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Research Note
Revised

People reporting experiences of mediumship have higher dissociation symptom scores than non-mediums, but below thresholds for pathological dissociation

[version 3; peer review: 2 approved, 1 not approved]
Previously titled: People who report anomalous information reception have higher dissociation symptom scores
PUBLISHED 04 Jan 2018
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Abstract

Background: Dissociative states exist on a continuum from nonpathological forms, such as highway hypnosis and day-dreaming, to pathological states of derealization and depersonalization. Claims of communication with deceased individuals, known as mediumship, were once regarded as a pathological form of dissociation, but current definitions recognize the continuum and include distress and functional disability as symptoms of pathology. This study examined the relationship between dissociative symptoms and mediumship in a large convenience sample.
Methods: Secondary analyses of cross-sectional survey data were conducted. The survey included demographics, the Dissociation Experience Scale Taxon (DES-T, score range 0-100), as well as questions about instances of mediumship experiences. Summary statistics and linear and logistic regressions explored the relationship between dissociative symptoms and mediumship endorsement.
Results: 3,023 participants were included and were mostly middle-aged (51 years ± 16; range 17-96), female (70%), Caucasian (85%), college educated (88%), had an annual income over $50,000 (55%), and were raised Christian (71%) but were presently described as Spiritual but not Religious (60%). Mediumship experiences were endorsed by 42% of participants, the experiences usually began in childhood (81%), and 53% had family members who reported similar experiences. The mean DES-T score across all participants was 14.4 ± 17.3, with a mean of 18.2 ± 19.3 for those claiming mediumship experiences and 11.8 ± 15.2 for those who did not (t = -10.3, p < 0.0005). The DES-T threshold score for pathological dissociation is 30.
Conclusions: On average, individuals claiming mediumship experiences had higher dissociation scores than non-claimants, but neither group exceeded the DES-T threshold for pathology. Future studies exploring dissociative differences between these groups may benefit from using more comprehensive measures of dissociative symptoms as well as assessments of functional impairment, which would help in discerning between pathological and non-pathological aspects of these experiences.

Keywords

Dissociation, Anomalous information reception

Revised Amendments from Version 2

This current version addresses the comments of reviewer three. It removes the term anomalous information reception and replaces it with the more specific term of mediumship. It also highlights that the DES-T is just one way to evaluate dissociative symptoms and that "contact with the dead" is not necessarily indicative of pathology.

See the authors' detailed response to the review by Etzel Cardeña

Introduction

Dissociation is conceptualized as the disruption of usually integrated functions of consciousness, memory, identity or perception of the environment1. Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) is defined as a personality disorder, when two or more distinct identities or personalities are present, each with its own pattern of perceiving, relating to or thinking about the environment and self. The core clinical symptoms of DID include amnesia, depersonalization, derealization, identity confusion and identity alteration. Dissociative states are prevalent in other psychiatric disorders, such as PTSD2, and are more prevalent in younger nonclinical populations3. Dissociative states exist on a continuum46, from nonpathological expressions, such as highway hypnosis and day-dreaming, to pathological states of derealization (surrealness), and depersonalization (absence of identity)7. Almost half of United States adults have experienced a dissociative episode at some time in their lives8.

A widespread belief possibly related to dissociative symptoms is the idea that it is possible to communicate with deceased individuals; people who report such experiences are called “mediums”9. A survey of 18,607 people in the United States and thirteen European countries found that some 25% reported contact with the dead10. Double-blind experiments indicate that in some cases the information obtained by mediums can be verified as accurate1114. This suggests that claims of mediumship experiences should not be uniformly dismissed as pathological, however, such claims are commonly regarded as symptoms of DID5,15,16. This is despite a lack of clear evidence that mediums exhibit greater pathological symptoms than the general population17,18. Perhaps this is because on average, mediums do not regard dissociative symptoms as distressful. Indeed, the most recent Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th edition) clarifies that pathological DID is defined when “the person must be distressed by the disorder or have trouble functioning in one or more major life areas because of the disorder,” and that “the disturbance is not part of normal cultural or religious practices”1.

In an effort to further our understanding of the relationship between self-report dissociative symptoms and claims of mediumship, we analyzed data from a large convenience sample. We hypothesized that the prevalence of dissociative symptoms in people who claim mediumship abilities would be the same as those who do not maintain such claims.

Methods

This study includes secondary analyses of a specific subset of data on mediumship experiences and dissociative symptoms collected for a different research study approved by the Institute of Noetic Sciences (IONS) Institutional Review Board (approval number, wahh_2016_01). A survey was administered through SurveyMonkey.com with HIPAA compliant methods. Participants were recruited through the IONS Facebook page, IONS mailing lists, and the IONS community networks.

The survey for the parent study from which the data for this study was extracted (Supplementary File 1) began with the study’s purpose and informed consent details. Date and country of birth, race, education, and childhood and current spiritual/religious affiliation were collected. Gender was collected on a subsample of participants. Participants indicated if they had mediumship experiences, defined as the “ability to mediate communication between spirits of the dead and the living or the empathic ability to feel the presence and energies of spirits.” They also indicated age of onset (if applicable), and family history of similar experiences.

Dissociation Measure

Participants then completed the Dissociation Experiences Scale Taxon (DES-T)3 that can be used to distinguish pathological from non-pathological dissociation with a threshold score of 30 with an 87% positive predictive value (Cronbach Alpha of 0.75, on a scale of 0–100)19,20. The DES-T is just one of many dissociative symptom instruments and was chosen for this study because of its brevity and common use. Respondents selected a percent frequency for eight dissociative symptoms. The DES-T results in two variables: the mean of the eight items; and a binary variable based on the pathology threshold3.

Statistical analysis

Categorical variable percentages were calculated and examined qualitatively. Means, standard deviations and ranges of continuous variables were calculated. Covariates included gender, age, race, education, income, childhood spirituality and current spirituality, family history, and age of the claimed ability onset. Missing values were randomly distributed except for gender. T-test and chi-square tests evaluated differences between variables. Linear and logistic regressions examined the relationship between dissociative symptoms scores and mediumship experience status. A Bonferroni multiple comparison correction was applied to the α significance value, designating 0.003 as the cutoff for a significant result (α = 0.05 divided by 19 items, including seven demographic items, eight DES-T items, DES-T total, DES-T cut-off, linear and logistic regression. Statistics were performed using Stata 12.0 (StataCorp LLC, College Station, Texas).

Results

In total, 3984 participants took the survey from May 4, 2016 to June 7, 2017. Participants were not required to complete all fields and thus only data from 3023 participants who answered the mediumship question (question 49 of the survey) and completed the DES-T (question 75) were included. Most participants were from the United States (62.6%), followed by the United Kingdom (7.7%) and Canada (6.3%); the remaining participants represented thirteen other countries. Participants were mostly middle aged (51 years ± 16; range 17-96), female (70%), Caucasian (85%), college educated (88%), had an annual income over $50,000 (55%), were raised Christian (71%), and now affiliated as Spiritual but not Religious (60%; Table 1). Current spiritual/religious affiliation was different by mediumship status.

Table 1. Demographic variables for participants by purported ability for anomalous information reception about deceased humans.

Mean ± standard deviation; t, Student’s two-sample t-test statistic; X2, chi-square statistic; p, probability.

Mediumship
Yes
N - 1,257
No
N - 1,766
Nt or X2p
Age51.7 ± 14.351.4 ± 16.42751−0.40.68
Range
(17–96)
Range
(17–89)
Gender (% Female)80.0%67.2%5195.990.01
Race (% Caucasian)86.5%83.6%29704.760.03
Education (% ≥ some college)87.3%88.9%29771.660.20
Income (% ≥ $50,000 annual income)38.6%35.7%27682.320.13
Childhood Spiritual/Religious
Affiliation (% Christian)
71.7%70.6%29860.440.51
Current Spiritual/Religious Affiliation
(% Spiritual but not religious)
65.9%56.1%299129.6<0.0005*

Mediumship experiences were endorsed by 42% of participants, with their first experience starting in childhood (81%), and 53% having family members with similar experiences. The grand mean DES-T score was 14.4 ± 17.3 (range 0–100) across all participants and was significantly higher for mediumship claimants (18.2 ± 19.3) than for non-claimants (11.8 ± 15.2; t = -10.3, p<0.0005; Table 2). A linear regression model for the DES-T total score and mediumship responses, including all covariates, found race and education to be significant predictors (F (3, 2947) = 73.2, p<0.0005). Some 11% of mediumship non-claimants and 22% of mediumship claimants had scores greater than 30 (X2 = 63.0, p<0.0005). A logistic regression based on this threshold showed a significant difference in mediumship responses with education (> college) and income (>$50,000) to be significant covariates (LR X2 = 99.12, p< 0.0005).

Table 2. The eight item and total means, standard deviations, and mean difference sorted by highest mean percentage by mediumship endorsement.

Data are presented as the mean ± standard deviation. DES-T, Dissociation Experiences Scale Taxon; t - Student’s two-sample t-test statistic; p, probability.

Mediumship
DES-T ItemYes
(n=1257)
No
(n=1766)
Mean
Difference
tp
5. Some people sometimes have the experience of feeling that
other people, objects, and the world around them are not real.
25.8 ± 32.017.5 ± 26.78.3-7.7<0.0005*
8. Some people sometimes find that they hear voices inside
their head which tell them to do things or comment on things
that they are doing.
25.5 ± 33.513.7 ± 25.711.8-11.0<0.0005*
3. Some people sometimes have the experience of feeling
as though they are standing next to themselves or watching
themselves do something and they actually see themselves as
though they were looking at another person.
22.2 ± 29.812.9 ± 22.99.3-9.7<0.0005*
7. Some people find that in one situation they may act so
differently compared to another situation that they feel almost
as if they were two different people.
21.5 ± 30.617.6 ± 28.23.9-3.6<0.0005*
6. Some people sometimes have the experience of feeling that
their body does not seem to belong to them.
20.6 ± 30.013.4 ± 24.57.2-7.2<0.0005*
1. Some people have the experience of finding themselves in
a place and having no idea how they got there.
13 ± 23.37.8 ± 17.25.2-7.06<0.0005**
2. Some people have the experience of finding new things
among their belongings that they do not remember buying.
10.4 ± 21.56.9 ± 17.43.54.95<0.0005
4. Some people are told that they sometimes do not recognize
friends or family members.
6.6 ± 17.74.3 ± 14.32.3-4.0.0001*
Total18.2 ± 19.311.8 ± 15.26.410.3<0.0005*
Dataset 1.Dissociation symptoms for those with and without self-report anomalous information reception.
DT# are the Dissociation Experience Scale Taxon items.

Discussion

In total, 42% of participants endorsed mediumship experiences. Given that the population surveyed was comprised mostly of individuals interested in mediumship-type experiences, this high percentage is not surprising. The prevalence of similar “contact with the dead” reports in other surveys ranges from 10%21, 25–30%10, 29%22, and up to the same figure found in the present survey, 42%23. The overall mean dissociation experience score for mediumship claimants was substantially below the DES-T clinical cutoff for pathological dissociation, but it was significantly higher than for non-claimants3,24.

The threshold for determination of pathological dissociation continues to be debated, and the present findings may be idiosyncratic with respect to use of the DES-T scale3,24,25. In addition, the experience of communicating with the dead may also be considered a symptom of a high degree of schizotypy, not just dissociation26. We also note that the grand mean DES-T score in our sample was higher than that observed in the general population19. This again likely reflects the convenience sampling of IONS members, which reduces the generalizability of our findings. Future studies comparing those who claim versus do not claim mediumship experiences may benefit from use of more comprehensive measures of dissociative symptoms. In addition, specifically asking questions about functional impairment would help discern between pathological and nonpathological aspects of purported mediumship experiences.

Data availability

Dataset 1: Dissociation symptoms for those with and without self-report anomalous information reception. DT# are the Dissociation Experience Scale Taxon items. doi, 10.5256/f1000research.12019.d17135226

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Wahbeh H and Radin D. People reporting experiences of mediumship have higher dissociation symptom scores than non-mediums, but below thresholds for pathological dissociation [version 3; peer review: 2 approved, 1 not approved]. F1000Research 2018, 6:1416 (https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.12019.3)
NOTE: If applicable, it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article.
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Current Reviewer Status: ?
Key to Reviewer Statuses VIEW
ApprovedThe paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested
Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit.
Not approvedFundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions
Version 3
VERSION 3
PUBLISHED 04 Jan 2018
Revised
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Reviewer Report 19 Jan 2018
Adrian Parker, Department of Psychology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden 
Approved
VIEWS 5
The authors have taken into account the mandatory ... Continue reading
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CITE
HOW TO CITE THIS REPORT
Parker A. Reviewer Report For: People reporting experiences of mediumship have higher dissociation symptom scores than non-mediums, but below thresholds for pathological dissociation [version 3; peer review: 2 approved, 1 not approved]. F1000Research 2018, 6:1416 (https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.14736.r30021)
NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article.
Version 2
VERSION 2
PUBLISHED 23 Oct 2017
Revised
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Reviewer Report 01 Dec 2017
Adrian Parker, Department of Psychology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden 
Approved with Reservations
VIEWS 23
The version I have seen is basically sound but needs some attention to the issues that I raise below. As a native (UK) English speaker, I can endorse that the English in this version is correct (with the exception of ... Continue reading
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CITE
HOW TO CITE THIS REPORT
Parker A. Reviewer Report For: People reporting experiences of mediumship have higher dissociation symptom scores than non-mediums, but below thresholds for pathological dissociation [version 3; peer review: 2 approved, 1 not approved]. F1000Research 2018, 6:1416 (https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.13998.r27912)
NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article.
  • Reader Comment 04 Jan 2018
    Helané Wahbeh, Oregon Health & Science University, USA
    04 Jan 2018
    Reader Comment
    Thank you for your thoughtful comments to our manuscript. We have revised the manuscript in an attempt to address your feedback.
     
    Regarding complexity of dissociative pathology:
    We have ... Continue reading
COMMENTS ON THIS REPORT
  • Reader Comment 04 Jan 2018
    Helané Wahbeh, Oregon Health & Science University, USA
    04 Jan 2018
    Reader Comment
    Thank you for your thoughtful comments to our manuscript. We have revised the manuscript in an attempt to address your feedback.
     
    Regarding complexity of dissociative pathology:
    We have ... Continue reading
Views
29
Cite
Reviewer Report 06 Nov 2017
Colin A. Ross, The Colin A. Ross Institute for Psychological Trauma, Richardson, TX, USA 
Approved
VIEWS 29
This is an interesting study with a large N. Within the limitations of the methodology, it tells us that individuals with anomalous information reception (AIR) tend to be somewhat more dissociative than those without such experiences. This is consistent with ... Continue reading
CITE
CITE
HOW TO CITE THIS REPORT
Ross CA. Reviewer Report For: People reporting experiences of mediumship have higher dissociation symptom scores than non-mediums, but below thresholds for pathological dissociation [version 3; peer review: 2 approved, 1 not approved]. F1000Research 2018, 6:1416 (https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.13998.r27178)
NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article.
Version 1
VERSION 1
PUBLISHED 10 Aug 2017
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Reviewer Report 21 Aug 2017
Etzel Cardeña, Center for Research on Consciousness and Anomalous Psychology (CERCAP), Department of Psychology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden 
Not Approved
VIEWS 73
This paper is a good example of why the F1000Research model is so bad... The manuscript is poorly written, does not show a good grasp of the relevant literature or that a good literature search was conducted, misrepresents some of its ... Continue reading
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CITE
HOW TO CITE THIS REPORT
Cardeña E. Reviewer Report For: People reporting experiences of mediumship have higher dissociation symptom scores than non-mediums, but below thresholds for pathological dissociation [version 3; peer review: 2 approved, 1 not approved]. F1000Research 2018, 6:1416 (https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.12999.r24906)
NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article.
  • Author Response 23 Oct 2017
    Helané Wahbeh, Oregon Health & Science University, USA
    23 Oct 2017
    Author Response
    Response to Reviewer #1

    "This paper is a good example.....so that at the end the only publicly available version would have been an adequate one."
    -Thank you for you ... Continue reading
COMMENTS ON THIS REPORT
  • Author Response 23 Oct 2017
    Helané Wahbeh, Oregon Health & Science University, USA
    23 Oct 2017
    Author Response
    Response to Reviewer #1

    "This paper is a good example.....so that at the end the only publicly available version would have been an adequate one."
    -Thank you for you ... Continue reading

Comments on this article Comments (0)

Version 3
VERSION 3 PUBLISHED 10 Aug 2017
Comment
Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article:
Approved - the paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested
Approved with reservations - A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit.
Not approved - fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions
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