Translation, validity and reliability of the Danish version of the Adolescent Insomnia Questionnaire

Alessandro Andreucci; Christian Lund Straszek; Michael Skovdal Rathleff; Clara Guldhammer; Rocio de la Vega; Tonya M. Palermo

doi:10.12688/f1000research.25832.1

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Research Article

Translation, validity and reliability of the Danish version of the Adolescent Insomnia Questionnaire

[version 1; peer review: 1 approved with reservations]

Alessandro Andreucci ¹, Christian Lund Straszek^1-3, Michael Skovdal Rathleff^1,3, Clara Guldhammer¹, Rocio de la Vega⁴, Tonya M. Palermo^4,5

Alessandro Andreucci ¹, Christian Lund Straszek^1-3, [...] Michael Skovdal Rathleff^1,3, Clara Guldhammer¹, Rocio de la Vega⁴, Tonya M. Palermo^4,5

PUBLISHED 24 Aug 2020

Author details Author details

¹ Center for General Practice, Aalborg University, Aalborg, 9220, Denmark
² Department of Physiotherapy, University College of Northern Jutland (UCN), Aalborg, 9000, Denmark
³ Department of Health Science and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, 9000, Denmark
⁴ Center for Child Health, Behavior and Development, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA
⁵ Department of Anesthesiology & Pain Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA

Alessandro Andreucci
Roles: Conceptualization, Data Curation, Formal Analysis, Investigation, Project Administration, Resources, Validation, Visualization, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing

Christian Lund Straszek
Roles: Resources, Writing – Review & Editing

Michael Skovdal Rathleff
Roles: Conceptualization, Formal Analysis, Funding Acquisition, Supervision, Writing – Review & Editing

Clara Guldhammer
Roles: Resources, Writing – Review & Editing

Rocio de la Vega
Roles: Formal Analysis, Resources, Writing – Review & Editing

Tonya M. Palermo
Roles: Conceptualization, Formal Analysis, Resources, Supervision, Writing – Review & Editing

OPEN PEER REVIEW

REVIEWER STATUS

Abstract

Background: The Adolescent Insomnia Questionnaire (AIQ), English version, is the only validated screening measure developed specifically to identify insomnia symptoms in adolescents. To date, no specific screening tool for adolescent insomnia is present in Danish language. The aim of this study was to translate and validate the AIQ in a sample of Danish adolescents.
Methods: The AIQ underwent a process of forward-backward translation and pilot testing. Subsequently, data were collected at baseline and two-week follow-up from adolescents aged 11-19, who completed both the AIQ and an available adult measure of insomnia (the Athens Insomnia Scale, AIS). The internal consistency, test-retest reliability and convergent validity were assessed. Exploratory factor analysis was conducted to identify the latent factors underlying the questionnaire.
Results: At baseline 185 adolescents (18% males and 82% females, mean age 16.0 years) and 102 (55.1%) at two-week follow-up completed the questionnaires. The AIQ showed excellent internal consistency for the total score (Cronbach's a: 0.88) and good convergent validity with the AIS total score (Pearson’s correlation value= 0.86, P<0.001). The test-retest reliability at two weeks was very satisfactory (ICC coefficient = 0.89; 95% CI 0.84, 0.92). Results from the exploratory factor analysis identified a three-model solution corresponding to the same three-model solution identified within the original development sample.
Conclusions: The Danish version of the AIQ demonstrated satisfactory psychometric properties in terms of internal consistency, test-retest reliability and validity, which supports its use as a screening tool for the identification of insomnia symptoms in adolescents, including Danish-speaking adolescents.

Keywords

Insomnia, Adolescent, Screening, Sleep, Translation, Validation

Corresponding author: Alessandro Andreucci

Competing interests: No competing interests were disclosed.

Grant information: This work was supported by the TRYG Foundation under Grant 118547.
The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

Copyright: © 2020 Andreucci A et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

How to cite: Andreucci A, Lund Straszek C, Skovdal Rathleff M et al. Translation, validity and reliability of the Danish version of the Adolescent Insomnia Questionnaire [version 1; peer review: 1 approved with reservations]. F1000Research 2020, 9:1029 (https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.25832.1) First published: 24 Aug 2020, 9:1029 (https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.25832.1) Latest published: 03 May 2022, 9:1029 (https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.25832.4)

Abbreviations

AIQ, Adolescent Insomnia Questionnaire; AIS, Athens Insomnia Scale.

Introduction

Insomnia is a common sleep disorder during adolescence that affects between 10 and 40% of adolescents, depending on the diagnostic criteria used^1–3. Insomnia is associated with broad negative impact on emotional, social, cognitive and academic functioning^1,3–5, and poor quality of life. There are also potential health problems associated with insomnia, such as anxiety, depression, obesity, substance abuse and chronic musculoskeletal pain^3,6,7. In addition, insomnia symptoms in adolescents may lead to use of sleep medications and other substances (e.g. alcohol, illicit drugs), which could result in additional risk for other disorders³. Insomnia can persist into adulthood¹ with increased potential burden over the long-term⁸. The estimated average six-month cost (including direct and indirect costs) of insomnia in adults in the U.S.A. (2003 figures) was about $1,253 greater compared to individuals without insomnia⁹. Insomnia is, therefore, an important public health issue³.

The prevalence of insomnia during adolescence has increased during the last several decades^7,10. It is hypothesized that this is due to increased availability of electronic devices in the bedroom and consumption of caffeinated beverages^3,7,11,12. These changes in lifestyle affect the biological homeostasis, together with the hormonal changes occurring in a crucial developmental period such as puberty, impacting sleep patterns and resulting in changes in the sleep architecture¹³. Additional changes related to the social domain, such as academic pressure and early start time for school, can contribute to insomnia symptoms^3,11,13. Altogether, these changes result in adolescents getting less sleep than needed. The identification of insomnia symptoms early on in life is extremely important⁷. This would allow for early referral for intervention to address the symptoms and reduce potential health problems associated with insomnia. However, sleep disorders such as insomnia often go unrecognized in pediatric primary care^3,14.

Pediatricians need a developmentally appropriate measure for the assessment of insomnia in adolescents that has adequate psychometric properties and high clinical utility (i.e., is brief, simple to use). In order to fill this gap, the Adolescent Insomnia Questionnaire (AIQ) has been recently developed to identify insomnia symptoms in adolescents and guide treatment decisions. This questionnaire was tested in a case-mix of 314 English-speaking American adolescents (11–18 years old) recruited from a sleep clinic, pain clinic, headache clinic and the community. In this heterogeneous sample of adolescents, the questionnaire showed good internal reliability, convergent and discriminant validity, and high criterion validity. However, it is not known if such a questionnaire will prove to be effective in other languages and cultural contexts such as Denmark.

To date, there is no valid insomnia questionnaire for adolescents available in Danish language. Due to the lack of validated tools for the assessment of adolescent insomnia, other measures originally developed for the assessment of insomnia in adult populations are used in Denmark, such as the Athens Insomnia Scale (AIS). However, the AIS has not undergone proper psychometric testing in a Danish adolescent population, and includes fewer items that do not capture the whole range of problems with sleep maintenance and sleep onset and also the specific impairments in the adolescents’ life (e.g. problems at school or with friends), which can be assessed with the AIQ. Testing the properties of the AIQ in an additional sample of adolescents in a different country, language and culture would provide additional support for the AIQ as an appropriate screening measure to assess insomnia in adolescents. Therefore, the aim of this study was to translate the Adolescent Insomnia Questionnaire into Danish and validate it in a sample of Danish adolescents attending a primary care clinic and from the community.

Methods

Study design

This is a prospective study with data collected at two time-points: baseline and two-week follow-up. Due to the non-interventional nature of the study and the regulation of the Scientific Ethics Committee for Region North Jutland, the study was exempt from ethical approval. Written informed consent was obtained at baseline and self-completed if participants were 15 years or older, otherwise it was completed by one parent/guardian if participants were younger than 15, and the minors provided their assent.

Participant recruitment

Data were collected from adolescents aged 11–19 years old recruited from one general practice clinic in the city of Aalborg (n = 10, recruited in February 2020), Denmark and through social media advertisement (i.e. Facebook, n = 175, recruited in March/April 2020). Adolescents who attended primary care for any type of symptom/condition were provided with the questionnaire (together with the informed consent) to be completed in the waiting room of the general practice. Likewise, adolescents who responded to the Facebook advertisement were provided with the questionnaire (together with the informed consent) to be completed through a web application (RedCap)¹⁵ accessible by a link in the advertisement. The Facebook post was tailored in order to be advertised to the population of interest (adolescents aged 11–19 and parents of adolescents) in the country of Denmark. After two weeks, an e-mail was sent to all the adolescents containing a link to a re-administration of the questionnaire to be completed at home in order to assess test-retest reliability. In both the baseline and follow-up questionnaire it was clearly stated that the questionnaire was intended to be completed by the adolescents. If participants did not complete the follow-up questionnaire, they were contacted by phone, SMS, or e-mail reminders. If four unsuccessful contact attempts were made or 10 days had passed without obtaining a response, no further contact was made.

Measures

Demographic information. The participants’ age and sex were collected.

Adolescent Insomnia Questionnaire (AIQ). The AIQ (Table 1) is a 13-item self-report screening measure of insomnia symptoms developed specifically for adolescents; it contains three subscales (sleep onset, sleep dissatisfaction and impairments, sleep maintenance)¹. The AIQ was validated in a sample of adolescents aged 11–18 years old with and without chronic pain conditions who were recruited from the community and clinical settings. The AIQ showed acceptable convergent (range .47–.88, p <.01) and discriminant (r = .06, p = .334) validity and strong reliability for both the total score (α = .91) and the subscale scores (α = .79 - .89)¹. A confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) revealed three factors consistent with the three subscales. Total scores range from 0 to 52, with higher scores indicating more severe insomnia symptoms. A provisional cut-off score of 15 for identifying insomnia was suggested following receiver-operator curve analysis of the development sample¹. The AIQ can be completed in approximately five minutes and it is relatively easy to score (there are only four reversed items)¹. The original English version of the AIQ was obtained through contact with the authors who developed the tool at the Seattle Children's Research Institute.

Table 1. Adolescent Insomnia Questionnaire, English version.

	Never	Almost Never	Sometimes	Often	Almost Always
The following statements are about your sleep and possible difficulties with sleep. We would like to know more about your sleep during a usual week. If the last week was unusual for some reason, think about the most recent typical week. For each statement, mark the answer that best describes you
1. I have difficulty falling asleep.	0	1	2	3	4
2. I wake up too early and cannot fall back asleep.	0	1	2	3	4
3. I am satisfied with my sleep.	0	1	2	3	4
4. I fall asleep quickly.	0	1	2	3	4
5. I feel sleepy or tired during the day.	0	1	2	3	4
6. It is hard for me to fall back to sleep when I wake up during the night.	0	1	2	3	4
7. It takes me more than a half hour to fall asleep.	0	1	2	3	4
8. I sleep through the night.	0	1	2	3	4
9. It is easy for me to settle down when it is time to go to sleep.	0	1	2	3	4
For the next statements, please think about how your sleep has affected you *during the day* in a usual week. If the last week was unusual for some reason, think about the most recent typical week. For each statement, mark the answer that best describes you.
	Never	Almost Never	Sometimes	Often	Almost Always
1. I have trouble going to school because of sleep problems.	0	1	2	3	4
2. I have trouble paying attention in class or concentrating because of poor sleep.	0	1	2	3	4
3. I feel grumpy or sad because of poor sleep.	0	1	2	3	4
4. I have trouble doing things with friends because of poor sleep.	0	1	2	3	4

Athens Insomnia Scale (AIS). The Athens Insomnia Scale (AIS) is an eight-item self-administered tool developed to assess insomnia severity in adults¹⁶, which has also been used in adolescent populations in a few limited validation studies^17,18. The AIS includes a variety of insomnia symptoms (difficulty with sleep initiation, awakenings during the night, early morning awakening, total sleep time, overall quality of sleep, sense of well-being during the day, physical and mental functioning during the day and sleepiness during the day) occurring on a frequency of at least three times per week during the last month¹⁶. Each item can be rated with a number from 0 (no problem at all) to 3 (very serious problem). The resulting total score ranges from 0 (no sleep-related problems) to 24 (most severe degree of insomnia). The AIS showed good internal consistency (α = .89) and good test-retest reliability for both the total score (Pearson's correlation coefficient = .89) and for each item (Pearson's correlation coefficients = .70 - .86). The AIS also showed good external validity when compared to the Sleep Problems Scale (Pearson's correlation coefficient = .90)¹⁶. The cut-off score for defining insomnia based on the AIS is 6¹⁹. A Danish translated version of the AIS has been previously used in a study conducted in a Danish general practice where participants >12 years old were assessed for insomnia symptoms²⁰.

Stages of the project

The Adolescent Insomnia Questionnaire was translated to Danish by a panel composed by A.A., C.L.S., M.S.R., and M.A. Following translation, a preliminary pilot test was conducted and then the measure was validated in a larger sample of adolescents. Guidelines for the translation and validation of a questionnaire were followed²¹.

Translation of the questionnaire to Danish. A process of forward-backward translation of each item included in the AIQ from English to Danish was applied. This was done to ensure that the wording of the items in Danish was conceptually equivalent to the wording of the items in English. Two forward translations were initially produced by two native Danish researchers (C.L.S. and M.S.R.). The two translations were then discussed within the research team until a final decision on the translation of each item was reached. This version was then translated back to English (backward translation) and compared to the original version in English to assess potential differences between the two versions. The backward translation process was carried out by a bilingual researcher native in English. During the process of translation, items of the AIQ were properly worded for the age of adolescents in order to ensure comprehensibility and face validity.

Preliminary pilot testing of the questionnaire. After the initial translation stage described above, the AIQ was tested with volunteer participants (n = 11, age range 10 - 19) recruited through advertisement of the study on Facebook. Children and adolescents who were interested in the study (or their parents) contacted the primary investigator of this study (A.A.), and a date was arranged for testing the tool and carrying out cognitive interviews with a research assistant (C.G). Study procedures were carried out at the Center for General Practice at Aalborg University, and participants were given a cinema ticket as a reward for participating in the cognitive interviews. The initial translated version of the AIQ was delivered to participants who were instructed to complete it by themselves. After completion of the questionnaire, cognitive interviews were carried out to assess the comprehensibility of the items. The aim was to improve the face and content validity of the tool at this stage. The feedback received through cognitive interviews indicated that no change to the Danish translated version of the AIQ was needed (Table 2). The translated version was subsequently validated through the process described below.

Table 2. Adolescent Insomnia Questionnaire, Danish version.

	Aldrig	Næsten aldrig	Nogle gange	Ofte	Næsten altid
De følgende udsagn handler om din søvn og mulige problemer i forbindelse med din søvn. Vi vil gerne vide mere om din søvn igennem en normal uge. Hvis sidste uge har været anderledes af en eller anden grund, så tænk tilbage på den seneste normale uge. Markér det svar, som passer bedst.
1. Jeg har svært ved at falde i søvn.	0	1	2	3	4
2. Jeg vågner for tidligt og kan ikke falde i søvn igen.	0	1	2	3	4
3. Jeg er tilfreds med min søvn.	0	1	2	3	4
4. Jeg falder hurtigt i søvn.	0	1	2	3	4
5. Jeg føler mig søvnig eller træt i løbet af dagen.	0	1	2	3	4
6. Det er svært for mig at falde i søvn igen, når jeg vågner op om natten.	0	1	2	3	4
7. Det tager mig mere end en halv time at falde i søvn.	0	1	2	3	4
8. Jeg sover igennem hele natten.	0	1	2	3	4
9. Det er nemt for mig at falde til ro, når det er tid til sove.	0	1	2	3	4
Ved de næste udsagn skal du tænke på hvordan din søvn påvirker dig i løbet af dagen i en normal uge. Hvis sidste uge har været anderledes af en eller anden grund, så tænk tilbage på den seneste normale uge. Markér det svar, som passer bedst.
	Aldrig	Næsten aldrig	Nogle gange	Ofte	Næsten altid
10. Jeg har svært ved at gå i skole, fordi jeg sover dårligt.	0	1	2	3	4
11. Jeg har svært ved at koncentrere mig eller høre efter i skolen, fordi jeg sover dårligt.	0	1	2	3	4
12. Jeg føler mig gnaven eller ked af det på grund af dårlig søvn.	0	1	2	3	4
13. Jeg har svært ved at lave ting sammen med mine venner, fordi jeg sover dårligt.	0	1	2	3	4

Validation of the questionnaire. Several parameters were assessed during the validation of the questionnaire. Cronbach's α coefficient was calculated to assess the internal consistency of the AIQ total score and of the AIQ subscales. Test-retest reliability was assessed by comparing the responses to each item of the AIQ between baseline and two-week follow-up in order to evaluate the short-term stability of the questionnaire in adolescents^22,23. Convergent validity was assessed by comparing the scores obtained with the AIQ with those obtained with the AIS. Exploratory factor analysis was conducted in order to identify the latent factors underlying the questionnaire, and compare them to the original English version of the measure²⁴.

Statistical analysis

Descriptive analysis of the study sample was performed. Results are shown as means and standard deviations (SD) or as counts (%) depending on the type of variable (continuous or categorical). T-tests or Pearson χ²-tests were used to compare groups on continuous and categorical variables, respectively. Cronbach's α for the AIQ total score and for the AIQ subscales (sleep onset subscale, sleep maintenance subscale, sleep dissatisfaction and impairments subscale) was calculated in order to assess internal consistency reliability. Test-retest stability was evaluated by assessing the relationship between the AIQ total score and subscale scores between baseline and follow-up by means of the intraclass correlation (ICC) coefficient, using a two-way mixed-effects model. If the ICC values are <0.5, this is indicative of poor reliability, while values between 0.5 and 0.75 show moderate reliability. ICC values between 0.75 and 0.9 show good reliability, and values > 0.90 excellent reliability²². Limits of agreements were also used to express the agreement between the two measurements (i.e. baseline vs. follow-up). The limits of agreement represent the mean difference between the two measurements ±1.96 times the standard deviation of the differences²⁵. Convergent validity was assessed by calculating Pearson correlations between the AIS total score and the AIQ total score (and scores for subscales). Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) using principal factor extraction and oblique rotation was conducted to identify the factor loadings. Results of EFA were compared to those from the original development sample. Analyses were conducted with STATA version 15.0.

Results

Participant characteristics

Participant characteristics are shown in Table 3. The sample included 185 participants at baseline, 33 (18%) males and 151 (82%) females²⁶. One participant did not report their sex. The mean age of participants was 16.0 years (± 1.4, range 11–19 years). One-hundred and two participants (55.1%) completed the questionnaires at two-week follow-up. The average AIQ score at baseline was 30.14 (± 8.90). Females had a statistically significant (31.1 ± 8.1, p = 0.003) higher mean score than males (26.0 ± 10.8). Higher AIQ scores were significantly associated with older age (linear regression coefficient = 1.48; 95% CI 0.58, 2.39; P = 0.001). Ninety-two percent of the sample (N = 169) had AIQ values above the suggested cut-off of 15 for defining insomnia symptoms. The average AIS total score was 11.4 (± 4.8), and 83% of the sample (N = 169) had AIS values higher than the cutoff of 6 for defining insomnia symptoms. Thus, this sample represented those adolescents with high levels of insomnia symptoms.

Table 3. Descriptive characteristics at baseline and two-week follow-up.

	Males (n=33)	Females (n=151)	Total (n=185)
Baseline
Age (years), mean ± SD	16.0 (± 1.9)	15.9 (± 1.3)	16.0 (± 1.4)
AIQ score, mean ± SD	26.0 (± 10.8)	31.1 (± 8.1)	30.1 (± 8.9)
AIS score, mean ± SD	9.4 (± 5.9)	11.9 (± 4.4)	11.4 (± 4.8)
Two-week follow-up
	Males (n=13)	Females (n=89)	Total (n=102)
Age (years), mean ± SD	15.7 (± 2.4)	15.8 (± 1.4)	15.8 (± 1.6)
AIQ score, mean ± SD	23.9 (± 12.1)	30.6 (± 8.2)	29.7 (± 9.0)
AIS score, mean ± SD	9.7 (± 6.4)	12.0 (± 5.1)	11.7 (± 5.3)

SD, standard deviation; AIQ, Adolescent Insomnia Questionnaire; AIS, Athens Insomnia Scale.

Internal consistency of the AIQ

The internal consistency of the AIQ was calculated for both the AIQ total score and the AIQ subscales (Table 4). The internal consistency for the AIQ total score was excellent (Cronbach's α: 0.88). The internal consistency for both the AIQ sleep onset subscale (items 1, 4, 7, 9) and AIQ sleep dissatisfaction and impairments subscale (items 3, 5, 10, 11, 12, 13) was excellent as well (Cronbach's α: 0.84 and 0.87, respectively). The internal consistency for the AIQ sleep maintenance subscale (items 2, 6, 8) was slightly lower (Cronbach's α: 0.73).

Table 4. Internal consistency and validity.

Internal consistency	Cronbach's α:
AIQ total score	0.88*
Sleep onset subscale	0.84*
Sleep impairment subscale	0.87*
Sleep maintenance subscale	0.73*
Validity (assessed against the AIS total score)	Pearson’s correlation value
AIQ total score	0.86*
Sleep onset subscale	0.59*
Sleep impairment subscale	0.83*
Sleep maintenance subscale	0.58*

AIQ, Adolescent Insomnia Questionnaire; AIS, Athens Insomnia Scale.

* = statistically significant.

Validity of the AIQ

The convergent validity of the AIQ was evaluated using correlations with the total score of the AIS (Table 4). A large, positive significant correlation between the AIQ total score and the AIS total score was found (Pearson’s correlation value= 0.86, P<0.001). The positive correlation between the AIQ total score and the AIS is also illustrated in Supplementary Figure 1 (see Extended data²⁶). Subscale scores of the AIS were also significantly related to the AIS with the largest correlation between the sleep dissatisfaction and impairment subscale (Pearson’s correlation value = 0.83, P<0.001) and the AIS and smaller correlations for the sleep onset subscale (Pearson’s correlation value = 0.59, P<0.001) and the sleep maintenance subscale (Pearson’s correlation value = 0.58, P<0.001).

Test-retest reliability of the AIQ

Results of the test-retest reliability analysis at two-weeks are shown in Table 5. The ICC coefficient for the AIQ total score was 0.89 (95% CI 0.84, 0.92), while it was 0.86 (95% CI 0.79, 0.90) for the sleep onset subscale, 0.86 (95% CI 0.80, 0.90) for the sleep impairment subscale and 0.80 (95% CI 0.71, 0.86) for the sleep maintenance subscale. These values demonstrate strong test-retest reliability.

Table 5. Results of the test-retest reliability analysis.

	ICC	95% CI
AIQ total score	0.89	0.84, 0.92
Sleep onset subscale	0.86	0.79, 0.90
Sleep impairment subscale	0.86	0.80, 0.90
Sleep maintenance subscale	0.80	0.71, 0.86

ICC, intraclass correlation coefficient; 95% CI, 95% confidence intervals.

Limits of agreement

The limits of agreement calculation showed limits of agreement from – 7.371 to 9.553 for the AIQ total score, and a mean difference of 1.091 (95% CI: 0.247, 1.935). This shows a good agreement between the two measurements (i.e. baseline vs. follow-up), as there was a mean difference of 1 point in the AIQ score, which can be considered small on a scale ranging from 0 to 52.

Exploratory factor analysis

Results from EFA showed a three-factor solution that supported the model identified in the original development sample and accounted for 65.45% of the variance among items. Values of the rotated individual items ranged from 0.60 to 0.84 (Table 6) and were similar to those identified within the original development sample. Factor cross-loadings of the AIQ items are provided in Supplementary Table 1 (see Extended data²⁶).

Table 6. Factor loadings in the three-factor model (13 items).

Factor 1: Sleep dissatisfaction and impairments	Rotated factor loadings
Item 11: I have trouble paying attention in class or concentrating because of poor sleep	0.83
Item 10: I have trouble going to school because of sleep problems	0.82
Item 12: I feel grumpy or sad because of poor sleep.	0.63
Item 13: I have trouble doing things with friends because of poor sleep. Item 5: I feel sleepy or tired during the day. Item 3: I am satisfied with my sleep. *	0.60 0.76 0.61
Factor 2: Sleep onset
Item 1: I have difficulty falling asleep.
Item 4: I fall asleep quickly. *	0.84
Item 7: It takes me more than a half hour to fall asleep.	0.80
Item 9: It is easy for me to settle down when it is time to go to sleep. *	0.73
Factor 3: Sleep maintenance
Item 2: I wake up too early and cannot fall back asleep.	0.83
Item 6: It is hard for me to fall back to sleep when I wake up during the night	0.73
Item 8: I sleep through the night. *	0.79

* = Item is reverse scored.

Discussion

The objective of this study was to translate and validate a self-report screening measure of insomnia symptoms for adolescents, the AIQ, to Danish, providing additional support for the AIQ and allowing its use in a broader population. The translated AIQ showed good content validity, good to excellent internal consistency, and very satisfactory test-retest reliability. The translated questionnaire demonstrated good convergent validity as evidenced by positive strong correlations between the AIS total score and the AIQ total score. Exploratory factor analysis resulted in a three-model solution corresponding to the same three-model solution identified within the original development sample¹, providing additional support for construct validity. Altogether the findings demonstrated that the AIQ has excellent reliability and validity and high clinical utility in a Danish translation of the measure.

According to the Cohen criteria for establishing the quality of pediatric questionnaires²⁷ the AIQ would be considered a “well-established” measure; this means it has been assessed by at least two studies by two different research teams, which have both evaluated the psychometric properties with information on validity and reliability and have provided details that allow critical evaluation and replication. Therefore, the AIQ has the potential to be used for the assessment of insomnia symptoms in both research and clinical settings. This might be relevant especially for the detection of adolescents’ insomnia symptoms in the primary care setting, where they are usually under-diagnosed^2,14. However, further studies of the AIQ may help to provide evidence of validity in other settings with different populations. The original version of the AIQ (in English) was tested in a mixed population of adolescents from a pediatric sleep clinic, a pediatric pain clinic, a pediatric headache clinic and healthy adolescents recruited from the community. Further data across the full range of demographics (e.g. a sample with equal proportions of males and females, younger adolescents) and patients with conditions that are associated with insomnia (e.g. chronic pain, depression)²⁸ are needed before a cut-off for the Danish version of the AIQ can be established. In addition, other studies where the score obtained with the AIQ is compared to other sleep tools such as sleep diaries, which might also be filled electronically²⁹, might provide more insights on the stability of the AIQ on a longer time-period.

The results of the study should be interpreted in light of several limitations. First, there are limitations in terms of external validity³⁰. The majority of participants in this sample were female (82%), most of them (N = 175) were recruited through a Facebook advertisement, and the sample had severe insomnia symptoms, as shown by the high AIQ and AIS total score values, which were both well above the respective proposed cut-offs for clinically significant insomnia symptoms. This might be due to a self-selection bias of participants responding to an ad related to sleep research in social media. Indeed, in our sample most adolescents were recruited through a Facebook post, which might have attracted adolescents with severe symptoms of insomnia. While this highlights the relevance and need for further identifying and treating insomnia in adolescents, it does limit the psychometric evaluation. Therefore, further research with other pediatric samples with a broader range of insomnia symptoms (e.g. general population, medical or psychiatric samples) is needed to assess the stability of the findings. Second, in order to reduce participant burden very limited demographic information were collected. Because race and ethnicity were not collected it was not possible to assess whether the Danish translation of the AIQ performs well in ethnic minority populations. We also do not have information on adolescent’s concurrent health or mental health conditions and therefore are limited in understanding whether responses differ based on underlying health conditions. Future studies should include populations with specific conditions (e.g. chronic pain, depression) which might be at higher risk of concurrent severe insomnia symptoms⁶.

In summary, the AIQ is a tool that can potentially fill the need for a validated, brief, screening measure for insomnia symptoms in adolescents^29,31. It is available now translated in Danish and has shown good psychometric properties that allow for the use in Danish research and clinical settings. The AIQ can be used for the identification of adolescents with insomnia symptoms who can subsequently be referred for sleep intervention such as cognitive-behavioural therapy for insomnia for improvement of the condition early on^6,32. In addition, the findings confirm the three‐factor structure identified in the development sample.

Conclusions

The AIQ was translated to Danish and demonstrated satisfactory psychometric properties in terms of internal consistency, test-retest reliability and validity, which supports its use as a screening tool for the identification of insomnia symptoms in adolescents. Future studies for the exploration of its validity in populations with specific conditions and potentially different levels of insomnia symptoms are needed.

Data availability

Underlying data

Harvard Dataverse: Danish Translation of the Adolescent Insomnia. https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/VQFT9W²⁶.

This project contains the following underlying data:

- Final dataset.tab

Extended data

Harvard Dataverse: Danish Translation of the Adolescent Insomnia. https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/VQFT9W²⁶.

This project contains the following extended data:

- Supplementary Figure 1.docx (Correlation between the AIQ total score and the AIS total score)
- Supplementary Table 1.docx (Factor cross-loadings of the AIQ items)

Data are available under the terms of the Creative Commons Zero "No rights reserved" data waiver (CC0 1.0 Public domain dedication).

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank Mrs. Mai Andreasen for her aid during the process of forward-backward translation of the questionnaire. Mrs. Mai Andreasen has given permission for her name to be included in this publication.

Faculty Opinions recommended

References

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Comments on this article Comments (0)

Version 4

VERSION 4 PUBLISHED 24 Aug 2020

Author details Author details

Christian Lund Straszek
Roles: Resources, Writing – Review & Editing

Michael Skovdal Rathleff
Roles: Conceptualization, Formal Analysis, Funding Acquisition, Supervision, Writing – Review & Editing

Clara Guldhammer
Roles: Resources, Writing – Review & Editing

Rocio de la Vega
Roles: Formal Analysis, Resources, Writing – Review & Editing

Tonya M. Palermo
Roles: Conceptualization, Formal Analysis, Resources, Supervision, Writing – Review & Editing

Competing interests

No competing interests were disclosed.

Grant information

This work was supported by the TRYG Foundation under Grant 118547.
The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

Article Versions (4)

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https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.25832.2

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Published: 24 Aug 2020, 9:1029

https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.25832.1

© 2020 Andreucci A et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Andreucci A, Lund Straszek C, Skovdal Rathleff M et al. Translation, validity and reliability of the Danish version of the Adolescent Insomnia Questionnaire [version 1; peer review: 1 approved with reservations]. F1000Research 2020, 9:1029 (https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.25832.1)

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Reviewer Report 06 Jul 2021

Jefferson Santos, Human Chronobiology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, Biological Sciences Sector, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil

Approved with Reservations

https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.28509.r88082

The research article achieved the aim to provide a good insomnia measurement to the adolescent population. The text is objective and the procedures are adequate to questionnaire validity and reliability.

Therefore, I would like to point two ... Continue reading

Only exploratory factor analysis was performed. The factor loadings are important to comprehend the contribution of each item into the three-factor model extracted by EFA, however, the CFA is also important to measure the factor latent structure model of the AIQ. I suggest that CFA should be included in the analysis as well as the graphic demonstration of the CFA. Lastly, it would be recommended to report the KMO and Bartlett tests to show the suitability of the sample for factor analysis in EFA and the model adjustment indexes in CFA (RMSEA, CFI, GFI, and TLI). These values ensure robustness to the models.

Minor points:

In table 6, the rotated factor loading of item 1 is missing. I suggest including the lack of a social jetlag measurement as a limitation of the study. It would be relevant information to better sample description.

Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature?

Yes
Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound?

Yes
Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others?

Yes
If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate?

Yes
Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility?

Yes
Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results?

Yes

Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed.

Reviewer Expertise: Chronobiology, Adolescent Sleep

I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above.

CITE

Report a concern

Author Response 03 Aug 2021

Alessandro Andreucci, Center for General Practice, Aalborg University, Aalborg, 9220, Denmark

03 Aug 2021

Author Response
Dear Editorial Team, F1000 Research,

We were delighted that the Reviewer of our submission " Translation, validity and reliability of the Danish version of the Adolescent Insomnia Questionnaire " ... Continue reading
Dear Editorial Team, F1000 Research,

We were delighted that the Reviewer of our submission " Translation, validity and reliability of the Danish version of the Adolescent Insomnia Questionnaire " (ID: 25832) provided us with their very helpful feedback on our paper. This has given us the opportunity to apply changes that has led to an improvement of the paper.
Following the recommendations of the reviewer we have now modified the manuscript. We have set out below a response to the Reviewer’s specific comments, outlining point by point how we addressed the comments and changed the manuscript.

We hope that F1000 Research and the Reviewer find the changes acceptable, and we look forward to publication in due course.

None of the data has been published elsewhere. There are no conflicts of interest.

Reviewer 1

The research article achieved the aim to provide a good insomnia measurement to the adolescent population. The text is objective and the procedures are adequate to questionnaire validity and reliability. Therefore, I would like to point two questions in order to improve the quality of the manuscript.

Response: We thank the reviewer for the valuable feedback provided. We have addressed the comments and changed the manuscript, which we feel is now improved. Individual responses for each specific comment are outlined below.

Major point:
Only exploratory factor analysis was performed. The factor loadings are important to comprehend the contribution of each item into the three-factor model extracted by EFA, however, the CFA is also important to measure the factor latent structure model of the AIQ. I suggest that CFA should be included in the analysis as well as the graphic demonstration of the CFA. Lastly, it would be recommended to report the KMO and Bartlett tests to show the suitability of the sample for factor analysis in EFA and the model adjustment indexes in CFA (RMSEA, CFI, GFI, and TLI). These values ensure robustness to the models.

Response: We thank the reviewer for the comment and have now performed the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) Measure of Sampling Adequacy test and the Bartlett test of sphericity.
Results show a value of 0.877 for the KMO test and a p-value <0.001 for the Bartlett test of sphericity, indicating that the sample is adequate for the Exploratory Factor Analysis.
Regarding the Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA), the main goal of our study was to present a preliminary validation of the Danish version of the Adolescent Insomnia Questionnaire (AIQ) and explore how many factors the Danish version of the AIQ has. However, our aim was not to confirm that its factor structure is the same in a different language, as it can be assessed with the CFA. In addition, the AIQ is still in an early phase of instrument development. Therefore, a CFA will be conducted when further validity evidence will be obtained on the internal structure of the scale from similar populations and contexts.

We have now modified the text in the methods, result and discussion sections, to strengthen these points. The text now reads:

Methods section, subsection “Statistical analysis”: “Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) using principal factor extraction and oblique rotation was conducted to identify the factor loadings. Results of EFA were compared to those from the original development sample. The Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) Measure of Sampling Adequacy test and Bartlett’s Test of Sphericity were performed to assess the suitability of the data for factor analysis.”

Results section, subsection “Exploratory factor analysis”: “Results from EFA showed a three-factor solution that supported the model identified in the original development sample and accounted for 65.45% of the variance among items. Values of the rotated individual items ranged from 0.60 to 0.84 (Table 6) and were similar to those identified within the original development sample. Factor cross-loadings of the AIQ items are provided in Supplementary Table 1. The value for the KMO test was 0.877 and the p-value for the Bartlett test of sphericity was <0.001, indicating that the sample is adequate for the Exploratory Factor Analysis.”

Discussion section: “Second, a CFA was not performed as our aim was not to confirm that the AIQ factor structure is the same in a different language, but to explore what the factor structure would be in such language, without making assumptions, given that the languages and culture are different. In addition, the AIQ is still in an early phase of instrument development. Therefore, future plans will be to conduct a CFA once there is further validity evidence on the internal structure of the scale from similar populations and contexts.”

Minor points:
In table 6, the rotated factor loading of item 1 is missing. I suggest including the lack of a social jetlag measurement as a limitation of the study. It would be relevant information to better sample description.

Response: We thank the reviewer for the comment. The rotated factor loading of item 1 (0.78) has now been provided in Table 6. In addition, we have added the lack of a social jetlag measurement as a limitation of the study. We have now modified the text discussion section, which now reads:
“Finally, adolescence is a period where changes in bedtime occur due to both biological and social factors ⁷, which, together with the effect of the inborn chronotype, might result in a social jetlag and consequential reduced sleep duration ³². Therefore, future studies should also try to measure the social jetlag that the adolescent might be experiencing.”
Dear Editorial Team, F1000 Research,

We were delighted that the Reviewer of our submission " Translation, validity and reliability of the Danish version of the Adolescent Insomnia Questionnaire " (ID: 25832) provided us with their very helpful feedback on our paper. This has given us the opportunity to apply changes that has led to an improvement of the paper.
Following the recommendations of the reviewer we have now modified the manuscript. We have set out below a response to the Reviewer’s specific comments, outlining point by point how we addressed the comments and changed the manuscript.

We hope that F1000 Research and the Reviewer find the changes acceptable, and we look forward to publication in due course.

None of the data has been published elsewhere. There are no conflicts of interest.

Reviewer 1

The research article achieved the aim to provide a good insomnia measurement to the adolescent population. The text is objective and the procedures are adequate to questionnaire validity and reliability. Therefore, I would like to point two questions in order to improve the quality of the manuscript.

Response: We thank the reviewer for the valuable feedback provided. We have addressed the comments and changed the manuscript, which we feel is now improved. Individual responses for each specific comment are outlined below.

Major point:
Only exploratory factor analysis was performed. The factor loadings are important to comprehend the contribution of each item into the three-factor model extracted by EFA, however, the CFA is also important to measure the factor latent structure model of the AIQ. I suggest that CFA should be included in the analysis as well as the graphic demonstration of the CFA. Lastly, it would be recommended to report the KMO and Bartlett tests to show the suitability of the sample for factor analysis in EFA and the model adjustment indexes in CFA (RMSEA, CFI, GFI, and TLI). These values ensure robustness to the models.

Response: We thank the reviewer for the comment and have now performed the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) Measure of Sampling Adequacy test and the Bartlett test of sphericity.
Results show a value of 0.877 for the KMO test and a p-value <0.001 for the Bartlett test of sphericity, indicating that the sample is adequate for the Exploratory Factor Analysis.
Regarding the Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA), the main goal of our study was to present a preliminary validation of the Danish version of the Adolescent Insomnia Questionnaire (AIQ) and explore how many factors the Danish version of the AIQ has. However, our aim was not to confirm that its factor structure is the same in a different language, as it can be assessed with the CFA. In addition, the AIQ is still in an early phase of instrument development. Therefore, a CFA will be conducted when further validity evidence will be obtained on the internal structure of the scale from similar populations and contexts.

We have now modified the text in the methods, result and discussion sections, to strengthen these points. The text now reads:

Methods section, subsection “Statistical analysis”: “Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) using principal factor extraction and oblique rotation was conducted to identify the factor loadings. Results of EFA were compared to those from the original development sample. The Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) Measure of Sampling Adequacy test and Bartlett’s Test of Sphericity were performed to assess the suitability of the data for factor analysis.”

Results section, subsection “Exploratory factor analysis”: “Results from EFA showed a three-factor solution that supported the model identified in the original development sample and accounted for 65.45% of the variance among items. Values of the rotated individual items ranged from 0.60 to 0.84 (Table 6) and were similar to those identified within the original development sample. Factor cross-loadings of the AIQ items are provided in Supplementary Table 1. The value for the KMO test was 0.877 and the p-value for the Bartlett test of sphericity was <0.001, indicating that the sample is adequate for the Exploratory Factor Analysis.”

Discussion section: “Second, a CFA was not performed as our aim was not to confirm that the AIQ factor structure is the same in a different language, but to explore what the factor structure would be in such language, without making assumptions, given that the languages and culture are different. In addition, the AIQ is still in an early phase of instrument development. Therefore, future plans will be to conduct a CFA once there is further validity evidence on the internal structure of the scale from similar populations and contexts.”

Minor points:
In table 6, the rotated factor loading of item 1 is missing. I suggest including the lack of a social jetlag measurement as a limitation of the study. It would be relevant information to better sample description.

Response: We thank the reviewer for the comment. The rotated factor loading of item 1 (0.78) has now been provided in Table 6. In addition, we have added the lack of a social jetlag measurement as a limitation of the study. We have now modified the text discussion section, which now reads:
“Finally, adolescence is a period where changes in bedtime occur due to both biological and social factors ⁷, which, together with the effect of the inborn chronotype, might result in a social jetlag and consequential reduced sleep duration ³². Therefore, future studies should also try to measure the social jetlag that the adolescent might be experiencing.”
Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest Close
Report a concern
Respond or Comment

COMMENTS ON THIS REPORT

Author Response 03 Aug 2021

Alessandro Andreucci, Center for General Practice, Aalborg University, Aalborg, 9220, Denmark

03 Aug 2021

Author Response
Dear Editorial Team, F1000 Research,

We were delighted that the Reviewer of our submission " Translation, validity and reliability of the Danish version of the Adolescent Insomnia Questionnaire " ... Continue reading
Dear Editorial Team, F1000 Research,

We were delighted that the Reviewer of our submission " Translation, validity and reliability of the Danish version of the Adolescent Insomnia Questionnaire " (ID: 25832) provided us with their very helpful feedback on our paper. This has given us the opportunity to apply changes that has led to an improvement of the paper.
Following the recommendations of the reviewer we have now modified the manuscript. We have set out below a response to the Reviewer’s specific comments, outlining point by point how we addressed the comments and changed the manuscript.

We hope that F1000 Research and the Reviewer find the changes acceptable, and we look forward to publication in due course.

None of the data has been published elsewhere. There are no conflicts of interest.

Reviewer 1

The research article achieved the aim to provide a good insomnia measurement to the adolescent population. The text is objective and the procedures are adequate to questionnaire validity and reliability. Therefore, I would like to point two questions in order to improve the quality of the manuscript.

Response: We thank the reviewer for the valuable feedback provided. We have addressed the comments and changed the manuscript, which we feel is now improved. Individual responses for each specific comment are outlined below.

Major point:
Only exploratory factor analysis was performed. The factor loadings are important to comprehend the contribution of each item into the three-factor model extracted by EFA, however, the CFA is also important to measure the factor latent structure model of the AIQ. I suggest that CFA should be included in the analysis as well as the graphic demonstration of the CFA. Lastly, it would be recommended to report the KMO and Bartlett tests to show the suitability of the sample for factor analysis in EFA and the model adjustment indexes in CFA (RMSEA, CFI, GFI, and TLI). These values ensure robustness to the models.

Response: We thank the reviewer for the comment and have now performed the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) Measure of Sampling Adequacy test and the Bartlett test of sphericity.
Results show a value of 0.877 for the KMO test and a p-value <0.001 for the Bartlett test of sphericity, indicating that the sample is adequate for the Exploratory Factor Analysis.
Regarding the Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA), the main goal of our study was to present a preliminary validation of the Danish version of the Adolescent Insomnia Questionnaire (AIQ) and explore how many factors the Danish version of the AIQ has. However, our aim was not to confirm that its factor structure is the same in a different language, as it can be assessed with the CFA. In addition, the AIQ is still in an early phase of instrument development. Therefore, a CFA will be conducted when further validity evidence will be obtained on the internal structure of the scale from similar populations and contexts.

We have now modified the text in the methods, result and discussion sections, to strengthen these points. The text now reads:

Methods section, subsection “Statistical analysis”: “Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) using principal factor extraction and oblique rotation was conducted to identify the factor loadings. Results of EFA were compared to those from the original development sample. The Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) Measure of Sampling Adequacy test and Bartlett’s Test of Sphericity were performed to assess the suitability of the data for factor analysis.”

Results section, subsection “Exploratory factor analysis”: “Results from EFA showed a three-factor solution that supported the model identified in the original development sample and accounted for 65.45% of the variance among items. Values of the rotated individual items ranged from 0.60 to 0.84 (Table 6) and were similar to those identified within the original development sample. Factor cross-loadings of the AIQ items are provided in Supplementary Table 1. The value for the KMO test was 0.877 and the p-value for the Bartlett test of sphericity was <0.001, indicating that the sample is adequate for the Exploratory Factor Analysis.”

Discussion section: “Second, a CFA was not performed as our aim was not to confirm that the AIQ factor structure is the same in a different language, but to explore what the factor structure would be in such language, without making assumptions, given that the languages and culture are different. In addition, the AIQ is still in an early phase of instrument development. Therefore, future plans will be to conduct a CFA once there is further validity evidence on the internal structure of the scale from similar populations and contexts.”

Minor points:
In table 6, the rotated factor loading of item 1 is missing. I suggest including the lack of a social jetlag measurement as a limitation of the study. It would be relevant information to better sample description.

Response: We thank the reviewer for the comment. The rotated factor loading of item 1 (0.78) has now been provided in Table 6. In addition, we have added the lack of a social jetlag measurement as a limitation of the study. We have now modified the text discussion section, which now reads:
“Finally, adolescence is a period where changes in bedtime occur due to both biological and social factors ⁷, which, together with the effect of the inborn chronotype, might result in a social jetlag and consequential reduced sleep duration ³². Therefore, future studies should also try to measure the social jetlag that the adolescent might be experiencing.”
Dear Editorial Team, F1000 Research,

We were delighted that the Reviewer of our submission " Translation, validity and reliability of the Danish version of the Adolescent Insomnia Questionnaire " (ID: 25832) provided us with their very helpful feedback on our paper. This has given us the opportunity to apply changes that has led to an improvement of the paper.
Following the recommendations of the reviewer we have now modified the manuscript. We have set out below a response to the Reviewer’s specific comments, outlining point by point how we addressed the comments and changed the manuscript.

We hope that F1000 Research and the Reviewer find the changes acceptable, and we look forward to publication in due course.

None of the data has been published elsewhere. There are no conflicts of interest.

Reviewer 1

The research article achieved the aim to provide a good insomnia measurement to the adolescent population. The text is objective and the procedures are adequate to questionnaire validity and reliability. Therefore, I would like to point two questions in order to improve the quality of the manuscript.

Response: We thank the reviewer for the valuable feedback provided. We have addressed the comments and changed the manuscript, which we feel is now improved. Individual responses for each specific comment are outlined below.

Major point:
Only exploratory factor analysis was performed. The factor loadings are important to comprehend the contribution of each item into the three-factor model extracted by EFA, however, the CFA is also important to measure the factor latent structure model of the AIQ. I suggest that CFA should be included in the analysis as well as the graphic demonstration of the CFA. Lastly, it would be recommended to report the KMO and Bartlett tests to show the suitability of the sample for factor analysis in EFA and the model adjustment indexes in CFA (RMSEA, CFI, GFI, and TLI). These values ensure robustness to the models.

Response: We thank the reviewer for the comment and have now performed the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) Measure of Sampling Adequacy test and the Bartlett test of sphericity.
Results show a value of 0.877 for the KMO test and a p-value <0.001 for the Bartlett test of sphericity, indicating that the sample is adequate for the Exploratory Factor Analysis.
Regarding the Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA), the main goal of our study was to present a preliminary validation of the Danish version of the Adolescent Insomnia Questionnaire (AIQ) and explore how many factors the Danish version of the AIQ has. However, our aim was not to confirm that its factor structure is the same in a different language, as it can be assessed with the CFA. In addition, the AIQ is still in an early phase of instrument development. Therefore, a CFA will be conducted when further validity evidence will be obtained on the internal structure of the scale from similar populations and contexts.

We have now modified the text in the methods, result and discussion sections, to strengthen these points. The text now reads:

Methods section, subsection “Statistical analysis”: “Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) using principal factor extraction and oblique rotation was conducted to identify the factor loadings. Results of EFA were compared to those from the original development sample. The Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) Measure of Sampling Adequacy test and Bartlett’s Test of Sphericity were performed to assess the suitability of the data for factor analysis.”

Results section, subsection “Exploratory factor analysis”: “Results from EFA showed a three-factor solution that supported the model identified in the original development sample and accounted for 65.45% of the variance among items. Values of the rotated individual items ranged from 0.60 to 0.84 (Table 6) and were similar to those identified within the original development sample. Factor cross-loadings of the AIQ items are provided in Supplementary Table 1. The value for the KMO test was 0.877 and the p-value for the Bartlett test of sphericity was <0.001, indicating that the sample is adequate for the Exploratory Factor Analysis.”

Discussion section: “Second, a CFA was not performed as our aim was not to confirm that the AIQ factor structure is the same in a different language, but to explore what the factor structure would be in such language, without making assumptions, given that the languages and culture are different. In addition, the AIQ is still in an early phase of instrument development. Therefore, future plans will be to conduct a CFA once there is further validity evidence on the internal structure of the scale from similar populations and contexts.”

Minor points:
In table 6, the rotated factor loading of item 1 is missing. I suggest including the lack of a social jetlag measurement as a limitation of the study. It would be relevant information to better sample description.

Response: We thank the reviewer for the comment. The rotated factor loading of item 1 (0.78) has now been provided in Table 6. In addition, we have added the lack of a social jetlag measurement as a limitation of the study. We have now modified the text discussion section, which now reads:
“Finally, adolescence is a period where changes in bedtime occur due to both biological and social factors ⁷, which, together with the effect of the inborn chronotype, might result in a social jetlag and consequential reduced sleep duration ³². Therefore, future studies should also try to measure the social jetlag that the adolescent might be experiencing.”
Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest Close
Report a concern

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Jefferson Santos, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
Martin Ulander, Linköping University Hospital, Linköping, Sweden

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8 Views

04 May 2022 | for Version 4

Jefferson Santos, Human Chronobiology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, Biological Sciences Sector, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil

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Approved

The issue about "inborn" chronotypes has been satisfied in the new version of the article.

Competing Interests

No competing interests were disclosed.

Reviewer Expertise

Chronobiology, Sleep Research

I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard.

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10 Views

07 Apr 2022 | for Version 3

Martin Ulander, Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Linköping University Hospital, Linköping, Sweden

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Approved

Dear authors,
I have read the updated version of the manuscript and I am satisfied with the responses to my comments and the changes that have been made to the article. The authors may want to add to the Methods section, Statistical analysis subsection, that they used the Kaiser criterion (eigenvalue > 1) to identify the number of factors to extract in the factor analysis. I have nothing to object to this, but as there are several methods described in the factor analysis literature to choose the number of factors to extract, and as they do not always reach the same conclusion, it is advisable to state which method was used. Other than that admittedly minor point, I see no need for further changes.

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No competing interests were disclosed.

Reviewer Expertise

Sleep medicine, especially with regard to questionnaire development, translation and validation

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11 Views

03 Mar 2022 | for Version 2

Martin Ulander, Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Linköping University Hospital, Linköping, Sweden

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Approved With Reservations

Please clarify what, if any, considerations were made when deciding the number of participants.
Please clarify on what criteria you based the decision to extract three factors in the EFA.
Please add the need to assess how AIQ performs in patients with other sleep disorders as a point for future research. Regarding the possible effect of the pandemic, please add it if you consider it to be a possible contributing factor to the high prevalence of insomnia symptoms.
If it is possible to add an extra supplementary file describing what the different variables in the data file represent and how they are coded, please do so as well.

Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature?

Yes
Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound?

Yes
Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others?

Yes
If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate?

Partly
Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility?

Partly
Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results?

Yes

Competing Interests

No competing interests were disclosed.

Reviewer Expertise

Sleep medicine, especially with regard to questionnaire development, translation and validation

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Author Response

01 Apr 2022

Alessandro Andreucci, Center for General Practice, Aalborg University, Aalborg, 9220, Denmark

The study describes the translation and initial validation of the Adolescent Insomnia Questionnaire (AIQ) from English to Danish. There is a general lack of well-validated insomnia questionnaires for children and adults into Nordic languages, and from that perspective, the study represents a welcome addition. The main strength of the study is the clear and sound translation process. The main weakness is that most of the respondents were recruited via social media, which increases the risk of self-selection bias and means that less clinically relevant background information about the respondents is available. It should also be noted that the study only represents the initial steps needed for a full psychometric evaluation of the translated version.

Response: We thank the reviewer for the valuable feedback provided. We have addressed the comments and changed the manuscript, which we feel is now improved. Individual responses for each specific comment are outlined below.

Introduction
The introduction is well-written and covers the most important areas.

Response: We thank the reviewer for the comment.

Methods, participant recruitment subsection: What considerations were made concerning the number of subjects in the study?

Response: Unfortunately, we were limited by the special conditions that occurred (i.e., onset of COVID-19 pandemic) at the time of recruitment of participants to the study. The original English version of the Adolescent Insomnia Questionnaire was developed using a bigger sample of adolescents (n= 315) and we acknowledge that a bigger sample size would have been beneficial for the analysis and external validity. However, both the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) Measure of Sampling Adequacy test and Bartlett’s Test of Sphericity showed that the sample was adequate for the Exploratory Factor Analysis.

Methods, Stages of the project subsection: The process seems adequate and is well described in the manuscript. As far as I can tell, given that I am not a native Danish speaker, but given that written Swedish (which is my native language) and written Danish are fairly similar, it seems like the translated version accurately conveys the meaning of the original English version, in that there is nothing obviously questionable about the translations.

Response: We thank the reviewer for the comment.

Methods, statistics subsection: What criteria did you use to decide for a three-factor solution in the EFA rather than any other number of factors?

Response: By performing the exploratory factor analysis we obtained estimates of eigenvalues and the cumulative proportion of explained variance. According to the Kaiser criterion (Osborne et al., 2011), only factors that have eigenvalues >1 should be selected for obtaining the optimal number of factors in the factor analysis. In our analysis, there were only three factors with eigenvalues >1 as shown in the table linked here.

Discussion
While selection bias due to the participant recruitment process is clearly a reasonable cause of the high prevalence of insomnia symptoms in the paper, I notice that data collection took place in the winter/spring of 2020, that is, in the beginning of the pandemic. Could this have affected the subjects and the prevalence of insomnia symptoms? I think this point could be raised in the discussion.

Response: We thank the reviewer for the very insightful comment and have now modified the discussion section as follows:
“This might be due to a self-selection bias of participants responding to an ad related to sleep research in social media. Indeed, in our sample most adolescents were recruited through a Facebook post, which might have attracted adolescents with severe symptoms of insomnia. In addition, a recent meta-analysis showed a high prevalence of sleep disturbances, especially in children and adolescents (46% prevalence) during the COVID-19 pandemic (Jahrami et al., 2022), which is the period when online recruitment occurred. This might have increased the prevalence of insomnia symptoms in the sample”

Regarding future evaluation and validation of the Danish version of the questionnaire, all suggestions by the authors are advisable. I would like to add, as a further aim for future research, to see how the Danish AIQ performs in patients with other sleep disorders than insomnia, ie not only chronic pain and depression. Even as it is meant for insomnia patients, sleep disorders are often comorbid and it is reasonable to assume that some of the items of the AIQ will be affected by the presence of comorbid sleep disorders. Several of the items are worded in such a way that adolescents with other sleep disorders than insomnia are likely to score high on them as well.

Response: We thank the reviewer for the very insightful comment and have now modified the discussion section as follows:
”Future studies should include populations with specific conditions (e.g. chronic pain, depression) or other sleep disorders that might be comorbid with insomnia (Meltzer et al., 2014; Nunes and Bruni, 2015), as these patients might be at higher risk of concurrent severe insomnia symptoms”

You raise the point of examining how the AIQ performs in various subgroups defined by e.g., ethnicity. I would suggest considering to also use item response theoretic methods to assess the AIQ including for example differential item functioning.

Response: We thank the reviewer for the very insightful comment and have now modified the discussion section as follows:
”Further validation of the AIQ is needed, and may benefit from using item response theory to establish a link between the properties of items on the AIQ, subgroups of individuals responding to these items, and the underlying trait being measured”

Original data
All original data are available, but it is not always clear how to interpret the data. For example, age seems to range between 0 and 8. The item variables are calles ”aiq_item_n”, ”aiq_item_n_fo” (which I assume is follow-up), ”new_aiq_item_n” and ”new_aiq_item_n_fo”. What do the ”new” AIQ item scores represent?

Response: We have now deposited a clean updated dataset containing only the variables used for the analysis and a supplementary file in the repository where the dataset is located with a description of what each variable in the dataset represents.

References

Jahrami, H.A., Alhaj, O.A., Humood, A.M., Alenezi, A.F., Fekih-Romdhane, F., AlRasheed, M.M., Saif, Z.Q., Bragazzi, N.L., Pandi-Perumal, S.R., BaHammam, A.S., Vitiello, M. V. (2022). Sleep disturbances during the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression. Sleep Med Rev 62, 101591.
Meltzer, L.J., Plaufcan, M.R., Thomas, J.H., Mindell, J.A. (2014). Sleep problems and sleep disorders in pediatric primary care: treatment recommendations, persistence, and health care utilization. J Clin Sleep Med 10, 421–426.
Nunes, M.L., Bruni, O. (2015). IInsomnia in childhood and adolescence: clinical aspects, diagnosis, and therapeutic approach. J Pediatr (Rio J) 91, S26–S35.
Osborne, J.W., Costello, A.B., Kellow, J.T. (2011). Best Practices in Exploratory Factor Analysis.

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Competing Interests

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Reviewer Report

25 Views

07 Sep 2021 | for Version 2

Jefferson Santos, Human Chronobiology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, Biological Sciences Sector, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil

25 Views Cite this report Responses(1)

Approved With Reservations

Dear authors,

Corrections were done very well including the pivotal information about KMO and Bartlett's test measures. I have only one issue to highlight in the limitation text.

The term "inborn chronotype" is very controversial because there is so much evidence about the role of environmental factors in circadian preference construction. For example, there are bimodal individuals who have a flexible circadian preference adopting morning or evening preferences according to your need. Therefore, I would suggest changing this part of the text to avoid any future problems with this concept.

Competing Interests

No competing interests were disclosed.

Reviewer Expertise

Chronobiology, Adolescent Sleep

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Reviewer Report

36 Views

06 Jul 2021 | for Version 1

Jefferson Santos, Human Chronobiology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, Biological Sciences Sector, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil

36 Views Cite this report Responses(1)

Approved With Reservations

Only exploratory factor analysis was performed. The factor loadings are important to comprehend the contribution of each item into the three-factor model extracted by EFA, however, the CFA is also important to measure the factor latent structure model of the AIQ. I suggest that CFA should be included in the analysis as well as the graphic demonstration of the CFA. Lastly, it would be recommended to report the KMO and Bartlett tests to show the suitability of the sample for factor analysis in EFA and the model adjustment indexes in CFA (RMSEA, CFI, GFI, and TLI). These values ensure robustness to the models.

Minor points:

In table 6, the rotated factor loading of item 1 is missing. I suggest including the lack of a social jetlag measurement as a limitation of the study. It would be relevant information to better sample description.

Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature?

Yes
Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound?

Yes
Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others?

Yes
If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate?

Yes
Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility?

Yes
Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results?

Yes

Competing Interests

No competing interests were disclosed.

Reviewer Expertise

Chronobiology, Adolescent Sleep

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Author Response

03 Aug 2021

Alessandro Andreucci, Center for General Practice, Aalborg University, Aalborg, 9220, Denmark

Dear Editorial Team, F1000 Research,

We were delighted that the Reviewer of our submission " Translation, validity and reliability of the Danish version of the Adolescent Insomnia Questionnaire " (ID: 25832) provided us with their very helpful feedback on our paper. This has given us the opportunity to apply changes that has led to an improvement of the paper.
Following the recommendations of the reviewer we have now modified the manuscript. We have set out below a response to the Reviewer’s specific comments, outlining point by point how we addressed the comments and changed the manuscript.

We hope that F1000 Research and the Reviewer find the changes acceptable, and we look forward to publication in due course.

None of the data has been published elsewhere. There are no conflicts of interest.

Reviewer 1

The research article achieved the aim to provide a good insomnia measurement to the adolescent population. The text is objective and the procedures are adequate to questionnaire validity and reliability. Therefore, I would like to point two questions in order to improve the quality of the manuscript.

Response: We thank the reviewer for the valuable feedback provided. We have addressed the comments and changed the manuscript, which we feel is now improved. Individual responses for each specific comment are outlined below.

Major point:
Only exploratory factor analysis was performed. The factor loadings are important to comprehend the contribution of each item into the three-factor model extracted by EFA, however, the CFA is also important to measure the factor latent structure model of the AIQ. I suggest that CFA should be included in the analysis as well as the graphic demonstration of the CFA. Lastly, it would be recommended to report the KMO and Bartlett tests to show the suitability of the sample for factor analysis in EFA and the model adjustment indexes in CFA (RMSEA, CFI, GFI, and TLI). These values ensure robustness to the models.

Response: We thank the reviewer for the comment and have now performed the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) Measure of Sampling Adequacy test and the Bartlett test of sphericity.
Results show a value of 0.877 for the KMO test and a p-value <0.001 for the Bartlett test of sphericity, indicating that the sample is adequate for the Exploratory Factor Analysis.
Regarding the Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA), the main goal of our study was to present a preliminary validation of the Danish version of the Adolescent Insomnia Questionnaire (AIQ) and explore how many factors the Danish version of the AIQ has. However, our aim was not to confirm that its factor structure is the same in a different language, as it can be assessed with the CFA. In addition, the AIQ is still in an early phase of instrument development. Therefore, a CFA will be conducted when further validity evidence will be obtained on the internal structure of the scale from similar populations and contexts.

We have now modified the text in the methods, result and discussion sections, to strengthen these points. The text now reads:

Methods section, subsection “Statistical analysis”: “Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) using principal factor extraction and oblique rotation was conducted to identify the factor loadings. Results of EFA were compared to those from the original development sample. The Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) Measure of Sampling Adequacy test and Bartlett’s Test of Sphericity were performed to assess the suitability of the data for factor analysis.”
Results section, subsection “Exploratory factor analysis”: “Results from EFA showed a three-factor solution that supported the model identified in the original development sample and accounted for 65.45% of the variance among items. Values of the rotated individual items ranged from 0.60 to 0.84 (Table 6) and were similar to those identified within the original development sample. Factor cross-loadings of the AIQ items are provided in Supplementary Table 1. The value for the KMO test was 0.877 and the p-value for the Bartlett test of sphericity was <0.001, indicating that the sample is adequate for the Exploratory Factor Analysis.”
Discussion section: “Second, a CFA was not performed as our aim was not to confirm that the AIQ factor structure is the same in a different language, but to explore what the factor structure would be in such language, without making assumptions, given that the languages and culture are different. In addition, the AIQ is still in an early phase of instrument development. Therefore, future plans will be to conduct a CFA once there is further validity evidence on the internal structure of the scale from similar populations and contexts.”

Minor points:
In table 6, the rotated factor loading of item 1 is missing. I suggest including the lack of a social jetlag measurement as a limitation of the study. It would be relevant information to better sample description.

Response: We thank the reviewer for the comment. The rotated factor loading of item 1 (0.78) has now been provided in Table 6. In addition, we have added the lack of a social jetlag measurement as a limitation of the study. We have now modified the text discussion section, which now reads:
“Finally, adolescence is a period where changes in bedtime occur due to both biological and social factors ⁷, which, together with the effect of the inborn chronotype, might result in a social jetlag and consequential reduced sleep duration ³². Therefore, future studies should also try to measure the social jetlag that the adolescent might be experiencing.”

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Competing Interests

The authors declare no conflict of interest

Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article:

Approved - the paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested

Approved with reservations - A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit.

Not approved - fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions

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Translation, validity and reliability of the Danish version of the Adolescent Insomnia Questionnaire

Abstract

Keywords

Abbreviations

Introduction

Methods

Study design

Participant recruitment

Measures

Table 1. Adolescent Insomnia Questionnaire, English version.

Stages of the project

Table 2. Adolescent Insomnia Questionnaire, Danish version.

Statistical analysis

Results

Participant characteristics

Table 3. Descriptive characteristics at baseline and two-week follow-up.

Internal consistency of the AIQ

Table 4. Internal consistency and validity.

Validity of the AIQ

Test-retest reliability of the AIQ

Table 5. Results of the test-retest reliability analysis.

Limits of agreement

Exploratory factor analysis

Table 6. Factor loadings in the three-factor model (13 items).

Discussion

Conclusions

Data availability

Underlying data

Extended data

Acknowledgments

References

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