occurring as part of specific miRNA mentions are annotated as a single entity. Box 1 depicts the annotation of specific miRNA mentions (including an example for part mentions). In addition, Disease, Gene/Protein, Species, and Relation Trigger are annotated. The detailed annotation guideline for annotating specific miRNA mentions is available as a supplementary file.

Box 1. Example of miRNAs annotations.

Here “-181b”, and “-181c” are the part mentions annotated as a single entity along with “miR-181a” in box. A non-specific miRNA mention is shown in italics.

Interesting results were obtained from miR-181a, -181b, and -181c. These set of brain-enriched miRNAs are down-regulated in glioblastoma. However, miR-222, and miR-128 are strongly up-regulated.

Mentions of disease names, disease abbreviations, signs, deficiencies, physiological dysfunction, disease symptoms, disorders, abnormalities, or organ damages are annotated as Disease. Possessive terms such as “Diabetic patients” are not marked. Mentions referring to proteins/genes which are either single word (e.g. “trypsin”), multi-word, gene symbols (e.g. “SMN”), or complex names (including of hyphens, slashes, Greek letters, Roman or Arabic numerals) are annotated as Gene/Protein. Only those organisms that are having published miRNA sequences and annotations represented in miRBase database are labeled as Species. Any verb, noun, verb phrase, or noun phrase associating miRNA mention to either labeled disease or gene/protein term is annotated as Relation Trigger.

Relations annotation

We restrict the relationship extraction to sentence level and four different interacting entity pairs: Specific miRNA-Disease (SpMiR-D), Specific miRNA-Gene/Protein (SpMiR-GP), Non-Specific miRNA-Disease (NonSpMiR-D), and Non-Specific miRNA-Gene/Protein (NonSpMiR-GP). Relevant triples, an interacting pair co-occurring with a Relation Trigger are defined to form a relation and can belong to one of the four above mentioned Relation classes.

The annotation has been performed using Knowtator25 integrated within the Protégé framework26.

Corpus selection, annotation and properties

We develop a new corpus based on MEDLINE, annotated with miRNA mentions and relations. Out of 27001 abstracts retrieved using the keyword “miRNA”, 201 are randomly selected as training and 100 as test corpus. Two annotators have been involved in the annotation. The first annotator annotated the training corpus iteratively to develop guidelines and built the consensus annotation. The second annotator followed these guidelines and annotated the same corpus. Table 1 provides the inter-annotator agreement (measured as F1 and Cohen’s κ) for the test corpus. An example annotation is shown in Box 1.

Table 1. Inter-annotator agreement scores for the test corpus.

Annotation ClassF1κ
Non-specific MiRNAs0.99850.996
Specific MiRNAs0.95450.916
Genes/Proteins0.83430.752
Diseases0.82700.853
Species0.93290.875
Relation Triggers0.84410.798

Table 2 shows the number of annotated concepts in the training and test corpora for each entity class and the count for manually extracted relations (triplets), categorized for different interacting entity pairs. Table 3 provides the overall statistics of the published corpora (additional information about the corpus is given in the README supplementary file).

Table 2. Manually annotated entities statistics.

Counts of manually annotated entities in the training and the test corpora as well as annotated sentences describing relations.

Annotation ClassCorpus
TrainingTest
Non-specific MiRNAs1170336
Specific MiRNAs529376
Genes/Proteins734324
Diseases1522640
Species546182
Relation Triggers1335625
SpMiR-D175138
SpMiR-GP235146
NonSpMiR-D13261
NonSpMiR-GP8915

Table 3. Statistics of the published miRNA corpora.

Occurrences in the corpusTrainingTest
Sentences1877788
Entities58282480
Entity pairs1996867
Positive entity pairs497312
Negative entity pairs1499555

Named entity recognition

For identification of specific miRNA mentions in text (cf. Table 4), we developed regular expression patterns using manual annotations of miRNA mentions as the basis. Similarly, a dictionary has been generated for general miRNA recognition. The regular expression patterns are represented in the format as defined by Oualline et al.27. In this work, several aliases are defined (cf. Table 5) to be used in the final regular expression patterns for specific miRNA identification, given in Table 4. Detected entities are resolved to a unique miRNA name and disambiguated (e. g. hsa-microRNA-21 to hsa-mir-21 and microRNA 101 to mir-101). Unique miRNA terms are mapped to human miRBase database identifiers through the mirMaid Restful web service. For those names where we do not retrieve any database identifiers, we fall back to another organism mention found in the abstract (if any), using the NCBI taxonomy dictionary (see below), otherwise we retain the unique name.

Table 4. Regular expression patterns used for miRNAs identification.

Aliases used to form the final regular expression, see Table 5, are highlighted in bold.

Regular expression patternsExample of identified text
(?Pref+(?Lin,?Let))lin-4, hsa-let-7a-1
(?Pref+(?miRNA,?Onco)(?S?S*?Tail)(?Sep?Tail)*)hsa-mir-21/22, Oncomir-17∼92
(?Pref+(?miRNA,?Onco)S*(?D(?Z([/]?Z)*)+) ([\,]S*?
(?Pref+(?miRNA,?Onco)S*(?D(?Z([/]?Z)*)+)*)
miR-17b, -1a

Table 5. MiRNAs regex aliases.

Aliases used in regular expression patterns for miRNAs identification (highlighted in bold).

DescriptionAliasRegular Expression Pattern
Digit sequencesD(\d?\d*)
Admissible hypens with a trailing spaceZ([\- ]?[\- ]*)
Admissible hypens with a leading spaceS([ \-])
3-letter prefix for humanPref([hH][sS][aA]\-)
Non-specific miRNA mentionsmiRNA([mM][iI]([cC][rR][oO])+[rR]([nN][aA]s+)+)
Let-7 miRNA mentionLet([lL][eE][tT]S*[7]?\l+)
Lin-4 miRNA mentionLin([lL][iI][nN]S*[4]?\l+)
Oncomir miRNA mentionOnco([oO][nN][cC][oO][mM][iI][rR])
Admissible tilde and word bundariesCluster(∼[\b]-[\b]-*)
Admissible hyphen and separator and and commaSep(S*((and?S,\,)?S*)+)
Admissible combination of upper and lower case
alphabets
UL(?\l?\l+,?\u?\u+)
Admissible alpha-numerical identifiers in specific
miRNA mentions
AN(UL((/, *and *?D+)?UL)+)
Admissible alpha-numerical identifiers in oncomir
mentions
Tail(?D(?AN?Cluster+,\-?D?AN+)+)

We detect Species with a dictionary-based approach. The built dictionary consists of all the concepts from the NCBI taxonomy corresponding to only those organisms mentioned in miRBase.

Similarly, for identification of Disease and Gene/Protein mentions in text we adapted a dictionary-based approach. To detect Disease, we apply three dictionaries: MeSH, MedDRA28 and Allie. For Gene/Protein, a dictionary29 based on SwissProt, EntrezGene, and HGNC is included. Gene synonyms which could be potentially tagged as miRNAs are removed to overcome redundancy. For example, genes encoding microRNA, hsa-mir-21 are named as miR-21, miRNA21 and hsa-mir-21, the gene symbol of MIR16 membrane interacting protein of RGS16 is MIR16, which can represent a miRNA mention.

The relation trigger dictionary comprises of all interaction terms from the training corpus, together with additional spelling variants (manually added to the list, also made freely available).

For all named entity recognition performed, the dictionary-based system ProMiner29 is used.

Relation extraction

We consider three approaches for addressing automatic extraction of interacting entity pairs from free text, described in the following.

The co-occurrence approach serves as a baseline. Assuming all interactions to be present in isolated sentences, this approach is complete but may be limited in precision. Reducing the number of false positives can be achieved by filtering with the dictionary of relation triggers. The rationale behind this filter is that the interaction is more likely to be described if such a term is present (we refer to that as tri-occurrence).

To increase the precision, we use a machine learning-based approach formulating the relation detection as a binary classification problem: each instance (consisting of a pair of entities) is classified either as not-containing a relation or belonging to one of the four-relation classes. Our system uses lexical and dependency parsing features. We evaluate linear support vector machines (SVM)30 as implemented in the LibSVM library, as well as LibLINEAR, a specialized implementation for processing large data sets31, and naive Bayes classifiers32. For more details, we refer to Bobić et al.33.

Lexical features capture characteristics of tokens around the inspected pair of entities. The sentence text can roughly be divided into three parts: text between the entities, text before the entities, and text after the entities. Stemming34 and entity blinding is performed to improve generalization. Features are bag-of-words and bi, tri, and quadri-gram based. This feature setting follows Yu et al. and Yang et al.35,36. The presence of relation triggers is also taken into account, using the previously described manually generated list. Next to lexical features, deep parsing provides an insight into the entire grammatical structure of the sentence37. We analyzed the vertices v (tokens from the sentence) in the dependency tree from a lexical (text of the token) and syntactical (POS tag) perspective. Edges e in the tree correspond to the information about the grammatical relations between the vertices. Extracting relevant information from the dependency parse tree is usually done following the shortest dependency path hypothesis38. Lexical and syntactical e-walks and v-walks on the shortest path are created by alternating sequence of vertices and edges, with the length of 3. We capture the information about the common ancestor vertex, in addition to checking whether the ancestor node represents a verb form (e.g. POS tag could be VB, VBZ, VBD, etc.). Finally, the length of the shortest path (number of edges) between the entities is considered as a numerical feature.

Results and discussion

Dataset 1.Manually annotated miRNA-disease and miRNA-gene interaction corpora.
See README.txt in the zip file for precise details about the corpus

In the following, we present results for named entity recognition and relation extraction. This section concludes with two use-case analyses.

Performance evaluation of named entity recognition

Among the 201 abstracts present in the training corpus, 82% contained general miRNA mentions, in comparison to specific miRNAs with 45%. In Table 6, results for miRNA entity recognition are reported. Non-specific miRNA recognition is close to perfect. Specific miRNA mention recognition has an F1 measure of 0.94.

Table 6. Evaluation results for miRNA entity classes.

Here only complete match results are presented. The performance of named entity recognition is evaluated using recall (R), precision (P) and F1 score.

Entity ClassRPF1 RPF1
Training CorpusTest Corpus
Non-specific
MiRNAs
1.0000.9950.9971.0000.9970.999
Specific MiRNAs0.9210.9280.9240.9360.9340.935
Relation Triggers0.8640.8850.8740.7900.8420.815

For disease mention recognition, combined dictionaries, based on three established resources, resulted in 0.79 and 0.69 F1 score for the training and test corpus respectively. Boundary matches result for the same reported 0.88 of F1, providing the possibility for detection of similar text strings for better recall. Genes/proteins dictionary showed a performance of 0.84 and 0.85 of F1 in training and test corpus respectively.

Most abstracts in the test corpus are associated to human (71), followed by mouse (16), and rat (8). Pig has 2 abstracts, zebrafish, HIV-1, HSV-1, and Caenorhabditis elegans 1 each. The evaluation of the relation trigger dictionary (cf. Table 6) suggests that it covers a substantial part of the vocabulary with recall of 0.86 for the training and 0.79 for the test corpus.

Relation extraction

Only 11.5% of miRNA-related associations occur outside the sentence level, thus, our work focused on relations at sentence level. Sentences in which co-occurring entity pairs do not participate in any relation are tagged as false. A comparison of the different relation extraction approaches is shown in Figure 2. The co-occurrence based approach leads to 100% recall for relation extraction. The recall is not diminished using the tri-occurrence approach while the precision increases between 4pp (percentage points) and 17pp when compared to the co-occurrence based approach, reducing false positives (cf. Figure 2). However, the precision reaches less than 60%. Using the machine-learning based classification, precision is increased up to 76% for specific miRNA-gene relations. The F1 measure is not substantially different but a trade-off between precision and recall can be observed. This is true for all three methods (LibLINEAR, SVM, and Naive Bayes). Most relation extraction approaches are dependent on the performance of named entity recognition. The impact of error propagation coming from an automated entity recognizers is evaluated by applying the tri-occurrence method on the automatically annotated training and test corpus, here termed as “NERTri”. Compared to the results on the gold standard entity annotation a drop of 13 pp for NonSpMiR-D, 7pp for NonSpMiR-GP, 22pp for SpMiR-D, and 30pp for SpMiR-GP in F1 is observed for the test corpus.

a1d4c38b-59c0-4035-9d2c-4828d2bcd2eb_figure2.gif

Figure 2. Comparison of different relation extraction approaches.

On the x-axis, different entity pair relations are represented as SpMiR-D for Specific miRNA-Disease, SpMiR-GP for Specific miRNA-Gene/Protein, NonSpMiR-D for Non-Specific miRNA-Disease, and NonSpMiR-GP for Non-Specific miRNA-Gene/Protein.

Use case analysis

For the impact analysis of the proposed approach, we compare the extracted information with two databases, namely miR2Disease and miRSel. We focus on relations and articles concerning Alzheimer’s disease.

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is ranked sixth for causing deaths in major developed countries39. It affects not only individuals but also incurs a high cost to the society. Recently, miRNAs have shown close associations with AD pathophysiology40. Increasing the need to identify new therapeutic targets for AD, after major set backs due to failed drugs, motivates the need to look in this direction. In silico methods, such as the one proposed in this work, can aid in building miRNA-regulatory networks specific to AD, for further analysis such as identifying the mechanisms, sub-networks, and key targets.

Extracting miRNA-Alzheimer’s disease relations from full MEDLINE

The database miR2Disease is queried to return all miRNA-disease relations occurring in Alzheimer’s disease. We compare that dataset with all miRNA-disease relations from MEDLINE applying our tri-occurrence approach, retrieving 41 abstracts with 159 relations. Obtained triplets have been manually curated to remove 51 false positives. The results are summarized in Table 7. The miR2Disease database returns 28 evidences from 9 articles. Among these, only 14 evidences are present in abstracts. Moreover, 16 evidences are extracted from one full text document41. Only two evidences are identified at abstract level among these 16 evidences. Overall, 26 miRNAs identified by miR2Disease are in relation with Alzheimer’s disease. Therefore, our text-based extraction proposes approximately three times more relations than the database provides.

Table 7. miR2Disease database comparison.

MiRNA-Alzheimer’s disease relation retrieved from MEDLINE and in miR2Disease database.

miR2DiseaseNERTriTrue Positives
in NERTri
NERTri and
miR2Disease
Overlap
Publications941368
Relations2815910811
Evidences (abstracts)1415910810
Unique miRNAs26464016

The analysis of 17 false negative relations which are in the database but not found by our approach shows that most of the relations could be found only in full text and that the automatic system misses four miRNA-Alzheimer’s disease relations from abstracts. Manual inspection reveals that in three out of these missing four evidences the disease name is not mentioned in the sentence (relation occurred at co-reference level).

Extraction of miRNA-gene relations for Alzheimer’s diseases from full MEDLINE

We apply our relation detection NERTri to 100 abstracts from PubMed retrieved using the query “alzheimer disease” [MeSH Terms] OR (“alzheimer disease”[All Fields] OR “alzheimer”[All Fields]) AND (“micrornas”[MeSH Terms] OR “micrornas”[All Fields] OR “microrna”[All Fields]) AND (“2001/01/01”[PDAT]:“2013/7/4”[PDAT]). Manual inspection leads to 184 miRNA-gene relations (Table 8) in 39 abstracts.

Table 8. miRSel database comparison.

Comparison of miRNA-gene relations retrieval for Alzheimer’s disease in MEDLINE.

ApproachArticlesRelations
PubMed Query(“Alzheimer AND
miRNA”)
100NA
PubMed Query with relations at
sentence level
37NA
PubMed Query ∩ NERTri28140
PubMed Query ∩ miRSel1256
NERTri39184
NERTri ∩ miRSel1422

The found relations are compared with the content of miRSel. Among the 37 abstracts from the PubMed query, miRSel contained only 12 abstracts with 56 miRNA-gene relations (cf. Table 8). False negatives in our approach when compared with miRSel could not be directly identified as the database is not downloadable and searchable for disease specific relations. However, low intersection between miRSel and NERTri can be observed.

In summary, our approach provides AD related gene-microRNA relations from PubMed which have not been available in the database before.

Overall, the results are promising when compared with the miR2Disease and miRSel databases and indicate that we can extend the databases to a large extent with new relations. Such an approach makes it much easier to keep databases up to date. Nevertheless full text processing would most certainly increase the recall of automatic processing.

Conclusion

In this work, we proposed approaches for identification of named entities of classes diseases and genes/proteins and relations of those entities with miRNAs, from biomedical literature. Distinguishing between two types of miRNA mentions has enabled us to achieve better recall and precision in document retrieval and relations identification. Three different relation extraction approaches are compared, showing that the tri-occurrence based approach should be the first reliable choice among all others. The tri-occurrence based approach is comparable to a machine learning-based method but considerably faster. In comparison to two well established databases, we have shown that additional useful information can be extracted from MEDLINE using our proposed methods.

To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work where manually annotated corpora containing information about miRNAs and miRNA-relations is published. Moreover, the corpora and methods provided represent useful basis and tools for extracting the information about miRNAs-associations from literature. This work serves as an important benchmark for current and future approaches in automatic identification of miRNA relations. It provides the basis for building a knowledge-based approach to model regulatory networks for identification of deregulated miRNAs and genes/proteins.

Data availability

Corpora availability: http://www.scai.fraunhofer.de/mirnacorpora.html

Archived corpora at time of publication: F1000Research: Dataset 1. Manually annotated miRNA-disease and miRNA-gene interaction corpora, 10.5256/f1000research.4591.d3463942

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Bagewadi S, Bobić T, Hofmann-Apitius M et al. Detecting miRNA Mentions and Relations in Biomedical Literature [version 1; peer review: 2 approved with reservations]. F1000Research 2014, 3:205 (https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.4591.1)
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Reviewer Report 17 Oct 2014
Filip Ginter, Department of Information Technology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland 
Approved with Reservations
VIEWS 42
This paper presents an annotated corpus of miRNA, gene/protein, disease, and species mentions, together with their miRNA-specific relations. Further, the authors implement a simple dictionary-based method for their extraction from text. This is a little studied, but highly relevant text ... Continue reading
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Ginter F. Reviewer Report For: Detecting miRNA Mentions and Relations in Biomedical Literature [version 1; peer review: 2 approved with reservations]. F1000Research 2014, 3:205 (https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.4912.r5975)
NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article.
  • Author Response 13 Nov 2014
    Roman Klinger, University of Stuttgart, Germany
    13 Nov 2014
    Author Response
    We thank the referee for the detailed comments. We will address them and then submit a new version together with detailed comments.
    Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed.
  • Author Response 23 Dec 2014
    Shweta Bagewadi, Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft, Germany
    23 Dec 2014
    Author Response
    COMMENT: "The main problem I have when reading the paper is that it does not give me a good intuitive insight into how difficult this problem actually is. This relates to ... Continue reading
COMMENTS ON THIS REPORT
  • Author Response 13 Nov 2014
    Roman Klinger, University of Stuttgart, Germany
    13 Nov 2014
    Author Response
    We thank the referee for the detailed comments. We will address them and then submit a new version together with detailed comments.
    Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed.
  • Author Response 23 Dec 2014
    Shweta Bagewadi, Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft, Germany
    23 Dec 2014
    Author Response
    COMMENT: "The main problem I have when reading the paper is that it does not give me a good intuitive insight into how difficult this problem actually is. This relates to ... Continue reading
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Reviewer Report 29 Aug 2014
Sofie Van Landeghem, Bioinformatics and Evolutionary Genomics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium, Belgium 
Approved with Reservations
VIEWS 44
This manuscript presents a manually annotated corpus of miRNA entities, genes/proteins and diseases, as well as the relations between them. The authors have used this dataset to develop NER and relation detection tools, which perform quite well in terms of ... Continue reading
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Van Landeghem S. Reviewer Report For: Detecting miRNA Mentions and Relations in Biomedical Literature [version 1; peer review: 2 approved with reservations]. F1000Research 2014, 3:205 (https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.4912.r5973)
NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article.
  • Author Response 13 Nov 2014
    Roman Klinger, University of Stuttgart, Germany
    13 Nov 2014
    Author Response
    We thank the referee for the detailed comments. We will address them and then submit a new version together with detailed comments.
    Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed.
  • Author Response 23 Dec 2014
    Shweta Bagewadi, Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft, Germany
    23 Dec 2014
    Author Response
    COMMENT: "This research domain is highly relevant and it is great seeing text mining efforts focus specifically on miRNAs and their relation with diseases. The creation of a manually annotated training ... Continue reading
COMMENTS ON THIS REPORT
  • Author Response 13 Nov 2014
    Roman Klinger, University of Stuttgart, Germany
    13 Nov 2014
    Author Response
    We thank the referee for the detailed comments. We will address them and then submit a new version together with detailed comments.
    Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed.
  • Author Response 23 Dec 2014
    Shweta Bagewadi, Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft, Germany
    23 Dec 2014
    Author Response
    COMMENT: "This research domain is highly relevant and it is great seeing text mining efforts focus specifically on miRNAs and their relation with diseases. The creation of a manually annotated training ... Continue reading

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Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article:
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Not approved - fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions
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