Keywords
Evaluation factors, stress, elderly rural, risk factors, association
This article is included in the Sociology of Health gateway.
Evaluation factors, stress, elderly rural, risk factors, association
We have revised this paper in the light of comments recieved from worthy reviewrs. Detail on sampling technique and validity of tool has been included. A few typo errors in result section have been updated. Title of the study has been revised by putting “area of” as per the reviewer’s suggestion to get more clarity. We have included more detail in discussion part in the light of reviewer’s comments. However, clarification of each individual comment has been responded in detail.
See the authors' detailed response to the review by kraichat Tantrakarnapa
See the authors' detailed response to the review by Thant Zaw Lwin
Globally, 15% of the elderly population is suffering from mental disorders, and stress is one major mental health problem affecting a sizeable proportion (10–55%) of the elderly population1,2. The prevalence of stress and anxiety among the elderly population is gradually increasing and expected to reach double in the next one decade1. About one fifth of the world’s aging population lives in Thailand, and their number will increase by 28% in the coming ten years3.
In Thailand, recent surveys have reportedly identified increasing stress and mental health issues. Hospital based data complements this by showing increasing burden of stress and anxiety among the elderly4. Recent research has also suggested that the prevalence of stress is associated with age and the chances of getting this condition has increased in the aging population3,4.
Secondary data from rural Thailand depicts a high proportion of the elderly population suffering from mental health disorders5,6. Research suggests that common factors affecting stress among the elderly are family relationship, financial status, social or community environment, physical health and chronic illness7–10. Nonetheless, the factors associated with stress need further exploration. Hence, we conducted this research to determine the factors affecting stress among the elderly in rural Thailand.
This was a cross-sectional study carried out between January and April 2017 in Muang District, Phayao Province of Thailand.
The study sample size was calculated by using confidence level of 95%, the coefficient of the error = 5% and population proportion of 0.0511,12. Hence, 403 elderly people were interviewed in this study by simple random sampling method from a list of promoting hospitals1 registering elderly patients. Our tool was based on Pender’s theory of health promotion model and stress assessment13,14. We included male and female elderly persons who were above 60 years old, living in the study area for more than one year and able to communicate. However, those who were admitted with other associated diseases were excluded in this study.
Data collectors were trained and briefed on the study prior to conducting this survey. Face to face interviews of 40 minutes per participant were conducted by adopting the simple random sampling method and the data collectors guided interview. The questionnaire was piloted and pretested on 35 elderly living in outside from the study area with similar settings. Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of the questionnaire was calculated as 0.80 and content validity, a Kuder-Richardson 20 coefficient, was assessed as 0.79. There were three parts of the questionnaire; socio-economic characteristics (age, sex, income, education, marital status etc), the stress assessment test composed of 20 items from Suangprung Stress test-20, and the stress management score (10 items may rating scale on four point Likert scale)13,14. The stress management section was adapted to the elderly community with questions pertaining to the following; “Feeling desperate in life”, “Cannot stay focused”, “Cannot sleep due to stress or overthinking”, and “Muscle pain in the back or shoulders”. The mean score was calculated from their responses; less stress (0 – 23), moderate stress (24 – 41), high stress (42 – 61) and severe stress (>62)14. The total scores were divided into three levels including low scores (0–30), moderate scores (31–39) and high scores (40–50)14. The questionnaire was piloted and pretested on 35 elderly living in outside from the study area with similar settings. Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of the questionnaire was calculated as 0.80 and content validity, a Kuder-Richardson 20 coefficient, was assessed as 0.79.
Data was analyzed using SPSS Statistics version 20.0. Descriptive and multiple stepwise linear regression analysis was used to investigate the potential predictors of stress among the elderly. The analysis we put in the model 1 is alcohol consumption and the model 2 is present illness like; hypertension, musculoskeletal disorders and diabetes as these were the main variables as per our objectives.. The level of significance for all statistical tests was set at p-value <0.05.
All participants were informed regarding the research objectives and procedures of the study and a written informed consent was obtained from all the participants prior to start of the study. All the information of participants was kept confidential. This study was approved by the Ethics Review Committee for research involving human research subjects at the University of Phayao Thailand (No. 2/101/59). Administrative approval was gained from the head of the hospitals before to the study began.
The mean age of study participants was 68±7, and more than half (67%) of participants were women. About half (50%) of the participants were single, having no education (62%), received monthly income less than 100 US$ (73%). Present illness was defined as having a chronic illness at time of sampling (Hypertension, musculoskeletal disease and hypertension). Around two thirds (63%) of the respondents reported a present illness; hypertension (52%), musculoskeletal disorders (29%), and diabetes mellitus (19%). About two thirds (69%) of participants lived with family members. Almost half of study participants consumed alcohol (45%) and 27% smoked cigarettes (Table 1).
Table 2 shows stress levels among elderly people during the last three months as calculated using the Suangprung Stress test-20 stress assessment test. Almost half of these participants experienced a moderate level of stress (43%). Around 34% experienced a high level of stress and 18% had a low level of stress.
Stress | n | % |
---|---|---|
Low level (0–23 scores) | 74 | 18.3 |
Moderate level (24–41 scores) | 172 | 42.7 |
High level (42–61 scores) | 137 | 34.0 |
Severe level (≥62 scores) | 20 | 5.0 |
In term of stress management during the last three months, the results showed that more than half of participants had a low level of stress management (59%), followed by moderate and high levels of stress management (33% and 8%, respectively) (Table 3).
There was statistically significant relationship between alcohol consumption and present illness with stress levels, as calculated using the Suangprung Stress test-20 stress assessment test (Table 4).
The stress scores is 2.95 points higher (b coefficient, Table 5) than the elderly who drink alcohol than those who did not use alcohol. This indicates use of alcohol among elderly is positively associated with their current illness, likely due to their perception that the alcohol will help with mental relaxation. In contrast, if the elderly continue consuming alcohol, the present illness will result in increased stress for the participants. (Table 5).
In the present study, the majority of elderly people had moderate and high levels of stress during the last three months. This level of stress among the elderly population could negatively affect their health and well-being7,15. Other studies elsewhere have shown stress’s drafting effects, indicting that stress would directly effect mental and physical status among the elderly3,15. Our findings are consistent with a previous study15. Further according to the wear and tear theory, when the elderly population are experiencing poor physical and mental health, they would more likely to develop anxiety16,17. Chronic diseases and economic problems are the major causes of stress among the elderly. Moreover, long term stress and anxiety can also lead to depression and suicidal tendencies among the elderly9,17. Studies in South Korea and Denmark found that higher levels of perceived stress were associated with higher mortality18–20.
Those elderly participants had a low level of stress management were living with their grandchildren. Hence, the elderly living in joint family and took responsibilities including household, grandchildren and financial support to the family found low level of stress as compare to those who live alone3,15. However, few studies shows that these responsibilities would tend to develop stress and anxiety among elderly. Contrary on other hand study showing emotional attachment was a major contributing factor leading to mental health problems among the elderly17.
In the present study, the two main factors associated with stress among the elderly were alcohol consumption and present illness. Stressed elderly individuals usually prefer alcohol to achieve mental relaxation21. Research shows that negative feelings including stress, disappointment, hatred and unsuccessful can lead to drinking behavior21. Previous research show a strong positive correlation between stress and drinking alcohol, especially among the elderly population22. Moreover, present illness is a predictive power of stress among the elderly where current illness could influence daily life activities. Mental health problems and living in a stressful condition could impact their physical health, sleeping and quality of life23. The literature compliments our findings that chronic illnesses might affect the level of stress among elderly people24,25. A study performed on elderly people living with hypertension showed that there was a statistically significant relationship between chronic illness and stress26. Our findings are also consistent with a studies on elderly people with diabetes leading to anxiety and stress, ultimately developing depression among this aging population27.
This study provides an understanding of current mental health situations and factors affecting stress, such as alcohol consumption and illness, of elderly people living in rural communities of Thailand. Non-communicable diseases including hypertension, diabetes, and musculoskeletal disorders are the leading factors shown to develop stress and anxiety.
Open Science Framework: Stress and associated risk factors among the elderly: a cross sectional study from rural Thailand study, https://www.doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/XVKSW28
This project contains the following underlying data:
Open Science Framework: Stress and associated risk factors among the elderly: a cross sectional study from rural Thailand study, https://www.doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/XVKSW28
This project contains the following extended data:
Data are available under the terms of the Creative Commons Zero “No rights reserved” data waiver (CC0 1.0 Public domain dedication).
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Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed.
Reviewer Expertise: Public Health, Environmental Health, Tropical medicine. Climate change and health impacts.
Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed.
Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature?
Partly
Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound?
Partly
Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others?
Partly
If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate?
I cannot comment. A qualified statistician is required.
Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility?
Partly
Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results?
Partly
Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed.
Reviewer Expertise: Public Health, Environmental Health, Tropical medicine. Climate change and health impacts.
Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature?
Yes
Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound?
Partly
Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others?
Partly
If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate?
Yes
Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility?
Partly
Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results?
Partly
Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed.
Reviewer Expertise: Environmental Health and Occupational Health, Health Care Management, Biostatistics, Epidemiology, Project Evaluation, Quantitative and Qualitative Research, Health Economic, Maternal and Child Health, Drug Addictions Problems.
Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article:
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Version 1 13 May 19 |
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