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Research Article

Digital collaborative learning: identifying what students value

[version 1; peer review: 2 approved]
PUBLISHED 20 Mar 2015
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This article is included in the Teaching and communicating science in a digital age collection.

Abstract

Digital technologies are changing the learning landscape and connecting classrooms to learning environments beyond the school walls.  Online collaborations among students, teachers, and scientists are new opportunities for authentic science experiences.  Here we present findings generated on PlantingScience (www.plantingscience.org), an online community where scientists from more than 14 scientific societies have mentored over 14,000 secondary school students as they design and think through their own team investigations on plant biology.  The core intervention is online discourse between student teams and scientist mentors to enhance classroom-based plant investigations.  We asked: (1) what attitudes about engaging in authentic science do students reveal, and (2) how do student attitudes relate to design principles of the program? Lexical analysis of open-ended survey questions revealed that students most highly value working with plants and scientists.  By examining student responses to this cognitive apprenticeship model, we provide new perspectives on the importance of the personal relationships students form with scientists and plants when working as members of a research community. These perspectives have implications for plant science instruction and e-mentoring programs.

Keywords

Attitudes, Plant Science, E-mentoring, Authentic Science, Student-Teacher-Scientist Partnership

Introduction

A revolution in digital learning is underway. The number of students taking online courses in the United States has skyrocketed to 7.1 million in higher education institutions (Allen & Seaman, 2014) and almost 750,000 in public primary and secondary schools (Evergreen Research Group, 2014). Digital technologies offer new mechanisms to support reform-based approaches and increase student engagement. Transforming traditional college and pre-college classrooms into active-learning environments where students interact with peers and instructors to collectively construct and apply knowledge can positively impact student attitudes towards science (Armbruster et al., 2009; Gibson & Chase, 2002; Taraban et al., 2007; Ward et al., 2014). A significant challenge to the tremendous potential for the digital learning revolution is transferring authentic science investigations to digital learning environments. There is a particular need to investigate students’ attitudes about technology-enhanced science investigations in precollege settings, as this is a critical time when interest in science can set the direction of future career goals (Maltese & Tai, 2011).

How students and teachers experience plant science is a focus of concern; alarming trends in U.S. formal education show that plants are under-represented in teaching materials, and poorly understood. A decline in botanical literacy is part of the continuing U.S. crisis in science literacy, although some underlying causes are unique to botany. The best-selling U.S. high school biology texts feature primarily animals (Uno, 1994). Teachers also place a focus on animals; when choosing material to teach biological concepts, teachers reported preferring to use animal examples over plant examples (Flannery, 1999; Link-Perez & Schussler, 2013). Pre-service teachers (Krantz & Barrow, 2006) and young learners (Barman et al., 2006) hold many of the same misconceptions (or alternate conceptions) about plants. High school biology teachers from across the U.S. report being least confident about plant biology when surveyed about five fundamental topics, and just 46% of those with 6 years or less teaching experience report having ever had a botany course (Horizon Research Inc., 2002; Horizon Research Inc., 2013). The problem is not restricted to the U.S. Research on the uptake of plant sciences in the United Kingdom shows that the majority of UK students entering university biology courses have little interest in or knowledge of plants (Stagg et al., 2009).

Compounding these documented issues is the human tendency to overlook plants, known as ‘plant blindness’ (Wandersee & Schussler, 1999), which has both cultural and physiological underpinnings (Balas & Momsen, 2014). Educators, students, and the public who generally don’t notice plants in the environment are not likely to see that plants are of utmost importance to the food, fuel, fibers and pharmacology of everyday life, as well as the functioning of our global ecosystem. A future workforce prepared with an understanding of plant science and cross-cutting concepts applied in innovative solutions will be needed to meet societal challenges, such as coping with climate change, feeding an increasing population, and generating sustainable energy sources (National Research Council, 2009). Engaging scientists as mentors has the potential to inspire interest and to link classroom learning to real-world authentic science. For plant science, meaningful and early exposure may be critical:

  • “The presence of a plant mentor earlier in one’s life (someone who helped the mentee observe, plant, grow, and tend living plants) is a key predictor of that person’s awareness, appreciation, and understanding of plants throughout the lifespan.” (Wandersee & Clary, 2006).

Given the need to enhance teaching and learning about plants in formal U.S. education and the promise of student-scientist partnerships (Houseal et al., 2014; Summers & Hrabowski, 2006), we have been engaged in an approach to foster student learning of scientific practices and plant biology through interactions with scientist mentors. The PlantingScience program was intentionally developed as a blended approach to student-centered experiential learning taking place in the classroom, supplemented by communication and collaboration with peers and experts online. The online platform (www.plantingscience.org) not only eliminates geographic limitations, its design features make student thinking visible, enabling students, teachers and mentors to monitor thinking and learning and provide feedback. An impetus for this study was to take a systems approach to examining the inputs and outputs of PlantingScience. A previous study examined the techniques mentors used in online discourse with student teams (Adams & Hemingway, 2014). Here we examine the attitudes (affective responses) of students participating in collaborative plant investigations. We present qualitative data on what students value about a digital learning environment in which science practices and content are integrated and science experts and novices collaborate, as it occurs in authentic science research. We ask what major themes emerge from the student responses and how the exploratory analyses relate to design features of the program.

Methods

Context of PlantingScience

Students ages 11 to 18 are the focus of this study. The students mentored by volunteer scientists enter the program through their teachers, who typically are seeking inquiry learning opportunities for their students. Participating classrooms (60% high school, 40% middle school) come from a variety of demographics; rural, urban, public and private schools. Classroom teachers choose one of the eight available investigation themes and decide whether the 3–12 week long projects would be limited to controlled experimentation or include observational studies; their past experience with inquiry often determines how guided or open student projects will be. The research questions and plants used by student teams vary widely; however, all investigations intend for students to collaboratively develop a research question on a core idea in plant biology, plan and carry out an investigation to answer the question, analyze the data, and make sense of the findings.

Each student team is assigned a unique project page where they are encouraged to post information about their research project, as well as engage in asynchronous dialog with the mentor matched to their team. The program’s 988 registered mentors, from undergraduate students to professor emeriti, belong to more than 14 scientific societies that partner in the program. Student pre- and post-tests are not mandatory, and they are administered through the online platform, which is a customization of the open-source content management system Zikula. The Institutional Review Board of Texas A&M University granted approval for collection of these data, and we obtained permission from schools, students, and parents where appropriate, for publication. Over 4000 team projects with associated dialog, archived since 2005 are available at www.plantingscience.org.

Data sources

For this study we analyzed students’ open-ended responses to the post-test survey question, “What did you like most about this experience?” Following six online mentored inquiry sessions between 2010 and 2012, only 2.7% of the students who initiated the online survey did not complete the open-ended question. A total of 2,617 responses from middle school (n = 947) and high school (n = 1,670) students were analyzed. The students completing surveys over this period were in classrooms of 20 middle school and 42 high school teachers. These classrooms encompassed a range of private and public schools, including two international classrooms. As expected given that “Wonder of Seeds” is the most frequently used module, more than half (54.6%) of the students who completed the surveys had conducted germination and/or seedling growth studies.

levelSession NameTopic NameWhat I liked Most About This Experence - Open-ended Student Response
High Schoolps2010sBrassica Genetics i liked how we got to watch the plants grow then die
Middle Schoolps2010sWonder of Seeds It tought me new things about plant that i never new.
High Schoolps2010sWonder of Seeds putting the seeds in the soil and watering it
Middle Schoolps2010sWonder of Seeds Something that I liked most and was one of my favorite parts about this project was how we could take care of one thing by ourselves and we could also record data. We could also find and discover new imformation that we couldn't get anywhere else.
Middle Schoolps2011fWonder of Seeds?
High Schoolps2010fPower of Sunlight' It was a challenge for me .I like challenges .
Middle schoolps2011fWonder of Seeds1. The fact of how limiting your data to seeds and plants lets you learn more about them. 2. That you have a mentor that works with plants that can help advise you and steer you in the right direction.
High Schoolps2011fBrassica GeneticsAbility to collaborate with people far away and with more knowledge than myself with ease.
Middle Schoolps2011fWonder of Seedsabout getting to work with friends and getting to learn new stuff about plants
High Schoolps2011fWonder of Seedsabout how diffrent plants do in diffrent types of outcomes from reactions
Middle Schoolps2011sWonder of Seedsabout how we got tpoo wrok in groups..
High Schoolps2011fBrassica Geneticsabout the plants growing and getting them pregnect by other plants
High Schoolps2011sPower of Sunlightactually seeing the plants grow
High Schoolps2011fWonder of Seedsall of the hands on work
Middle Schoolps2010sWonder of SeedsAll the cool stuff we did
High Schoolps2010fC-fernAll the new things that we learned through out the experience
Middle Schoolps2010sWonder of SeedsAt first, i didn't think this project would be fun or cool at all. But, as we observed, it got very interesting. What i like most about his project is that I got to see seeds growing everyday. It was really cool and interesting to compare the seeds in different containers (one w/ lid, one w/out).
Middle schoolps2011fWonder of Seedsatually knowing that i an grow plants without killing them
Middle Schoolps2011fWonder of Seedsbe able to learn more and working as a group
High Schoolps2012sCelery ChallengeBecuase i got to eat the celery and i got to see how celery bends and reasons on why it bends and why it doesn't.
Middle schoolps2011fWonder of SeedsBeing able to learn new things and doing it with friends and discovering new things with plants.
Middle Schoolps2011fWonder of Seedsbeing able to talk to a scientist
High Schoolps2012sBrassica GeneticsBeing able to actually grow the plants and work with them rater than working with a picture of a plant.
High Schoolps2010fPower of SunlightBeing able to answer my question about food coloring
Middle Schoolps2011sWonder of SeedsBeing able to ask sometimes dumb questions and not feel stupid.
Middle Schoolps2011fWonder of SeedsBeing able to be interactive and doing hands-on experiments.
High Schoolps2011fPower of SunlightBeing able to come up with an experiment and finding the results
High Schoolps2012sCelery ChallengeBeing able to come up with our own hypothesis and experiment and then being able to test those experiments to see how they worked.
High Schoolps2011sWonder of SeedsBeing able to communicate with the mentor.
High Schoolps2011fPower of SunlightBeing able to conduct my own experiment and get input from a mentor on what to improve, change ect.
High Schoolps2011fWonder of SeedsBeing able to create a experiment of our own with my group.
Middle schoolps2011fPollinationBeing able to create my own experiment, and working on it with my friends.
High Schoolps2012sPower of SunlightBeing able to design my own experiment
High Schoolps2010fPower of SunlightBeing able to excpierement with different plants, and different ideas.
Middle Schoolps2010sWonder of Seedsbeing able to go online and type the imfor mation down
High Schoolps2011fWonder of SeedsBeing able to grow different types of seeds.
High Schoolps2011fWonder of Seedsbeing able to have it online and having it a little better organized
High Schoolps2010fPower of Sunlightbeing able to have someone else other then the teacher help us out.
High Schoolps2012sBrassica Geneticsbeing able to interact with other people and having a mentor to help us with our project.
High Schoolps2012sBrassica Geneticsbeing able to learn about how new plants are made
Middle Schoolps2011sWonder of Seedsbeing able to learn about the process that plants go through
High Schoolps2011sWonder of SeedsBeing able to perform experiments and collect data and and use data to make a conclusion and a hypothesis.
High Schoolps2010fBrassica Geneticsbeing able to plant flowers and collecet data during the experience.
High Schoolps2010fPower of Sunlightbeing able to see high schools around the world working together to answer questions we all had.
High Schoolps2010sWonder of SeedsBeing able to see my plants grow everyday and seeing them change. Seeing them from tiny little seeds to tall green plants was very enjoyable.
Middle schoolps2011fWonder of SeedsBeing able to see other students work and experiments.
High Schoolps2010fC-fernbeing able to see the c ferns grow in a agar plate
High Schoolps2010sPower of Sunlightbeing able to see the effects of different colors of light
Middle Schoolps2011sWonder of SeedsBeing able to share my expirement with my peers.
High Schoolps2010fWonder of SeedsBeing able to talk to a mentor and getting the chance to see everyone elses experiments and let other see ours and get comments.
High Schoolps2011sC-fernBeing able to talk to a professional scientist about our inquiries and findings.
High Schoolps2010fBrassica GeneticsBeing able to talk to an experienced scientist and getting to work together as a team.
High Schoolps2011fWonder of SeedsBeing able to talk to real scientists
High Schoolps2011sWonder of SeedsBeing able to talk to someone who knows what they are doing and get advice from them.
Middle schoolps2011fWonder of SeedsBeing able to talk to your mentor when ever you wanted. :)
High Schoolps2012sCelery Challengebeing able to try the diffrent things with the celery
High Schoolps2010fPower of SunlightBeing able to work in groups and being able to talk with our group about the answer.
High Schoolps2012sCelery ChallengeBeing able to work in groups and talk with our scientists
High Schoolps2011sC-fernBeing able to work with a professional and how she new what she was doing and it helped us alot.
High Schoolps2011fWonder of SeedsBeing able to work with a scientist
High Schoolps2011fWonder of SeedsBeing able to work with a scientist.
Middle schoolps2011fWonder of SeedsBeing able to work with friends and a mentor.
Middle Schoolps2011sWonder of Seedsbeing able to work with friends while using electronics and learning also.
High Schoolps2012sCelery ChallengeBeing able to work with my friends during this experience. And posting data on the website and having our mentor able to answer and talk to us
Middle Schoolps2012sWonder of SeedsBeing able to work with my friends.
Middle Schoolps2011fWonder of Seedsbeing in a group
Middle Schoolps2010fPollinationBeing in a group which allowed me to share ides and hear others.
High Schoolps2011fWonder of SeedsBeing in a group with friends.
Middle Schoolps2012sWonder of SeedsBeing in a group, working with plants and going on the computer.
Middle Schoolps2012sWonder of SeedsBeing in a group.
Middle schoolps2011fWonder of Seedsbeing in groups was fun! I also liked emailing a professional scientist.
Middle Schoolps2011sWonder of Seedsbeing on the computers and posting our things on line for other people to see
Middle schoolps2011fPollinationbeing with friends and learning.
High Schoolps2011sBrassica GeneticsCaring and tending to the plants and just like. The whole data collection process was enjoyable.
Middle Schoolps2011fWonder of SeedsCaring for the plants
Middle schoolps2012sCelery Challengecelery
Middle Schoolps2012sWonder of Seedschoosing and customizing our page
Middle Schoolps2012sWonder of Seedschosing an experiment.
High Schoolps2010sPower of Sunlightclocking the plants and measuring their rate of photosynthesis
Middle Schoolps2010fPollinationCollectignj pollen data outside.
High Schoolps2011fWonder of Seedscollecting & watching data
High Schoolps2011sArabidopsiscollecting data from our work
High Schoolps2011fWonder of SeedsComing up with our own experiments
High Schoolps2011fArabidopsisComminucating with a real scientist
High Schoolps2011fBrassica GeneticsCommunicating with an actual scientist that would help us with our ideas and questions.
High Schoolps2011fArabidopsisCommunicating with real life scientists about research we were doing and getting comments on what we were studying
High Schoolps2010sPower of Sunlightcommunicating with scientists
Middle Schoolps2011sWonder of SeedsCommunicating with the mentors.
High Schoolps2012sPower of Sunlightcommunicating with the scientist
High Schoolps2011sC-fernComparing the differencews between the different groups of ferns.
Middle Schoolps2012sWonder of Seedscomunicating with people in other countries
Middle Schoolps2010sWonder of Seedsconacting our mentor
Middle Schoolps2011sC-fernconfrence
Middle schoolps2011fWonder of SeedsConversating with the mentor.
High Schoolps2012sPollinationCorrespondence with mentor
High Schoolps2011sBrassica GeneticsCounting the seeds and harvesting the plant. And watching how tall the plants grew over such a little amount of time.
High Schoolps2011fArabidopsisCounting the trichomes.
High Schoolps2011sWonder of SeedsDesiging our own experience was nice instead of being told what we had to do.
High Schoolps2011fArabidopsisDesigning our own experiment and talking to a real scientist to get feedback.
High Schoolps2010sPower of Sunlightdesigning your own experiment
High Schoolps2010fBrassica Geneticsdestroying the plants
High Schoolps2010sBrassica Geneticsdidnt half to do any homework
Middle Schoolps2012sWonder of Seedsdiscovering new things about plants
High Schoolps2011fWonder of SeedsDoing a lab and observe results of plants. Uploading pictures, too.
High Schoolps2010sPower of Sunlightdoing all of the tests and seeing results that i would not have expected
Middle Schoolps2010fPollinationDoing an experiment with my friends.
High Schoolps2010sPollinationDoing everything from start to finish
Middle Schoolps2011fWonder of Seedsdoing stuff in lab
Middle Schoolps2010sWonder of Seedsdoing the actual expierment
High Schoolps2010sPower of SunlightDoing the actual tests on the plant
Middle Schoolps2011fWonder of SeedsDoing the experiment
High Schoolps2012sWonder of Seedsdoing the experiment
High Schoolps2010fPower of Sunlightdoing the experiment and sharing it with people.
High Schoolps2012sPollinationDoing the experiment itself was cool, and I liked communicating with a scientist for feedback, just in case.
High Schoolps2010fPower of SunlightDoing the experiments with the heat as being a factor
Middle Schoolps2010fPollinationDoing the experiments.
Middle Schoolps2011sWonder of Seedsdoing the expirement
High Schoolps2010fPower of SunlightDoing the expirement in general was fun. I liked to see the leaves float once they were put under a light source.
Middle schoolps2011fPollinationDoing the lab and going outside and watching the bee's.
High Schoolps2012sBrassica GeneticsDoing the observations.
High Schoolps2010fPower of SunlightDoing the Photosynthesis experiment.
High Schoolps2012sBrassica GeneticsDoing the prezi
Middle schoolps2011fPollinationdoing the tests
Middle Schoolps2012sWonder of Seedsdoing this
High Schoolps2012sCelery ChallengeDoing this other than taking a quiz everyday in my class.
Middle Schoolps2010sWonder of Seedsdrinking the excess POG at the end!!
Middle schoolps2011fWonder of SeedsDuring this experience I liked many things some of those things are getting our own mentor to giude us throught our experience.
High Schoolps2012sBrassica GeneticsDuring this experiment, i didnt really have something that i favored or liked more. i am not that intrested in plants. what i did like was to actually grow a plant. i felt like i brought life to something.
High Schoolps2011fWonder of SeedsDuring this experiment, I enjoyed setting up everything. It was fun putting our boxes together and working as a group.
High Schoolps2010sBrassica GeneticsDuring this project, I liked being able to see how the different amounts of fertilizers influenced the growth.
High Schoolps2011sBrassica GeneticsEasy to use and taught me many things about plants.
High Schoolps2012sCelery Challengeeating the celery was a lot of fun.
Middle Schoolps2011fWonder of Seedsending the expreriment
Middle Schoolps2011sWonder of SeedsEstamos viendo como crecen nuestras plantas.
Middle Schoolps2011fWonder of SeedsEVERTHING
Middle Schoolps2010sWonder of Seedsevery thing
High Schoolps2011fPower of SunlightEvery thing me and my groups did
Middle Schoolps2010fWonder of Seedsevery thing!
High Schoolps2010sWonder of Seedseverything
High Schoolps2011sWonder of Seedseverything
Middle Schoolps2011sWonder of Seedseverything
Middle Schoolps2011sWonder of Seedseverything
High Schoolps2011fBrassica Geneticseverything
High Schoolps2011fWonder of SeedsEverything
Middle Schoolps2012sWonder of Seedseverything
High Schoolps2012sBrassica GeneticsEverything
Middle Schoolps2012sWonder of Seedseverything
High Schoolps2010fBrassica GeneticsEverything, it's was fun, I hoping that we will be able to do more lab like this.:)
High Schoolps2010sWonder of SeedsEverything!
Middle Schoolps2012sWonder of SeedsEverything!
High Schoolps2010sPower of SunlightEVERYTHING! :D
Middle Schoolps2010sWonder of Seedseverything!!!! :)
High Schoolps2011fArabidopsisEverything.
High Schoolps2011sBrassica GeneticsExcel. Wheeeee!
High Schoolps2012sBrassica GeneticsExperimented with plants
Middle Schoolps2011sWonder of Seedsexperimenting
High Schoolps2010fBrassica GeneticsExtracting the seeds
Middle Schoolps2012sWonder of Seedsfact of planting stuff
High Schoolps2010sPower of SunlightFeedback from actual college students.
High Schoolps2011fWonder of Seedsfeeling accomplished
Middle Schoolps2012sWonder of SeedsFeeling like a real scientist.
Middle Schoolps2010fPollinationfiguring out how to look for pollen.
High Schoolps2012sBrassica Geneticsfind out that different people are also doing this.
Middle Schoolps2011sWonder of SeedsFinding if your hypothesis is right or wrong and studying the plants
Middle Schoolps2010sWonder of Seedsfinding new things to water plants with
High Schoolps2012sCelery ChallengeFinding out how plants worked and getting to see the plants for myself, comparing the different celery trials to eachother.
High Schoolps2012sCelery Challengefinguring out how the celery actually bent.
High Schoolps2012sWonder of SeedsFinishing it.
High Schoolps2011fBrassica GeneticsFormulating the experiment with assistance from our mentor.
Middle Schoolps2011sWonder of SeedsFrom this experiment i mostly liked having a mentor to give us advice on how we should do the project and how we should set it up. I liked how they were always there to answer questions and help us.
High Schoolps2010sWonder of SeedsGerminating seeds is exciting.
High Schoolps2011sC-fernget to learn about plants
Middle Schoolps2012sWonder of Seedsgeting to try to see what work s the best
High Schoolps2010sPower of SunlightGetting all the air out of the plants.
Middle schoolps2011fWonder of SeedsGetting dirty form the plants and the soil we my group was puting the plants in the pots.
Middle Schoolps2010sWonder of SeedsGetting feed back from a scientis to help my group
High Schoolps2010fWonder of SeedsGetting on the computer .
High Schoolps2011fWonder of SeedsGetting to do a hands on experiment.
High Schoolps2010fBrassica Geneticsgetting to go online
Middle Schoolps2011sWonder of Seedsgetting to grow the plants was the most fun
High Schoolps2011fWonder of SeedsGetting to have a mentor.
High Schoolps2011fArabidopsisGetting to interact with our mentor and other scientists that were working on the same plants as us.
Middle Schoolps2011sWonder of Seedsgetting to interact with people and seee other expiriments from different schools.
Middle Schoolps2011fWonder of SeedsGetting to learn about plants
Middle schoolps2012sCelery Challengegetting to look through the celery pices.
Middle schoolps2011fWonder of SeedsGetting to meet a scientist and making a team profile.
High Schoolps2012sBrassica GeneticsGetting to observe the plants grow over time.
Middle Schoolps2011fWonder of Seedsgetting to post our proggress to the website
High Schoolps2010sPower of SunlightGetting to see how respiration actually works
High Schoolps2010fPower of SunlightGetting to see how the lights effected the plants.
High Schoolps2010fPower of SunlightGetting to see the plant grow was very interesting.
Middle schoolps2011fWonder of SeedsGetting to see the prosses.
High Schoolps2011fWonder of SeedsGetting to see the seed grow.
Dataset 1.Student Responses.
Anonymized, raw data of student responses to optional open-ended survey question administered online following secondary school students’ participation in the online mentored inquiry experience.

Analysis of student attitudes

We downloaded the student responses from the archives in the online platform, removed errant duplications, and then imported an aggregated file into IBM® SPSS® Text Analytics for Surveys version 4 (IBM copyright 2010). As responses to the open-ended survey question typically ranged from one to several sentences, the computational linguistics text mining tool simplified the creation of broad sets of categories across responses. From the initial automated categorization of results, we discussed refinement to the categories through several iterations. In particular, we identified where automated codes were not applied appropriately, automated categories were conceptually related, and custom terms needed. For example, student comments about observations, collection of data, measurement, and analysis of data were manually grouped in an overarching category on the practice and processes of science. Similarly, text referring to seeds and germination were grouped, and the students’ various descriptions of doing experiments, labs, or projects were defined as synonyms. This iterative, exploratory process results in a robust view of the elements of most interest to the students as well as allowing one to investigate connections between areas of interest.

Results

To put the student survey data in perspective, we first present statistics on content of the project pages as a way to quantify the student experience and to provide some context of what the experience involved during the period investigated here (Table 1). Most student projects included information on the team’s research question, prediction, experimental design and conclusion. Projects variably included supplemental documentation about their team research. The number of asynchronous posts between student teams and mentors ranged widely. There are many factors that account for the wide range in student post numbers, from teachers’ directions whether all students should post or appoint a team spokesperson, to the number of days computers are available, to teachers’ grading structures, to individual student motivation levels.

Table 1. Summary of types of content posted on the student teams’ online project pages.

Type of content postedPosting Statistic
Team Research Information and
Supporting Documentation
Percentage of teams
posting content
Research question95%
Prediction91%
Experimental design85%
Conclusion61%
Team photo89%
Other images51%
Research journal files44%
Data files39%
Final presentation files25%
Comments between teams and mentor Average and range
Mentor posts to student teams6.5 (1–43)
Student posts (all team members) to mentor12.5 (1–124)

Across all survey results, students mentioned most frequently four themes as favored elements: plants (26.9%), scientist-mentor (20.3%), growing (15.7%), and experiments (13.8%). While some students responded to the open-ended question by noting only one thing that they liked most, other comments mentioned multiple elements in the same sentence(s). Relationships between themes mentioned by students illustrate a complex network of the four major nodes and how they are interconnected and also cross-linked to other favored elements (Figure 1). We next narrowed the selection for a view of the networks associated with each of the four major nodes in turn.

e9f9ff84-3cde-4485-bf65-f812ef707d3d_figure1.gif

Figure 1. Lexical web illustrating the four themes that students liked most and connections among favored elements.

The size of the node represents the number of total respondents liking that element, and the width of the line between nodes is weighted by the number of shared responses. Items with fewer than 20 respondents are filtered out to simplify the lexical web. The size of the nodes corresponds to the number of responses in a given category, while the thickness of the lines represents the number of links between categories.

What many students explicitly liked about plants was growing them, although the comments about liking plants formed a relatively dense web of connections to other items (Figure 2). Looking closely at the language that students use about plants, we saw two subtle, distinct descriptions about interactions with their study organisms. Students expressed a sense of enjoyment as a result of their interaction with plants, which was often connected to closely observing their plants: “I enjoyed seeing my plants grow and display their traits.” Less commonly but importantly students expressed a personal relationship, often a personal responsibility, for tending to their plants. (1) “Working with and caring for the plants was my favorite part.” (2) “The caring and effort you had to put into it. It was kind of like babysitting a child you could say. Because just like a child you had to watch and care for it.” Students mentioned liking the plants together with a wide array of other aspects of the PlantingScience experience such as the procedural aspects of manipulating variables and the social aspects of working with friends, classmates, and scientists. Taken together student comments about liking “plants” and “growing” account for the majority of favored program elements.

e9f9ff84-3cde-4485-bf65-f812ef707d3d_figure2.gif

Figure 2. Lexical web illustrating connections of students’ comments about liking the plants to other favored elements.

The size of the node represents the number of total respondents liking that element, and the width of the line between nodes is weighted by the number of shared responses. Items with fewer than 10 respondents are filtered out to simplify the lexical web.

The network of comments that students made about liking most their mentor shows strong connections to many aspects of doing and learning science as part of a science community (Figure 3). When commenting about liking their mentor, students also noted the uniqueness and the global viewpoint of the online experience. For example, comments included references to experiments, answering a question, communication, advice, team, help, and advantages. Three student quotes that illustrate several of these connections in context are: (1) “It was great working with a scientist who took the time to give us meaningful feedback. It really helped me learn and experiment.” (2) “The ability to interact with real life scientists was interesting and unprecedented in my life. Our group bonded with our mentor and it provided an awesome experience overall, as well as the chance to create and enact our own experimental design.” (3) “I liked having the advantage to speak with scientists from other areas around the world and looking at other experiments being done by other students. This to me helped give my group and I more ideas for our experiment and it kind of showed us how we could improve ours and make it a little more detailed with less problems.

e9f9ff84-3cde-4485-bf65-f812ef707d3d_figure3.gif

Figure 3. Lexical web illustrating connections of students’ comments about liking their mentors to other favored elements.

The size of the node represents the number of total respondents liking that element, and the width of the line between nodes is weighted by the number of shared responses. Items with fewer than 20 respondents are filtered out to simplify the lexical web.

Although students less commonly cited liking most the experience of engaging in scientific practices and experiments, comments on this fourth major theme were also connected to the mentor, the collaborative team research, and the liberation that student-led inquiry offers (Figure 4). Phrases such as “we got to” or “I was able to” or “had the freedom to” were common signs that students valued the ownership of their research project and ideas. Students appreciated getting to choose variables, particular techniques, particular species of plants as subjects, and the research question. Students also valued the combination of independence and collaboration of the environment in terms of working with and learning from others. Two student quotes capture both of these themes: (1) “It was interesting to see what kinds of experiments different people came up with, and how they went about testing their hypothesis. I also like coming up with our idea in itself,” (2) “I liked how personal it was with our mentor, I also really enjoyed the freedom we had on deciding what we wanted to do and how we wanted to do it. We just picked our project then we tested everything ourselves and planned out everything and presented it just like real scientists would.”

e9f9ff84-3cde-4485-bf65-f812ef707d3d_figure4.gif

Figure 4. Lexical web illustrating connections of students’ comments about liking the experiment to other favored elements.

The size of the node represents the number of total respondents liking that element, and the width of the line between nodes is weighted by the number of shared responses. Items with fewer than 10 respondents are filtered out to simplify the lexical web.

Discussion

The aggregated responses provide a picture of the major features that students appreciate most from the blended learning experience of conducting team-led plant investigations in their classrooms and collaborating with domain experts and peers online. Students highly value communicating with their mentors; it both creates a personal connection and provides students with a contextualized experience, working as part of a scientific community. Student comments about scientific practices demonstrated the importance they place on ownership of their own learning and the value of integrating authentic practices like data collection and interpretation into the experience. This study also indicates that students highly value, perhaps most of all, the interactions they have with plants as their study organisms.

As an examination of student attitudes toward program design features, this analysis suggests that key objectives are being met and it hints to some challenges for digital learning environments. Many students responded favorably to the design features that promote experiential and collaborative learning with plants, connections to scientists, and digital opportunities for feedback and reflection. A previous study documented that participating scientists use an array of mentoring techniques including socializing students into science, modeling scientific thinking, and combining content and practices naturally (Adams & Hemingway, 2014). Here we see that participating students respond by expressing appreciation for the personal relationships they form with scientists, plants, and peers while working as members of a research community. As digital connection to domain experts was a key program intervention, the stronger student response to plants than mentors warrants discussion and further exploration. Students interacted daily with plants and intermittently with their mentors during the course of the team investigations. Challenges of asynchronous discourse with mentors that likely play a role include communication delays, computer access and school schedules and the classroom being a “black box” to some scientists. The frequency of exposure may also influence the high frequency with which students cited liking plants. We would argue the students’ strong positive attitude towards plants as their study subjects reflects an authentic trajectory for developing scientists. Mentors may open the door to the scientific enterprise, and once through it is the discovery process that captures students’ intellectual curiosity. Mentors, advisors, sponsors—more senior experts by any name and at any stage of the career path—are facilitators or cultivators, not generators, of individual wonder and talent.

Prior studies have shown that students studied in several countries find plants less interesting than animals, uninteresting, or downright boring (Fancovicova & Prokop, 2010; Kinchin, 1999; Randler et al., 2012). While our study was not designed to test students’ relative interest in plants versus animals, our findings of students’ strongly positive attitude about working with plants in this learning setting indicates that how students are exposed to plants matters a great deal. This view is not new (Uno, 2009), and it is reinforced by other studies. For example, learning experiences that emphasized observations in the local environment enhanced interest in both plants and animals among Swiss precollege students (Lindemann-Mathhies, 2005). Similarly, improvements in student attitudes towards plants accompany shifts in curricular approach to student-centered, active learning in an undergraduate botany course (Goldberg & Ingram 2011; Ward et al., 2014). The appreciation and caring relationships that students expressed for plants in this study invoke a sense of biophilia, which Wilson (1984) describes as the human urge to affiliate with other forms of life. To counter ‘plant blindness’ students need opportunities to experience the lives of plants: “this experience taught me that plants are more than what they just appear to be, they are creatures that develop in ways that are so different than mammals, humans, etc. they are a very beautiful type of species and they are very amazing to learn about.”

Students’ attitudes, learning, achievement, and career path are linked in close and complex ways (Osborne et al., 2003). Analyses of attitudes about science from open-ended text analysis are less common than analyses based on Likert scale responses and pose unique challenges compared to measurement of student learning (Lovelace & Brickman, 2013). While there is a clear need for assessments that produce evidence of student content knowledge and proficiency in science practices (National Research Council, 2014), the affective domain is a powerful and under-utilized body of evidence in the development of student learning (Trujillo & Tanner, 2014). In this analysis we began to tease out some of the indicators that students self-report as being positive to their learning experience. We see these as potentially important to the development of future instructional materials and activities and as an indicator of the effectiveness of the PlantingScience program.

These findings have implications for other projects that use technology to support more authentic science practices in science classrooms. Just doing an investigation is not sufficient for deep learning (Bell et al., 2003) and digital tools for collaboration and communication used effectively can enhance student motivation and understanding (Mistler-Jackson & Songer, 2000). Digital learning environments generally accumulate large amounts of data rapidly. Without being prohibitively time consuming, the text-analysis approach allowed us to reveal broad patterns in a large set of open-ended data. Students participating in PlantingScience appear to give primacy to the personal science experience with the digital collaboration serving as an enhancer of the experiential learning. Placing students in an environment where they are asked to behave and think like scientists as they conduct investigations, while at the same time providing a mentor who can model scientific thinking, is a powerful combination for students to experience change in their worldview about science, scientists, and plants.

Data availability

Dataset 1. Student Responses. http://dx.doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.6223.d44181 (Hemingway et al., 2015).

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Hemingway C, Adams C and Stuhlsatz M. Digital collaborative learning: identifying what students value [version 1; peer review: 2 approved]. F1000Research 2015, 4:74 (https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.6223.1)
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ApprovedThe paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested
Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit.
Not approvedFundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions
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Reviewer Report 01 Jun 2015
Graham Scott, Bioscience Education Research Group, School of Biological, Biomedical and Environmental Sciences, University of Hull, Hull, UK 
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This paper makes an important contribution to the literature about engagement with botany in formal schooling. It presents a project that harnesses the enthusiasm of practicing scientists and the power of the internet to enable children (and their teachers) to ... Continue reading
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Scott G. Reviewer Report For: Digital collaborative learning: identifying what students value [version 1; peer review: 2 approved]. F1000Research 2015, 4:74 (https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.6677.r8776)
NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article.
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Reviewer Report 07 Apr 2015
Melanie Link-Perez, Department of Biology, Armstrong State University, Savannah, GA, USA 
Approved
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This article by Hemingway and co-authors presents the results of a lexical analysis of an open-ended survey question presented to secondary school students participating in the PlantingScience (www.plantingscience.org) program. The survey question probed what students most-liked about participation in the ... Continue reading
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Link-Perez M. Reviewer Report For: Digital collaborative learning: identifying what students value [version 1; peer review: 2 approved]. F1000Research 2015, 4:74 (https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.6677.r8133)
NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article.

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Not approved - fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions
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