Factors associated with the utilization of long-acting reversible contraceptives among family planning clients at the Pameungpeuk Rural Hospital, Indonesia

Achmad Kemal Harzif; Ana Mariana; Devi Marischa Malik; Melisa Silvia; Bara Tracy Lovita

doi:10.12688/f1000research.15755.1

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Research Article

Factors associated with the utilization of long-acting reversible contraceptives among family planning clients at the Pameungpeuk Rural Hospital, Indonesia

[version 1; peer review: 1 approved, 1 approved with reservations]

Achmad Kemal Harzif ¹, Ana Mariana², Devi Marischa Malik³, Melisa Silvia², Bara Tracy Lovita²

Achmad Kemal Harzif ¹, Ana Mariana², [...] Devi Marischa Malik³, Melisa Silvia², Bara Tracy Lovita²

PUBLISHED 04 Dec 2018

Author details Author details

¹ Division of Immuno-Endocrinology and Fertility, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia, Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Jakarta, DKI Jakarta Province, Indonesia
² Indonesian Reproductive Medicine Research and Training Center (INA- REPROMED), Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Jakarta, DKI Jakarta Province, Indonesia
³ Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Persahabatan Public Hospital, Jakarta, DKI Jakarta Province, Indonesia

Achmad Kemal Harzif
Roles: Conceptualization, Formal Analysis, Supervision, Writing – Review & Editing

Ana Mariana
Roles: Conceptualization, Data Curation, Investigation, Methodology, Project Administration, Resources, Visualization, Writing – Original Draft Preparation

Devi Marischa Malik
Roles: Conceptualization, Methodology, Project Administration, Supervision, Visualization, Writing – Review & Editing

Melisa Silvia
Roles: Investigation, Methodology, Project Administration, Visualization

Bara Tracy Lovita
Roles: Investigation, Project Administration, Visualization

OPEN PEER REVIEW

REVIEWER STATUS

Abstract

Background: Uncontrolled population development can prompt an assortment of populace issues and can be one of the reasons for increasing maternal death rates. The utilization of contraceptives in Indonesia was progressively dominated by injectable contraceptives and pill contraceptives in 2015 (52.21% and 24.36%, respectively). However, the rate of termination of the use of short-acting contraceptives by family planning clients was higher than other methods, therefore the use of short-acting contraceptive is not effective enough for use. In anticipating the decreased use of short-acting contraceptives while also seeking to control population growth, the National Family Planning Program in Indonesia is encouraging the use of long-acting reversible contraceptives (LARCs). Pameungpeuk is a region which has the second largest population, with the highest total fertility rate in South-West Java. The proportion of active users of LARCs in Pameungpeuk is also very low (10.66%). This study therefore aimed to analyze factors associated with the utilization of LARCs among family planning clients at the Pameungpeuk Rural Hospital.
Methods: This study used a cross-sectional design with systematic random sampling. The sample group in this study was 84 family planning clients. We performed statistical analyses using a chi-square test.
Results: We found significant associations between the age of women (p=0.024), the cost of contraception (p=0.022), knowledge (p=0.042), beliefs (p=0.002), skill of health workers (p=0.008) and support from health workers (p=0.014). However, education (p=0.212), family income (p=0.087), attitude (p=0.593), exposure to information on LARCs (p=0.378), support from partners (p=0.094), support from friends (p=0.414) and the support of community leaders (p=0.367) had no significant association with the utilization of LARCs.
Conclusions: These findings highlight a critical need for improved education among family planning clients at the Pameungpeuk rural hospital regarding the use of LARCs for both medical and elective reasons.

Keywords

Family Planning, Long-acting reversible contraceptives (LARCs), Pameungpeuk Rural Hospital

Corresponding author: Achmad Kemal Harzif

Competing interests: No competing interests were disclosed.

Grant information: The author(s) declared that no grants were involved in supporting this work.

Copyright: © 2018 Harzif AK et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Data associated with the article are available under the terms of the Creative Commons Zero "No rights reserved" data waiver (CC0 1.0 Public domain dedication).

How to cite: Harzif AK, Mariana A, Malik DM et al. Factors associated with the utilization of long-acting reversible contraceptives among family planning clients at the Pameungpeuk Rural Hospital, Indonesia [version 1; peer review: 1 approved, 1 approved with reservations]. F1000Research 2018, 7:1891 (https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.15755.1) First published: 04 Dec 2018, 7:1891 (https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.15755.1) Latest published: 17 Sep 2019, 7:1891 (https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.15755.2)

Introduction

According to the World Population Data Sheet (2013), Indonesia is the fourth most populous country in the world, with a population estimate of 249 million. Among Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN) countries, Indonesia has both the largest area and largest population. In terms of birth rate, Indonesia is far above the 9 other member countries with a total fertility rate (TFR) of 2.6, while the average TFR of ASEAN countries is 2.4¹.

Increased and uncontrolled population growth can be one of the reasons behind increasing maternal death rates. Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) information from 2007 set up the Indonesian maternal death rates as 228 deaths for every 100,000 live births². It is estimated that the global maternal death rates will be 195 deaths per 100,000 live births, while the proportion of maternal death in females reproductive age (PMDF) estimated will be 264–285 deaths per 100,000 live births in 2015³. The maternal death rate in Indonesia is high, and was recently estimated as 126 deaths per 100,000 live births by the World Bank. As an effort to improve maternal health and also achieve the fifth Millennium Development Goal, it required a reduction in maternal death by 9.5% every year from 2005 to 2015, but in reality this goal was not achieved between 2005–2008^3,4.

Low contraceptive use is associated with high maternal morbidity and mortality rates, unwanted pregnancies, short birth interval and higher risk of obstetric and newborn complications⁵. One of the Indonesian government's efforts to reduce population growth and its associated problems, including high mortality rates, are family planning programs promoting contraceptive use, which educate patients and clients regarding family planning and contraception itself⁴. Based on data from the WHO, compared to other ASEAN countries, the use of contraceptives in Indonesia (61% of the population) already exceeds the ASEAN average (58.1%). However, it is still lower than that in Vietnam (78%), Cambodia (79%) and Thailand (80%)⁶. Based on data from the DHS (2012), the use of contraception in Indonesia is dominated by injectable contraceptives (32%) and the pill (14%).

In 2010–2014, the National Family Planning Program in Indonesia directed more efforts towards promoting the use of long-acting reversible contraceptives (LARCs). LARCs are methods of contraception that are known to be highly effective, as they can provide protection from the risk of pregnancy for a period of up to 10 years, depending on the type used^6,7.

The advantages of using long-term contraceptive methods are their convenience, comparatively low cost over time and predominant effectiveness in preventing pregnancy compared to short-acting methods. LARCs include implants, intra uterine devices (IUDs), male operation methods (MOPs) and female operation methods (MOWs)⁸. The use of LARCs is proposed as an important strategy to reverse undesirable maternal health consequences in developing countries^9,10. Use of injectable has been predominantly high while IUD utilize has rapidly low in developing countries^11,12. Based on data from the DHS (2012), the proportion of LARC users in Indonesia declined between 1994 and 2012. In 2012, the total number of LARC users was 10.6%, while the national target was 27.5%⁶.

Based on the 2015 results of the State Ministry for Population and National Family Planning Coordinating Board (BKKBN), contraceptive use in Indonesia is increasingly dominated by short-acting contraceptives such as injectables (52.21%) and the pill (24.36%). The total number of LARC users in 2015 was (18.17%), while the majority used short-acting contraceptives (81.83%)¹³. Pameungpeuk is a region with the second largest population, and has the highest TFR in South-West Java. The proportion of active users of LARCs in Pameungpeuk is also considerably low (10.66%)^14,15.

There are many factors that influence the lack of availability and access to LARCs method. These factors include fertility, lack of knowledge and other reasons related to methods that can act as barriers to the use of LARCs¹⁶. The factors than can inhibit access to the use of LARCs are higher costs for individuals, lack of trained health providers, short acting methods are widely available in rural areas, long distance to the clinic or hospital and medical barriers^17,18. Widespread of myths and misunderstandings about LARCs and the lack of knowledge and skills of health workers can also influence access to the use of LARCs methods^19,20.

Factors that are suspected to be related to the utilization of LARCs are age, education, family income, cost of contraception, knowledge, beliefs, attitude of the family planning client, exposure to information on LARCs, contraceptive related skills, support from partners, friends, health workers, and also support from leaders in the community. There are, to our knowledge, no studies that have documented the factors associated with the lack of use of LARCs in the Pameungpeuk region. This study therefore aims to assess the factors associated with the utilization of LARC methods among family planning clients in the Pameungpeuk Rural Hospital, West Java, Indonesia.

Methods

Study design

This was a hospital-based cross-sectional study. Eligible study participants were women seeking family planning services during the study period from the 15^th of October, 2015 to the 15^th of February 2016 at the Pameungpeuk Rural Hospital, which is a health institution that serves over 6000 annual pregnancies in the south of Garut, West Java Province, Indonesia.

Data collection

An interviewer-administered questionnaire (Supplementary File 1) was used to collect data for this study. The questionnaire sought information on demographic characteristics, socio-economic status, reproductive history and utilization of modern contraception. Questionnaire items were developed to assess factors associated with the utilization of LARC methods, and included knowledge, beliefs, attitude, exposure to information on LARCs, skills of the health workers, and support from partners, friends, health workers and community leaders. We also sought to foster awareness among midwives and nurses who administer family planning services at the health institution and were asked to administer questionnaires; they were sensitized to the purpose and objectives of the study, and how to administer the questionnaire.

Participants

The interviewer-administered questionnaire (Supplementary File 1) was conducted with consenting consecutive clients as they accessed family planning services until the desired sample size was achieved. The study used a simple random sampling technique to avoid bias. The inclusion and exclusion criteria were as follows: women between 15–49 years who attended the family planning clinic at the Pameungpeuk Rural Hospital from the 15^thof October, 2015 to the 15^th of February, 2016. Those who did not give consent, those who could not respond to the interview questionnaire or those who incompletely filled out the questionnaire were excluded. The sample size for the study was calculated using the prevalence of contraceptive use in Pameungpeuk (12% for the rural region) from the Indonesian DHS 2013 report. The formula below was used:

n = (Z^{2} p q) / d^{2}

Where n is the minimum sample size, Z is the standard normal deviation, set at 1.96, p is the prevalence of contraceptive use in the region (0.12), q is 1-p (0.88). The degree of accuracy was set at 0.05. The sample size was calculated to be 84 women of reproductive age.

Statistical analysis

After all the necessary data was collected, the data was coded on pre-arranged coding sheets by the principal investigator. Statistical analyses and data entry were performed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS), version 20.0. We performed statistical analyses using a chi-square test. Descriptive analysis was used to describe the study sample and the results are presented in tables.

Ethical consideration

This study was approved by The Ethics Committee of Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia under number 245/UN2.F1/ETIK/2015. The research proposal was submitted and reviewed by the Research Committee, whereby permission was granted to conduct the research. A written letter of consent was submitted to the health institution to seek permission to conduct this study, which was also granted. Privacy and confidentiality of the clients' information was observed through the use of data collection with coded identification numbers. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to participation.

Results

Socio-demographic characteristics

A total of 84 family planning clients at the Pameungpeuk rural hospital participated in this study. As shown in Table 1, the majority of participants were more than 30 years old (61.90%). More than half of participants had their first marriage and first childbirth between the ages of 20 and 30 years (55.95% and 63.10%, respectively). Most of the participants had a low level of education, i.e. not beyond graduation from elementary school (32.14%). A majority of participants were Muslim (96.42%). In addition, more than half of participants (69.05%) had a low family income (i.e. a monthly income of less than 200 USD), and they thought that cost of contraceptives in Pameungpeuk was quite expensive (53.58%). Utilization of modern contraceptives at the Pameungpeuk rural hospital was dominated by the use of short-acting contraceptives (Non-LARCs), namely injectable contraceptives (59.52%) and pills (15.47%), while the use of LARCs was just less than 30% [IUD (16.66%) and implant (8.33%)]. (Table 1)

Table 1. Socio-demographic characteristics of family planning clients at the Pameungpeuk Rural Hospital.

Variable	N	(%)
Age
< 20 years old	0	(0)
20–30 years old	32	(38.10)
> 30 years old	52	(61.90)
Age of first marriage
< 20 years old	30	(35.71)
20–30 years old	47	(55.95)
> 30 years old	7	(8.34)
Age of first childbirth
< 20 years old	26	(30.95)
20–30 years old	53	(63.10)
>30 years old	5	(5.95)
Education
No education	10	(11.90)
Graduate of elementary school	27	(32.14)
Graduate of junior high school	23	(27.38)
Graduate of senior high school	20	(23.80)
Graduate of college	4	(4.78)
Religion
Islam	81	(96.42)
Non-Islam	3	(3.57)
Family Income
High income (>200 USD per month)	26	(30.95)
Low income (<200 USD per month )	58	(69.05)
Cost of Contraception
Inexpensive	39	(46.42)
Expensive	45	(53.58)
Use of Modern contraception
LARCs
IUD	14	(16.66)
Implants	7	(8.33)
Sterilization (female)	0	(0)
Sterilization (male)	0	(0)
Non-LARCs
Injection	50	(59.52)
Pill	13	(15.47)
Condom	0	(0)
LAM	0	(0)
Total	84	(100)

LARCs, long-acting reversible contraceptives; LAM, lactational amenorrhea method.

Factors associated with the utilization of LARCS among family planning clients at the Pameungpeuk Rural Hospital

Factors that are suspected to be related to the utilization of LARCs were age, education, family income, cost of contraception, knowledge, beliefs, attitude of the family planning client, exposure to information about LARCs, contraceptive-related skills and support from partners, friends, health workers and leaders in the community. As shown in Table 2, the results of a bivariate analysis of factors revealed that age, cost of contraception, knowledge, beliefs, skills of health workers, and support from health workers were variables that were significantly associated with the utilization of LARCs. Based on the results of chi-square statistical analyses, of the 13 variables suspected as factors associated with utilization of LARCs, only 6 variables were significantly associated with the utilization of LARCs, and were as follows: age (p=0.024), cost of contraception (p=0.022), knowledge (p=0.042), beliefs (p=0.002), skills of health workers (p=0.008) and support from health workers (p=0.014). The other 7 variables, namely education, family income, attitude, exposure to information about LARCs, support of partners, friends and community leaders, were not significant associated with the utilization of LARCs at the Pameungpeuk Rural Hospital (Table 2).

Table 2. Bivariate analysis of factors associated with the utilization of long-acting reversible contraceptives (LARCs) among family planning clients at the Pameungpeuk Rural Hospital.

Variables	Utilization of contraceptives		Total		p-value
Variables	LARCs	Non-LARCs	N	%	p-value
Age
20–30 years old	15	17	32	100	0.024
>30 years old	6	46	52	100
Education
High education	5	19	24	100	0.212
Low education	16	44	60	100
Family income
High income	7	19	26	100	0.087
Low income	14	44	58	100
Cost of contraception
Inexpensive	9	30	39	100	0.022
Expensive	12	33	45	100
Knowledge
Good	13	23	36	100	0.042
Bad	8	40	48	100	0.042
Beliefs
Positive	16	24	40	100	0.002
Negative	5	39	44	100	0.002
Attitude
Positive	6	22	28	100	0.593
Negative	15	41	56	100	0.593
Exposure to information on LARCs
Exposed	9	34	43	100	0.378
Non-exposed	12	29	41	100	0.378
Skills of health workers
Skilled	17	30	47	100	0.008
Unskilled	4	33	37	100	0.008
Support of partner
Supported	12	48	60	100	0.094
Not supported	9	15	24	100	0.094
Support of friends
Supported	13	45	58	100	0.414
Not supported	8	18	26	100	0.414
Support of health workers
Supported	10	48	58	100	0.014
Not supported	11	15	26	100	0.014
Support of community leaders
Supported	10	23	33	100	0.367
Not supported	11	40	51	100	0.367
Total	21	63	84	(100)

Dataset 1.All raw data and demographic information obtained from subject during the present study.

Discussion

This study reveals a relationship between maternal age and LARC utilization. At <20 years or >30 years, family planning participants generally prefer high-effectiveness contraceptives such as the IUD, pill, or injections. These findings are consistent with previous research conducted by Tunnisa et al. and by Soppeng et al. in Pangkep, who found a relationship between maternal age and type of contraceptive use^21,22. The results of this study are also consistent with those of Ama et al., who conducted a study in Botswana and found that the age of respondents is significantly associated with contraceptive use²³.

The results of our data analysis show that there is no relationship between educational level and LARC use among family planning clients. This suggests that a high level of education does not affect the participants’ decision of which type of contraception to use; respondents with both low and high levels of education are aware of the importance and benefits of contraception, and have been likely made aware by health workers or other sources. The results of this study are also consistent with research conducted by Wa Ode in Pasarwajo, Buton, Indonesia, which found no relationship between the level of education and contraceptive use²⁴.

The income of a family is closely related to their attitude towards contraceptive use; a family’s income is one of the factors that influences their acceptance towards, and the decision to use, new contraceptive innovations. Our results showed that respondents who used LARC and non-LARC contraceptive methods were mainly low-income. Among non-LARC users, only a small percentage had high incomes. This indicates that the desire of couples to accept family planning is still high, despite their low income, as in terms of cost, non-LARC contraceptives tend to be cheaper than LARCs. In this study, there was no significant relationship between family income and LARC contraceptive use (p=0.087). It can therefore be assumed that the level of family income does not affect the purchasing power of respondents to buy contraceptives. This research is inconsistent with research conducted by Maiharti et al., who found a significant relationship between family income and the use of contraceptive methods²⁵.

Our results show that there was a significant relationship between the cost of contraception and the use of hormonal contraception. Thus it can be said that the costs incurred for contraceptives are related to the choice of which contraception to use; the cost of non-LARCs tends to be less than that of LARCs. This study was consistent with research conducted by Aryanti et al., which showed a relationship between contraceptive costs and contraceptive selection²⁶. The results of this study are also in accordance with research conducted by Fienalia et al. at the Pancoranmas Health Center, Depok, which found a relationship between the affordability of contraceptive costs and the use of LARCs²⁷. Hartanto et al. found that there was a correlation between the use of contraceptive with support from husband or their partner²⁸. Under ideal circumstances, couples should jointly choose the best method of contraception, mutually cooperate in their use, jointly pay for their expenses and take into account any dangerous side-effects. The results of statistical analyses showed no relationship between a partner’s support and the use of LARCs. Therefore, it can be assumed that a partners’ support does not affect the choice of the woman to seek family planning services and to continuously use contraceptives. This study was inconsistent with research conducted by Rizali et al., which found a relationship between support from the partner and the use of pill-based contraceptives²⁹. This research is also inconsistent with a study conducted by Setyawati in the Mamojang district of Makassar City, Indonesia, which found that support from the partner will encourage participation in family planning³⁰.

The results of our statistical analysis indicate that there is a relationship between the information provided by health-care personnel and the use of LARCs. This means that family planning clients already have information regarding contraceptive use from other sources. Others sources are from doctors, books, schools, television or friends. Our results showed that family planning LARC users were more likely to have not received information from family planning officers, while non-LARC users were more likely to have received information from family planning officers. This shows the lack of information dissemination from family planning officers to the community, or the lack of active support from health workers at the Pameungpeuk hospital towards the use of LARC methods, with the end result being a lack of information among the public. Based on information from one midwife who served in the family planning service, it is suspected that the health officer in charge is less active in conducting counseling regarding family planning by LARC methods. This research was consistent with Siddik et al., which found that there is a relationship between information dissemination and support from the family planning officers with the choice of contraceptive method. This is also consistent with research conducted by Rizali in the Mattoangin district of Makassar City, Indonesia, which showed a relationship between information dissemination by family planning officers and contraceptive use^29,31.

Conclusions

This study found a significant relationship between LARC use and the age of women (p=0.024), cost of contraception (p=0.022), knowledge (p=0.042), beliefs (p=0.002), skills of health workers (p=0.008) and support from health workers (p=0.014). Education (p=0.212), family income (p=0.087), attitude (p=0.593), exposure to information about LARCs (p=0.378), support from partner (p=0.094), support from friends (p=0.414) and support from community leaders (p=0.367) all had no significant relationship with LARC utilization. Therefore, improving the skills of health workers related to contraception needs to be developed, besides that family planning acceptors are expected to play an active role in any activities related to contraception as well, especially in the use of long-term contraceptive methods at Pameungpeuk rural hospitals. Related sectors should seek to increase community knowledge regarding contraception and clarify of myths regarding the use of long-term contraceptive methods.

These findings highlight a critical need to improve partners’ understanding of the importance of using LARC methods, to support females in the use of contraception. This also requires increased knowledge dissemination by health-care workers. We recommended that family planning officers improve counseling to mothers and encourage them to remain active contraception users. They must also aid in the community’s understanding of the importance of contraceptive use, especially the utilization of long-term contraceptive methods.

Data availability

Dataset 1. All raw data and demographic information obtained from subject during the present study. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.15755.d228026³².

Grant information

The author(s) declared that no grants were involved in supporting of this work.

Acknowledgements

This work was performed at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pameungpeuk Public Hospital, Garut. The authors wish to thank all staff at the Pameungpeuk Public Hospital Garut, especially for family planning provider sersvices, for supporting this study. We also would like to thank to Adele Tufford through AuthorAid for helping us improve our manuscript by copyediting and giving us thoughtful comments.

Supplementary material

Supplementary File 1. Questionnaire and informed consent form used in the present study.

The original Indonesian document is included alongside and English translation.

Click here to access the data

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28. Hartanto H: Keluarga Berencana dan Kontrasepsi. Jakarta: Pustaka Sinar Harapan. 2004. Reference Source
29. Rizali MI, Ikhsan M, Salmah AU: Faktor yang Berhubungan Dengan Pemilihan Metode Kontrasepsi Suntik di Kelurahan Mattoangin Kecamatan Mariso Kota Makassar. Media Kesehatan Masyarakat Indonesia. 2016; 9(3): 176–83. Reference Source
30. Setiawaty L: Faktor-Faktor yang Berhubungan dengan Pemilihan Jenis Kontrasepsi Pil di Kecamatan Mamojang Kota Makassar Tahun 2006 (Skripsi). Fakultas Kesehatan Masyarakat Universitas Hasanuddin, Makassar. 2007.
31. Siddik, Fajrita D, Hasnawati: Faktor yang Berhubungan dengan Pengambilan Keputusan Wanita Usia Subur (WUS) untuk BerKB IUD di Poli Kebidanan RSAL DR. MINTOHARDJO (Skripsi). Universitas Pembangunan Nasional Veteran, Jakarta. 2009.
32. Harzif AK, Mariana A, Malik DM, et al.: Dataset 1 in: Factors associated with the utilization of long-acting reversible contraceptives among family planning clients at the Pameungpeuk Rural Hospital, Indonesia. F1000Research. 2018. http://www.doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.15755.d228026

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Author details Author details

Achmad Kemal Harzif
Roles: Conceptualization, Formal Analysis, Supervision, Writing – Review & Editing

Ana Mariana
Roles: Conceptualization, Data Curation, Investigation, Methodology, Project Administration, Resources, Visualization, Writing – Original Draft Preparation

Devi Marischa Malik
Roles: Conceptualization, Methodology, Project Administration, Supervision, Visualization, Writing – Review & Editing

Melisa Silvia
Roles: Investigation, Methodology, Project Administration, Visualization

Bara Tracy Lovita
Roles: Investigation, Project Administration, Visualization

Competing interests

No competing interests were disclosed.

Grant information

The author(s) declared that no grants were involved in supporting this work.

Article Versions (2)

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Revised

Published: 17 Sep 2019, 7:1891

https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.15755.2

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Published: 04 Dec 2018, 7:1891

https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.15755.1

© 2018 Harzif AK et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Data associated with the article are available under the terms of the Creative Commons Zero "No rights reserved" data waiver (CC0 1.0 Public domain dedication).

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Harzif AK, Mariana A, Malik DM et al. Factors associated with the utilization of long-acting reversible contraceptives among family planning clients at the Pameungpeuk Rural Hospital, Indonesia [version 1; peer review: 1 approved, 1 approved with reservations]. F1000Research 2018, 7:1891 (https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.15755.1)

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Reviewer Report 23 May 2019

Douglas Storey, Department of Health, Behavior & Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA

Approved with Reservations

https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.17197.r46943

The manuscript provides a useful, localized analysis of contraceptive method choice in a particular area of West Java, but fails to provide adequate details about how key variables were operationalized, making it difficult to judge the quality of the analysis and some of the conclusions reached. The manuscript could be indexed with major revisions.

Detailed comments and questions:
(p1) In the Abstract: “...the use of short-acting contraceptive is not effective enough for use.”

Contraceptive should be plural (contraceptives).
“Not effective enough for use” is an overstatement. Injectables and oral pills are highly effective at preventing pregnancy when used properly. They are, however, less efficient than longer acting or permanent methods when used for longer term spacing or limiting of childbirth because it is easy to skip a treatment or take a short break from use for economic or other reasons, which can result in unintended pregnancy. The authors should clarify the distinction between effectiveness of the methods and efficiency or practicality with regard to achieving fertility objectives.

(p3, column 2, 1^st full paragraph): “Based on the 2015 results...”

Authors should consider updating these contraceptive use statistics with the more recent results from the 2017 Indonesia Demographic & Health Survey (Survei Demografi dan Kesehatan Indonesia 2017).

(p3, column 2, 2^nd full paragraph): “Widespread of myths and misunderstandings...”.

Delete word “of”
“Myths” is a poorly defined word that is commonly misused to refer to negative beliefs or attitudes about contraceptive methods. Saying that someone believes in a “myth” suggests that they are superstitious and ignorant. It is more appropriate and more accurate to simply say that some people have “negative beliefs and misunderstandings” about LARCS.

(p3, column 2, Section on Data Collection):

My most serious concerns about this manuscript regard the lack of clarity about how some key variables are conceptualized and measured. Authors should provide full descriptions of how variables were operationalized in the interview and/or manipulated (coded or recoded) for analysis. Specifically:
- Nowhere in the manuscript is there a description of how “knowledge” was conceptualized and measured. Knowledge of what? Of methods available? Of how they work? Of contraindications or side effects? Of how long they can be used? Without this description it is impossible for the reader to know what “Good” or “Bad” knowledge means and therefore to be able to understand how or why his variable might be related to use of LARCs.
- Similarly, nowhere do the authors describe how “beliefs” and “attitudes” were conceptualized and measured. What beliefs and attitudes were asked about in the interview? Was there a single measure of belief or were multiple beliefs asked about and used to construct a knowledge scale or index? Were respondents asked about the strength of their belief in certain things about FP methods (e.g., “How strongly do you agree with each of the following statements?”) or simply asked, “Do you believe X, yes or no?). What attitudes toward contraceptive methods were assessed in the interview? How were they used to determine if attitudes were positive or negative? The manuscript needs much more detail about how these important independent variables were measured.
- Similarly, how was “Skills of health workers” conceptualized and measured? What skills were considered? Counseling skills? Clinical skills? How were some workers categorized as Skilled and others as Unskilled? It is impossible to know what this variable means in Table 2.

(p5, 1^st column):

Authors find that (perceived) cost of contraception has a significant negative effect on contraceptive use. It may be worthwhile to note that this study was (I believe) done before the new National Health Insurance scheme (Jaminan Kesehatan Nasional/Badan Penyelenggara Jaminan Sosial) was rolled out and widely available. National health insurance has, in recent years, overcome many of the cost barriers to contraceptive use, including use of LARCS.

(p5, Table 2):

I would find it very helpful to see cell percentages in the Utilization of Contraceptive columns of the table.

(p7, 1^st column, 2^nd paragraph): “The results of our statistical analysis indicate that there is a relationship between the information provided by the health-care personnel and the use of LARCs.”

This comment is related to my concern above about how “health worker skills” was measured. How did the interview determine what information health workers provided to their clients? If the client reported that the health worker did not provide information about LARCS, is that what results in categorization of the health worker as Unskilled? This needs clarification.

Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature?

Partly
Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound?

Yes
Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others?

No
If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate?

Partly
Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility?

No
Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results?

Partly

Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed.

Reviewer Expertise: Reproductive health & family planning, health communication research, program evaluation; over 30 years of work on Indonesian family planning program design and evaluation.

I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above.

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Report a concern

Reviewer Response 24 May 2019

Douglas Storey, Department of Health, Behavior & Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, USA

24 May 2019

Reviewer Response

Dear Authors - When I reviewed your manuscript, I overlooked the fact that the questionnaire was available through a link on the webpage. I can see now how the knowledge, ... Continue reading Dear Authors - When I reviewed your manuscript, I overlooked the fact that the questionnaire was available through a link on the webpage. I can see now how the knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, health worker skills and other independent variables were presented in the questionnaire, but I still don’t know how the multiple measures for knowledge (Q12-Q20) were combined to create “good” vs “bad” knowledge. Same concern for beliefs (Q21-Q26), attitudes (Q17-Q36), exposure (Q37, multiple response) and health worker skills (Q38-Q41). Other independent variables were also constructed from multiple items in the questionnaire. In each case, I recommend that you explain how the analytic variables were created from multiple questionnaire items.
Dear Authors - When I reviewed your manuscript, I overlooked the fact that the questionnaire was available through a link on the webpage. I can see now how the knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, health worker skills and other independent variables were presented in the questionnaire, but I still don’t know how the multiple measures for knowledge (Q12-Q20) were combined to create “good” vs “bad” knowledge. Same concern for beliefs (Q21-Q26), attitudes (Q17-Q36), exposure (Q37, multiple response) and health worker skills (Q38-Q41). Other independent variables were also constructed from multiple items in the questionnaire. In each case, I recommend that you explain how the analytic variables were created from multiple questionnaire items.
Competing Interests: No competing interests Close
Report a concern
Author Response 17 Sep 2019

Achmad Kemal, Division of Immuno-Endocrinology and Fertility, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia, Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia

17 Sep 2019

Author Response

Dear Douglas Storey,

Thank you for the review. We uploaded the revision of our manuscript. The text has been updated to address all of the points. The abstract is updated to ... Continue reading Dear Douglas Storey,

Thank you for the review. We uploaded the revision of our manuscript. The text has been updated to address all of the points. The abstract is updated to clarify the efficiency of short-acting contraceptive. The prevalence of contraceptive methods section has been updated to describe more recent result from the State Ministry for Population and National Family Planning Coordinating Board (BKKBN) in 2017. Data collection section has been update to provide adequate details about how some key variables were conceptualized, measured and operationalized in the interview and/or manipulated (coded or recoded) for analysis. In Table 2, the percentages in the utilization of contraceptive has been added in the columns of table.

We carefully have modified the manuscript according to the your instructions. Thank you for your considerations, we looking forward to any helpful feedback.

Best Regards,
Achmad Kemal
Dear Douglas Storey,

Thank you for the review. We uploaded the revision of our manuscript. The text has been updated to address all of the points. The abstract is updated to clarify the efficiency of short-acting contraceptive. The prevalence of contraceptive methods section has been updated to describe more recent result from the State Ministry for Population and National Family Planning Coordinating Board (BKKBN) in 2017. Data collection section has been update to provide adequate details about how some key variables were conceptualized, measured and operationalized in the interview and/or manipulated (coded or recoded) for analysis. In Table 2, the percentages in the utilization of contraceptive has been added in the columns of table.

We carefully have modified the manuscript according to the your instructions. Thank you for your considerations, we looking forward to any helpful feedback.

Best Regards,
Achmad Kemal
Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Close
Report a concern
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COMMENTS ON THIS REPORT

Reviewer Response 24 May 2019

Douglas Storey, Department of Health, Behavior & Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, USA

24 May 2019

Reviewer Response

Dear Authors - When I reviewed your manuscript, I overlooked the fact that the questionnaire was available through a link on the webpage. I can see now how the knowledge, ... Continue reading Dear Authors - When I reviewed your manuscript, I overlooked the fact that the questionnaire was available through a link on the webpage. I can see now how the knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, health worker skills and other independent variables were presented in the questionnaire, but I still don’t know how the multiple measures for knowledge (Q12-Q20) were combined to create “good” vs “bad” knowledge. Same concern for beliefs (Q21-Q26), attitudes (Q17-Q36), exposure (Q37, multiple response) and health worker skills (Q38-Q41). Other independent variables were also constructed from multiple items in the questionnaire. In each case, I recommend that you explain how the analytic variables were created from multiple questionnaire items.
Dear Authors - When I reviewed your manuscript, I overlooked the fact that the questionnaire was available through a link on the webpage. I can see now how the knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, health worker skills and other independent variables were presented in the questionnaire, but I still don’t know how the multiple measures for knowledge (Q12-Q20) were combined to create “good” vs “bad” knowledge. Same concern for beliefs (Q21-Q26), attitudes (Q17-Q36), exposure (Q37, multiple response) and health worker skills (Q38-Q41). Other independent variables were also constructed from multiple items in the questionnaire. In each case, I recommend that you explain how the analytic variables were created from multiple questionnaire items.
Competing Interests: No competing interests Close
Report a concern
Author Response 17 Sep 2019

Achmad Kemal, Division of Immuno-Endocrinology and Fertility, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia, Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia

17 Sep 2019

Author Response

Dear Douglas Storey,

Thank you for the review. We uploaded the revision of our manuscript. The text has been updated to address all of the points. The abstract is updated to ... Continue reading Dear Douglas Storey,

Thank you for the review. We uploaded the revision of our manuscript. The text has been updated to address all of the points. The abstract is updated to clarify the efficiency of short-acting contraceptive. The prevalence of contraceptive methods section has been updated to describe more recent result from the State Ministry for Population and National Family Planning Coordinating Board (BKKBN) in 2017. Data collection section has been update to provide adequate details about how some key variables were conceptualized, measured and operationalized in the interview and/or manipulated (coded or recoded) for analysis. In Table 2, the percentages in the utilization of contraceptive has been added in the columns of table.

We carefully have modified the manuscript according to the your instructions. Thank you for your considerations, we looking forward to any helpful feedback.

Best Regards,
Achmad Kemal
Dear Douglas Storey,

Thank you for the review. We uploaded the revision of our manuscript. The text has been updated to address all of the points. The abstract is updated to clarify the efficiency of short-acting contraceptive. The prevalence of contraceptive methods section has been updated to describe more recent result from the State Ministry for Population and National Family Planning Coordinating Board (BKKBN) in 2017. Data collection section has been update to provide adequate details about how some key variables were conceptualized, measured and operationalized in the interview and/or manipulated (coded or recoded) for analysis. In Table 2, the percentages in the utilization of contraceptive has been added in the columns of table.

We carefully have modified the manuscript according to the your instructions. Thank you for your considerations, we looking forward to any helpful feedback.

Best Regards,
Achmad Kemal
Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Close
Report a concern

Views

Reviewer Report 19 Dec 2018

Luis Bahamondes, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Campinas Medical School, Capinas, Brazil

Approved

https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.17197.r41452

In my opinion, the manuscript submitted by Harzif and co-workers entitled: Factors associated with the utilization of long-acting reversible contraceptives among family planning clients at the Pameungpeuk Rural Hospital, Indonesia” is important for readers for several reasons.

Indonesia is one of the countries with a large population, high total fertility rate (TFR) and high maternal morbidity and mortality. Furthermore, although the use of modern contraceptives is increased in the last decades, it is mainly based on the use of short acting reversible contraceptives (SHARC), mainly injectables and pills (almost 75%). It is well established that the use of SHARC methods are associated to early discontinuation and high contraceptive failure when compared to users of long-acting reversible contraceptives (LARCs; intrauterine devices and implants). For this reason the government is encouraging the use of LARC methods. The authors showed data from Pameungpeuk, an Indonesian region which has the second largest population, with the highest TFR in South-West Java and with low use of LARCs (almost 10%).

The main findings of the study were that the use of LARCs were significantly associated with age of women, the cost of contraception, knowledge, beliefs, skill of health workers, and support from health workers.

The main limitation of the study was that it was a cross-section design and the number of interviewed women, which cannot allow to generalized the results to a large country like Indonesia. Additionally, it could encourage others to assess other regions to evaluate also the use of LARCs.

Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature?

Yes
Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound?

Yes
Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others?

Yes
If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate?

Yes
Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility?

Yes
Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results?

Yes

Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed.

Reviewer Expertise: Contraception

I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard.

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Luis Bahamondes, University of Campinas Medical School, Capinas, Brazil
Douglas Storey, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, USA

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Reviewer Report

11 Views

12 Nov 2019 | for Version 2

Douglas Storey, Department of Health, Behavior & Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA

11 Views Cite this report Responses(0)

Approved

The authors have addressed my concerns. I have no further comments to make.

Competing Interests

No competing interests were disclosed.

Reviewer Expertise

Reproductive health & family planning, health communication research, program evaluation; over 30 years of work on Indonesian family planning program design and evaluation.

I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard.

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29 Views

23 May 2019 | for Version 1

Douglas Storey, Department of Health, Behavior & Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA

29 Views Cite this report Responses(2)

Approved With Reservations

Contraceptive should be plural (contraceptives).
“Not effective enough for use” is an overstatement. Injectables and oral pills are highly effective at preventing pregnancy when used properly. They are, however, less efficient than longer acting or permanent methods when used for longer term spacing or limiting of childbirth because it is easy to skip a treatment or take a short break from use for economic or other reasons, which can result in unintended pregnancy. The authors should clarify the distinction between effectiveness of the methods and efficiency or practicality with regard to achieving fertility objectives.

(p3, column 2, 1^st full paragraph): “Based on the 2015 results...”

Authors should consider updating these contraceptive use statistics with the more recent results from the 2017 Indonesia Demographic & Health Survey (Survei Demografi dan Kesehatan Indonesia 2017).

(p3, column 2, 2^nd full paragraph): “Widespread of myths and misunderstandings...”.

Delete word “of”
“Myths” is a poorly defined word that is commonly misused to refer to negative beliefs or attitudes about contraceptive methods. Saying that someone believes in a “myth” suggests that they are superstitious and ignorant. It is more appropriate and more accurate to simply say that some people have “negative beliefs and misunderstandings” about LARCS.

(p3, column 2, Section on Data Collection):

My most serious concerns about this manuscript regard the lack of clarity about how some key variables are conceptualized and measured. Authors should provide full descriptions of how variables were operationalized in the interview and/or manipulated (coded or recoded) for analysis. Specifically:
- Nowhere in the manuscript is there a description of how “knowledge” was conceptualized and measured. Knowledge of what? Of methods available? Of how they work? Of contraindications or side effects? Of how long they can be used? Without this description it is impossible for the reader to know what “Good” or “Bad” knowledge means and therefore to be able to understand how or why his variable might be related to use of LARCs.
- Similarly, nowhere do the authors describe how “beliefs” and “attitudes” were conceptualized and measured. What beliefs and attitudes were asked about in the interview? Was there a single measure of belief or were multiple beliefs asked about and used to construct a knowledge scale or index? Were respondents asked about the strength of their belief in certain things about FP methods (e.g., “How strongly do you agree with each of the following statements?”) or simply asked, “Do you believe X, yes or no?). What attitudes toward contraceptive methods were assessed in the interview? How were they used to determine if attitudes were positive or negative? The manuscript needs much more detail about how these important independent variables were measured.
- Similarly, how was “Skills of health workers” conceptualized and measured? What skills were considered? Counseling skills? Clinical skills? How were some workers categorized as Skilled and others as Unskilled? It is impossible to know what this variable means in Table 2.

(p5, 1^st column):

Authors find that (perceived) cost of contraception has a significant negative effect on contraceptive use. It may be worthwhile to note that this study was (I believe) done before the new National Health Insurance scheme (Jaminan Kesehatan Nasional/Badan Penyelenggara Jaminan Sosial) was rolled out and widely available. National health insurance has, in recent years, overcome many of the cost barriers to contraceptive use, including use of LARCS.

(p5, Table 2):

I would find it very helpful to see cell percentages in the Utilization of Contraceptive columns of the table.

This comment is related to my concern above about how “health worker skills” was measured. How did the interview determine what information health workers provided to their clients? If the client reported that the health worker did not provide information about LARCS, is that what results in categorization of the health worker as Unskilled? This needs clarification.

Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature?

Partly
Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound?

Yes
Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others?

No
If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate?

Partly
Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility?

No
Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results?

Partly

Competing Interests

No competing interests were disclosed.

Reviewer Expertise

Reproductive health & family planning, health communication research, program evaluation; over 30 years of work on Indonesian family planning program design and evaluation.

Respond to this report

Responses (2)

Reviewer Response

24 May 2019

Douglas Storey, Department of Health, Behavior & Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, USA

Dear Authors - When I reviewed your manuscript, I overlooked the fact that the questionnaire was available through a link on the webpage. I can see now how the knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, health worker skills and other independent variables were presented in the questionnaire, but I still don’t know how the multiple measures for knowledge (Q12-Q20) were combined to create “good” vs “bad” knowledge. Same concern for beliefs (Q21-Q26), attitudes (Q17-Q36), exposure (Q37, multiple response) and health worker skills (Q38-Q41). Other independent variables were also constructed from multiple items in the questionnaire. In each case, I recommend that you explain how the analytic variables were created from multiple questionnaire items.

View more View less

Competing Interests

No competing interests

Author Response

17 Sep 2019

Achmad Kemal, Division of Immuno-Endocrinology and Fertility, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia, Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia

Dear Douglas Storey,

Thank you for the review. We uploaded the revision of our manuscript. The text has been updated to address all of the points. The abstract is updated to clarify the efficiency of short-acting contraceptive. The prevalence of contraceptive methods section has been updated to describe more recent result from the State Ministry for Population and National Family Planning Coordinating Board (BKKBN) in 2017. Data collection section has been update to provide adequate details about how some key variables were conceptualized, measured and operationalized in the interview and/or manipulated (coded or recoded) for analysis. In Table 2, the percentages in the utilization of contraceptive has been added in the columns of table.

We carefully have modified the manuscript according to the your instructions. Thank you for your considerations, we looking forward to any helpful feedback.

Best Regards,
Achmad Kemal

View more View less

Competing Interests

No competing interests were disclosed.

Back to all reports

Reviewer Report

27 Views

19 Dec 2018 | for Version 1

Luis Bahamondes, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Campinas Medical School, Capinas, Brazil

27 Views Cite this report Responses(0)

Approved

Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature?

Yes
Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound?

Yes
Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others?

Yes
If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate?

Yes
Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility?

Yes
Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results?

Yes

Competing Interests

No competing interests were disclosed.

Reviewer Expertise

Contraception

I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard.

Respond to this report

Responses (0)

Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article:

Approved - the paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested

Approved with reservations - A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit.

Not approved - fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions

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Factors associated with the utilization of long-acting reversible contraceptives among family planning clients at the Pameungpeuk Rural Hospital, Indonesia

Abstract

Keywords

Introduction

Methods

Study design

Data collection

Participants

Statistical analysis

Ethical consideration

Results

Socio-demographic characteristics

Table 1. Socio-demographic characteristics of family planning clients at the Pameungpeuk Rural Hospital.

Factors associated with the utilization of LARCS among family planning clients at the Pameungpeuk Rural Hospital

Table 2. Bivariate analysis of factors associated with the utilization of long-acting reversible contraceptives (LARCs) among family planning clients at the Pameungpeuk Rural Hospital.

Discussion

Conclusions

Data availability

Grant information

Acknowledgements

Supplementary material

References

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