Neck keloids: evaluation of risk factors and recommendation for keloid staging system

Introduction

Neck-area keloids are fairly uncommon and seen most often among individuals with black skin. Inflammation and wounding of the skin, either from ingrown hair or shaving blades, are perhaps the leading triggering factors in formation of these keloids in genetically susceptible individuals. Although there are several publications about neck keloids, there is a void in medical literature about natural history or risk factors for development of large, very large and massive keloids in this anatomical region.

Keloid Disorder (KD) is an inherited ailment of wound-healing processes¹ characterized by highly variable clinical presentation that spans from individuals with one or very few small keloidal lesions to those with numerous and very large lesions involving large portions of their skin. To the author’s knowledge, no clinical staging system has been proposed to categorize KD patients according to the extent of their skin involvement.

Genetics of KD remains poorly understood. However, clinical observation suggests that the genetic predisposition to KD has a wide spectrum, from individuals who suffer from mild form of the disorder who in their lifetime only develop one or few slow-growing keloidal lesions, to those with very severe form of the disorder and who develop numerous large and fast-growing keloids; and of course, there are many others who fall somewhere in between these two extremes. As with most other genetic illnesses, there also exist many individuals who are simply carriers of the gene, who may never become symptomatic.

In addition to the genetics, several other factors play critical roles in clinical presentation of KD. Most importantly, there must exist an injury to the skin that would trigger an abnormal wound-healing response which leads to formation of keloidal lesions. Obviously, there is a wide spectrum to the severity and extent of skin injuries, ranging from very minor insults to the skin —from acne, piercing, or vaccination— to more severe forms of skin injury from surgery or burns. Besides genetics and skin injury, other important factors are age, race, gender, chronicity, therapeutic interventions and location of the keloidal lesions. The wide spectrum of all these factors contributes to highly variable phenotypes of KD.

Anatomically, the superior margin of the neck is, posteriorly at the level of superior nuchal line of the cranium and anteriorly at the level of the lower margin of the mandible. The inferior boundary of the neck is at the level of the suprasternal notch, the clavicle and the first rib. The skin boundaries between face, neck, and chest are irregular and hard to precisely define. For purpose of this publication and in accordance with the anatomical definitions, the keloids of the submandibular skin are grouped with other neck keloids.

Materials and methods

This is a retrospective analysis of 82 consecutive patients with neck keloids who were seen by the author in his keloid specialty medical practice. Seventeen patients were Caucasians or Asians, and 65 patients were African Americans. Patients were grouped according to the size of their neck keloids, regardless of presence or absence of keloid lesions elsewhere. Keloidal lesions were assessed visually and divided into four categories. Table 1 summarizes characteristics of the patients within each group.

Figure 1. Massive neck keloids often involve both sides of the submandibular area.

Green dots represent two cases of de novo massive keloids. All other patients have previously undergone at least one keloid-removal surgery.

Figure 2. Very large neck keloids.

Green dot represents one case of de novo massive keloids. All other patients have previously undergone at least one keloid-removal surgery.

Figure 3. Large neck keloids presenting as tumoral lesions.

Figure 4. Neck Keloids lesions among Asians and Caucasians are often small in size and do not reach the tumoral sizes that are seen among African Americans.

Figure 5. Minimal Neck Keloids lesions among African Americans.

The author was unable to find a previously described methodology, or staging system, that would allow for more precise grouping of patients with neck or other keloids. Although volumetric ultrasound measurements can be objectively applied to skin lesions², the author used visual inspection of the lesions as his sole method of grouping keloidal lesions, knowing that this method is subjective.

The IRB at Rockefeller University Hospital determined that publishing this work to be exempt from IRB review and approval process.

Results

Despite the fact that this retrospective analysis is limited by its small sample size, several observations were made with respect to the neck-area keloids.

Discussion

Although there are numerous publications about keloids, in particular focusing on ear keloids, there is paucity of literature about neck keloids. With exception of several case reports within body of general keloid publications, there is lack of authoritative guidance, randomized studies, or even expert opinions on the proper management of neck-area keloids. PubMed search using “neck” and “keloid” as two key words does not yield any results.

The skin of neck is an uncommon place for development of keloids. Indeed many KD patients, even those with the most severe form of KD, may never develop keloids in the neck-area. Figure 6 depicts four non-African American patients with moderate to severe forms of chest keloid, yet the skin of the neck in these cases seems to be spared from involvement by KD.

By far, the most important factor in the development of a primary keloidal lesion is the injury to skin that leads to triggering of a pathological wound-healing response. Although ear piercing is a well-recognized triggering factor for development of primary ear keloids, no such factor has been definitively implicated in neck keloids. Neck-area surgery is a known but uncommon triggering factor for formation of primary neck keloids³.

Figure 6. Four cases of moderate to severe chest keloids among Asian and Caucasian patients.

Notice absence of neck keloids in these patients.

Knowing that KD is a genetic disorder of wound-healing processes, it is counterintuitive to resort to surgery as the mainstay of treatment. Surgical removal of neck keloids is an intervention that is commonly practiced, not only by ear-nose-throat specialists, but also by plastic surgeons and general dermatologists. Surgical intervention however, defies the very basic principal in keloid formation. The injury and insult from surgery to the skin that surrounds a keloidal lesion, on its own, will undoubtedly trigger a keloidal wound-healing response that often leads to formation of a new keloid. Adjuvant treatments in form of post-operative steroid injections⁴ or even radiation therapy⁵ are commonly incorporated in management of every KD patient who undergoes surgery simply to counter the fully expected recurrence after surgery. Yet despite diligent use of all available adjuvant methods, a significant number of keloid patients undergo a second, third, or fourth surgery. In many unfortunate instances, keloids keep relapsing and at some point, either the surgeon or the patient —or both— gives up. The unfortunate patient ends up accepting the truth about inability of surgery to treat his or her keloids and sees no other choice but to surrender to living with huge tumoral keloids on his or her neck. Figure 1 and Figure 2 depict many such patients.

Staging of keloid disorder

As is evident in the assessment of the size of keloid lesions and the grouping of subjects in this study, currently there is no staging system that would allow for proper categorization of keloidal lesions and meaningful grouping of keloid patients. This retrospective study is clearly handicapped by the lack of such a staging system.

TNM cancer staging system has been used for several decades and allows proper stage grouping of cancer patients⁶. A great majority of oncology interventions, clinical trials, and standard treatments are guided by the TNM staging of the cancer at any given time. Conduct and interpretation of the result of oncology clinical trials are virtually dependent on this staging system.

Without such a staging system for KD, the interpretation of published study results is very difficult. For example, when a study looks at the rate of recurrence of ear keloids after surgery, common sense tells us that patients who only have one keloid on one ear, may have a different rate of recurrence from those who have numerous keloids on their skin. Also, those who have had prior surgical removal of their keloids will have a much higher rate of recurrence than those patients who have never had surgery before.

To assess each keloid patient properly, to better understand the natural history of this disorder, and to be able to compare future study results among various keloid patients groups, we clearly need a staging system that can allow us to describe the severity KD based on the size, location and/or extent of the keloidal lesions as well as history of surgery or radiation therapy, and perhaps other factors that are currently unknown to us. It is quite conceivable that proper management of KD patients could be guided by such a staging system. Clinical staging of KD would also be the only method that could stratify for such preexisting inherent risks of recurrence, such as response to prior treatments, positive family history, age, gender, race, and so forth.

A well-designed clinical staging system will need to be validated by review of retrospective studies as well as planned prospective clinical trials. The author hereby proposes the following staging system for KD patients.

Clinical staging and classification of keloids

Table 3 is a summary of stage grouping of patients within each group.

Conclusions

Understanding the natural history of KD and recognition of risk factors that lead to formation of large, very large and massive neck keloids are the most important and fundamental elements for development of safe and effective treatment strategies. The goal of treatment for all KD patients, and those with neck-area keloids in particular, should pivot not only on removal of the keloid tissue but most importantly on prevention of the recurrence of the keloid. Performing surgery to remove primary keloidal lesions is inherently contrary to both these principles. Surgery by its nature induces a totally new injury to the skin and triggers the same dysregulated wound-healing response to a new and more extensive dermal injury which is the causal factor for formation of very large and massive neck keloids.

Systematic use of non-surgical interventions as a primary mode of treating all neck-area keloids by all health care providers will most certainly prevent the development of large, very large and incurable massive keloids. This approach will also eliminate the need for hazardous adjuvant radiation therapy.

Furthermore, a staging system for categorizing keloids and grouping of patients according to the specifics of their KD lesions will better identify the patients’ keloid-specific characteristics. Clinical staging system also has the potential to become the foundation for design and delivery of individualized plan of care. It can also become the core for methodical trial design and accurate interpretation of the study findings.

Data availability

All raw data relevant to the study are provided in tables above.