Young key affected population in Myanmar: are there any challenges in seeking information and care for HIV/sexually transmitted infections and reproductive health?

Kyaw Min Htut; Myo Myo Mon; Zin Mar Aye; Lwin Lwin Ni

doi:10.12688/f1000research.16029.2

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Research Article

Revised

Young key affected population in Myanmar: are there any challenges in seeking information and care for HIV/sexually transmitted infections and reproductive health?

[version 2; peer review: 2 approved]

Kyaw Min Htut ¹, Myo Myo Mon¹, Zin Mar Aye¹, Lwin Lwin Ni¹

PUBLISHED 13 Nov 2018

Author details Author details

¹ Department of Medical Research, Ministry of Health and Sports, Yangon, 11191, Myanmar

Kyaw Min Htut
Roles: Conceptualization, Formal Analysis, Funding Acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project Administration, Resources, Software, Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing

Myo Myo Mon
Roles: Conceptualization, Data Curation, Formal Analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Project Administration, Software, Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing

Zin Mar Aye
Roles: Formal Analysis, Investigation, Software, Visualization

Lwin Lwin Ni
Roles: Formal Analysis, Investigation, Resources, Software

OPEN PEER REVIEW

REVIEWER STATUS

This article is included in the Global Public Health gateway.

Abstract

Background: Unmet needs and barriers in seeking HIV/STI and RH information and care are present especially among young key affected population (YKAP). Therefore, the study was conducted to determine the health seeking behaviors of YKAP regarding HIV/STI and RH, and challenges in seeking health information and care.
Methods: A cross-sectional, mixed-methods study was conducted at two large cities in Myanmar. Face-to-face interviews were conducted with YKAP aged 15-24 years. In-depth interviews and key informant interviews were done with YKAP and health care providers. Descriptive statistics and bivariate analyses were done for quantitative data and thematic analysis was applied for qualitative data.
Results: A total of 119 young men who have sex with men (YMSM) and 123 young female sex workers (YFSW) included in the study. Mean age of YMSM and YFSW were 20.9±2.4 and 21.7±2.2 years. Over 30% of YMSM and 49.3% of YFSW had experience of any STI symptom. Particularly, 17% of YMSM and 10% of YFSW had genital ulcer, and majority sought health care at NGO clinics. About 37% of YMSM and 40% of YFSW visited Drop-in-center (DIC) within one to six months. Over 13% of YMSM and 14.6% of YFSW had challenges in seeking HIV/STI and RH information. YMSM/YFSW type and age of YMSM were associated with visit to DIC. Lesser proportions of Tha-nge (43.5%), younger age YMSM (66.7%), brothel-based YFSW (47.9%) visited DIC than others (p<0.05). Challenges and unmet needs expressed by YKAP were reluctance in asking health information, worry for future fertility, consequences of anal sex and contraception. Challenges expressed by providers were limited time during outreach service and difficulty in reaching entertainment-based sex workers.
Conclusions: Special attention in provision of health information should be paid to YKAP since there is a considerable proportion of YKAP with unmet need in seeking HIV/STI/RH information and care.

Keywords

Young Key Affected Population, Men who have sex with men, Female sex workers, HIV, Sexually Transmitted Infection, Reproductive Health, Myanmar

Corresponding author: Kyaw Min Htut

Competing interests: No competing interests were disclosed.

Grant information: The current study was fully funded by the World Health Organization.
The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

Copyright: © 2018 Htut KM et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Data associated with the article are available under the terms of the Creative Commons Zero "No rights reserved" data waiver (CC0 1.0 Public domain dedication).

How to cite: Htut KM, Mon MM, Aye ZM and Ni LL. Young key affected population in Myanmar: are there any challenges in seeking information and care for HIV/sexually transmitted infections and reproductive health? [version 2; peer review: 2 approved]. F1000Research 2018, 7:1515 (https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.16029.2) First published: 21 Sep 2018, 7:1515 (https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.16029.1) Latest published: 13 Nov 2018, 7:1515 (https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.16029.2)

Revised Amendments from Version 1

Main revisions in this version were 1) adding operational definition of reproductive health and unmet needs, 2) revising data collection procedures and qualitative data analysis, 3) adding more facts in discussions, and 4) adding conclusion paragraph.

See the authors' detailed response to the review by Kyu Kyu Than
See the authors' detailed response to the review by Tasnuva Wahed

Introduction

Globally, one-fourth of the total population is young people aged 10–24 years, and they are most vulnerable from the global epidemic of HIV. Around one-third of all new HIV infections worldwide occurred among youth aged 15–24 years and about five million people aged 10–24 years were infected with HIV¹. As described in latest census of Myanmar in 2014, the total population is 51.4 million, with 16 million young people, which accounts for 28% of the population². One of the main health problems faced by young people results from sexual and reproductive health risk-taking behaviors, leading to unintended pregnancies and HIV/AIDS.

Key affected populations in relation to HIV transmission were men who have sex with men (MSM), sex workers, people who inject drugs, and people in prisons³. In Myanmar, according to sentinel surveillance data, HIV prevalence among young key populations was higher than that of other populations. In particular, 5.5% and 7.9% among female sex workers aged 15–19 years and 20–24 years, respectively; and 9.1% and 8.6% among men who have sex with men aged 15–19 years and 20–24 years, respectively⁴. As mentioned in National Strategic Plan on HIV/AIDS for 2016–2020, HIV prevalence among female sex workers (FSW) and MSM were 14.6% and 11.6% respectively according to findings from the Integrated Biological and Behavioral Survey in 2015⁵.

Previous studies have identified factors related to health care-seeking behaviors of young people. These factors included stigma and discrimination⁶, long waiting times, inconvenient locations of clinics, not knowing where to get the services, and negative attitudes among health care providers^6,7. Globally, there are a number of studies indicating the presence of HIV‑related stigma in healthcare settings^8,9. Discrimination is a major problem when seeking health care for HIV-infected individuals¹⁰. Research had found that consequences of HIV-related stigma on health-seeking behavior resulted in fear of receiving HIV testing, and delaying in responses such as adhering to treatment and preventive behaviours^11,12. In a study in Laos, the main barriers were related to location of health facility, lack of awareness on availability of services and unfavorable attitude of healthcare providers⁷.

With regards the service utilization, the percentage of FSW who received an HIV test in the last 12 months was 71%, and the percentage of MSM who received an HIV test in the last 12 months was 48%¹³. Reducing the incidence of HIV among priority populations like MSM and FSW was described as one of the objectives to fulfil the goal of the current National Strategic Plan. It was also stated that efforts must be made to tailor services to reach the priority population of young people⁵. However, very few studies have been conducted among the YKAP in Myanmar identifying health-seeking behaviors and their perceived barriers. Therefore, current study was conducted to determine the health seeking behaviors regarding HIV/STI and reproductive health (RH), challenges and the unmet needs in seeking health information among YKAP.

Methods

Study design and setting

A cross-sectional, mixed-methods study was conducted using both quantitative and qualitative methods among the YKAP, including young FSW (YFSW) and young MSM (YMSM) in Yangon and Mandalay, Myanmar, during February and June 2017. Yangon and Mandalay are two largest business cities of Myanmar where the YKAP community is larger than that of other areas.

Participants

Inclusion criteria:

1. YFSW aged 15 to 24 years currently working as sex workers whose sex work was based either at brothels, entertainment places (karaoke, club, bar) or on the streets.
2. YMSM aged 15 to 24 years who identified themselves as apwint (open type) or apone (hidden type) or tha-nge (male partner of either apwint or apone).

Operational definition of MSMs according to their types⁵:

Apwint: Those who are biological males whose public and private gender identity is generally feminine, but they may dress as men or dress and act as females. Apwint are generally more ‘open’ MSM and some could be considered ‘transgender’.
Apone: Those who are biological males whose gender identity may be either masculine or feminine and may or may not express themselves femininely.
Tha Nge: Those who are biological males whose gender identity is masculine with a sexual preference for apwint and apone as well as for women, however they are often ‘hidden’ MSM.

Operational definitions of RH and unmet needs in seeking health information was defined in our study as follows.

Reproductive health and services

According to World Health Organization, “reproductive health addresses the reproductive processes, functions and system at all stages of life and it implies that people are able to have a responsible, satisfying and safe sex life and that they have the capability to reproduce and the freedom to decide if, when and how often to do so”. In present study, we focused only on STI/HIV and the services related to them.

Unmet needs in seeking health information

“Although YKAP wants to know or receive STI/HIV information/care, they could not get/receive information/care as they would like to.”

For example- though they want to know details about the consequences of anal sex, they do not know how to get or from whom they could get the information.

Variables

Outcome variables

Health-seeking behavior was measured on

1) Ever receive HIV testing (Yes/No)
2) STI treatment (Yes/No)
3) Visit to DIC (Yes/No)

Independent variables

1) Age: both continuous and categorical measurement
2) Type of MSM: either apwint, apone or thange (as defined above)
3) Type of FSW: either brothel-based, entertainment-based or street-based
4) Education: either illiterate, read & write, primary school, middle school, high school, university
5) Having income earning job: either yes, not always or no
6) Any STI symptoms: yes or no

Challenges and unmet needs were mainly discussed during in-depth interviews and key informant interviews.

Sampling and sample size

Purposive sampling was applied in recruiting YMSM and YFSW since they were hidden population and could not be easily accessible like general population. Firstly, identification of the places for recruitment of the possible participants was made after discussion with the focal persons from the networks of FSW and MSM. FSWs were recruited from brothels, massage parlors, karaokes and soliciting sites on the streets according to the inclusion criteria. MSMs were recruited at beauty salons and gathering places along the streets. No recruitment was done through clinics and drop-in centers (DIC) to prevent bias in sampling those with good health-seeking behavior. Participants for qualitative interviews were selected based on the type of YMSM and YFSW, their experience of barriers/unmet needs and their willingness to participate in the interviews.

Considering proportions of MSM and FSW who seek HIV testing service in last 12 months as 20% and 30% according to a previous study⁵, 95% confidence level, precision of 0.1 and design effect of 1.5, the minimum required sample size for each population were 93 (YMSM) and 122 (YFSW) by using a sample size formula for one proportion.

Data collection

Research assistants were trained at the Department of Medical Research before field data collection. A structured questionnaire was developed for quantitative assessment and face-to-face interviews were carried out with YKAP using a structured, pre-tested questionnaire by trained interviewers.

Guidelines were developed for in-depth interviews (IDIs) and key informant interviews (KIIs). In-depth interviews were conducted with YKAP and key informant interviews were carried out with the service provider to explore their opinions and experiences. Service providers are the focal persons from National AIDS Program and non-governmental organization (NGO)/international NGO working for the key populations. These IDIs and KIIs were conducted by two principal investigators who have experience of conducting qualitative interviews. Because of confidentiality issues, the interviews were not audio recorded. However, discussions were noted down by well-trained note takers. Two note-takers also have previous experience of dealing with key populations and they were mainly trained on how to strictly ensure and value confidentiality of the study population.

A total of 119 face to face interviews with YMSM and 123 face to face interviews with YFSW were carried out using a structured questionnaire. In addition, 12 IDI and 10 KII were conducted with service providers and focal persons. (Supplementary File 1, Supplementary File 2), (Supplementary File 3)

Main themes included in IDIs and KIIs were as follows:

- perspective on young key affected population

- challenges in receiving/providing RH/HIV information and health care

- unmet needs in receiving RH/HIV information and health care

Data management and analysis

Data entry was conducted using EpiData version 3.1 and analysis was conducted with SPSS version 16 for quantitative data. Descriptive statistics were shown as frequency/percentage for categorical variables and mean/median for continuous variables. Bi-variate analysis was done using the chi-squared test.

Regarding the qualitative data, transcripts were prepared and manual coding was applied to explore the main themes such as unmet needs and barriers in seeking HIV/STI and other RH information. Manual thematic analysis was done by using matrix according to the themes and type of participants.

Ethical consideration

Verbal informed consent was obtained from each participant after thorough explanation about the objectives of the study. Regarding the participants below 18 years, we have to request their consents directly since it was not possible to ask from their guardians. Anonymity and confidentiality of the information were ensured using the code numbers and only researchers have accessed to the information. Ethics approval was also obtained from the Ethics Review Committee of The Department of Medical Research (Ethics/DMR/2016/091), Ministry of Health and Sports, Myanmar.

Results

Participant characteristics

Socio-demographic characteristics and family related information of participants are shown in Table 1. A total of 119 young men who have sex with men (YMSM) and 123 young female sex workers (YFSW) included in the assessment. The mean age of YMSM and YFSW was 20.9±2.4 and 21.7±2.2 years, respectively. Nearly 60% of YMSM were apwint (open type), 21.8% were apone (hidden type) and 19.3% were tha-nge (male partner of apwint or apone) as identified by themselves. Based on the place of sex work, YFSW included in the study were identified as brothel-based (40%), entertainment-based (karaoke/restaurant/nightclub/massage) (32.5%) and street-based (28.5%) respectively.

Table 1. Background characteristics and family-related information of the participants.

Characteristics	YMSM (n=119), n (%)	YFSW (n=123), n (%)
Age, years
Mean ± SD	20.9 ± 2.4	21.7 ± 2.2
Range	16 – 24	16 – 24
Education
Illiterate	3 (2.5)	16 (13.0)
Read & write	7 (5.9)	25 (20.3)
Primary school	26 (21.8)	51 (41.5)
Middle school	49 (41.2)	29 (23.6)
High school	10 (8.4)	1 (0.8)
Graduate/University	24 (20.2)	1 (0.8)
Marital status
Married	32 (27.1)	30 (24.4)
Not married	85 (71.2)	56 (45.5)
Divorced	2 (1.7)	37 (30.1)
Have income earning job
Yes, always	87 (73.1)	15 (12.2)
Yes, not regular	18 (15.1)	5 (4.1)
No	14 (11.8)	103 (83.7)
Monthly income, Kyats
No income	12 (10.1)	-
Up to 1000,000	18 (15.1)	6 (4.9)
>100,000 – 200,000	53 (44.5)	46 (37.4)
>200,000 – 500,000	28 (23.5)	53 (43.1)
>500,000	8 (6.7)	18 (14.6)
Current living conditions
Parents/Guardians	76 (53.9)	49 (39.9)
Friends/colleagues	22 (18.4)	66 (53.7)
Partner	13 (1.1)	5 (4.1)
Alone	8 (6.7)	3 (2.4)
Parents/Guardians accepted as MSM/FSW
Accepted	67 (56.3)	27 (22.0)
Not accepted	21 (17.6)	17 (13.8)
Don’t know their status	31 (26.1)	79 (64.2)

YMSM, young men who have sex with men; YFSM, young female sex workers.

Regarding their education status, 72.3% and 86.2 % of YMSM and YFSW, respectively, had completed primary school education, and 8.4% of YMSM were university graduates. Around one-fourth of both YMSM (27.1%) and YFSW (24.4%) were married. Median monthly income of YMSM and YFSW were 200,000 Kyats and 300,000 Kyats, respectively. Over 50% of YMSM and about 40% of YFSW were currently living with their parents. More than half of YMSMs’ parents/guardians accepted their sexual identity as MSM while only 22% of YFSWs’ parents/guardians accepted them as sex workers.

Sexual health of participants

Figure 1 describes the STI symptoms experienced by YMSM and YFSW; genital ulcer was most common for YMSM while white discharge was most common for YFSW. In particular, past incidence of genital ulcers was reported by 17% of YMSM and 11% of YFSW. Over 21% of YFSW suffered from white discharge while 7.6% of YMSM suffered from urethral discharge. Additionally, lower abdominal pain was also common in YFSW (18.7%). Table 2 shows the health-seeking behaviors of YMSM and YFSW regarding RH, STI and HIV. About 70% of YMSM and 56% of YFSW had experience of health-seeking for STI symptoms and the majority of them go to NGO clinics to treat STI. Over 90% of YMSM and YFSW have received HIV testing in the past and over 80% of them had tested for HIV within 6 months. The main reason for undergoing HIV testing is that they would like to know whether they have been infected with HIV or not. Over 90% of both YMSM and YFSW went to an NGO clinic for HIV testing. Regarding the utilization of drop-in centers (DICs), 79% of YMSM and 56.9% of YFSW have ever visited a DIC. Among them, 53.2% of YMSM and 38.6% of YFSW visited a DIC within the previous month.

Figure 1. STI symptoms experienced by young men who have sex with men (YMSM) and young female sex workers (YFSW).

Table 2. Health seeking behaviours of young men who have sex with men (YMSM) and young female sex workers (YFSW) regarding reproductive health and STI/HIV services.

Characteristics	YMSM (n=119), n (%)	YFSW (n=123), n (%)
Ever have any STI symptom
Yes	36 (30.3)	54 (49.3)
No	83 (69.7)	69 (56.1)
Experience of health seeking for STI symptoms
Yes	26 (72.2)	35 (64.8)
No	10 (27.8)	19 (35.2)
Place of seeking health care for STI	(n=26)	(n=35)
NGO clinic	22 (84.6)	25 (71.4)
Private clinic/hospital	2 (7.7)	8 (22.9)
Public clinic/hospital	2 (7.7)	2 (5.7)
Ever received HIV testing
Yes	112 (94.1)	112 (91.1)
No	7 (5.9)	11 (8.9)
Last time of HIV testing (n=112)
Within 6 months	93 (83.1)	91 (81.3)
6 months–1 year	11 (9.8)	13 (11.6)
>1 year	8 (7.1)	8 (7.1)
Reason of HIV testing	(n=112)	(n=112)
Friends also take testing	23 (20.5)	6 (5.4)
NGO staff come & ask for testing	6 (5.4)	40 (35.7)
Want to know my HIV status	75 (67.0)	62 (55.4)
Others	8 (7.6)	4 (3.6)
Place of HIV testing	(n=112)	(n=112)
NGO clinic	102 (91.1)	102 (91.1)
Private clinic/hospital	2 (1.8)	7 (6.2)
Public clinic/hospital	8 (7.1)	2 (1.9)
Others	-	1 (0.9)
Ever visited DIC
Yes	94 (79.0)	70 (56.9)
No	25 (21.0)	53 (43.1)
Last visit to DIC	(n=94)	(n=70)
Within 1 month	50 (53.2)	27 (38.6)
1–6 months	35 (37.2)	28 (40.0)
6 months–1 year	5 (5.3)	4 (5.7)
>1 year	4 (4.3)	11 (15.7)

NGO, non-governmental organization; DIC, drop-in clinic.

Figure 2 shows the barriers or limitations in receiving STI/HIV and RH information, and health care seeking. Just over 13% of YMSM and 14.6% of YFSW mentioned that they experience external and personal barriers towards seeking health information on RH. Similarly, 11% of YMSM and 12% of YFSW have barriers in seeking STI/HIV information.

Figure 2. Barriers or limitations in receiving STI/HIV and reproductive health (RH) information, and health care seeking.

YMSM, young men who have sex with men; YFSM, young female sex workers.

Visit to DICs among YKAP and their background characteristics are shown in Table 3. Type of MSM and age were associated with visiting a DIC among YMSM. A lesser proportion of tha-nge (43.5%) visited a DIC than apwint (85.7%) and apone (92.3%) (p=0.0001). A higher proportion of older YMSM visited DICs in comparing to younger MSM (84.3% vs. 66.7%, p=0.03). Among YFSWs, visiting a DIC was associated with their place of work: a significantly higher proportion of street-based YFSW (77.1%) visited DICs than those who worked in entertainment locations (50%) and brothels (47.9%) (p=0.01).

Table 3. Association between background characteristics and visit to drop-in clinics (DICs) among young men who have sex with men (YMSM) and young female sex workers (YFSW).

Characteristics	Visit DIC		p-value
Characteristics	Yes, n (%)	No, n (%)	p-value
YMSM (n=119)
Type of MSM			0.0001
Apwint	60 (85.7)	10 (14.3)
Apone	24 (92.3)	2 (7.7)
Tha-Nge	10 (43.5)	13 (56.5)
Age group			0.03
15–19 years	24 (66.7)	12 (33.3)
20–24 years	70 (84.3)	13 (15.7)
YFSW (n=123)
Type of YFSW			0.01
Brothel-based	23 (47.9)	25 (52.1)
Entertainment based	20 (50.0)	20 (50.0)
Street-based	27 (77.1)	8 (22.9)
Age group			0.14
15–19 years	11 (44.0)	14 (56.0)
20–24 years	59 (60.2)	39 (39.8)

During in-depth interviews and key informant interviews, different challenges and unmet needs in seeking health information and services were mentioned by YKAP as shown in Table (4). Common challenges mentioned by YMSMs were “financial problems” and “discrimination from health care providers”, while YFSWs stated their challenges as “no/limited time to access health service”, “reluctance in asking health information” and “restriction to go outside”. Regarding their unmet needs, most tha-nge (male partners of apwint and apone) expressed their concerns about the health consequences from having sexual relationship with MSM and future fertility. Other MSMs would like to know the consequences of anal sex and its treatment. Similarly, YFSWs also expressed that they have unmet needs concerning their future fertility and contraception. Most providers mentioned that it was difficult to reach and provide services to the girls from entertainment locations, such as karaoke.

Table 4. Challenges and unmet needs regarding STI/HIV and reproductive health information and care.

Theme	YMSM	YFSW	Provider
Challenges	Financial problem	No or limited time to access health service	Difficult to reach entertainment-based sex workers
	Discrimination from health care provider	Reluctance in asking health information	Limited time to provide health messages during mobile service
	Difficulty in accessing health care services due to long distance	Restriction to go outside	Little interest to health messages and
	Reluctance in asking health information
Unmet needs	Health consequences from having sexual relationship with MSM	Future fertility
	Future fertility	Contraception
	Consequences of anal sex and treatment

YMSM, young men who have sex with men; YFSM, young female sex workers.

Selected quotations included:

“… Currently, I’m living together with “achout” (apwint MSM), but I have a plan to marry a girl in the future. I worry about my fertility status at that time… afraid that I may not able to procreate …” (IDI 3, tha-nge, 23 years old).
“… We can’t go outside everyday… we’re allowed to go outside for one day per week … only for 2–3 hours …” (IDI 6, FSW, 20 years old).
“… We could educate the girls from brothel … They told us their experiences frankly… But, we couldn’t communicate frankly with the girls from karaoke … most of them didn’t accept …” (KII 2, out-reach health care provider).

Dataset 1.Complete answers to questionnaires for young men who have sex with men and young female sex workers.

A key to the coding and abbreviations is also included.

Discussions and conclusions

The current study highlights the health-seeking behaviors, challenges and unmet needs of the YKAP (YMSM and YFSW) regarding reproductive health and STI/HIV services. Experience of any STI symptom was disclosed by some YMSM and YFSW. The majority of YMSM and YFSW have received HIV testing in the past. In addition, both YMSM and YFSW had experience of health-seeking for STI symptoms and majority of them sought health care from NGO clinics. We also found barriers and unmet needs in seeking health information on RH and STI/HIV among YKAP.

Previous studies have documented on the health care seeking behavior among key population like MSM and FSW. Studies conducted in China found that 40–60% of MSM had ever done HIV testing^14–16, while a similar HIV testing rate among FSW was documented in a study done in Nigeria¹⁷. Moreover, Bartelsman et al. documented that the HIV testing rate was as low as 32.7% among MSM in Amsterdam¹⁸. In contrast to other studies, much higher proportions of YMSM and YFSW from current study had been tested for HIV in the past. Different socio-economic background, sampling strategy and cultural context might contribute to this discrepancy. However, findings on high HIV testing rates among YMSM was consistent with the previous study done in two large cities of Myanmar, Yangon and Monywa, in 2015¹¹. It was also supported by the evidence from the progress report of National AIDs Program in Myanmar, which found that HIV testing rates among MSM and FSW were dramatically increased between 2006 and 2010. Specifically, testing rates tripled in MSM and quadrupled in FSW¹⁹. In the current study, although the self-reported testing rates were high, we did not ask about the quality of testing services and did not verify these rates by other methods.

Experience of STIs among FSW had been noted in previous studies^20,21. In Bangladesh, 41.6% of FSW had experience of any STI symptom and many of them had unmet needs for SRH care²¹. A lesser proportion of YFSW from our study also had experience of STI symptoms in the past. On the other hand, 21.4% and 15.4% of MSM from Tanzania and Peru had any past STI symptoms, and similar findings were also identified in the current study^22,23. However, in our study, experience of STI symptoms was noted according to their responses and was not validated by blood test. Access to RH information, including that concerning HIV/STI, is important for the YKAP.

Unmet needs and the barriers in seeking sexual and reproductive health care was documented in previous studies^24,25. The prevalence of unmet need was 25% among hotel-based FSW and 36% among street-based FSW according to a study in Bangladesh²⁵. Another study also reported that over 50% of FSWs have faced barriers in seeking SRH care²⁴. Common barriers included financial problems, shame about receiving care, unwillingness and unfriendly behavior of the provider. Certain proportions of YKAP from current study mentioned that they have challenges in seeking reproductive health information. Similarly, some of them have barriers in seeking STI/HIV information. One of the main barriers YFSW mentioned was “no or limited time to access health services”. To overcome this barrier, we may need to discuss more with the gate keepers like managers, brothel owners to allow them in receiving mobile health care services or DIC services. Reluctance in asking health information was also expressed by YMSM. In this case, health care providers should have to do more counseling to YKAP.

The current study has certain limitations. Findings on the information related to STI experience and HIV testing of key population may have some bias since we have to rely on the respondents’ answers and could not validate them by other methods. However, we tried to overcome the limitation by providing a thorough explanation about the study’s objectives. Furthermore, generalization of the study findings to other areas of Myanmar may also have limitations because the study participants were only from two large major cities, where many NGOs/international NGOs are working for these populations.

In conclusion, some YKAP have experienced of STI symptom in the past and many of them went to NGO clinic for seeking care. Moreover, many YKAP have tested for HIV within six months. Lesser proportions of Tha-Nge, younger MSM, brothel and entertainment-based YFSW visited DIC than their counterparts. A considerable proportion of YKAP perceived that they have unmet needs in seeking RH information and care.

Special attention in provision of health information should be paid to the YKAP since there is a considerable proportion of the YKAP with unmet needs in seeking RH information and care. Strengthening of health education activities regarding STI is recommended for YKAP, especially for YFSW who work in entertainment-based locations.

Data availability

Dataset 1. Complete answers to questionnaires for young men who have sex with men and young female sex workers. A key to the coding and abbreviations is also included. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.16029.d217070²⁶.

Transcripts from interviews are not available to maintain the confidentiality of the study subjects.

Grant information

The current study was fully funded by the World Health Organization.

The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

Supplementary material

Supplementary File 1. Questionnaire used to obtain data for young men who have sex with men.

Click here to access the data.

Supplementary File 2. Questionnaire used to obtain data for young female sex workers.

Click here to access the data.

Supplementary File 3. Guidelines for interviews with service providers and the young key affected population.

Click here to access the data.

Faculty Opinions recommended

References

1. World Health Organization: Technical Brief: HIV and Young Transgender People. 2015. Reference Source
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26. Htut KM, Mon MM, Aye ZM, et al.: Dataset 1 in: Young key affected population in Myanmar: are there any challenges in seeking information and care for HIV/sexually transmitted infections and reproductive health? F1000Research. 2018. http://www.doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.16029.d217070

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Version 2

VERSION 2 PUBLISHED 21 Sep 2018

Author details Author details

¹ Department of Medical Research, Ministry of Health and Sports, Yangon, 11191, Myanmar

Zin Mar Aye
Roles: Formal Analysis, Investigation, Software, Visualization

Lwin Lwin Ni
Roles: Formal Analysis, Investigation, Resources, Software

Competing interests

No competing interests were disclosed.

Grant information

The current study was fully funded by the World Health Organization.
The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

Article Versions (2)

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Published: 13 Nov 2018, 7:1515

https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.16029.2

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https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.16029.1

© 2018 Htut KM et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Data associated with the article are available under the terms of the Creative Commons Zero "No rights reserved" data waiver (CC0 1.0 Public domain dedication).

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Htut KM, Mon MM, Aye ZM and Ni LL. Young key affected population in Myanmar: are there any challenges in seeking information and care for HIV/sexually transmitted infections and reproductive health? [version 2; peer review: 2 approved]. F1000Research 2018, 7:1515 (https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.16029.2)

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Open Peer Review

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PUBLISHED 13 Nov 2018

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Reviewer Report 21 Nov 2018

Tasnuva Wahed, College of Public Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand

Approved

https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.18428.r40596

The abstract of revised article still contained some short forms, such as-RH, STIs without full abbreviation. The authors can write as - reproductive health (RH) when they cite it first (please, see first sentence, background of abstract).
There are ... Continue reading

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Reviewer Report 16 Nov 2018

Kyu Kyu Than, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia

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https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.18428.r40597

I have no further comments to make.The Authors has revised the article ... Continue reading

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Reviewer Report 16 Oct 2018

Kyu Kyu Than, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia

Approved with Reservations

https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.17506.r38899

An interesting and important article related to young key population (YKP) in Myanmar. The article mainly focused on the health seeking behaviours of YKPs (Young men having sex with men and Young female sex workers) in relation to STI treatment and HIV testing. It also seeks the utilization of Drop in centres by YKPs. Following clarifications and amendments are need on the manuscript.

General observation

Although RH services were included in the objectives, the authors mainly focused on the STI symptoms, HIV testing and DIC utilization.
The qualitative part of the study was weak in analysis and did not identify the main themes analysed. Was not clear what themes were ask and analysed and what was the added value to the quantitative study.
Methodology needs to be more elaborated for the mix method studies using specific guidelines for qualitative and quantitative research methods.
Clearly defining the unmet need for health information seeking is required.

Specific observation
Abstract

Sample size for the qualitative and quantitative study should be moved to the methodology paragraph.
Abbreviations should be avoided if possible in the abstract. If need to please specify before using it.

Introduction

As the focus of the study is youth 15 to 24 years, the first paragraph is a bit confusing shifting from 10-24 and 15-24 in the same sentence.

Methods

There are three main outcome variables that seem to measure the health seeking behaviour. There is a missing variable on obtaining health information. Please clarify.
Rationale for use of purposive sampling needs to be specified and more details of the sampling and data collection procedures are required. Recruitment of participants for the qualitative study was not mentioned and the sample size for KIIs and IDIs was not observed. Using note takers in the interviews for populations like MSMs and FSWs,how was the breach of confidentiality ensured.
Advantage of using a mix method study would benefit the study methodology stronger.
Need to specify the main themes analysed for qualitative thematic analysis.

Results

There is lack of results on health information seeking. Not clear how many percent try to seek health information and what are the main barriers? Table 4 describes the qualitative analysis but the linkage is missing with the quantitative findings.
Description of the qualitative findings seems more appropriate if it could be linked to the quantitative data. Very little qualitative information is observed.

Discussion

Discussions need a conclusion paragraph to draw the main findings and a way forward.

Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature?

Yes
Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound?

Yes
Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others?

Partly
If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate?

Yes
Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility?

Yes
Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results?

Yes

Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed.

I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above.

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Author Response 13 Nov 2018

Spring Research Team, Department of Medical Research, Ministry of Health and Sports, Yangon, 11191, Myanmar

13 Nov 2018

Author Response

General Observation
Comment: Although RH services were included in the objectives, the authors mainly focused on the STI symptoms, HIV testing and DIC utilization.
Response: Thanks so much for your comments and ... Continue reading General Observation
Comment: Although RH services were included in the objectives, the authors mainly focused on the STI symptoms, HIV testing and DIC utilization.
Response: Thanks so much for your comments and clarification. You are right that there are many issues under the scope of RH including pregnancy, child birth, abortion, etc. However, in our study, we would like to focus only on STI and HIV since these are most common problems among MSMs and FSWs in Myanmar especially in relation to HIV transmission.

Comment: The qualitative part of the study was weak in analysis and did not identify the main themes analysed. Was not clear what themes were ask and analysed and what was the added value to the quantitative study.
Response: Thanks for your comments. Our objective for qualitative inquiry is to know their challenges and barriers in seeking health information on HIV/STI. It's aimed to supplement the quantitative information by asking their reasons and perception. Now, we've revised in our manuscript adding the themes we've discussed.

Comment: Methodology needs to be more elaborated for the mix method studies using specific guidelines for qualitative and quantitative research methods.
Response: We've now added more information in the methodology section.

Comment: Clearly defining the unmet need for health information seeking is required.
Response: Now, we had added the operational definition in the manuscript.

Specific observation
Abstract
Comment: Sample size for the qualitative and quantitative study should be moved to the methodology paragraph.
Response: We've already revised in current version.

Comment: Abbreviations should be avoided if possible in the abstract. If need to please specify before using it.
Response: Already revised.

Methods:
Comment: There are three main outcome variables that seem to measure the health seeking behaviour. There is a missing variable on obtaining health information. Please clarify.
Response: We've added the information in current version.

Comment: Rationale for use of purposive sampling needs to be specified and more details of the sampling and data collection procedures are required. Recruitment of participants for the qualitative study was not mentioned and the sample size for KIIs and IDIs was not observed. Using note takers in the interviews for populations like MSMs and FSWs, how was the breach of confidentiality ensured.
Response: Regarding rationale of purposive sampling and sample size for KII & IDI were added in current version of the manuscript. For using note takers in the interviews, we tried our best to ensure confidentiality. Our two note takers are well trained and have experienced in dealing with key population. Aim and objectives of the study were also thoroughly explained to YKAP.

Comment: Need to specify the main themes analysed for qualitative thematic analysis.
Response: we've revised it.

Results:
Comment: There is lack of results on health information seeking. Not clear how many percent try to seek health information and what are the main barriers? Table 4 describes the qualitative analysis but the linkage is missing with the quantitative findings.
Response: In table 2, we've described health seeking for STI, HIV testing and visit to DIC. In this regards, visit to DIC was a proxy measure for health information seeking. Health information seeking was also discussed during the qualitative interview.

Discussion:
Comment: Discussions need a conclusion paragraph to draw the main findings and a way forward.
Response: We've added a conclusion paragraph in current version.
General Observation
Comment: Although RH services were included in the objectives, the authors mainly focused on the STI symptoms, HIV testing and DIC utilization.
Response: Thanks so much for your comments and clarification. You are right that there are many issues under the scope of RH including pregnancy, child birth, abortion, etc. However, in our study, we would like to focus only on STI and HIV since these are most common problems among MSMs and FSWs in Myanmar especially in relation to HIV transmission.

Comment: The qualitative part of the study was weak in analysis and did not identify the main themes analysed. Was not clear what themes were ask and analysed and what was the added value to the quantitative study.
Response: Thanks for your comments. Our objective for qualitative inquiry is to know their challenges and barriers in seeking health information on HIV/STI. It's aimed to supplement the quantitative information by asking their reasons and perception. Now, we've revised in our manuscript adding the themes we've discussed.

Comment: Methodology needs to be more elaborated for the mix method studies using specific guidelines for qualitative and quantitative research methods.
Response: We've now added more information in the methodology section.

Comment: Clearly defining the unmet need for health information seeking is required.
Response: Now, we had added the operational definition in the manuscript.

Specific observation
Abstract
Comment: Sample size for the qualitative and quantitative study should be moved to the methodology paragraph.
Response: We've already revised in current version.

Comment: Abbreviations should be avoided if possible in the abstract. If need to please specify before using it.
Response: Already revised.

Methods:
Comment: There are three main outcome variables that seem to measure the health seeking behaviour. There is a missing variable on obtaining health information. Please clarify.
Response: We've added the information in current version.

Comment: Rationale for use of purposive sampling needs to be specified and more details of the sampling and data collection procedures are required. Recruitment of participants for the qualitative study was not mentioned and the sample size for KIIs and IDIs was not observed. Using note takers in the interviews for populations like MSMs and FSWs, how was the breach of confidentiality ensured.
Response: Regarding rationale of purposive sampling and sample size for KII & IDI were added in current version of the manuscript. For using note takers in the interviews, we tried our best to ensure confidentiality. Our two note takers are well trained and have experienced in dealing with key population. Aim and objectives of the study were also thoroughly explained to YKAP.

Comment: Need to specify the main themes analysed for qualitative thematic analysis.
Response: we've revised it.

Results:
Comment: There is lack of results on health information seeking. Not clear how many percent try to seek health information and what are the main barriers? Table 4 describes the qualitative analysis but the linkage is missing with the quantitative findings.
Response: In table 2, we've described health seeking for STI, HIV testing and visit to DIC. In this regards, visit to DIC was a proxy measure for health information seeking. Health information seeking was also discussed during the qualitative interview.

Discussion:
Comment: Discussions need a conclusion paragraph to draw the main findings and a way forward.
Response: We've added a conclusion paragraph in current version.
Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Close
Report a concern
Respond or Comment

COMMENTS ON THIS REPORT

Author Response 13 Nov 2018

Spring Research Team, Department of Medical Research, Ministry of Health and Sports, Yangon, 11191, Myanmar

13 Nov 2018

Author Response

General Observation
Comment: Although RH services were included in the objectives, the authors mainly focused on the STI symptoms, HIV testing and DIC utilization.
Response: Thanks so much for your comments and ... Continue reading General Observation
Comment: Although RH services were included in the objectives, the authors mainly focused on the STI symptoms, HIV testing and DIC utilization.
Response: Thanks so much for your comments and clarification. You are right that there are many issues under the scope of RH including pregnancy, child birth, abortion, etc. However, in our study, we would like to focus only on STI and HIV since these are most common problems among MSMs and FSWs in Myanmar especially in relation to HIV transmission.

Comment: The qualitative part of the study was weak in analysis and did not identify the main themes analysed. Was not clear what themes were ask and analysed and what was the added value to the quantitative study.
Response: Thanks for your comments. Our objective for qualitative inquiry is to know their challenges and barriers in seeking health information on HIV/STI. It's aimed to supplement the quantitative information by asking their reasons and perception. Now, we've revised in our manuscript adding the themes we've discussed.

Comment: Methodology needs to be more elaborated for the mix method studies using specific guidelines for qualitative and quantitative research methods.
Response: We've now added more information in the methodology section.

Comment: Clearly defining the unmet need for health information seeking is required.
Response: Now, we had added the operational definition in the manuscript.

Specific observation
Abstract
Comment: Sample size for the qualitative and quantitative study should be moved to the methodology paragraph.
Response: We've already revised in current version.

Comment: Abbreviations should be avoided if possible in the abstract. If need to please specify before using it.
Response: Already revised.

Methods:
Comment: There are three main outcome variables that seem to measure the health seeking behaviour. There is a missing variable on obtaining health information. Please clarify.
Response: We've added the information in current version.

Comment: Rationale for use of purposive sampling needs to be specified and more details of the sampling and data collection procedures are required. Recruitment of participants for the qualitative study was not mentioned and the sample size for KIIs and IDIs was not observed. Using note takers in the interviews for populations like MSMs and FSWs, how was the breach of confidentiality ensured.
Response: Regarding rationale of purposive sampling and sample size for KII & IDI were added in current version of the manuscript. For using note takers in the interviews, we tried our best to ensure confidentiality. Our two note takers are well trained and have experienced in dealing with key population. Aim and objectives of the study were also thoroughly explained to YKAP.

Comment: Need to specify the main themes analysed for qualitative thematic analysis.
Response: we've revised it.

Results:
Comment: There is lack of results on health information seeking. Not clear how many percent try to seek health information and what are the main barriers? Table 4 describes the qualitative analysis but the linkage is missing with the quantitative findings.
Response: In table 2, we've described health seeking for STI, HIV testing and visit to DIC. In this regards, visit to DIC was a proxy measure for health information seeking. Health information seeking was also discussed during the qualitative interview.

Discussion:
Comment: Discussions need a conclusion paragraph to draw the main findings and a way forward.
Response: We've added a conclusion paragraph in current version.
General Observation
Comment: Although RH services were included in the objectives, the authors mainly focused on the STI symptoms, HIV testing and DIC utilization.
Response: Thanks so much for your comments and clarification. You are right that there are many issues under the scope of RH including pregnancy, child birth, abortion, etc. However, in our study, we would like to focus only on STI and HIV since these are most common problems among MSMs and FSWs in Myanmar especially in relation to HIV transmission.

Comment: The qualitative part of the study was weak in analysis and did not identify the main themes analysed. Was not clear what themes were ask and analysed and what was the added value to the quantitative study.
Response: Thanks for your comments. Our objective for qualitative inquiry is to know their challenges and barriers in seeking health information on HIV/STI. It's aimed to supplement the quantitative information by asking their reasons and perception. Now, we've revised in our manuscript adding the themes we've discussed.

Comment: Methodology needs to be more elaborated for the mix method studies using specific guidelines for qualitative and quantitative research methods.
Response: We've now added more information in the methodology section.

Comment: Clearly defining the unmet need for health information seeking is required.
Response: Now, we had added the operational definition in the manuscript.

Specific observation
Abstract
Comment: Sample size for the qualitative and quantitative study should be moved to the methodology paragraph.
Response: We've already revised in current version.

Comment: Abbreviations should be avoided if possible in the abstract. If need to please specify before using it.
Response: Already revised.

Methods:
Comment: There are three main outcome variables that seem to measure the health seeking behaviour. There is a missing variable on obtaining health information. Please clarify.
Response: We've added the information in current version.

Comment: Rationale for use of purposive sampling needs to be specified and more details of the sampling and data collection procedures are required. Recruitment of participants for the qualitative study was not mentioned and the sample size for KIIs and IDIs was not observed. Using note takers in the interviews for populations like MSMs and FSWs, how was the breach of confidentiality ensured.
Response: Regarding rationale of purposive sampling and sample size for KII & IDI were added in current version of the manuscript. For using note takers in the interviews, we tried our best to ensure confidentiality. Our two note takers are well trained and have experienced in dealing with key population. Aim and objectives of the study were also thoroughly explained to YKAP.

Comment: Need to specify the main themes analysed for qualitative thematic analysis.
Response: we've revised it.

Results:
Comment: There is lack of results on health information seeking. Not clear how many percent try to seek health information and what are the main barriers? Table 4 describes the qualitative analysis but the linkage is missing with the quantitative findings.
Response: In table 2, we've described health seeking for STI, HIV testing and visit to DIC. In this regards, visit to DIC was a proxy measure for health information seeking. Health information seeking was also discussed during the qualitative interview.

Discussion:
Comment: Discussions need a conclusion paragraph to draw the main findings and a way forward.
Response: We've added a conclusion paragraph in current version.
Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Close
Report a concern

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Reviewer Report 08 Oct 2018

Tasnuva Wahed, College of Public Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand

Approved with Reservations

https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.17506.r38597

Comments:
This is an important article in the field of sexual and reproductive health research, especially on sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and AIDs. This study intended to document the health seeking behaviours including barriers in health seeking and access to SRH information among young key populations, eg., female sex workers (FSWs), men having sex with men (MSMs) who were 15 to 24 years old in two cities of Myanmar. Following clarifications are needed on this script:

General observations:

Need a clear operational definition of reproductive health (RH) and services? The author only described about STI and HIV. There are other RH problems of FSWs, such as-unintended pregnancies or childbirth, abortion etc. Did the authors exclude these RH problems from their study?
Need a clear definition of unmet needs in seeking health information. How did they calculate unmet need of seeking health information?
Need separately discuss about qualitative and quantitative data collection methods in the methodology.
Need one paragraph conclusion at the end of this script. At current state, it is finished with limitations following recommendations without a conclusion.

Specific observations:
Abstract:

Background: Please, use full abbreviation at first once before you use short term like sexually transmitted infections (STIs), reproductive health (RH) etc.
Methods: What is the study period? How many face to face interviews, in-depth interviews and key informant interviews were conducted? What is the main outcome variable?

Introduction:

What is the proportion of young key infected populations in Myanmar? If this information is not available, what proportion key infected populations of total population were reported in most recent national census or survey?

Methods:

Operational definition: As mentioned earlier, please, define RH seeking behaviour
Variables: You have only three outcome variables which are 1) ever receive HIV testing 2) STI treatment 3) Visit to DIC. But you have an objective to determine in seeking health information, therefore, you should have one variable “access to SRH information or seeking health information”.
Sampling: What is the reason of choosing purposive sampling?
How sample size of qualitative interviews (eg., in-depth interviews and key informant interviews) were determined?
As mention earlier, please describe separately and clearly each method of data collection including sampling, sample size, development of questionnaires/ qualitative guidelines, data collection procedure
Data analysis: Please, describe details of qualitative data analysis.
Ethical consideration: Were verbal or written informed consents taken? What measures were taken to take consents from participants who were aged below 18 years old?

Results:

You just showed reported barriers in seeking STI/HIV information in Figure 2. Before that, did you measure what proportion of participants accessed to STI/HIV information?
Table 4: “No or limited time to access health services”- this statement is not clear. Does it mean that YFSW do not have time or have limited time to access health services? If it is so, do you discuss this point how policy makers or health programme can overcome this problem?
Table 4: “Reluctance in asking health information”- same comment above that this statement is not clear. Does it mean that YFSW kept reluctance in asking health information to healthcare providers? If it is so, do you discuss this point how policy makers or health programme can overcome this problem?

Discussion:

Last sentence of 2^nd paragraph: “In the current study, although the self-reported testing rates were high, we did not ask about the quality of testing services and did not verify these rates by other methods.”- do you please, justify why you did not take measures on quality and verification of self-reported testing services? How this limitation can be overcome in your study?
Please, include a concluding paragraph.

Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature?

Yes
Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound?

Partly
Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others?

Partly
If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate?

Yes
Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility?

Yes
Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results?

Yes

Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed.

CITE

Report a concern

Author Response 13 Nov 2018

Spring Research Team, Department of Medical Research, Ministry of Health and Sports, Yangon, 11191, Myanmar

13 Nov 2018

Author Response

Comment: Need a clear operational definition of reproductive health (RH) and services? The author only described about STI and HIV. There are other RH problems of FSWs, such as-unintended pregnancies ... Continue reading Comment: Need a clear operational definition of reproductive health (RH) and services? The author only described about STI and HIV. There are other RH problems of FSWs, such as-unintended pregnancies or childbirth, abortion etc. Did the authors exclude these RH problems from their study?
Response: Thanks so much for your comments and clarification. You are right that there are many issues under the scope of RH including pregnancy, child birth, abortion, etc.
However, in our study, we would like to focus only on STI and HIV since these are most common problems among FSWs community in Myanmar especially in relation to HIV transmission. We had revised our manuscript by adding operational definition of RH and services.

We also revised the following facts according to your comment "Need a clear definition of unmet needs in seeking health information. How did they calculate unmet need of seeking health information?"
Response: Since our main focus was on STI and HIV, participants were requested to respond about their unmet needs in seeking health information regarding STI/HIV.
Operational definition of unmet needs in seeking health information was defined in our study as follows.
“Although YKAP wants to know or receive STI/HIV information/care, they could not get/receive information/care as they would like to.”
For example- though they want to know details about the consequences of anal sex, they do not know how to get or from whom they could get the information.

Comment: Need separately discuss about qualitative and quantitative data collection methods in the methodology.
Response: According to your suggestion, we revised our manuscript by describing separately about quantitative and qualitative methods.

Comment: Need one paragraph conclusion at the end of this script. At current state, it is finished with limitations following recommendations without a conclusion.
Response: I think, conclusion is already included together with recommendation. However, we’re revising by adding conclusion statement.
“In conclusion, some YKAP have experienced of STI symptom in the past and many of them went to NGO clinic for seeking care. Moreover, many YKAP have tested for HIV within six months. Lesser proportions of Tha-Nge, younger MSM, brothel and entertainment-based YFSW visited DIC than their counterparts. A considerable proportion of YKAP perceived that they have unmet needs in seeking RH information and care.”

Comment: Need a clear operational definition of reproductive health (RH) and services? The author only described about STI and HIV. There are other RH problems of FSWs, such as-unintended pregnancies or childbirth, abortion etc. Did the authors exclude these RH problems from their study?
Response: Thanks so much for your comments and clarification. You are right that there are many issues under the scope of RH including pregnancy, child birth, abortion, etc.
However, in our study, we would like to focus only on STI and HIV since these are most common problems among FSWs community in Myanmar especially in relation to HIV transmission. We had revised our manuscript by adding operational definition of RH and services.

We also revised the following facts according to your comment "Need a clear definition of unmet needs in seeking health information. How did they calculate unmet need of seeking health information?"
Response: Since our main focus was on STI and HIV, participants were requested to respond about their unmet needs in seeking health information regarding STI/HIV.
Operational definition of unmet needs in seeking health information was defined in our study as follows.
“Although YKAP wants to know or receive STI/HIV information/care, they could not get/receive information/care as they would like to.”
For example- though they want to know details about the consequences of anal sex, they do not know how to get or from whom they could get the information.

Comment: Need separately discuss about qualitative and quantitative data collection methods in the methodology.
Response: According to your suggestion, we revised our manuscript by describing separately about quantitative and qualitative methods.

Comment: Need one paragraph conclusion at the end of this script. At current state, it is finished with limitations following recommendations without a conclusion.
Response: I think, conclusion is already included together with recommendation. However, we’re revising by adding conclusion statement.
“In conclusion, some YKAP have experienced of STI symptom in the past and many of them went to NGO clinic for seeking care. Moreover, many YKAP have tested for HIV within six months. Lesser proportions of Tha-Nge, younger MSM, brothel and entertainment-based YFSW visited DIC than their counterparts. A considerable proportion of YKAP perceived that they have unmet needs in seeking RH information and care.”
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Author Response 13 Nov 2018

Spring Research Team, Department of Medical Research, Ministry of Health and Sports, Yangon, 11191, Myanmar

13 Nov 2018

Author Response

Comment: Need a clear operational definition of reproductive health (RH) and services? The author only described about STI and HIV. There are other RH problems of FSWs, such as-unintended pregnancies ... Continue reading Comment: Need a clear operational definition of reproductive health (RH) and services? The author only described about STI and HIV. There are other RH problems of FSWs, such as-unintended pregnancies or childbirth, abortion etc. Did the authors exclude these RH problems from their study?
Response: Thanks so much for your comments and clarification. You are right that there are many issues under the scope of RH including pregnancy, child birth, abortion, etc.
However, in our study, we would like to focus only on STI and HIV since these are most common problems among FSWs community in Myanmar especially in relation to HIV transmission. We had revised our manuscript by adding operational definition of RH and services.

We also revised the following facts according to your comment "Need a clear definition of unmet needs in seeking health information. How did they calculate unmet need of seeking health information?"
Response: Since our main focus was on STI and HIV, participants were requested to respond about their unmet needs in seeking health information regarding STI/HIV.
Operational definition of unmet needs in seeking health information was defined in our study as follows.
“Although YKAP wants to know or receive STI/HIV information/care, they could not get/receive information/care as they would like to.”
For example- though they want to know details about the consequences of anal sex, they do not know how to get or from whom they could get the information.

Comment: Need separately discuss about qualitative and quantitative data collection methods in the methodology.
Response: According to your suggestion, we revised our manuscript by describing separately about quantitative and qualitative methods.

Comment: Need one paragraph conclusion at the end of this script. At current state, it is finished with limitations following recommendations without a conclusion.
Response: I think, conclusion is already included together with recommendation. However, we’re revising by adding conclusion statement.
“In conclusion, some YKAP have experienced of STI symptom in the past and many of them went to NGO clinic for seeking care. Moreover, many YKAP have tested for HIV within six months. Lesser proportions of Tha-Nge, younger MSM, brothel and entertainment-based YFSW visited DIC than their counterparts. A considerable proportion of YKAP perceived that they have unmet needs in seeking RH information and care.”

Comment: Need a clear operational definition of reproductive health (RH) and services? The author only described about STI and HIV. There are other RH problems of FSWs, such as-unintended pregnancies or childbirth, abortion etc. Did the authors exclude these RH problems from their study?
Response: Thanks so much for your comments and clarification. You are right that there are many issues under the scope of RH including pregnancy, child birth, abortion, etc.
However, in our study, we would like to focus only on STI and HIV since these are most common problems among FSWs community in Myanmar especially in relation to HIV transmission. We had revised our manuscript by adding operational definition of RH and services.

We also revised the following facts according to your comment "Need a clear definition of unmet needs in seeking health information. How did they calculate unmet need of seeking health information?"
Response: Since our main focus was on STI and HIV, participants were requested to respond about their unmet needs in seeking health information regarding STI/HIV.
Operational definition of unmet needs in seeking health information was defined in our study as follows.
“Although YKAP wants to know or receive STI/HIV information/care, they could not get/receive information/care as they would like to.”
For example- though they want to know details about the consequences of anal sex, they do not know how to get or from whom they could get the information.

Comment: Need separately discuss about qualitative and quantitative data collection methods in the methodology.
Response: According to your suggestion, we revised our manuscript by describing separately about quantitative and qualitative methods.

Comment: Need one paragraph conclusion at the end of this script. At current state, it is finished with limitations following recommendations without a conclusion.
Response: I think, conclusion is already included together with recommendation. However, we’re revising by adding conclusion statement.
“In conclusion, some YKAP have experienced of STI symptom in the past and many of them went to NGO clinic for seeking care. Moreover, many YKAP have tested for HIV within six months. Lesser proportions of Tha-Nge, younger MSM, brothel and entertainment-based YFSW visited DIC than their counterparts. A considerable proportion of YKAP perceived that they have unmet needs in seeking RH information and care.”
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Tasnuva Wahed, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
Kyu Kyu Than, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia

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21 Nov 2018 | for Version 2

Tasnuva Wahed, College of Public Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand

4 Views Cite this report Responses(0)

Approved

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No competing interests were disclosed.

I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard.

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16 Nov 2018 | for Version 2

Kyu Kyu Than, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia

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Approved

I have no further comments to make.The Authors has revised the article according to my comments and suggestions. I am satisfied with their revision.

Competing Interests

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I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard.

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10 Views

16 Oct 2018 | for Version 1

Kyu Kyu Than, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia

10 Views Cite this report Responses(1)

Approved With Reservations

Although RH services were included in the objectives, the authors mainly focused on the STI symptoms, HIV testing and DIC utilization.
The qualitative part of the study was weak in analysis and did not identify the main themes analysed. Was not clear what themes were ask and analysed and what was the added value to the quantitative study.
Methodology needs to be more elaborated for the mix method studies using specific guidelines for qualitative and quantitative research methods.
Clearly defining the unmet need for health information seeking is required.

Specific observation
Abstract

Sample size for the qualitative and quantitative study should be moved to the methodology paragraph.
Abbreviations should be avoided if possible in the abstract. If need to please specify before using it.

Introduction

As the focus of the study is youth 15 to 24 years, the first paragraph is a bit confusing shifting from 10-24 and 15-24 in the same sentence.

Methods

There are three main outcome variables that seem to measure the health seeking behaviour. There is a missing variable on obtaining health information. Please clarify.
Rationale for use of purposive sampling needs to be specified and more details of the sampling and data collection procedures are required. Recruitment of participants for the qualitative study was not mentioned and the sample size for KIIs and IDIs was not observed. Using note takers in the interviews for populations like MSMs and FSWs,how was the breach of confidentiality ensured.
Advantage of using a mix method study would benefit the study methodology stronger.
Need to specify the main themes analysed for qualitative thematic analysis.

Results

There is lack of results on health information seeking. Not clear how many percent try to seek health information and what are the main barriers? Table 4 describes the qualitative analysis but the linkage is missing with the quantitative findings.
Description of the qualitative findings seems more appropriate if it could be linked to the quantitative data. Very little qualitative information is observed.

Discussion

Discussions need a conclusion paragraph to draw the main findings and a way forward.

Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature?

Yes
Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound?

Yes
Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others?

Partly
If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate?

Yes
Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility?

Yes
Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results?

Yes

Competing Interests

No competing interests were disclosed.

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Author Response

13 Nov 2018

Spring Research Team, Department of Medical Research, Ministry of Health and Sports, Yangon, 11191, Myanmar

General Observation
Comment: Although RH services were included in the objectives, the authors mainly focused on the STI symptoms, HIV testing and DIC utilization.
Response: Thanks so much for your comments and clarification. You are right that there are many issues under the scope of RH including pregnancy, child birth, abortion, etc. However, in our study, we would like to focus only on STI and HIV since these are most common problems among MSMs and FSWs in Myanmar especially in relation to HIV transmission.

Comment: The qualitative part of the study was weak in analysis and did not identify the main themes analysed. Was not clear what themes were ask and analysed and what was the added value to the quantitative study.
Response: Thanks for your comments. Our objective for qualitative inquiry is to know their challenges and barriers in seeking health information on HIV/STI. It's aimed to supplement the quantitative information by asking their reasons and perception. Now, we've revised in our manuscript adding the themes we've discussed.

Comment: Methodology needs to be more elaborated for the mix method studies using specific guidelines for qualitative and quantitative research methods.
Response: We've now added more information in the methodology section.

Comment: Clearly defining the unmet need for health information seeking is required.
Response: Now, we had added the operational definition in the manuscript.

Specific observation
Abstract
Comment: Sample size for the qualitative and quantitative study should be moved to the methodology paragraph.
Response: We've already revised in current version.

Comment: Abbreviations should be avoided if possible in the abstract. If need to please specify before using it.
Response: Already revised.

Methods:
Comment: There are three main outcome variables that seem to measure the health seeking behaviour. There is a missing variable on obtaining health information. Please clarify.
Response: We've added the information in current version.

Comment: Rationale for use of purposive sampling needs to be specified and more details of the sampling and data collection procedures are required. Recruitment of participants for the qualitative study was not mentioned and the sample size for KIIs and IDIs was not observed. Using note takers in the interviews for populations like MSMs and FSWs, how was the breach of confidentiality ensured.
Response: Regarding rationale of purposive sampling and sample size for KII & IDI were added in current version of the manuscript. For using note takers in the interviews, we tried our best to ensure confidentiality. Our two note takers are well trained and have experienced in dealing with key population. Aim and objectives of the study were also thoroughly explained to YKAP.

Comment: Need to specify the main themes analysed for qualitative thematic analysis.
Response: we've revised it.

Results:
Comment: There is lack of results on health information seeking. Not clear how many percent try to seek health information and what are the main barriers? Table 4 describes the qualitative analysis but the linkage is missing with the quantitative findings.
Response: In table 2, we've described health seeking for STI, HIV testing and visit to DIC. In this regards, visit to DIC was a proxy measure for health information seeking. Health information seeking was also discussed during the qualitative interview.

Discussion:
Comment: Discussions need a conclusion paragraph to draw the main findings and a way forward.
Response: We've added a conclusion paragraph in current version.

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Competing Interests

No competing interests were disclosed.

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16 Views

08 Oct 2018 | for Version 1

Tasnuva Wahed, College of Public Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand

16 Views Cite this report Responses(1)

Approved With Reservations

Need a clear operational definition of reproductive health (RH) and services? The author only described about STI and HIV. There are other RH problems of FSWs, such as-unintended pregnancies or childbirth, abortion etc. Did the authors exclude these RH problems from their study?
Need a clear definition of unmet needs in seeking health information. How did they calculate unmet need of seeking health information?
Need separately discuss about qualitative and quantitative data collection methods in the methodology.
Need one paragraph conclusion at the end of this script. At current state, it is finished with limitations following recommendations without a conclusion.

Specific observations:
Abstract:

Background: Please, use full abbreviation at first once before you use short term like sexually transmitted infections (STIs), reproductive health (RH) etc.
Methods: What is the study period? How many face to face interviews, in-depth interviews and key informant interviews were conducted? What is the main outcome variable?

Introduction:

What is the proportion of young key infected populations in Myanmar? If this information is not available, what proportion key infected populations of total population were reported in most recent national census or survey?

Methods:

Operational definition: As mentioned earlier, please, define RH seeking behaviour
Variables: You have only three outcome variables which are 1) ever receive HIV testing 2) STI treatment 3) Visit to DIC. But you have an objective to determine in seeking health information, therefore, you should have one variable “access to SRH information or seeking health information”.
Sampling: What is the reason of choosing purposive sampling?
How sample size of qualitative interviews (eg., in-depth interviews and key informant interviews) were determined?
As mention earlier, please describe separately and clearly each method of data collection including sampling, sample size, development of questionnaires/ qualitative guidelines, data collection procedure
Data analysis: Please, describe details of qualitative data analysis.
Ethical consideration: Were verbal or written informed consents taken? What measures were taken to take consents from participants who were aged below 18 years old?

Results:

You just showed reported barriers in seeking STI/HIV information in Figure 2. Before that, did you measure what proportion of participants accessed to STI/HIV information?
Table 4: “No or limited time to access health services”- this statement is not clear. Does it mean that YFSW do not have time or have limited time to access health services? If it is so, do you discuss this point how policy makers or health programme can overcome this problem?
Table 4: “Reluctance in asking health information”- same comment above that this statement is not clear. Does it mean that YFSW kept reluctance in asking health information to healthcare providers? If it is so, do you discuss this point how policy makers or health programme can overcome this problem?

Discussion:

Last sentence of 2^nd paragraph: “In the current study, although the self-reported testing rates were high, we did not ask about the quality of testing services and did not verify these rates by other methods.”- do you please, justify why you did not take measures on quality and verification of self-reported testing services? How this limitation can be overcome in your study?
Please, include a concluding paragraph.

Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature?

Yes
Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound?

Partly
Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others?

Partly
If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate?

Yes
Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility?

Yes
Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results?

Yes

Competing Interests

No competing interests were disclosed.

Respond to this report

Responses (1)

Author Response

13 Nov 2018

Spring Research Team, Department of Medical Research, Ministry of Health and Sports, Yangon, 11191, Myanmar

Comment: Need a clear operational definition of reproductive health (RH) and services? The author only described about STI and HIV. There are other RH problems of FSWs, such as-unintended pregnancies or childbirth, abortion etc. Did the authors exclude these RH problems from their study?
Response: Thanks so much for your comments and clarification. You are right that there are many issues under the scope of RH including pregnancy, child birth, abortion, etc.
However, in our study, we would like to focus only on STI and HIV since these are most common problems among FSWs community in Myanmar especially in relation to HIV transmission. We had revised our manuscript by adding operational definition of RH and services.

We also revised the following facts according to your comment "Need a clear definition of unmet needs in seeking health information. How did they calculate unmet need of seeking health information?"
Response: Since our main focus was on STI and HIV, participants were requested to respond about their unmet needs in seeking health information regarding STI/HIV.
Operational definition of unmet needs in seeking health information was defined in our study as follows.
“Although YKAP wants to know or receive STI/HIV information/care, they could not get/receive information/care as they would like to.”
For example- though they want to know details about the consequences of anal sex, they do not know how to get or from whom they could get the information.

Comment: Need separately discuss about qualitative and quantitative data collection methods in the methodology.
Response: According to your suggestion, we revised our manuscript by describing separately about quantitative and qualitative methods.

Comment: Need one paragraph conclusion at the end of this script. At current state, it is finished with limitations following recommendations without a conclusion.
Response: I think, conclusion is already included together with recommendation. However, we’re revising by adding conclusion statement.
“In conclusion, some YKAP have experienced of STI symptom in the past and many of them went to NGO clinic for seeking care. Moreover, many YKAP have tested for HIV within six months. Lesser proportions of Tha-Nge, younger MSM, brothel and entertainment-based YFSW visited DIC than their counterparts. A considerable proportion of YKAP perceived that they have unmet needs in seeking RH information and care.”

View more View less

Competing Interests

No competing interests were disclosed.

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Approved - the paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested

Approved with reservations - A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit.

Not approved - fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions

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Young key affected population in Myanmar: are there any challenges in seeking information and care for HIV/sexually transmitted infections and reproductive health?

Abstract

Keywords

Revised Amendments from Version 1

Introduction

Methods

Study design and setting

Participants

Variables

Sampling and sample size

Data collection

Data management and analysis

Ethical consideration

Results

Participant characteristics

Table 1. Background characteristics and family-related information of the participants.

Sexual health of participants

Figure 1. STI symptoms experienced by young men who have sex with men (YMSM) and young female sex workers (YFSW).

Table 2. Health seeking behaviours of young men who have sex with men (YMSM) and young female sex workers (YFSW) regarding reproductive health and STI/HIV services.

Figure 2. Barriers or limitations in receiving STI/HIV and reproductive health (RH) information, and health care seeking.

Table 3. Association between background characteristics and visit to drop-in clinics (DICs) among young men who have sex with men (YMSM) and young female sex workers (YFSW).

Table 4. Challenges and unmet needs regarding STI/HIV and reproductive health information and care.

Discussions and conclusions

Data availability

Grant information

Supplementary material

References

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