Keywords
wash-in, wash-out, low-flow anaesthesia, fresh gas flow, inhalational anaesthetics, sevoflurane, desflurane
wash-in, wash-out, low-flow anaesthesia, fresh gas flow, inhalational anaesthetics, sevoflurane, desflurane
Low flow anaesthesia is associated with several benefits, reducing the heat loss caused by cold gases and improving humidification in the airways1. It is also environmentally friendly, reducing the release of anaesthetic agents into the atmosphere, and lastly, it also reduces costs. The initial period needed to achieve a steady state is dependent on fresh gas flow and the vaporizer setting2. Many different FGF schemes have been described for the wash-in3,4. The wash-out of the inhaled anaesthetic from the lungs and circle is also of importance, to facilitate a rapid awakening and recommencement of protective reflexes.
The aim of the present study was to measure the time required to reach stable end tidal 1 MAC anaesthetic (wash-in), to measure gas consumption during wash-in and the time needed to eliminate the anaesthetic agent (wash-out) for sevoflurane and desflurane, and to compare the impact of different fresh gas flows and anaesthesia machines.
This study used a test-lung setup. It was conducted in the operating room with proper scavenging equipment and central gas supply at Danderyds hospital, Sweden.
Two standard anaesthesia machines were used: Flow-iR (Maquet Critical Care AB, Solna, Sweden) and AisysR (GE Healthcare, Madison, WI, USA), and two anaesthetic agents: sevoflurane and desflurane, making up a total of four test groups. All standard safety measures were followed, including checking each machine for performance and leakage before every session, in accordance with the Instruction for use (IFU), to ensure a safe working environment.
A standard disposable adult circle system was used (GE patient circuit, adult, disposable, 1.8 m and 1.5 litre volume), including a Y-piece at the end of the tube. A humidity-filter (Humid-vent, filter compact A) was fitted on the Y-piece. The circle system also included a standard CO2 absorber (soda lime canister) even though no carbon dioxide was used in the experiments, because some of the anaesthetic agent (AA) may also be absorbed and therefore mimic clinical conditions better.
A test lung was assembled using the following equipment: The Maquet test-lung 190 (Maquet Critical Care AB, Solna, Sweden), tidal volume max 1 litre and internal volume of 0, was mounted on one of the tubes of another Y-piece. Two 2-liter Intersurgical reservoir bags were connected to a T-tube to the other tube of the Y-piece.
Measurements of FiAA and EtAA of sevoflurane and desflurane were done with a mainstream sensor (instead of the AM side-stream sensors). IRMA AX +, (Masimo Sweden AB, Danderyd, Sweden) with an accuracy of 0.15 vol. % was used. This allowed us to get more exact measurements without any delay or dilution of gases. The mainstream sensor was connected to an external computer via a USB port and the Gasmaster® (Masimo Sweden AB, Danderyd, Sweden) program was used to record our measurements.
During the entire experiment a fixed respiratory rate and tidal volume was used, set at 12/min and 400 ml respectively. The positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) was set at 5 cm H2O and the inspiratory/expiratory rate was set two 1:2.
Two direct injection vaporizers were used for the Flow-i (one for each AA) and two variable bypass vaporizers for the Aisys (one for each AA). The AAs were released at fixed vaporizer settings of 3 × MAC-value (6 % and 18 % for sevoflurane and desflurane respectively).
The timer/data log was started at the same time as when the vaporizer was turned on. The wash-in time to reach 1 MAC (i.e. increasing the EtAA concentration from 0 to 1 MAC), adjusted for a 40-year-old, 70 kg male (2 % for sevoflurane and 6 % for desflurane), was measured three consecutive times for each fresh gas flow (FGF). The FGF tested included 1, 2, 4, 4.75, 4.8, 6 and 8 l/min, with a composition of 80 % oxygen and 20 % air for each of the AAs and anaesthesia machines.
Wash-out (reducing EtAA to 0 MAC) was performed after each wash-in session of the test-lung/circle. This was done by turning off the vaporizer and setting the FGF to one of 5 (2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 l/min) on each anaesthesia machine (AM) and AA.
The same protocol was used for sevoflurane and desflurane as well as for Flow-i and Aisys and the results for each wash-in session were presented as a mean of 3.
Gas consumption was calculated using the known wash-in time, FGF, vaporizer settings (VA concentration) and the vapour/liquid quote for each AA: vapour (ml)/liquid (ml) = 184 and vapour (ml)/liquid (ml) = 210 for sevoflurane and desflurane respectively. It means that 1ml of liquid AA equals 184ml and 210ml of vaporized sevoflurane and desflurane, respectively5.
This gives the equation: AA consumption =
SPSS 24 (IBM, Armonk, NY, USA) was used for statistical analysis. All wash-in data was presented as mean of 3 measurements with standard deviation (SD) calculated. The mean time to reach 1 MAC for the different FGF was compared among the Flow-i and Aisys AM using analysis of variance (ANOVA). To determine which of the mean FGFs differed significantly from each other, we also performed Tukey's post hoc test. A p< 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
This is a test model study. The research does not involve human participants and/or animals, and thus no informed consent has been requested. The set-up is entirely experimental and no human or animals have been exposed to anaesthetics, and thus no ethical review board assessment has been considered necessary, according to Swedish research regulations.
Wash-in times were significantly faster with higher flow rates for FGF spanning from 1, 2 and 4 l/min (p < 0.05) for all 4 groups (Figure 1 and Figure 2). There was however a plateau starting at FGF 4–4.75/4.8 l/min, where increasing the FGF further up to 6 or 8 l/min did not shorten the time to reach 1 MAC significantly; similar patterns could be observed in all 4 groups. With Flow-i that plateau started at 4 and 4.8 l/min for sevoflurane and desflurane, respectively. With Aisys this plateau started at 4 l/min, for both the sevoflurane and desflurane group. Aisys had generally shorter wash-in times for both sevoflurane and desflurane at flow rates < 4 l/min. For flow rates of 4 l/min and above the difference was very small but somewhat more pronounced for desflurane wash-in, with Flow-i having shorter wash-in times than Aisys (Figure 1 and Figure 2).
Anaesthetic agent consumption showed a somewhat different pattern (Figure 3). The lowest consumption differed between sevoflurane and desflurane and also between the Aisys and Flow-i. The lowest consumption of AA per wash-in for Flow-i sevoflurane and Flow-i/desflurane, 1.4ml and 3.9ml respectively, was calculated at FGF equal to minute ventilation (4.8 l/min). The lowest consumption of AA for Aisys /sevoflurane, 1.3 ml, was calculated at a FGF at 4 l/min. The lowest consumption of AA for Aisys /desflurane, 3 ml, was calculated at the lowest FGF (1 l/min), in difference to the other 3 groups, followed by FGF 2 and 4 l/min with a calculated consumption of AA of 3.3 ml and 3.9 ml respectively. This was unique for Aisys /desflurane (Figure 3 A–D).
(A) Flow-i /sevoflurane. (B) Flow-i /desflurane. (C) Aisys /sevoflurane. (D) Aisys/desflurane. Time(s) is on the Y-axis. FGF (l/min) is on the X-axis. AA (ml) is on the secondary Y-axis.
(A) sevoflurane (B) desflurane. Time (s) is on the Y-axis and FGF (l/min) is on the X-axis.
Wash-out times were faster at higher FGF until a plateau was reached at around FGF 4–6 l/min. Increasing the FGF further did not lead to faster wash-out times, except for the Aisys / sevoflurane group. The fastest wash-out time with Flow-i /sevoflurane, 349s, was recorded at FGF 6 l/min where it also plateaued. Wash-out times for Flow-i /desflurane plateaued at FGF 4 l/min and 1013s, which differed a few seconds from the fastest wash-out time, 1007s, recorded at FGF 8 l/min. Wash-out times for Aisys /sevoflurane had a plateau that was not as distinct as the other groups with the fastest wash-out time, 303s, recorded at FGF 10 l/min. The fastest wash-out time for Aisys /desflurane, 797s, was recorded at FGF 6 l/min, where it reached a clear plateau (Table 1). There was minor difference in elimination, Aisys being marginally faster (Figure 4 A–B). No statistical analysis was performed on the wash-out data.
Flow-i | Aisys | All (mean) | |
---|---|---|---|
Sevoflurane | 349 s | 317 s | 333 s |
Desflurane | 1013 s | 797 s | 905 s |
All (mean) | 681 s | 557 s |
We found, in this test-lung setup, that it is possible to increase the anaesthetic agent concentration from 0 to 1 MAC value in around one minute by using a FGF of 4–4.8 l/min on both AMs, but raising the FGF further did not result in shorter wash-in times. These flow rates were also the most efficient, in terms of both speed and gas consumption for both anaesthetic agents (sevoflurane and desflurane) and anaesthetic machines (Aisys and Flow-i) except when using Aisys and desflurane. Aisys had generally shorter wash-in times when using lower flow rates (< 4 l/min). For flow rates of 4 l/min and above, the difference was very small between the two machines tested. Anaesthetic agent consumption showed different patterns, but Aisys had generally lower gas consumption than Flow-i for both AAs. The shortest wash-out times were found at FGFs of 4–6 l/min; raising the FGF further did not result in shorter wash-out times. Wash-out of desflurane from the test-lung was more than twice as time-consuming as the sevoflurane wash-out.
This is merely a test-lung study and it was expected that there would be more rapid wash-in with increased fresh gas flow, but it is important to acknowledge the plateau at around 4–5 l/min FGF. Our results also show that Maplesons mathematical calculations of a theoretical optimal FGF at around 4 l/min were accurate6. The result is also in line with what Shin et al. found in their study: increasing the FGF from low flow to moderately high flow will decrease the wash-in time7. However, our results show that there seem to be no benefits to raising the FGF to levels of 6 l/min and above while performing a wash-in.
Likewise the finding of increased AA consumption at both low and high FGFs is of interest, minimising the consumption of anaesthetic vapour is of economical as well as ecological importance. There was a difference between the AMs in terms of which FGF was most effective. We noted that the most effective FGF for the Flow-i, in terms of both consumption of AA and shortest wash-in time, was equal to the minute volume – 4.8 l/min. This applied to both sevoflurane and desflurane wash-in.
The small difference in wash-in between the AMs at lower fresh gas flows are in line with our previous study with a simpler test setup with sevoflurane8. We used a more “physiologic” test-lung setup in the present study, which we believe mimics functional residual capacity and tidal volume for a 70 kg male. Our test-lung was constructed to represent both tidal volume (the volume of a normal breath) and the FRC in our test-lung setting, making the measurements more realistic. The Maquet test-lung 190 was representing the tidal volume and the two reservoir bags were representing a normal FRC (4 litre) in a 40-year-old male9. We used an external main stream multi gas sensor in the present study, possibly reducing the difference in monitor performance.
The finding that gas consumption is higher with desflurane than with sevoflurane may not be surprising, when taking the difference in MAC gas concentration into account. The huge difference, the twice as long time to eliminating desflurane as compared to sevoflurane, is to us however unexpected.
There are several limitations to this study, indeed this is merely a test-lung experiment and one may of course argue about its clinical application. The vaporizer setting was fixed at 3 MAC. We believe that our findings have clinical implications; we know that high fresh gas flows do not provide major benefits during wash-in or wash-out and there is the possibility to wash-in to a 1 MAC concentration within about a minute, 4 – 5 l/min FGF being the “optimal” time for wash-in. Both Aisys and Flow-i have built-in techniques for target end-tidal MAC, were fresh gas and vaporizers are automatically set to reach the target value10.
Wash-in times with fixed 3 MAC vaporizer settings decreased as the FGF increased, but plateaued at around flow rates of 4–4.8 l/min (optimal flow) on both AM. It is more effective, in terms of consumption of AA, to use optimal flow than lower or higher flow rates. Wash-out times plateaued at around flow rates of 4–6 l/min, higher FGF than that does not produce faster wash-out times. Further studies are required to confirm our findings in clinical practice, but also to study the end tidal target algorithms available on the AMs.
Dataset 1: Raw data for the measurements: Flow-I sevoflurane, Flow-I desflurane, Aisys sevoflurane and Aisys desflurane. DOI, 10.5256/f1000research.13064.d18380611
Jan Jakobsson has been paid for lecturing and taking part in advisory boards for Maquet.
This study has been supported by the Department of Anaesthesia at Danderyds Hospital.
The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Maquet provided assistance with an anaesthetic machine for the experimental setup. Mazimo provided a main stream multi-gas monitor.
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Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature?
Yes
Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound?
Partly
Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others?
Partly
If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate?
Partly
Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility?
Partly
Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results?
Partly
Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed.
Reviewer Expertise: Kinetics of volatile anesthetics, ventilation/perfusion relationship of the lung, thoracic anesthesia
Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature?
Yes
Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound?
Partly
Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others?
Yes
If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate?
Yes
Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility?
Yes
Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results?
Partly
References
1. Nickalls RW, Mapleson WW: Age-related iso-MAC charts for isoflurane, sevoflurane and desflurane in man.Br J Anaesth. 2003; 91 (2): 170-4 PubMed AbstractCompeting Interests: No competing interests were disclosed.
Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature?
Yes
Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound?
Yes
Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others?
Yes
If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate?
I cannot comment. A qualified statistician is required.
Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility?
Yes
Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results?
Partly
Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed.
Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article:
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