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Research Article

Repository of mutations from Oman: The entry point to a national mutation database

[version 1; peer review: 3 approved]
PUBLISHED 23 Sep 2015
Author details Author details
OPEN PEER REVIEW
REVIEWER STATUS

Abstract

The Sultanate of Oman is a rapidly developing Muslim country with well-organized government-funded health care services, and expanding medical genetic facilities. The preservation of tribal structures within the Omani population coupled with geographical isolation has produced unique patterns of rare mutations. In order to provide diagnosticians and researchers with access to an up-to-date resource that will assist them in their daily practice we collated and analyzed all of the Mendelian disease-associated mutations identified in the Omani population. By the 1st of August 2015, the dataset contained 300 mutations detected in over 150 different genes. More than half of the data collected reflect novel genetic variations that were first described in the Omani population, and most disorders with known mutations are inherited in an autosomal recessive fashion. A number of novel Mendelian disease genes have been discovered in Omani nationals, and the corresponding mutations are included here. The current study provides a comprehensive resource of the mutations in the Omani population published in scientific literature or reported through service provision that will be useful for genetic care in Oman and will be a starting point for variation databases as next-generation sequencing technologies are introduced into genetic medicine in Oman.

Keywords

Genetic Disease, Birth Defects, disease-associated mutation data, Sultanate of Oman

Introduction

Oman is situated in the South East of the Arabian Peninsula along the East coast of the Arabian Gulf (Figure 1). It has its borders with United Arab Emirates to the North, Saudi Arabia to the West and Yemen to the South West. Oman is the second largest territory in the Arabian Peninsula with an area of 82,000 square miles and a coastline length of 1,300 miles. The native Omani population comprises around 2.2 million inhabitants, and the rate of annual population increase is approximately 25 per 1000. Oman has a young population with nearly half of the population being under 15 years. The Omani population is characterized by a high growth rate, large family size, consanguineous marriages, and the presence of genetic isolates.

a3d6803e-378a-4fb6-a77c-884b18c262db_figure1.gif

Figure 1. Oman is situated in the South East of the Arabian Peninsula along the East coast of the Arabian Gulf.

Clinical genetic services were introduced in the Sultanate of Oman in the past decade and they have become an important component of health care. This greatly facilitated the systematic collection of data on genetic diseases and birth defects in the past few decades. With the inauguration of the National Genetic Center in 2013, the existing clinical genetic services were supplemented by sophisticated genetic laboratory services.

The amount of published data available on genetic disorders in the Sultanate is considerable. There were a few previous attempts to list the genetic diseases reported in Oman14 and to link them to specific population groups and geographic locations5,6, analyze population structure7, and to estimate the impact of genetic disorders and birth defects on the community4 and summarize the genetic services available8. The advances in bioinformatics required to annotate human genomic variants and to place them in public data repositories have not kept pace with their discovery. The deposition of such data in the public domain is essential to maximize both their scientific and clinical utility9.

Hence, in the current study we present a comprehensive compilation of germline mutations in nuclear genes associated with human disease in the Omani population.

Materials and methods

The wealth of genetic variant data in Omani nationals was collected from multiple sources which form a basis for research into genetic conditions reported from Oman. Multiple sources of data were reviewed to form repository of mutations in Omani nationals introduced in this paper. The sources of data included:

(1) 1993–2015 records of patients consulted by clinical geneticists of the Royal Hospital, the largest tertiary hospital in Oman;

(2) 2008–2015 publications curated from PUBMED on birth defects and genetic conditions in Omani nationals. The keywords used were: “Oman”, “Genetic disorders”, “Birth defects”, “mutations”;

(3) 2012–2014 commercial laboratories referral registry at the Royal Hospital for the samples tested overseas.

(4) The internal genetic variant repository of the National Genetic Center <<HTTP://ogvd.net>>;

The data presented in this article was manually curated. The OMIM identifiers, Phenotype MIM accession numbers, Phenotype name (OMIM), mutation descriptions, and relevant publications with PMID numbers were all collected from the NCBI database repository. All unavailable through PubMed mutation details were checked with ClinVar, LOVD and CentoMD. The details of unpublished mutations are not included in the present study and feature in Table 2 as “Novel mutations”.

Results

In this study, a wide range of genetic conditions with known mutations collected in Omani nationals were analysed. The disease classifications are comprised of 44 gene variants causing neurodevelopmental disorders, 21 inborn errors of metabolism, 13 endocrinopathies, 15 skeletal dysplasias, nine disorders of the immune system, four hereditary blood disorders as well as other National groups (Table 1).

Table 1. Range of genetic conditions with known mutations in Omani nationals (details presented in Table 2 and Table 3).

Range of Genetic Conditions with
known mutations in Omani nationals
Number
of disease
causing genes
Number
of disease
causing
mutations
Novel
Mutations of
known genes
Novel genes
and novel
genetic
mechanisms
Genetic Blood Disorders
              Beta-Globin13323
              Alpha-Globin22232
              Delta-Globin11430
Other hemolytic and hemorrhagic disorders3532
Neurodevelopmental disorders
         Conditions with intellectual disability202397
Primary Microcephaly5522
Epileptic syndromes2201
Neurodegenerative conditions6711
Syndromic ciliopathies6753
Hereditary spastic paraplegias5643
Neuropathies and neuromuscular
disorders
81311
Arthrogryposis3322
Inborn errors of metabolism2128212
Endocrine disorders132825
Intrahepatic cholestasis and gut anomalies4830
Disorders of the immune system91534
Familial cancers4610
Skeletal dysplasias and osteodysplasias152368
Cardiogenetic conditions2211
Renal disorders and dysplasias61301
Skin, nails, and hair disorders61003
Cutis laxa syndromes2703
Ophthalmological diseases including
blindness
5802
Congenital deafness1301
Congenital lipodystrophies5501
Cystic fibrosis1412
Total1563008358

Extensive genetic studies were performed in Oman for Genetic Blood Disorders and various conditions leading to intellectual disabilities, mental and physical handicap.

In total more than 150 rare genetic disorders were listed in Table 2 and Table 3 with relevant OMIM numbers, PubMed ID (PMID), Gene/Locus name, nucleotide(s) change(s) and the source of the data (PubMed ID Number/ OMIM/ClinVar/LOVD/CentoMD). The names of genetic conditions in Table 2 are stated as found in OMIM “Phenotype-Gene Relationships” table as “Phenotype” arranged in alphabetical order. In Table 3, we present a separate list of 69 known mutations (11–15) that were collected through service provision at the Hemoglobinopathy Laboratory at the National Genetic Center in Oman.

Table 2. List of disease-associated mutations in Omani nationals.

No.Phenotype (OMIM)OMIMPMIM IDGene/LocusNucleotide changeSource:
Pubmed ID Nos/
Registration at
international
databases
1Achondroplasia100800134934FGFR3c.749G>C;LOVD
c.1172C>A
2Adrenal hyperplasia, congenital, due
to 21-hydroxylase deficiency
201910613815CYP 21A2p.I236N21274396
p.V237E
p.M239K
c. 306T insert,
p.Q318X; conv Cyp 21P
to Cyp 21A2
3Adrenal hyperplasia, congenital, due
to 17-hydroxylase deficiency
202110609300CYP17A1c.287G>A
p.Arg96Gln
24498484
4Allopecia universalis congenita*203655602302HRc. 2776+1, G>A9736769
c.1022T>A
5Alport syndrome, autosomal dominant104199104200COL4A3c.479G>A;14871398
c.232delG
6Alport syndrome, autosomal recessive203780120070COL4A3R1215X(CGA>TG14582039
7Alport syndrome, X-linked (ATS)301050303630COL 4A5del exons 7–8 and
31–36
25333070
15149316
potential duplication
of exons 21 – 30+/-
exon 20
8Alstrom syndrome*606884203800ALMS1Novel mutation17594715
9Amelogenesis imperfecta, type IIA3*613211613214WDR72c.978T-to-ter19853237
(V968X);
2857delA
10Apparent Mineralocorticoid
excess (AME 1);Cortisol 11-beta-
ketoreductase deficiency
*218030614232HSD11B2Exon 1: R74G ;15134813
Pdelta1nt
(P75Delta1nt)
Exon2: L114Delta6nt
Exon 5: V322ins9nt
Exon 3 :A221V
11Arterial tortuosity syndrome208050208050SLC2A10243C-G16550171
12Arthrogryposis, renal dysfunction, and
cholestasis 1
*608552208085Vps33Bc.350delC15052268
13Autoimmune Lymphoproliferative
Syndrome (Type A)
601859601853FASc.232 del G, exon38787672
14Bardet-Biedl Syndrome 9 (BBS9)*615986615986PTHB1IVS 17/IGTA variant17106446
15Bardet-Biedl Syndrome 10 (BBS10)*209900209900FLJ23560n.364fsX36817106446
FLJ 23560
16Brain Calcifications/Coat’s like
syndrome/Rajab syndrome
*613658613658NALinkage to 2q36.319161147
17Breast cancer114480114480BRCA 12080insA18340530
18Carbamoylphosphate synthetase I
deficiency
*238970237300CPSIc.1590dupT22106832
19Carnitinepalmitoyl carboxylase
deficiency
*6006501p32.3CPT2 genedetectable mutations
were excluded
ClinVar
20Central hypoventilation syndrome,
congenital
603851209880PHOX2B5 Alanine ExpansionsClinVar
10 Alanine expansions
21Ceroid lipofuscinosis, neuronal,
2 (CLN2)
*204500607998TPP1positive linkage17690061
22Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, type 4A214400214400GDAP1Start-codon mutation22200116
23Cohen Syndrome (COH 1)*216550216550VPS13B7934G>A15173253
24Cystic Fibrosis*2197007q31.2CFTR102T>A+S549R(T>G)]25829996;
10480369
delta F508
F208Del;
S549Rdel
25Cholestasis intrahepatic*243300243300ATP8B1(exon 15) het delCentoMD;
15239083
26Cholestasis, benign recurrent
intrahepatic, 2
605479605479ABCB11c.149G.ALOVD;
CentoMD
c.1416T.A
27Cholestasis, progressive familial
intrahepatic 3
602347602347ABCB4c.2800G>ALOVD
28Cholestasis, intrahepatic, of
pregnancy, 1
147480147480ATP8B1c.1286A>C;LOVD;
CentoMD
Novel mutation
Novel mutation
29Chondrodysplasia, Grebe type (Grebe
Acromesomelic Dysplasia)
*200700200700GDF5Del G1144;16636240
Transition A1137G
30Chronic granulomatous disease due
to deficiency of NCF1
*233700233700NCF1c.579G>A24446915;
24446915
Novel mutation
31Chronic Granulomatous Disease,
X-Linked
*306400306400CYBB, XKDel gp91-phox gene
(CYBB)
24446915
del McLeod gene (XK)
32Crigler-Naj ar Syndrome, type II606785606785UGT1A1c.211G>A9630669
c.1456T>G
33Cutis laxa, autosomal recessive,
type IIA (with congenital defect of
glycosulation)
*219200219200ATP6V0A2c.294+1G4A18157129
c.1929delA
34Cutis laxa, autosomal recessive,
type IIIB
*614438614438PYCR1356G>A19648921
566C>T
356G4A
c.356G>A
c.566C>T
35Deafness, autosomal recessive 1A*2202902220290GJB2S86T11748849
35delG
167delT
36Diabetes mellitus, permanent neonatal606176606176ABCC8c.4480C>T9769320
37Dushenne Muscular Dystrophy320200320200DMDDel exon 719449031
Dupl exons 55 to 77
c.4996C>T
c.1733_1734delTA
c.1175T > G
c.1647T>G;
c.1521_1523delCTT
38Epiphyseal dysplasia, macrocephaly,
variable CC agenesis, spindle-shaped
fingers, mental retardation
*226900NA15q26Linkage D15S205/
D15S966
11389160
39Ectodermal dysplasia 1, hypohidrotic,
X-linked (EDA)
305100305100ED1c.G1113A;
Gly291Arg
11279189
40Ectodermal dysplasia 10B,
hypohidrotic/hair/tooth type,
autosomal recessive
224900224900EDAR718delAAA20979233
41Enhanced S-cone syndrome (Golden-
Favre syndrome)
*268100268100NR2E3c.1117 A>G24891813
42Ellis Van-Creveld*225500225500EVCFrameshift in exon 1317024374;
20184732
Novel mutation
43Epilepsy, progressive myoclonic 2B
(MELF)
254780254780NHLRC1c.468_469delAG18263761
44Escobar syndrome*265000265000CHRNGγ78dup(3)16826520
45Ethyl Malonic Aciduria608451608451ETHE1c.487C>TCento MD;
14732903
46Factor X deficiency/Familiar CRM*227600227600F10c.381G>A12574802
47Fanconi anemia, complementation
group D1 (FAD1)
605724605724BRCA29609C>T22660720
exon 25
48Fanconi-Bickel Syndrome (GLUT2)138160227810SLC2A2c.1259G>T;22660720
c.1127T>G
49Familial Mediterranean fever, AR*608107247100MEFVc.442G>CCentoMD,
ClinVar
50Favism305900134700G6PDc.335A>T8860013
G6PD Chatham
G6PD A-
2 novel mutations
51Gastrointestinal defects and
immunodeficiency syndrome
243150243150TTC7AQ712X25534311
52Geroderma Osteodysplastica
Hereditaria
*231070231070SCYL1BP1C-1_1 :GA>CT;18997784
257delC
53Geroderma osteodysplastica
Hereditatria
*231070231070GORAB367G-T19648921
54Glaucoma 3A, primary open angle,
congenital, juvenile, or adult onset
*231300231300CYP1B1p.G61E1959767
p.D374N
p.R368H
p.E229K
55Glycogen Storage Disease II, ACID
ALPHA-GLUCOSIDASE DEFICIENCY
232300232300GAAc.2560C>TClinVar
c.2105G>C;
56Griscelli syndrome, type 2607624607624RAB27ANovel mutationNA
57Hemolytic uremic syndrome, atypical,
susceptibility to, 3
612923612923CFIc.1332A>GCentoMD
58Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome 2608233608233AP3B1c.12_13delTA16537806
8042664
59Hyperexplexia*149400149400GLRA1c.593G>C22264702
60Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis,
familial, 2
*603553603553PRF1c.265C>A17674359
c. 50delT
c.265>A
.c. 674G>C
c.Del12bP
c.1122G>A/
Del12bP
61Hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia,
familial, 1
*256450256450ABCC8c.4480C>T9769320;
25972930
c.96C>A
c.563A>G
c.119T>G
3 novel mutations
62Hyperinsulinemic Hypoglycemia,
familiar, 5
*147670609968INSRNovel mutationNA
63Hypercholesterolemia, familial*143890143890LDLRc.272delG23162007;
24249837
64Hyperlipoproteinemia, type 1D
(chylomicronemia)
*615947615947GPIHBP1C.149G>A22106832
65HYPERPHENYLALANINEM IA BH4-
deficient C, (HPABH4C)
*261630261630QDPRNovel mutationNA
66Hyperoxaluria, primary, type 1259900259900AGXTc.33-34insCCentoMD;
21612638
67Homocystinuria due to MTHFR
deficiency
*236200236250MTHFRhet 677C-T15053809
68Hypoparathyroidism-retardation-
dysmorphism syndrome (Sanhad-
Sakati S)
241410241410TBCEc.155-166del12bp19491227
69Hypophosphatasia, childhood241510241510ALPLc. 98C>T25023282
70Huntington Disease143100143100HTT41-54 repeats25689972
71HUNTINTON-LIKE DISEASE*605613NILHIP1RNovel mutationNA
72Ichthyosis, congenital, autosomal
recessive 1
*242300242300TGM1c.278G>A23689228
c.396A>H
73Insensivity to pain, congenital, with
anhydrosis (HSAN IV)
256800256800NTRK1Novel mutationNA
74Isovaleric acidemia*243500243500IVDp.F382fs;22960500
p.R392H;
p.R395Q;
p.E408K
75Jouber Syndrome 1 (JBTS1)*213300213300INPPSEc.1546C>T in exon 719668216
76Joubert syndrome 5*610142610188CEP 290c.21G>T exone119764032
77Kindler Syndrome (poikiloderma)*173650173650KIND1R271X12789646
78Leprechaunism147670246200INSRSingle nucleotide del
in exon 10
OMIM:
147670.0028
79Leukodystrophy, hypomyelinating, 2
(Pelizaeus-Merzbacher-Like Disease 1)
*608803608804GJC2c.-20+1G>C23143715
80LCHAD deficiency600980609016HADHANovel mutationNA
CLipodystrophy, congenital
generalized, type 4
*613327613327PTRF-Cavinc.160delG20300641
82Lipodystrophy, congenital
generalized, type 1 (BSCL1)
608594608594AGPAT2Homozygosity
D9S1818-DS1826
11916958
83Lipodystrophy, congenital
generalized, type 2 (BSCL2)
606158269700SEIPINHomozygocity 1883-
4136
12116229,
84Lipodystrophy, familial partial, 2150330151660LAMIN A\CHomozygosity 375712116229
85Limb Girdle muscular dystrophy
2B;LGMD2B (Miyoshi myopathy)
254130254130DYSFC :526C>T10469840
86Lissencephaly LIS 4A300121300121DCXexon 5:11175293
87Loeys-Dietz syndrome, type 1609192609192TGFBR1 or 2Positive linkage16928994
88Long QT syndrome 1(LQT1)192500192500KCNQ11388G>C15159330
89MODY type II), Glucokinase related*125851125891GCKc.757G>T ;24993573
c. 292C>T;
90Mental retardation, autosomal
recessive 43 (MRT 43)
*615817615817KIAA1033c.3056C-G
transversion in exon 29
2149877
91Mental Retardation, autosomal
recessive
*602810602810HIST 3H3c. R130C21937992
92Mental Retardation Autosomal
Recessive, epilepsy, autism
*NANADEAF1c.997+4A>C26048982
93Meckel Gruber syndrome (MKS 3)*607361607361TMEM67c. 383-384AC del16415887
94Microcephaly with simplified gyral
pattern
*603807603807NAExcluded known loci17975804
95Microcephaly 3, primary, autosomal
recessive
604804604804CDK5RAP2c. E234X22887808
96Microcephaly 5, primary, autosomal
recessive
608716608716ASPMc.9153_9154 del ins A15045028
97Microcephaly and hypomielination*Omim 179035NAPYCR2c.355C>T25865492
c.751C>T
98Microcephalic osteodysplastic
primordial dwarfism, type II
*210720210720PCNTMaps to 21q22.318174396
99Mucolipidosis IV252650252650MCOLN1c.1207C>T15523648;
11030752;
16287144
Het NM_020533:
c.1208G>T.
100Mucopolysaccharidosis type IVB
(Morquio)
253010252010GLB1c.1420G>CCentoMD
101Multiple endocrine neoplasia IIA
(MEN2A)
171400171400RETc.1900T>C8103403
102Menkes Disease (Kinky Hair Disease)309400309400ATP7ANovel mutationCentoMD
Xq21.1
103Multiple pterygium syndrome, lethal
type
*100730253290CHRNGc.ARG448TER16826520
104Myotonic Dystrophy 1605377160900DMPKExpansion, >rpts
1allele
8036515
105Nephrotic syndrome, type 1*25630025630NPHS1(121delCT) ;CentoMD;
9660941
c.218C>T
106Nephrotic syndrome, type 2, steroid
resistant (NPHS2; SRN1)
*600995600995NPHS2c.467Dup/c.709G>;CentoMD;
15817495
c.709G>C
c.779T>A;
107Noonan syndrome 1 (NS1)163150163150PTPN11c.218C>T12161469
108Niemann-Pick disease, type C1
(NPC1)
*257220257220NPC1c.3362T>GCento MD
109Osteogenesis imperfecta, type VIII610915610915LEPRE1c.2075-1G>A24498616;
LOVD
c.1170+9G>A
110Osteogenesis imperfecta, type VI613982613982SERPINF1c.-9+2dup23054245
111Osteopetrosis, infantilile malignant*259700259700TCIRG1c.-XY_-YZdel23685543
112Orofaciodigital syndrome V*174300174300DDX59c.1600G>A23972372
113Paroxysmal nonkinesigenic dyskinesia
(PNKD1)
*118800118800MR-1 genec.20C>T : A7V ;16632198
c.26C>T : A9V)
114Peroxisome biogenesis disorder 1A
(Zellweger)
602136214100PEX-1c.1927_1928dupA;. c.
2088A>G
PMCID:
2649967;
25407003
115Pelger-Huet anomaly*169400169400LBRdel 6 BP in splice site
intron 12
21326950
116Pheochromosytoma/paraganglioma 4115310115310SDHBc.771dup.A;25034258;
15328326
c.574T>C;
c.859G>A;
117Pituitary hormone deficiency,
combined, 3
*221750221750LHX33,088-bp deletion18407919
118Pontocerebellar Hypoplasia type III*608027608027PCLOnonsense mutation of
PCLO (piccolo) gene
25832664
119Polycystic Kidney and Hepatic
Disease 1
263200263200FCYTc.107C>T11919560
120Polycystic liver disease608648608648SEC63Del in promoter
region
24886261
25165181
121Rabson-Mendenhall syndrome262190262190INSRc.671_685dupCentoMD;
22824672
122Rajab Syndrome*613658613658NAlinkage D2S351/
D2S2390
19161147
123Renal tubular acidosis, distal, AR, with
hemolitic anaemia
*611590611590SLC4A1A858D;22126643
A858D/N
124Retinitis pigmentosa-12, autosomal
recessive
*604210600105RABS 17 mutations24512366
125Retinitis pigmentosa 37*604485268100NR2E3p.D406G24891813
126Rett Syndrome312750312750MECP2c.880C>TClinVar
127Robinow syndrome, autosomal
recessive
*268310268310ROR 2c.1504C>T10932186;
19640924
c.1324C>T
128Severe combined immunodeficiency,
B cell-negative
179615601457RAG1c.1187G>AClinVar
129Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMN1)253300253300SMN1del exons 5, 6, 8 ;15000810;
17940251
Del 5q13.2 in exon 7
130Spastic paraplegia 18, autosomal
recessive (IDMDC)
*611225611225ERLIN 2(D8S1820 and
D8S532)
16636240
131Spastic paraplegia 20, SPG20; (Troyer
Syndrome)
*275900275900SPG 20c.123X20437587
132Spastic paraplegia 35, autosomal
recessive; (FAHN); Leukodystrophy,
dysmyelinating, and spastic
paraparesis
612319612319FA2Hc.235A>C20104589
133Spastic paraplegia 54, autosomal
recessive
*615033615003.0005DDHD21546C-T transition23176823
134Spastic paraplegia, ataxia, and
mental retardation
*607565607565GRID2Novel mutationNA
135Split-hand/foot malformation with long
bone deficiency 3
*612576612576BHLHA9microduplications22147889
136Spondylometaepiphyseal dysplasia,
short limb-hand type (SMED-SL)
*271665271665DDR2c.2468_2469del CT24725993
137Spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia Omani
type with congenital joint dislocations
*1430951439095CHST3c. 911G>A15215498
138Spondylocostal dysostosis 2,
autosomal recessive
605915608681MESP2;c.880C>TClinVar
139Spinocerebellar ataxia 7;
Olivopontocerebellar atrophy III;
ADCA type II
164500164500ATXN7;Repeat expansion of
ATXN7 gene
ClinVar
140Schwartz-Jampel syndrome, type 1*255800255800HSPG-2IVS64DS, A-G, +4;
c.1532C>T
11101850
141Stuve-Wiedemann syndrome/
Schwartz-Jampel type 2 syndrome
601559601559LIFRc.653_654insT14740318
c.643del T;
142Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE),
susceptibility.
*125505152700DNASE1L3G38OR ;22019780
143Thanatophoric Dysplasia type 1*187600187600FGFR-3R248C12633765
c.4406A>G
144Three-M syndrome 1*273750273750CULc2434C>T19225462
690 ins C19877176
145Three M Syndrome 2*610991612921OBCL1844ins6819877176
146Thrombosis, hyperhomocysteinemic*236200236200CBSc.807C>A;16432849
147Thyroid hormone resistance,
autosomal recessive
190160274300TRB2del in exon101991834
Novel mutationNA
148von Hippel-Lindau syndrome (VHL)*193300193300VHLNovel mutationNA

The disorders are listed in alphabetical order along with the mutations detected in Omani patients. Novel genes and/or mutations identified for the first time in Omani nationals are marked by an asterisk (*). Unpublished mutation data referred as “Novel mutations” would be updated following publication, currently source stated as “NA”.

Table 3. Mutations associated with hemoglobin disorders in the Omani population.

DiseaseOMIMGene/LocusNucleotide changePMID
Sickle cell anemia/
Hemoglobin variants
603903HBBc.19G>A25677748
c.20A>T81926
c.92G>C25677748
c.97C>G1517102
c.79G>A25677748
c.176C>A25677748
c.176C>G25677748
c.364G>A25677748
c.364G>C25677748
c.389C>T25677748
Beta Thalassemia613985HBBc.-151C>T25677748
c.-138C>A25677748
c.-121C>T*21801233
c.-102G>T*25826385
c.17_18delCT25677748
c.27_28insG25677748
c.32C>T25677748
c.47G>A20353347
c.51delC20353347
c.90C>T25677748
c.92G>A25677748
c.92+1G>A25677748
c.92+5G>C25677748
c.92+6T>C25677748
c.93-22_95del25677748
c.93-21G>A25677748
c.93-3T>G25677748
c.118C>T25677748
c.126_129delCTTT20353347
c.135delC25677748
c.315+1G>A25677748
c.316-2A>G25677748
c.*108_*112delAATAA25677748
Alpha Thalassemia604131HBA1/HBA2c.24G>C25370869
c.38C>A25370869
c.43T>C25370869
c.55G>C24165563
c.56G>A25370869
c.56delG25370869
c.64G>C;25370869
c.71A>T5675637
c.95+2_c.95+6delTGAGG25370869
c.118_120delACC25370869
c.181A>G25370869
c.264C>G25826385
c.283_300+3dup*25370869
c.326C>A16840225
c.427T>C25370869
c.*92A>G25370869
c.*94A>G25370869
Hybrid 3.7 -5 (C>T)*25370869
Hybrid 3.7 +46 (C>A)*25370869
- -(MED-I); deletion of ~17.5 kb including
both alpha-globin genes
25370869
3.7 kb deletion25370869
4.2 kb deletion25370869
Delta Thalassemia142000HBDc.-118C>T24985928
c.14C>T24985928
c.49G>C24985928
c.68C>A6058951
c.82G>T24985928
c.93-1G>C24985928
c.295G>A2477064
c.301C>T24985928
c.333-334insGT*24985928
c.350G>A24985928
c.410G>A24985938
c.422C>T17145605
c.427G>C*25043855
c.443G>T*24985928

The different mutations reported by the National Genetic Center in patients with Hemoglobinopathies in Oman. Novel mutations are indicated by an asterisk (*) indicated to the left side of the mutation. Mutations are listed in ascending order based on nucleotide position.

For the majority (85%) of rare disorders presented in Table 2, data was derived from publications. The original mutations identified for the first time in Omani population constitute more than half of rare disease data presented in Table 2.

Discussion

Soon after the completion of the Human Genome Project in 2003, it was clear that the genetic data collected until then presented only a glimpse of the complexity of the human genome and the significance of genetic variants in human disease. Since then, genetic researchers have unearthed innumerable variants that are not only individual-specific; but also ethnicity-, population- and country-specific. Human genetic variation databases have significant implications for both diagnostic and predictive medicine. Often, the pathogenicity of rare mutations is primarily assessed through multiple reports of occurrence in diseased patients that are documented and routinely updated in mutation databases. Given the fact that gene mutations and their frequencies in many Mendelian disorders differ widely between different ethnic groups, even within a country, national databases are highly valuable resources for studies on disease-gene associations, population diversity and genetic history10.

The catalog of Omani mutations presented here will therefore represent a valuable resource that may guide mutation analysis in Omanis suspected of having genetic disease. Unique circumstances in Oman with government-funded comprehensive healthcare throughout the country, and the national coverage for clinical genetics has made the present study possible. Future efforts will be required to extend this database to cover the full spectrum of mutations and population specific variants.

The disease-associated mutation data presented (Table 1, Table 2, Table 3) show a considerable proportion of novel disease genes as well as novel genetic variants within the Omani population. This was expected due to the presence of inbred and geographically isolated communities, the practice of consanguineous marriages, all of which have tended to skew the allelic spectrum toward rare and private variants within the Omani population. In addition to this, the list of genetic variants also reveals known mutations that were previously reported in certain non-Omani populations, thereby reflecting the historic genetic admixture that occurred in Oman, along the trade routes of a once powerful Omani empire and its foreign colonies. Many of the mutations reported are unique to the Omani population, suggesting a founder effect.

The interest in genetic testing is growing among physicians aiming to provide better medical care and genetic disease prevention. The data collected largely represent mutations of rare autosomal recessively inherited disorders in Oman. The mutation data in Table 2 can be searched by OMIM number, or by disease name. The names of diseases in Table 2 were chosen as described in OMIM in “Phenotype-Gene Relationships” table as “Phenotype” in order to ease finding specific genetic disorders by name.

The number of collected mutations among different disease groups (Table 1) reflect the frequency of disorders in the Omani population, the burden caused by genetic diseases4, and the interests of individual clinicians in genetic testing.

The knowledge of the genetics of Hemoglobin disorders is among the best in Oman due to national preventive programs and research starting from the 1990s. It is not surprising that around a third of all mutations known in Omani population to date are in four genes causing Hemoglobin disorders (Table 1, Table 3). The birth prevalence of infants with a hemoglobin disorder was recorded as 3.5–4.7/1,0007,11. The frequency of hemoglobin disorders in Oman is among the highest in the world, and may reflect natural selection due to advantage for survival, in the heterozygous state, against malaria. Around 10% of Omani nationals are carriers of the allele for sickle cell anemia, 2–3% carry an allele for Beta-thalassemia and 45% are carriers of an alpha-thalassemia allele1215.

Genetic disorders causing disabilities and handicap are of great concern. These are different groups of rare disorders leading to intellectual disability or physical handicap requiring detailed clinical classification, genetic testing, research and preventive measures. The high prevalence of birth defects and genetic conditions in Omani communities causes social, psychological and financial difficulties4. The development and use of national mutation data is of importance to Omani medical care because it not only allows the genetic burden of disease to be quantified, but also provides diagnosticians and researchers access to an up-to-date resource that will assist them in their daily clinical practice and biomedical research9. National databases for genetic variants are also significant from the perspective of preventive healthcare. There is a significant correlation between the occurrence of rare genetic variants associated with Mendelian disease and the burden of morbidity from complex diseases within a population. Heterozygous carriers for recessive disease genes do not manifest the recessive disease but may be at risk of developing complex trait conditions with some similarity in phenotype. For example, heterozygote carriers of mutations in the ataxia telangiectasia gene locus are reportedly susceptible to breast cancer16, and heterozygote carriers of mutations in the glucocerebrosidase (GBA) gene causing Gaucher disease are at an increased risk for Parkinson disease17,18. Hence, the collection of genetic variant data in national databases will contribute significantly to the prevention of genetic diseases in the population and might greatly impact the management of complex trait diseases in the future. Genetic scientists and international consortiums studying human genetic variation are increasingly interested in dissecting the interplay between genetic makeup and environmental influences on the pattern of diseases worldwide. Current research is expected to create a foundation for the national data online for the benefit of Oman Healthcare.

Data availability

This article was prepared to introduce the first Omani genetic variation database. This data is available online at HTTP://ogvd.net; raw datasets are not available for Royal Hospital laboratory and clinical data, as the registry contains confidential information that could not be deidentified.

Comments on this article Comments (1)

Version 1
VERSION 1 PUBLISHED 23 Sep 2015
  • Reader Comment 08 Nov 2017
    Majid Al Salmani, University of Bristol, UK
    08 Nov 2017
    Reader Comment
    First of all, I congratulate you for this excellent piece of work.  I would love to see the mutation database initiated as soon as possible, as this will help researchers ... Continue reading
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Rajab A, Hamza N, Al Harasi S et al. Repository of mutations from Oman: The entry point to a national mutation database [version 1; peer review: 3 approved]. F1000Research 2015, 4:891 (https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.6938.1)
NOTE: If applicable, it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article.
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ApprovedThe paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested
Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit.
Not approvedFundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions
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Reviewer Report 26 Oct 2015
Milan Macek, Department of Biology and Medical Sciences, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic 
Approved
VIEWS 10
This is an excellent pioneering piece of work which presents an authoritative overview of a representative mutation analysis (300 pathogenic variants in over 150 monogenic disorders) in a large cohort of Omani patients. Methodology is state of the art, collaboration ... Continue reading
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Macek M. Reviewer Report For: Repository of mutations from Oman: The entry point to a national mutation database [version 1; peer review: 3 approved]. F1000Research 2015, 4:891 (https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.7471.r10917)
NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article.
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Reviewer Report 14 Oct 2015
Shaillay Dogra, Vishuo BioMedical Pte Ltd, Singapore, Singapore 
Approved
VIEWS 15
Its useful to have region/country specific databases that present a better representation of the prevalence and incidence of region specific diseases and health issues. Putting such data in context of whats known globally shall help in better interpreting whats peculiar ... Continue reading
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HOW TO CITE THIS REPORT
Dogra S. Reviewer Report For: Repository of mutations from Oman: The entry point to a national mutation database [version 1; peer review: 3 approved]. F1000Research 2015, 4:891 (https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.7471.r10729)
NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article.
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Reviewer Report 09 Oct 2015
Prajnya Ranganath, Department of Medical Genetics, Nizam’s Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad, Telangana, India 
Approved
VIEWS 19
  1. The paper is well-written and though it does not present any new findings, it can be used as a reference database for Omani mutations.
     
  2. There are a few suggestions for the authors:

    a. Standard HGVS nomenclature should be followed for all the
... Continue reading
CITE
CITE
HOW TO CITE THIS REPORT
Ranganath P. Reviewer Report For: Repository of mutations from Oman: The entry point to a national mutation database [version 1; peer review: 3 approved]. F1000Research 2015, 4:891 (https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.7471.r10505)
NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article.

Comments on this article Comments (1)

Version 1
VERSION 1 PUBLISHED 23 Sep 2015
  • Reader Comment 08 Nov 2017
    Majid Al Salmani, University of Bristol, UK
    08 Nov 2017
    Reader Comment
    First of all, I congratulate you for this excellent piece of work.  I would love to see the mutation database initiated as soon as possible, as this will help researchers ... Continue reading
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Approved - the paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested
Approved with reservations - A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit.
Not approved - fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions
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