Effect of feed enriched with fermented coconut water products on growth and carcass composition of gurami sago (<i>Osphronemus goramy</i> Lacep&egrave;de, 1801) juvenile.

Azrita Undefined; Hafrijal Syandri; Netti Aryani; Ainul Mardiah; Indra Suharman

doi:10.12688/f1000research.74092.2

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Research Article

Revised

Effect of feed enriched with fermented coconut water products on growth and carcass composition of gurami sago (Osphronemus goramy Lacepède, 1801) juvenile.

[version 2; peer review: 3 approved with reservations]

Azrita Undefined¹, Hafrijal Syandri ², Netti Aryani³, Ainul Mardiah⁴, Indra Suharman³

Azrita Undefined¹, Hafrijal Syandri ², [...] Netti Aryani³, Ainul Mardiah⁴, Indra Suharman³

PUBLISHED 29 Dec 2023

Author details Author details

¹ Department of Biology Education, Faculty of Education Universitas Bung Hatta, Padang, West Sumatera, 25133, Indonesia
² Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, Universitas Bung Hatta, Padang, West Sumatera, 25133, Indonesia
³ Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, Universitas Riau, Pekanbaru, Riau, 28293, Indonesia
⁴ Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, Nahdlatul Ulama University of West Sumatera, Padang, West Sumatera, 25136, Indonesia

Azrita Undefined
Roles: Formal Analysis, Methodology, Project Administration, Writing – Original Draft Preparation

Hafrijal Syandri
Roles: Conceptualization, Data Curation, Formal Analysis, Methodology, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing

Netti Aryani
Roles: Data Curation, Methodology, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing

Ainul Mardiah
Roles: Conceptualization, Methodology, Validation

Indra Suharman
Roles: Methodology, Validation, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing

OPEN PEER REVIEW

REVIEWER STATUS

This article is included in the Agriculture, Food and Nutrition gateway.

Abstract

Background

Giant gourami (Osphronemus goramy Lacepede, 1801) is a popular freshwater species in Indonesia, but there is limited information on feed used for its cultivation. Therefore, this study aims to determine effect of feed enriched with fermented coconut water and palm sap sugar solution on growth, feed efficiency, and carcass composition of juvenile sago gurami.

Methods

A total of 2 litres coconut water and 1litres palm sap sugar solution (10%) were formulated. Each formulated product was then mixed with 6 g Aspergillus niger (P1), 6 g Rhizopus oligosporus (P2), and 6 g Saccharomyces cerevisiae (P3) to obtain the supplements. Subsequently, supplementation was carried out on commercial feed at a dose of 300 ml/kg of feed. Samples supplemented with P1, P2, and P3 were designated P1, P2, and P3 diets, while feed added to freshwater was considered P4 (placebo). Gurami sago juvenile (initial weight 50±2.5 g and length 13.2±0.4 cm) were then placed in triplicate nets (2×1×1 m) in a freshwater concrete pond with a stocking density of 30 fish/net.

Results

The different products formulations had a significant effect (p<0.05) on growth performance. The weight gain in P1, P2, P3, and P4 diets were 167.24%, 193.99%, 134,22%, and 115.98%, respectively. For feed conversion efficiency, the values obtained were 0.65, 0.73, 0.65, and 0.64 in P1, P2, P3, and P4, respectively. Furthermore, supplementing commercial feed with varying products formulation had a significant impact (p<0.05) on the fatty acid composition and carcass body of gurami sago. Lipid content in fish carcass fed P1, P2, P3, and P4 were 2.90%, 4.42%, 2.98%, and 2.76%, respectively.

Conclusion

Based on the results, P2 contained a higher concentration of fatty acids compared to other diets, leading to increased body weight, feed efficiency, and carcass fatty acid composition in sago gurami reared in freshwater concrete ponds.

Keywords

Aquaculture, fatty acids profile, coconut water, palm sap sugar, giant gourami, growth performance, feed efficiency

Corresponding author: Hafrijal Syandri

Competing interests: No competing interests were disclosed.

Grant information: This research was funded by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia under grant number: 170/E4.1/AK.04.PT/2021
The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

Copyright: © 2023 Undefined A et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

How to cite: Undefined A, Syandri H, Aryani N et al. Effect of feed enriched with fermented coconut water products on growth and carcass composition of gurami sago (Osphronemus goramy Lacepède, 1801) juvenile. [version 2; peer review: 3 approved with reservations]. F1000Research 2023, 10:1121 (https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.74092.2) First published: 08 Nov 2021, 10:1121 (https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.74092.1) Latest published: 29 Dec 2023, 10:1121 (https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.74092.2)

Revised Amendments from Version 1

The author has made several significant changes to this paper. These changes include refinements to the title, methods and abstract results. In the introduction section, a crucial statement added is the supplementation of commercial feed with a formulated product consisting of coconut water, palm sugar, and various fermented fungi (Aspergillus niger, Rhizopus oligosporus, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae). This formulation has not been tested on fish before. In the methods section, the author has included information that the floating commercial feed used has a diameter of 2 mm. The samples are then gradually provided to ensure complete consumption by the experimental fish, preventing washout and dissolution of the fermentation products sprayed into the rearing water during feeding. Different formula additions to the experimental feed are performed daily before being given to the experimental fish. To analyze and approximate carcass composition, fish samples are euthanized by injecting their brains with a No. 7.5 G x 1-inch livestock syringe to examine the entire carcass. The discussion section provides information on the relative functions of coconut water and palm sugar and their influence on feed nutrition. In the conclusion section, it is added that the P2 (presumably the formulated product) improves fish growth, feed efficiency, and carcass fatty acids. With these changes, the paper becomes more comprehensive and provides more transparent and detailed information.

See the authors' detailed response to the review by Norazmi-Lokman Nor Hakim
See the authors' detailed response to the review by Nurul Huda

Introduction

Giant gourami (Osphronemus goramy Lacepede, 1801) is one of the most important freshwater fish species in Indonesia due to its high market value^1–4. However, its contribution to the total production of freshwater aquaculture is lower compared to tilapia, African catfish, and Pangasius catfish⁵. This has led to the active engagement of the Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries of the Republic of Indonesia in encouraging fish farmers to increase the annual production of giant gurami from various local strains, including Tambago, Palapa, Bastar, Galunggung, Blusafir, and Sago^4,6–8.

Several global initiatives have been implemented to enhance production of giant gurami using aquaculture activities, such as adjusting feeding rates in floating cages⁹, changing stocking density in concrete freshwater ponds⁴, and diversifying aquaculture systems, including earthen freshwater ponds, concrete freshwater ponds, and floating cages^7,8,10. Although these aquaculture operations use commercial pellet fish food, feed conversion ratio (FCR) remains elevated, ranging between 1.43 and 1.65. This condition often leads to a low feed efficiency ratio, where 30 to 40% of the meal consumed is released as a waste load to water bodies^4,8,11, thereby causing significant concerns due to the high cost of fish feed^12–18.

Various strategies have been developed to improve aquafeed nutrition, including enrichment with fish oil^9,19, soybean oil²⁰, iodine + selenium²¹, EPA + DHA²², and probiotics²³. The enrichment process is often carried out to increase the amino acids, fatty acids, minerals, and vitamin content, which cannot be produced by the animals in sufficient quantities to meet their needs^17,24,25.

At present, it is essential to evaluate the supplementation of feed with natural ingredients that are cost-effective and sustainable from plant resources, without compromising growth of cultured fish and aquafeed quality. Among these natural ingredients are coconut water and palm sap sugar, which both contain health-friendly nutrients, such as minerals, amino acids, enzymes, organic acids, fatty acids, vitamins, and phenolic compounds^21,25–28. Coconut water has been successfully used to treat various diseases in humans, including throat infections, tapeworms, gonorrhea, digestive problems, influenza, lice, giardia, bronchitis, and cholera^29–31. Furthermore, palm sap sugar has also been reported to possess health benefits due to its low glycemic index as well as antioxidants, vitamins, and minerals content^32–34. Previous reports have showed the ability of fungus to improve aquafeed's nutritional value^15,35,36. The supplementation of commercial feed with formulated products consisting of coconut water, palm sugar, and fermented various fungus (Aspergillus niger, Rhizopus oligosporus, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae) has never been tested on fish. Therefore, this study aims to determine effect of feed enriched with fermented coconut water products on juvenile sago gurami's growth and carcass composition (Osphronemus goramy Lacepède, 1801). The health lipid index of the samples was also evaluated by assessing various types of fatty acids in carcass. In this study, it was hypothesized that the use of various formulated products as supplements could improve the nutritional quality of feed and carcass, feed efficiency, and juvenile growth rate.

Methods

Ethical statement

This study was carried out by Hafrijal Syandri and colleagues under the project entitled Optimization of New Formula Products Based on Local Materials To Strengthen Food Independence In The Aquaculture Sector In The New Normal Era of Coronavirus Disease (Covid-19). Furthermore, the Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia funded this study, with grant number:170/E4.1/AK.04.PT/2021. The procedures were approved by the Ethics Committee for Research and Community Service at Bung Hatta University (110/LPPM/Hatta/III-2021, in line with the ARRIVE guidelines. Approval was also given to collect and rear juvenile gurami sago in the Aquaculture Laboratory, Faculty of Fisheries, and Marine Science Universitas Bung Hatta. All efforts had been made to relieve the suffering of experimental animals, showing gurami sago didn't suffer and were still in good condition during their return to the pond after the procedures. For euthanized samples, the process was carried out by piercing part of the fish's brain. Gurami sago fish were not classified as a protected animal according to Indonesian legislation.

Preparation of formulated product

A total of 300 g of palm sap sugar (Arenga pinnate M.), purchased from local farmers, was cooked in 3,000 ml freshwater at 60 °C for 15 minutes and then cooled for 20 minutes in an open space. Subsequently, 3 liters of the sample was mixed with 6 liters of mature coconut water (Cocos nucifera L.). The total products formulated was 9 liters, which was divided into three containers of 3 liters. The first, second, and third parts were added with 6 g of Aspergillus niger (P1), 6 g of Rhizopus oligosporus (P2), and 6 g of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (P3), respectively. Each portion (3,000 ml) was fermented for 48 hours in a plastic jerry can with a capacity of 5 liters. The aeration process was then carried out continuously using Aerasi Fujimac MAC-40K-40L/min made in Japan.

Preparation of experiment diets

The floating commercial feed used had a diameter of 2 mm, with a proximate composition (dry weight %) of 10.66% moisture content, 30.10% crude protein, 4.09% crude fat, and 45.35% carbohydrate total, 2.5% ash, and 9.18% crude fiber. Furthermore, it was supplemented with products P1, P2, and P3, up to 300 ml/1 kg. Commercial feed with only freshwater (P4) was used as a control in the procedures. All products were each sprayed evenly to 1 kg of the commercial feed, and dried in open air for 30 minutes. The samples were then given gradually to ensure complete consumption by the experimental fish. This was carried out to prevent the leaching and dissolution of sprayed fermentation products into the rearing water during feeding. The addition of different formulas to the experimental diet was carried out every day before being given to the experimental fish.

Experimental procedures and sampling

A total of 360 juvenile gurami sago of local strains were obtained from the Aquaculture Laboratory Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science at Universitas Bung Hatta Padang of Indonesia. The exclusion criteria were samples in poor health or did not eat the commercial food initially provided. Furthermore, the samples were acclimatized for 30 days before the experiment, which commenced in January 2021. Juvenile fish were placed in the concrete freshwater pond 24-m³ (6×4×1 m) with a capacity of 5,600 L. During the acclimation, juvenile was fed commercial feed with 30.10% crude protein content, 4.09% crude fat, 2.5% crude ash, and 9.18% crude fiber. Feeding was carried out three times daily (09.00 AM, 1.00 PM, and 5.00 PM), and the fish were fed the equivalent of 3% of their body weight per day.

The 360 juvenile gurami sago had an average weight and length of 50±2.5 g and 13.2±0.4 cm and had not been previously in earlier studies. The weight of the sample was measured using AD-600i scales with 0.001 g accuracy (ACIS model number AD-600i, China) and its use was approved by the Indonesian Directorate of Metrology. Meanwhile, body length was measured using a meter ruler with 1 mm accuracy. The fish were distributed in 12 nets framed with size 2-m³ (2×1×1 m) PVC pipe (1200 L capacity) placed inside two freshwater concrete ponds of size 18-m³ (6×2×1.5 m). The experimental groups were P1, P2, and P3 along with one control group (P4) with three replications each (12 total). Each net contained 30 fish, and the samples were randomized to groups using a lottery method by Hafrijal Syandri and Azrita undefined. Water temperature varied between 27 °C and 30 °C (mean 28.5 °C), while the dissolved oxygen (DO) level was 5.8 to 6.2 mg L^-1 (mean 5.72), with pH of 6.5-6.8 (mean 6.67). The parameters of temperature, DO level, and pH were recorded weekly throughout the experiment. Water samples were collected at 10.00 AM at a depth of 20 cm from each concrete pond for the determination of these parameters. Water temperature, oxygen, and pH were measured using a thermometer (Celcius scale), oxygen meter (YSI model 52, Yellow Spring Instrument Co, Yellow Spring, OH, USA), and pH meter (Digital Mini- pH meter, 0-14pH, IQ Scientific, Cemo- Science Thailand).

Fish were given feed of 2 mm floating type pellets supplemented with products formulation P1, P2, P3, and control (P4) three times a day at 9.00 AM, 1.00 PM, and 5.00 PM. Furthermore, the samples were hand-fed at a 3% body weight rate per day until the end of the study, which was after rearing them for 90 days from February to April 2021. Each experimental fish received well-fermented pellets until full consumption. The samples were collected every 30 days to evaluate length and weight by fasting them for 24 hours before sampling to empty the intestinal contents. A total of 9 fish per net were randomly sampled every 30 days and euthanized with tricaine methanesulfonate (MS 222, Sigma Aldrich Co, USA MO, 50 mg L^-1), followed by measurement of length and weight. The amount of MS 222 used was 2,000 mg at each measurement of the sample (0, 30, 60, and 90 days).

Proximate composition

This study used standard methods from the Association of Authorized Analytical Chemists³⁷ to analyze the proximate composition of experimental diets and fish carcass. Furthermore, one fish (mean weight 100 g) from each experiment replicates (P1, P2, P3), and control (P4) were collected from the rearing nets and then euthanized by injecting their brains with a No. livestock iron syringe 7.5 G x 1 inch to examine the whole-body carcass. Samples of the diet and wet fish were dried at 105 °C for two hours. The crude protein was analyzed using an automatically processed Kjeldahl (Buchi 430/323) using a Kjeltec methods (6.25), automatic Kjeldahl system (Buchi/430/323) model 1625, Moline IL USA. The fat content was assessed using a Soxhlet Apparatus with the Soxhlet system 1046 (Foss, Hoganas Sweden). The ash content was analyzed using a muffle furnace (600 °C for four hours), and the total carbohydrates was calculated by subtracting the sum of % crude protein, % crude fat, % crude ash, and % moisture contents from 100%³⁷. The proximate composition of diets and carcass was calculated by P.T. Saraswanti Indo Genetech Bogor Indonesia (SIG Laboratory, Accredited Testing Laboratory-LP-184-IDN).

Fatty acids analysis

Diets and carcass were analyzed with a fatty acid composition using the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method. The total lipid extraction was carried out using the method proposed by Folch et al. (1957) with few modifications, as described by Rajion, 1985³⁸ using a chloroform: methanol (2.1. v/v) solvent system. Transmethylation was performed using 14% methanolic boron trifluoride. Furthermore, diets and carcass was analyzed for fatty acid composition by PT. Saraswanti Indo Genetech Bogor Indonesia (SIG Laboratory, Accredited Testing Laboratory-LP-184-IDN).

Calculations

A total of 9 fish sampled from each net were weighed and accounted for separately during the final sampling. Weight gain (WG, %), specific growth rate (SGR, %/day), FCR, and feed conversion efficiency (FCE) were assessed based on formulas^9,10,39:

WG (%) = \frac{Final weight (g) - Initial weight (g)}{Initial weight (g)} \times 100

SGR (%/day) = \frac{(Log harvests weight - Log stock weight)}{Culture days} \times 100

FCR = \frac{Feed supply in kg}{Total harvest weight in kg}

FCR (%) = \frac{1}{Feed Conversion Ratio}

The nutritional quality of lipids AI and TI was calculated based on the equations⁴⁰.

AI = \frac{[(C 12 : 0 + 4 \times C 14 : 0 + C 16 : 0)]}{\sum MUFA + \sum n - 6 + \sum n - 3}

TI = \frac{[(C 14 : 0 + C 16 : 0 + C 18 : 0)]}{[(0.5 \times \sum MUFA) + (0.5 \times \sum n - 6) + (3 \times \sum n - 3) + (\sum n - 3 / \sum n - 6)}

where

AI = Atherogenic index

TI = Trombogenic index

C12:0 = lauric acid

C14:0 = myristic acid

C16:0 = palmitic acid

C18:0 = stearic acid

ΣMUFA = sum concentrations of all MUFA

Σn-6 = sum concentrations of n-6 PUFA

Σn-3 = sum concentrations of n-3 PUFA

Data analysis

The data obtained in this study were analyzed using the SPSS 16.0 software package (SPSS; Chicago IL). Levine's test was used to determine the homogeneity of data, and one-way ANOVA was used for determining the treatment effect, followed by a post hoc Duncan's multiple range test⁴¹. Data were reported as mean value ± standard deviation for each treatment⁴². Furthermore, Microsoft Office Professional Plus 2019 was used for plotting the figures.

Results

Growth performance and whole-body biochemical composition from the different treatments

In this study, no samples were excluded from the analysis and procedures. Figure 1 showed growth performance of gurami sago at 30, 60, and 90 days for all groups during the experimental phase. Furthermore, no death was observed with any diets and the survival remained at 100% for all treatments during the 90 days of experimentation. Juvenile gurami sago fed with P2 had significantly higher growth performance with increased weight gain, lower FCR, and improved FCE, compared to others with P1, P3, and P4, as shown in Table 1. The P2 diet also led to a significant increase in fat and carbohydrates but there was no significant difference in protein, as shown in Table 2.

Figure 1. Growth performance of gurami sago at 30, 60, and 90 days for all groups (P1, P2, P3, P4) during the experimental phase.

Table 1. Growth performance of gurami sago from the different treatments after the 90-days experimental period (average ± standard deviation).

	Diet P1	Diet P2	Diet P3	Diet P4	P-value
Biometric measurements
Initial body weight (g)	49.40±3.80	50.26±0.47	50.69±2.48	50.80±0.68
Final body weight (g)	132±2.08^b	147.74±1.02^a	118.74±1.22^c	109.73±1.89^d	0.435
Weight gain (%)	167.24±13.97^b	193.99±4.46^a	134.22±12.59^c	115.98±2.88^d	0.011
Specific growth rate (%/day)	1.09±0.10^b	1.15±0.01^a	0.95±0.06^c	0.98±0.05^d	0.033
FCR	1.50±0.08^b	1.36±0.04^a	1.53±0.03^c	1.55±0.02^d	0.069
FCE	0.65±0.01^b	0.73±0.02^a	0.65±0.01^a	0.64±0.01^a	0.394

a b c d – significant differences in rows. Analytical replicates n = 3

Table 2. Biochemical body composition of gurami sago from the different treatments after the 90-days experimental period (average ± standard deviation).

	Diet P1	Diet P2	Diet P3	Diet P4	P-value
Proximate composition (g/100 g)
Moisture	62.49±0.36^d	62.77±0.26^c	64.23±0.12^b	65.55±0.39^a	0.265
Protein	30.29±0.45^a	28.98±0.37^a	29.30±0.16^a	28.69±0.28^a	0.363
Lipid	2.88±0.02^c	4.67±0.04^a	2.99±0.03^b	2.79±0.03^d	0.505
Carbohydrates total	1.98±0.07^b	2.04±0.07^a	1.30±0.08^c	1.29±0.06^d	0.834
Crude fibre	0.68±0.01^c	0.82±0.01^b	0.95±0.04^a	0.37±0.01^d	0.096
Ash	2.16±0.02^a	1.54±0.01^d	2.11±0.04^b	1.63±0.02^c	0.223

a b c d - significant differences in rows. Analytical replicates n = 3

Chemical composition of the diets from the different treatments

The fat content differed significantly among the four diets, with P2 showing significantly higher protein and fat contents compared to P1, P3, and P4. Carbohydrate content was similar in diets P1, P2, and P3 but significantly higher compared to P4. Furthermore, the energy content differed significantly among the four diets, as shown in Table 3.

Table 3. Proximate composition (% wet weight basis) of the experimental diets (average ± standard deviation).

Proximate composition (g/100 g)	Diet P1	Diet P2	Diet P3	Diet P4	Initial composition	P-value
Moisture	36.95±0.79^c	37.28±0.01^b	35.60±0.16^c	38.46±0.18^a	10.66	0.005
Protein	20.44±0.10^a	21.27±0.12^a	20.28±0.03^a	19.36±0.41^d	30.10	0.029
Crude lipids	3.48±0.04^b	3.65±0.11^a	3.49±0.04^c	3.08±0.05^d	4.09	0.067
Carbohydrates	29.60±0.74^a	28.78±0.30^ab	30.36±0.14^ac	26.21±0.36^d	45.35	0.101
Crude fibre	6.74±0.06^c	6.67±0.06^b	6.38±0.22^d	9.19±0.01^a	9.18	0.105
Ash	2.80±0.07^a	2.36±0.01^c	2.45±0.06^b	2.75±0.30^d	2.50	0.007
Energy (kcal/100g)	234.4±0.29^a	237.49±0.66^b	240.55±0.81^c	230.05±0.26^d	340.99±0.40

a b c d - significant differences in rows, Analytical replicates n= 3

CF 781-2 – commercial pellet feed

Effect of different formulation products on the fatty acid profile of the diets

The four diets showed a high level of saturated fatty acids (SFA), with palmitic acid (C16:0) and stearic acid (C18:0) being the most abundant. The concentration of monosaturated fatty acids (MUFA) was similar in P1, P2, and P3 but very low in P4, with the highest values recorded for oleic acid (C18:1 n-9) in all diets. Myristoleic acid (C14-1 n-9) or heptadecenoic acid (C17:1 n-8) was not detected in P4 and initial feed composition. Regarding polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), P2 had the highest value, with linolenic acid (C18:3 n-3) being dominant. Furthermore, EPA (C20:5 n-3) and DHA (C22:6 n-3) were found in P1, P2, and P3, while these compounds were absent in P4 (Table 4).

Table 4. Fatty acid composition (% of total FA) and total lipids in the diet supplemented with the formulated products (average ± standard deviation).

Type FA	Diet P1	Diet P2	Diet P3	Diet P4	Initial composition	P-value
C12:0 (Lauric acid)	0.79±0.01^a	0.65±0.01^b	0.57±0.01^c	0.35±0.01^d	0.34	1.000
C13:0 (Tridecanoic acid)	n.d	n.d	n.d	n.d	n.d	-
C14:0 (Meristic acid)	0.75±0.01^a	0.74±0.0^b	0.75±0.01^ac	0.51±0.01^d	0.13	0.446
C15:0 (pentadecanoic acid)	0.95±0.01^a	1.01±0.0^b	1.03±0.01^c	n.d	n.d	0.094
C16:0 (Palmitic acid)	27.4±0.15^a	27.55±0.0^b	23.45±0.01^c	19.07±^d	21.05	0.014
C17:0 (Heptadecanoic acid)	0.22±0.01^a	0.24±0.0^b	0.17±0.0^c	0.12±0.0^d	0.45	0.931
C18:0 (Stearic acid)	5.25±0.01^a	5.27±0.0^b	5.24±0.01^c	4.24±0.01^d	5.31	0.532
C20:0 (Arachidic acid)	0.14±0.0^a	0.53±0.01^b	0.28±0.0^c	n.d	n.d	0.067
C24:0 (Lignoceric acid)	n.d	n.d	n.d	n.d	n.d
∑ SFA	35.5±0.17^a	35.99±0.02^b	31.49±0.03^c	24.59±0.04^d	27.28	0.117
C14-1 n-9 (Myristoleic acid)	0.48±0.01^a	0.46±0.01^b	0.38±0.01^c	n.d	n.d	0.167
C16:1 n-7 (Palmitoleic acid)	2.08±0.01^a	2.89±0.01^b	2.83±0.01^c	1.97±0.01^d	1.99	0.940
C17:1 n-8 (heptadecenoic acid)	0.12±0.01^a	0.13±0.01^b	0.11±0.01^c	n.d	n.d	0.167
C18:1 n-9 (Oleic acid)	26.88±0.01^a	27.68±0.01^b	23.35±0.02^c	19.76±0.01^d	22.98	1.000
C20:1 n=7 (Eicocyanic acid)	0.15±0.01^a	0.14±0.01^b	0.15±0.00^ac	0.06±0.01^d	0.06	0.441
∑ MUFA	29.71±0.04^a	31.33±0.04^b	26.82±0.03^c	21.79±0.02^d	25.03	0.849
C18:2 n-6 (Linoleic acid)	27.81±0.01^a	28.86±0.01^b	27.21±0.01^c	22.66±0.01^d	25.21	0.702
C18:3 n-3 (Linolenic acid)	1.07±0.01^a	1.08±0.01^b	1.07±0.01^c	n.d	n.d	0.167
C20:2 n-6 (Eicosadienoic acid)	n.d	n.d	n.d	n.d	n.d
C20:4 n-6 (Arachidonic acid)	0.21±0.01^a	0.20±0.01^b	0.21±0.01^ac	0.07±0.01^d	0.09	0.702
C20:5 n -3 (EPA)	0.56±0.01^a	0.59±0.34^b	0.62±0.01^c	n.d	n.d	0.001
C22:6 n-3 (DHA)	2.09±0.01^a	2.52±0.01^b	2.10±0.01^c	n.d	n.d	0.330
∑ PUFA	31.74±0.02^a	32.66±0.03^b	31.21±0.05^c	22.78±0.02^d	25.3±0.02	0.002
∑n.dFA	2.80±0.01	0.02±0.01	10.48±0.03	30.84±0.03	22.39±0.01
∑FA (%)	100	100	100	100	100
Σ n-3	3.74±0.03^a	4.19±0.02^b	3.82±0.02^c	n.d	n.d	0.066
Σ n-6	28.02±0.02^a	29.06±0.01^b	27.42±0.02^c	27.42±0.02^d	22.72±0.01	0.382
Σn-6/ Σn-3	7.53±0.06^a	6.93±0.03^b	7.17±0.04^c	0.0	0.0	0.036
PUFA/SFA	0.85±0.03^a	0.85±0.01^b	1.04±0.08^c	0.92±0.02^c	0.96±0.006	0.004
DHA/EPA	3.66±0.05^a	4.21±0.10^b	3.34±0.02^c	0.0	0.0	0.030
Lipid content (%)	3.47±0.01^a	3.68±0.02^b	3.49±0.00^c	3.09±0.00^d	3.12±0.03	0.494

a b c d - significant differences in rows

Values are % total fatty acid expressed as mean ± SE. of three separate determinations.

n.d = Unidentified fatty acids, SFA= Saturated fatty acids; MUFA= Monounsaturated fatty acids; PUFA= Polyunsaturated fatty acid; FA= Fatty acids

Fatty acids profile of the whole body of gurami sago from the different treatments

Gurami fish fed diets P1, P2, P3, and P4 showed high levels of SFA in their body carcass, with palmitic acid (C16:0) and stearic acid (C18:0) being the most abundant. The oleic acid (C18:1 n-9) in all body carcass contained higher values. For samples fed P1 diet, carcass had the highest palmitoleic acid content (C16:1) compared to others. Furthermore, PUFA had the highest value in samples fed P2. The results showed that linolenic acid (C18:2n-6) was dominant among the four carcass. EPA and AA levels were lacking in all four samples, while DHA was high, as shown in Table 5.

Table 5. Fatty acids profile (% of total FA) of gurami sago fed with different diets after the 90-days experimental period.

Type FA	Diet P1	Diet P2	Diet P3	Diet P4	P value
C12:0 (Lauric acid)	0.41±0.01^a	0.56±0.01^b	0.60±0.01^c	0.40±0.01^d	0.757
C13:0 (Tridecanoic acid)	n.d	n.d	n.d	n.d
C14:0 (Meristic acid)	0.85±0.02^a	0.81±0.01^b	0.51±0.02^c	0.49±0.02^d	0.802
C15:0 (pentadecanoic acid)	0.57±0.01^a	0.88±0.02^b	0.65±0.02^c	0.60±0.02^d	0.802
C16:0 (Palmitic acid)	22.83±0.02^a	24.03±0.01^b	23.04±0.02^c	20.70±0.02^d	0.482
C17:0 (Heptadecanoic acid)	0.11±0.01^a	0.14±0.02^b	0.12±0.02^c	0.11±0.02^d	0.786
C18:0 (Stearic acid)	5.24±0.01^a	5.23±0.01^b	5.26±0.01^c	5.22±0.02^d	0.702
C20:0 (Arachidic acid)	0.59±0.01^a	0.76±0.01^b	0.48±0.02^c	0.56±0.02^d	0.702
C24:0 (Lignoceric acid)	0.07±0.01^a	0.09±0.01^b	0.05±0.02^c	0.03±0.01^d	0.757
∑ SFA	30.70±0.30^a	32.51±0.01^b	30.72±0.03^ac	30.51±1.64^d	0.612
C14-1 n-9 (Myristoleic acid)	n.d	n.d	n.d	n.d
C16:1 n-7 (Palmitoleic acid)	2.48±0.01^a	2.42±0.01^b	2.43±0.02^c	2.08±0.02^d	0.797
C17:1 n-8 (heptadecenoic acid)	0.22±0.01^a	0.68±0.02^b	0.75±0.02^c	0.58±0.02^d	0.797
C18:1 n-9 (Oleic acid)	26.19±0.01^a	26.46±0.01^b	24.18±0.02^c	21.98±0.02^d	0.702
C20:1 n=7 (Eicocyanic acid)	0.26±0.01^a	0.39±0.02^b	0.29±0.02^c	0.25±0.02^d	0.786
∑ MUFA	29.15±0.0^a	29.95±0.02^b	27.65±0.0^c	24.89±0.03^d	0.098
C18:2 n-6 (Linoleic acid)	27.39±0.01^a	29.48±0.01^b	24.11±0.02^c	20.15±0.02^d	0.670
C18:3 n-3 (Linolenic acid)	1.72±0.01^a	1.79±0.01^b	3.19±0.02^c	3.03±0.02^d	0.629
C20:2 n-6 (Eicosadienoic acid)	0.36±0.0^a	0.42±0.01^b	0.28±0.01^c	0.27±0.01^d	0.532
C20:4 n-6 (Arachidonic acid)	0.31±0.01^a	0.46±0.02^b	0.38±0.01^c	0.36±0.02^d	1.000
C20:5 n -3 (EPA)	0.22±0.02^a	0.50±0.01^b	0.25±0.02^c	0.11±0.01^ad	0.983
C22:6 n-3 (DHA)	2.08±0.01^a	2.11±0.02^b	2.14±0.01^c	2.08±0.01^d	0.546
∑ PUFA	32.08±0.02^a	34.76±0.02^b	30.35±0.01^c	26.00±0.02^d	0.467
∑ ndFA	8.07±0.0	2.79±0.0	11.25±00	21.01±00
∑ FA (%)	100	100	100	100
Σ n-3	4.02±0.01^a	4.4±0.03^b	5.59±0.3^c	5.22±0.02^d	0.482
Σ n-6	28.06±0.96^a	30.36±0.02^b	24.77±0.44^c	20.73±0.03^d	0.001
Σn-6/ Σn-3	7.12±0.21^a	6.74±0.31^b	4.43±0.03^d	3.97±0.03^d	0.007
PUFA/SFA	1.03±0.01^a	1.07±0.01^b	0.99±0.01^c	0.92±0.0^d	0.067
DHA/ EPA	9.35±0.65^a	4.08±0.11^b	8.63±0.69^c	18.54±2.54^d	0.063
AI	1.78±0.16^a	1.75±0.0^b	1.87±0.01^c	1.79±0.02^d	0.009
TI	0.60±0.0^a	0.56±0.05^b	0.43±0.02^c	0.72±0.02^d	0.006
Lipid content (%)	2.90±0.02^a	4.42±0.01^b	2.98±0.01^c	2.76±0.03^d	0.786

a b c d - significant differences in rows

Values are % total fatty acid expressed as mean ± SD. of three separate determinations.

n.d= Unidentified fatty acids, SFA= Saturated fatty acids; MUFA= Monounsaturated fatty acids; PUFA= Polyunsaturated fatty acid; FA= Fatty acids

Initial commercial pellet feed

Discussion

Commercial feed supplemented with formulated products directly affected growth performance. In this study, the highest increases in final body weight (g), body weight gain (%), and specific growth rate (%/day) occurred in P2 at 147.74±1.02 g, 193.99±4.46%, and 1.15±0.01, respectively. Furthermore, supplementing feed with formula products caused a 30% decrease in feed protein level (initial composition) to 19.36±0.41% and 21.27±0.12% of all the experimental diets. Based on this result, the moisture of feed increased from 10.66% to a range of 35.60%-37.28%. Although the various treatments did not cause a difference in body protein levels, a significant effect was observed on the body weight of livestock. In this context, the experimental phase did not significantly affect carcass protein of the body. The protein content was also not different for each diet, but there was a difference between the final growth and FCR. FCR at diet P2 was 1.36, while a value of 1.55 was observed in P4. The commercial fish feed caused a higher FCR when the samples were cultured in earthen freshwater ponds (FCR = 1.87) compared to concrete freshwater ponds (FCR = 1.45)^4,8. The weight gain and growth of the animal decreased with increasing fiber content in the diet⁴³. P4 had a high fiber content because it did not contain formulated products, leading to lower growth and FCE compared to others.

Carbohydrate levels in all experimental diets were lower than the initial composition but had no effect on growth of gurami sago. This species belonged to the group of herbivorous fish¹⁰. Several studies had shown that herbivorous and omnivorous species could increase amylase activity higher than carnivores⁴⁴. However, the poor overall growth was caused by low carbohydrate digestibility⁴⁵. Previous reports had reported that fish growth and feed efficiency could increase by providing feed supplemented with varying levels of carbohydrates^46–48, regardless of the content of protein, fat, crude fiber, and carbohydrates in the experimental diet. This study recommended using products formulated from natural sources of coconut water, palm sugar, and fungus in commercial feed, thereby increasing production value of the net yield and bringing more significant financial benefits.

The aquaculture industry must use rich nutritional feed with high protein, fatty acids, minerals, and vitamin content^16,17,49,50. Therefore, increasing feeding nutrition and maximizing digestive enzyme activity in farmed fish could be done by providing raw fermented feed ingredients^15,51–53. In this context, the new method used to improve feed quality, feed efficiency, and growth rate in gurami sago was to supplement the meals with formulated P1, P2, and P3 products. Coconut water contains growth factors that stimulate various types of bacteria with the aim of increasing nutrition⁵⁴, because coconut water contains high amounts of amino acids and nutrients, especially potassium (in the range of 237.41 to 361.20 mg/100 mL), manganese (in the range of 20 to 197 μg/100 mL), and iron (0.51 mg/100 mL)⁵⁵. On the other hand, palm sugar is also claimed to have health benefits because it has a low glycemic index and contains antioxidants, vitamins and minerals (32–34). This strategy had been successful in increasing the nutrient quality of commercial feed, where the sample supplemented with P2 had the highest total fat content with 35.99% SFA, 31.33% MUFA, and 32.66% PUFA. The results showed that P4 had the lowest total fat content, with 24.59% SFA, 21.79% MUFA, and 22.78% PUFA.

This study showed that the commercial fish feed equipped with P1, P2, and P3 contained more complete fatty acids at 3.47%, 3.68%, 3.49%, and 3.09%, respectively, compared to P4. Based on the results, P4 did not contain linolenic acid (C18:3 n-3), EPA (C20:5n-3), and DHA (C22:6n-3). This showed that commercial feed must be supplied with linolenic acid, EPA, and DHA due to their essential role in meeting physiological needs, production performance, and health^22,56–58. In this experiment, EPA + DHA levels were 2.65%, 3.11%, and 2.72% in P1, P2, and P3, while this parameter was not recorded in P4 (control). For Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) juvenile, the EPA and DHA levels in their diet were recommended to range from 0.50 to 1.0%^59,60. Despite the absence of EPA and DHA values for P4, freshwater fish, including gurami sago, were estimated to be able to synthesize unsaturated fatty acids (HUFAs), such as C20 and C22, from C18 PUFA in feed through chain elongation and desaturation reactions. Adequate amounts of C18:3-n3 and C18:2n-6 were expected to meet their EFA requirements. The amount of DHA and EPA varied significantly between the P1, P2, and P3 diets, while DHA/EPA ratios increased due to supplementation with formulation products. The differences in the DHA/EPA ratio in each experimental diet were due to differences in the use of fermenters, namely Aspergillus niger, Rhizopus oligosporus, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. According to previous studies, the calculated ratio of DHA/EPA in the diet must be precise to develop better feed formulations⁶¹. For example, the ratios in the diet for maximum growth of Golden pompano, Trochinotus ovatus juvenile was 1.46¹⁷, 1.30 for gilthead seabream, Sparus aurata⁶², 0.53 for Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar in freshwater⁶⁰, and 1.02 for Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus⁶³.

This study estimated that a DHA/EPA ratio of 1.70 in the P2 diet could optimally increase growth rate and feed efficiency. However, these parameters depended on physiological, environmental, and farming factors⁶⁴. The Aspergillus niger, Rhizopus oligosporus, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae in this experiment had also been used in previous studies to ferment feed raw materials, such as corn-cob, soybean meal, and sunflower cake^65,66. Furthermore, Rhizopus oligosporus was the main microorganism used in the fermentation process because it produced a wide range of enzymes, such as carbohydrase, proteases, lipases, and phosphatase^67–69. Coconut water also played an essential role in enriching the nutritional quality because it contained minerals, amino acids, enzymes, organic acids, fatty acids, vitamins, and a few phenolic compounds^26–28. Palm sap sugar had also been shown to have an essential role in increased feed quality due to its minerals, vitamins, and antioxidant content^33,34.

Several freshwater fish species had low values of PUFA and higher levels of MUFA and PUFA^19,69,70. However, gurami sago had a high level of PUFA and a lower presence of MUFA. The results showed that some of the fatty acids in the animal body were affected by diet. Palmitic acid (C16:0) in SFA group was the most abundant in all treatments but was lower in P4. The highest body carcass levels were obtained in P2 and P3 at 24.03% and 23.04%, respectively. The C:16 and C18:2 n-6 fatty acids accumulated in giant gurami fed high-fat content diets, as showed for common carp (Cyprinus carpio)⁷¹ and Atlantic salmon (Salmo solar)⁷². In experiments carried out with Oreochromis niloticus fed diets, rich in lipids, linolenic and oleic acids accumulated in significant concentrations^19,71,73. Other fish species, such as Silver barb (Puntius gonionotous)⁷⁴ and Asian red-tailed catfish (Hemibagrus wyckioides)⁷⁵ could synthesize 20C PUFA of n-3 and n-6 series from 18C PUFA by desaturation and elongation. This capacity underscored the essential role of 20C PUFA in this group, serving as potential precursors of prostanoids. The potent ability had also been observed in other freshwater fish, such as the zebrafish (Danio rerio)⁷⁶.

In this present study, eicosatrienoic acid (C20:2 n-6) was not detected in all experiment diets. However, the fatty acid was present in the body carcass of giant gurami in all treatments ranging from 0.27% to 0.42% of total fatty acids composition. This data showed that it had an essential role in the body of the animal. Gurami sago fish synthesized the compound from other precursors ranging from 0.095% and 0.097% of total body lipids composition. AA, EPA, and DHA fatty acids, which were restricted in the diets, remained in the experimental fish in different proportions. This difference was due to the variation of added products formulation to each diet.

The results showed that the giant gurami sago strain was capable of preserving its normal PUFA levels (C18:2 n-6, C18:3 n-3, C20:2 n-6, C20:4 n-6, C20:5 n -3 and C22:6 n-3), but these fatty acids were at very low or undetectable levels in the diets, such as eicosadienoic acid type. This showed that gurami sago, similar to other freshwater fish species, such as Oreochromis niloticus⁶³ and Cyprinus carpio²¹, could elongate and desaturate fatty acids from precursors present in the diet, including 18C:0 fatty acids and possibly from linoleic fatty acid in large quantities.

The atherogenic index (AI) ranged from 1.68 and 2.19, and the thrombogenic index (TI) was between 0.43 and 0.72 in all diets. This result was related to a significant discrepancy in SFA values between experimental diets. Several studies had shown that AI and TI indexes were directly related to the levels of C14:0, C16:0, and C18:0, known as thrombogenic promoters¹⁹. AI and TI levels in gurami sago fed P1, P2, and P3 diets were lower compared to P4 (control). Several studies had shown that AI and TI indices showed the potential to stimulate platelet aggregation. The lower the value of these indices, the greater the protective potential of coronary artery disease⁷⁷. The recommended AI and TI values by the Food and Agriculture Organization and the World Health Organization⁷⁸ for human health ranged from 0.4 to 0.5. Although the AI and TI values of gurami sago were higher than 0.5, its consumption had no negative effect on consumers' health. In aquaculture, AI and TI indices, among others, depended on the levels of fish oil supplement in the diet¹⁹, the sources of oils^9,57, effect of fish farming activities, and handling methods after harvest⁷⁹. Several reports had also showed that feed quality, age, gender, species, and environmental conditions had significant effect^69,70,80,81.

Conclusion

In conclusion, this study showed that feed products made from natural and sustainable sources of coconut water, palm sap sugar, and fungus combined with commercial feed could enhance nutrient-rich diets in gurami sago. The main factor that improved after the treatment was the fatty acid composition of the PUFA group (i.e., linolenic acid, DHA, and EPA). Furthermore, the increase was related to growth rate, FCR, and FCE. The P2 formulation was optimal for feed quality, such as proximate and fatty acid composition. The results showed that P2 increased fish growth, feed efficiency, and carcass fatty acids. Based on the results, it also contributed to improving the nutritional quality of giant gourami lipids, which was beneficial to consumers' health. These results provided basic knowledge about efforts to improve the quality of nutrient-rich feed and the basis for efficient use of feed in future fish farming operations.

Data availability statement

Underlying data

figshare: The use of new products formulated from water coconut, palm sap sugar, and fungus to increase nutritional feed quality, feed efficiency, growth, and carcass of gurami sago (Osphronemus goramy Lacepède, 1801) juvenile. https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.16641073⁸²

This project contains the following underlying data:

- Table 1a. Raw data growth for 0, 30, 60, 90 days.
- Table 1b. Raw data growth performance, FCR, FCE_90 days_giant gurami
- Table 2. Raw data proximate composition carcass of gurami sago after 90-days
- Table 3. Raw data proximate composition of diets
- Table 4. Raw data Composition of fatty acids and total lipid in the diets enriched
- Table 5. Raw data Composition of fatty acids of carcass

Data are available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license (CC-BY 4.0).

Faculty Opinions recommended

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Version 2

VERSION 2 PUBLISHED 08 Nov 2021

Author details Author details

Azrita Undefined
Roles: Formal Analysis, Methodology, Project Administration, Writing – Original Draft Preparation

Hafrijal Syandri
Roles: Conceptualization, Data Curation, Formal Analysis, Methodology, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing

Netti Aryani
Roles: Data Curation, Methodology, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing

Ainul Mardiah
Roles: Conceptualization, Methodology, Validation

Indra Suharman
Roles: Methodology, Validation, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing

Competing interests

No competing interests were disclosed.

Grant information

This research was funded by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia under grant number: 170/E4.1/AK.04.PT/2021
The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

Article Versions (2)

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Published: 29 Dec 2023, 10:1121

https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.74092.2

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https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.74092.1

© 2023 Undefined A et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Undefined A, Syandri H, Aryani N et al. Effect of feed enriched with fermented coconut water products on growth and carcass composition of gurami sago (Osphronemus goramy Lacepède, 1801) juvenile. [version 2; peer review: 3 approved with reservations]. F1000Research 2023, 10:1121 (https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.74092.2)

NOTE: If applicable, it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article.

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ApprovedThe paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested

Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit.

Not approvedFundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions

Version 2

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Reviewer Report 19 Feb 2024

Mohamad Gazali, Department of Marine Science, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, University of Teuku Umar Meulaboh, Meulaboh, Aceh, Indonesia; Institute of Marine Biotechnology, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu (Ringgold ID: 95438), Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia

Approved with Reservations

https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.160040.r242846

The author performed to study the effect of feed enriched with fermented coconut water products on juvenile sago gurami’s growth and carcass composition (Osphronemus goramy). The results showed the growth performance of gurami sago at 30, 60, and 90 days in experiment with P2 result have higher growth performance with increased weight gain, lower FCR, and improved FCE, compared to others and chemical composition as well as formulation product on fatty acid profile. This makes fermented coconut water a potentially valuable formulation to enriched sago gurami's growth. However, I have some comments for quality work intentions:
1. Explain, please, convincingly, why you selected the fungals (Aspergillus niger (P1), Rhizopus oligosporus (P2), and Saccharomyces cerevisiae (P3) in formulated product?
2. Please, explain how water quality was measured and maintained during experiment? I have read three times that giving feed is supposed to degrade of water quality due to accumulation of uneaten food and feces.
3. Please explain convincingly, the growth performance of fish is optimal in 90 days? What happens if there are more than 90 days?
4. Please explain why the eicosatrienoic acid was not detected in all experiment diets.

Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature?

Yes
Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound?

Yes
Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others?

Partly
If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate?

Yes
Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility?

No source data required
Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results?

Yes

Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed.

Reviewer Expertise: Expertise : Marine Biotechnology

I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above.

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Reviewer Report 16 Nov 2023

Norazmi-Lokman Nor Hakim, Fisheries and Aquaculture Centre, Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies – Taroona, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tas, Australia

Approved with Reservations

https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.77807.r145759

Language: Editing for the language is required throughout the manuscript due to too many mistakes or inappropriate use of some terms that might lead to confusion or misunderstanding. For example: abstract: 'Commercial feed added to freshwater is called the P4 diet (placebo).' For some readers, this might mean the commercial feed is added to the freshwater which will lead to the question.... why? Why do you add the feed into freshwater? Though I think what the authors meant here is that they spray freshwater on the commercial pellet as a placebo (control treatment). I recommend the authors to send this manuscript for proofreading to avoid confusion among readers.

Title: I feel the title needs to be simplified to really capture the research. For example: What new products? is it the fermented product? Basically this research is about feeding the guramis with commercial feed enriched with coconut-based products that were fermented using different types of fungus. Just some suggestions: 'Efficacy of feed enriched with fermented coconut products on gurami sago growth and carcass composition' or 'Fermented coconut product enriched feed influence gurami sago growth and carcass composition'. Just some suggestions. Feel free to change or come up with a new simplified title.

Introduction:

Water coconut or coconut water?

'Based on previous research, supplementation of commercial feed with product formulas consisting of coconut water, palm sugar, and fermented with various fungi (Aspergillus niger, Rhizopus oligosporus, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae) is very important to evaluate'... please give example of which literature or which previous research.
I think the authors should add 1-2 more sentences on the application of fermented product as supplementation in aquaculture. Has it been tried before in other species?

Methods:

For me, the main problem in the methodology is the way the experiments were conducted in concrete ponds where the fish were reared together and are only separated by using nets. Since the fermented products were sprayed onto the pellets and were left out to dry for just 30 mins before being fed to the fish, there is a high possibility that leaching of the sprayed products might occur (they leached into the rearing water during feeding). The fermented product might be lost in the water or accidentally exposed to other fish (since they were reared in the same water and just separated by nets). The authors need to explain and elaborate more or discuss this matter in the discussion section too.

Also, what is the amount of feed intake for each treatment? Yes you did feed them 3% of their body weight per day, but that is the amount given, what about the actual amount the fish really ate? Did they finish all the food? Were there any leftovers? Did the fish accept the fermented pellet well?

Was the fatty acid profile analysis conducted after the food is dried? Did the author try to analyze wet pellets? (pellets that have been dried and then fed to fish making them wet) this might help to detect whether there was leaching occurred.

All these issues need to be addressed by the authors or the result might be biased.

Last subtopic in the method section... Data Analysis

Results.

What statistical analysis did the authors use to analyze the growth performance? There were no error bars or any information on the result of the statistical analysis here in the graph. I suggest the authors run repeated measures ANOVA to analyze the growth performance since the data taken was at 4-time points. This will ensure that the growth performance differences between and within each treatment at each time point can be detected. It will make the analysis more robust.

Discussion

The discussion section did not discuss the mechanism of how the fermented products work on the fish and how they change or make the fatty acid profile of each treatment differs from one another. The discussion was focused mainly on the different nutritional content of the pellets and how it affects fish. Now the authors are using the same commercial pellet and it was sprayed with different fermented products. How does this affect the fatty acid profile and proximate analysis (of certain nutrients)? For example, what are the nutrients in the coconut water and palm salp sugar that influence the fiber content of the pellet? What is the function of the fungus then? Also, did the fermentation process have any effect? This was not discussed.

Conclusion

The conclusion section needs to be rewritten. Which feed is the best for gurami sago?

Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature?

Yes
Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound?

Partly
Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others?

Yes
If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate?

Partly
Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility?

Yes
Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results?

Yes

Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed.

Reviewer Expertise: aquaculture

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Author Response 29 Dec 2023

Hafrijal Syandri, Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, Universitas Bung Hatta, Padang, 25133, Indonesia

29 Dec 2023

Author Response
1. The author will revise the title in the new version with the efficacy of feed enriched with fermented coconut water products on growth and carcass composition of gurami
... Continue reading
The author will revise the title in the new version with the efficacy of feed enriched with fermented coconut water products on growth and carcass composition of gurami sago (Osphronemus goramy Lacepède, 1801) juvenile.

In the introduction part, the authors added this sentence on the new version: On the other hand, the supplementation of commercial feed with a formulated product consisting of coconut water, palm sugar, and fermented various fungi (Aspergillus niger, Rhizopus oligosporus, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae) has never been tested on fish. Therefore, it is crucial to analyze the efficacy of feed enriched with fermented coconut water products on juvenile sago gurami's growth and carcass composition (Osphronemus goramy Lacepède, 1801) in this study. Additionally, we examined the health lipid index of gurami sago by evaluating various types of fatty acids in the carcass.

In the methods after the sentence, The products P1, P2, P3, and P4 were each sprayed evenly on 1 kg of the commercial feed and then dried in the open air for 30 minutes. The feed is given gradually so that the experimental fish eat all of it. This aims to prevent the leaching of sprayed fermentation products so that these products do not dissolve into the rearing water during feeding.

Fish were hand-fed at a 3% body weight rate per day until study termination, which was after rearing them for 90 days from February to April 2021. Each experimental fish received well-fermented pellets so that they finished all the feed given.

In this study, the author did not analyze commercial wet pellet feed.

The author will complete an analysis of the growth performance of juvenile sago gourami fish at each growth measurement point (0, 30, 60, and 90 days) related to Figure 1 using the ANOVA test.

In the new version, The author will discuss the nutritional content of coconut water and palm sugar and how they contribute to the nutritional content of fish feed. The author will also discuss the fermentation process's effect on feed's nutritional content.

We will revise the conclusions to state the most optimal feed for the growth of gorami sago fish.

The author will revise the use of English in this article for the new version.
The author will revise the title in the new version with the efficacy of feed enriched with fermented coconut water products on growth and carcass composition of gurami sago (Osphronemus goramy Lacepède, 1801) juvenile.

In the introduction part, the authors added this sentence on the new version: On the other hand, the supplementation of commercial feed with a formulated product consisting of coconut water, palm sugar, and fermented various fungi (Aspergillus niger, Rhizopus oligosporus, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae) has never been tested on fish. Therefore, it is crucial to analyze the efficacy of feed enriched with fermented coconut water products on juvenile sago gurami's growth and carcass composition (Osphronemus goramy Lacepède, 1801) in this study. Additionally, we examined the health lipid index of gurami sago by evaluating various types of fatty acids in the carcass.

In the methods after the sentence, The products P1, P2, P3, and P4 were each sprayed evenly on 1 kg of the commercial feed and then dried in the open air for 30 minutes. The feed is given gradually so that the experimental fish eat all of it. This aims to prevent the leaching of sprayed fermentation products so that these products do not dissolve into the rearing water during feeding.

Fish were hand-fed at a 3% body weight rate per day until study termination, which was after rearing them for 90 days from February to April 2021. Each experimental fish received well-fermented pellets so that they finished all the feed given.

In this study, the author did not analyze commercial wet pellet feed.

The author will complete an analysis of the growth performance of juvenile sago gourami fish at each growth measurement point (0, 30, 60, and 90 days) related to Figure 1 using the ANOVA test.

In the new version, The author will discuss the nutritional content of coconut water and palm sugar and how they contribute to the nutritional content of fish feed. The author will also discuss the fermentation process's effect on feed's nutritional content.

We will revise the conclusions to state the most optimal feed for the growth of gorami sago fish.

The author will revise the use of English in this article for the new version.
Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Close
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COMMENTS ON THIS REPORT

Author Response 29 Dec 2023

Hafrijal Syandri, Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, Universitas Bung Hatta, Padang, 25133, Indonesia

29 Dec 2023

Author Response
1. The author will revise the title in the new version with the efficacy of feed enriched with fermented coconut water products on growth and carcass composition of gurami
... Continue reading
The author will revise the title in the new version with the efficacy of feed enriched with fermented coconut water products on growth and carcass composition of gurami sago (Osphronemus goramy Lacepède, 1801) juvenile.

In the introduction part, the authors added this sentence on the new version: On the other hand, the supplementation of commercial feed with a formulated product consisting of coconut water, palm sugar, and fermented various fungi (Aspergillus niger, Rhizopus oligosporus, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae) has never been tested on fish. Therefore, it is crucial to analyze the efficacy of feed enriched with fermented coconut water products on juvenile sago gurami's growth and carcass composition (Osphronemus goramy Lacepède, 1801) in this study. Additionally, we examined the health lipid index of gurami sago by evaluating various types of fatty acids in the carcass.

In the methods after the sentence, The products P1, P2, P3, and P4 were each sprayed evenly on 1 kg of the commercial feed and then dried in the open air for 30 minutes. The feed is given gradually so that the experimental fish eat all of it. This aims to prevent the leaching of sprayed fermentation products so that these products do not dissolve into the rearing water during feeding.

Fish were hand-fed at a 3% body weight rate per day until study termination, which was after rearing them for 90 days from February to April 2021. Each experimental fish received well-fermented pellets so that they finished all the feed given.

In this study, the author did not analyze commercial wet pellet feed.

The author will complete an analysis of the growth performance of juvenile sago gourami fish at each growth measurement point (0, 30, 60, and 90 days) related to Figure 1 using the ANOVA test.

In the new version, The author will discuss the nutritional content of coconut water and palm sugar and how they contribute to the nutritional content of fish feed. The author will also discuss the fermentation process's effect on feed's nutritional content.

We will revise the conclusions to state the most optimal feed for the growth of gorami sago fish.

The author will revise the use of English in this article for the new version.
The author will revise the title in the new version with the efficacy of feed enriched with fermented coconut water products on growth and carcass composition of gurami sago (Osphronemus goramy Lacepède, 1801) juvenile.

In the introduction part, the authors added this sentence on the new version: On the other hand, the supplementation of commercial feed with a formulated product consisting of coconut water, palm sugar, and fermented various fungi (Aspergillus niger, Rhizopus oligosporus, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae) has never been tested on fish. Therefore, it is crucial to analyze the efficacy of feed enriched with fermented coconut water products on juvenile sago gurami's growth and carcass composition (Osphronemus goramy Lacepède, 1801) in this study. Additionally, we examined the health lipid index of gurami sago by evaluating various types of fatty acids in the carcass.

In the methods after the sentence, The products P1, P2, P3, and P4 were each sprayed evenly on 1 kg of the commercial feed and then dried in the open air for 30 minutes. The feed is given gradually so that the experimental fish eat all of it. This aims to prevent the leaching of sprayed fermentation products so that these products do not dissolve into the rearing water during feeding.

Fish were hand-fed at a 3% body weight rate per day until study termination, which was after rearing them for 90 days from February to April 2021. Each experimental fish received well-fermented pellets so that they finished all the feed given.

In this study, the author did not analyze commercial wet pellet feed.

The author will complete an analysis of the growth performance of juvenile sago gourami fish at each growth measurement point (0, 30, 60, and 90 days) related to Figure 1 using the ANOVA test.

In the new version, The author will discuss the nutritional content of coconut water and palm sugar and how they contribute to the nutritional content of fish feed. The author will also discuss the fermentation process's effect on feed's nutritional content.

We will revise the conclusions to state the most optimal feed for the growth of gorami sago fish.

The author will revise the use of English in this article for the new version.
Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Close
Report a concern

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Reviewer Report 28 Jan 2022

Nurul Huda, Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia

Approved with Reservations

https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.77807.r118909

Title

There is a need to highlight improvement in the quality of commercial fish pellet by using local natural source ingredients.

Abstract

Methods: authors need to mention the percentage of palm sap sugar solution (10%?).

Results: authors need to mention numerical results of growth performance, chemical compositions and fatty acid profiles of the treated fish.

Conclusion: authors need to highlight the ability of diet P1 to increase body weight, feed efficiency, and fatty acid profiles.

Introduction

Authors need to provide justification of choosing the Sago local strains as the treated fish.

‘We hypothesized that commercial feed supplemented with various formulated products’. As the authors used local water coconut and palm sap sugar as ingredients on their product formulation, they should state that this was the feed used in the hypothesis.

Methods

Change 3,000 ml to 3 litres and 9,000 ml to 9 litres

Change the cooked term to heated.

It is suggested not to spell out the producer name or brand of commercial feed used during the study.

Does 2 mm of commercial feed refer to the length of the individual pellet?

Need to mention whether the preparation of experiment diets was only conducted before the feeding trial? If yes, Authors need to mention the storage condition for the formulated diets during 90 days of feeding trial.

No need to re-mention the details proximate composition of commercial pellets.

Need to mention the reason behind the changes of feeding time from 5:00 PM (during acclimation) to 6:00 PM (during experiment).

Need to mention the objective and detail procedures for the fish brain injection. What kind of tools were used?

Need to mention the necessary drying of diet and fish sample at 135 °C for two hours: is it for moisture content analysis? If yes, the authors need to cite suitable reference for this method as normally moisture content analysis conducted at 105 °C for the whole night or after the constant weight of the samples reached.

Suggested not the spell out the name of commercial lab used for the chemical analysis of diet and fish sample. Maybe can state as analysis was conducted in accredited lab.

Results

Check the statistical analysis of result presentation. Normally "a" notification refers to the highest value of the results data. This comment applied to all statistical analysis result presentation. E.g. in table 1 the authors write:

Final body weight (g) 132±2.08a 147.74±1.02b 118.74±1.22c 109.73±1.89d

This should be written with ‘a’ as highest or lowest: therefore

Final body weight (g) 132±2.08b 147.74±1.02a 118.74±1.22c 109.73±1.89d (a = highest) OR
Final body weight (g) 132±2.08c 147.74±1.02d 118.74±1.22b 109.73±1.89a (a = lowest)

Table 3. Statement (% dry weight basis) normally refers to the presentation of proximate composition at 0.00% of moisture content. Authors need to delete the above mentioned statement of change to % wet basis. The current data presentation refers to the % wet basis of proximate composition.

Discussion:

Authors need to discuss the increase of carbohydrate content of sample P1, P2 and P3 then P4 which was probably contributed by the addition of palm sap sugar solution.

Relocate the following to Conclusion or Recommendations: "We recommend using products formulated from natural sources of coconut water, palm sugar, and fungus in commercial fish feeds, thereby increasing the production value of the net yield and bringing more significant financial benefits”.

Authors need to discuss the mechanism behind the production or increasing content of linolenic acid, EPA , and DHA in diets P1, P2 and P3. Are there previous reports or proven ability for the fungus used to produce or to convert mentioned fatty acid from palm sap sugar solution and or coconut water?

Conclusion

Need to highlight the growth performances of treated fish rather than the fatty acid compositions.

Need to highlight the term of local natural source ingredients.

Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature?

Yes
Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound?

Yes
Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others?

Yes
If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate?

Yes
Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility?

Yes
Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results?

Yes

Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed.

Reviewer Expertise: Food Science.

CITE

Report a concern

Author Response 29 Dec 2023

Hafrijal Syandri, Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, Universitas Bung Hatta, Padang, 25133, Indonesia

29 Dec 2023

Author Response
We have responded to article comments from Prof. Nurul Huda, Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia.
Abstract part

Background: Giant gourami (Osphronemus ... Continue reading
We have responded to article comments from Prof. Nurul Huda, Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia.
Abstract part

Background: Giant gourami (Osphronemus goramy Lacepede, 1801) has become popular aquaculture in Indonesia. However, information on the feed used is minimal. This study analyzed the change in feeding nutrition, fish growth, feed efficiency, and body carcass using product formulated from water coconut, palm sap sugar, and fungus

Methods: A total of 2 litres of coconut water and 1 litres of palm sap sugar solution (10%) were formulated. Each product formulated was added with 6 g of Aspergillus niger (called product P1), 6 g of Rhizopus oligosporus (called product P2), and 6 g of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (called product P3). Commercial feeds supplemented with P1, P2, and P3 products are designated P1, P2, and P3 diets. Commercial feed added to freshwater is called the P4 diet (placebo). Their dosage is 300 ml/kg of feed. Gurami sago juveniles (initial weight 50±2.5 g and length 13.2±0.4 cm) were stocked in triplicate nets (2×1×1 m) in a freshwater concrete pond with a stocking density of 30 fish/net, an initial feeding rate of 3% per day until study termination.

Results: Our results support our hypothesis that different product formulations have a significant effect (p<0.05) on growth performance. The weight gain and feed conversion efficiency in the P1, P2, P3, and P4 diets were 167.24%, 193.99%, 134,22%, 115.98%, and 0.65, 0.73, 0.65, and 0.64, respectively. At the same time, supplementing commercial feed with varying formula products has a significant impact (p<0.05) on the fatty acid composition of the diets and carcass body of gurami sago. Lipid content in fish carcasses fed P1, P2, P3, and P4 diets were 2.90%, 4.42%, 2.98%, and 2.76%, respectively.

Conclusion: Diet P2 contains a higher concentration of fatty acids to increase body weight, feed efficiency, and the best carcass fatty acid composition than other experiments for sago gurami reared in freshwater concrete ponds.

Methods part

Change 3,000 ml to 3 litres and 9,000 ml to 9 litres.
Comment: We are agreed to change 3,000 ml to 3 litres and 9,000 ml to 9 litres

It is suggested not to spell out the producer name or brand of commercial feed used during the study.
Comment: There are several types of feeds produced by manufacturers. Therefore we have to mention the manufacturers and brands of commercial feeds.

Does 2 mm of commercial feed refer to the length of the individual pellet?
Comment: The size 2 mm is the diameter of the individual pellet feed.

Need to mention whether the preparation of experimental diets was only conducted before the feeding trial? If yes, the Authors need to mention the storage condition for the formulated diets during 90 days of the feeding trial.
Comment: The addition of different formula products to the experimental diet was carried out every day before being given to the experimental fish.

We need to mention the reason behind the changes in feeding time from 5:00 PM (during acclimation) to 6:00 PM (during the experiment).
Comment: We wrote that 6:00 PM was a mistake; it should have been 5:00 PM according to the acclimatization schedule.

Need to mention the objective and detail procedures for the fish brain injection. What kind of tools were used?
Comment: Before the fish was euthanized, it was soaked in fresh water at a temperature of 10°C for five minutes. The goal is for the fish to be calmer and pierce their brain easier.The tools used are a large animal syringe (9G x 1 inch).

Need to mention the necessary drying of diet and fish sample at 135 °C for two hours: is it for moisture content analysis? If yes, the authors need to cite suitable reference for this method as normally moisture content analysis conducted at 105 °C for the whole night or after the constant weight of the samples reached.
Comment: The water content analysis should be carried out at a temperature of 105⁰ C.

Result part

Check the statistical analysis of the result presentation. Usually "a" notification refers to the highest value of the results data. This comment applied to all statistical analysis result presentations. e.g. in table 1, the authors write.
Comment: We will consider for other manuscripts.

Table 3. Statement (% dry weight basis) normally refers to the presentation of proximate composition at 0.00% of moisture content.
Comment: We agreed to change to % wet basis because the writing moisture data (Table 3)

Conclusion part:

Need to highlight the growth performances of treated fish rather than the fatty acid compositions.
Comment: we have written at the conclusion, i.e., the increase is related to growth rate, feed conversion ratio, and feed conversion efficiency. The P2 formulation was optimal for feed quality, fish growth, feed efficiency, and carcass fatty acids.
We have responded to article comments from Prof. Nurul Huda, Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia.
Abstract part

Background: Giant gourami (Osphronemus goramy Lacepede, 1801) has become popular aquaculture in Indonesia. However, information on the feed used is minimal. This study analyzed the change in feeding nutrition, fish growth, feed efficiency, and body carcass using product formulated from water coconut, palm sap sugar, and fungus

Methods: A total of 2 litres of coconut water and 1 litres of palm sap sugar solution (10%) were formulated. Each product formulated was added with 6 g of Aspergillus niger (called product P1), 6 g of Rhizopus oligosporus (called product P2), and 6 g of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (called product P3). Commercial feeds supplemented with P1, P2, and P3 products are designated P1, P2, and P3 diets. Commercial feed added to freshwater is called the P4 diet (placebo). Their dosage is 300 ml/kg of feed. Gurami sago juveniles (initial weight 50±2.5 g and length 13.2±0.4 cm) were stocked in triplicate nets (2×1×1 m) in a freshwater concrete pond with a stocking density of 30 fish/net, an initial feeding rate of 3% per day until study termination.

Results: Our results support our hypothesis that different product formulations have a significant effect (p<0.05) on growth performance. The weight gain and feed conversion efficiency in the P1, P2, P3, and P4 diets were 167.24%, 193.99%, 134,22%, 115.98%, and 0.65, 0.73, 0.65, and 0.64, respectively. At the same time, supplementing commercial feed with varying formula products has a significant impact (p<0.05) on the fatty acid composition of the diets and carcass body of gurami sago. Lipid content in fish carcasses fed P1, P2, P3, and P4 diets were 2.90%, 4.42%, 2.98%, and 2.76%, respectively.

Conclusion: Diet P2 contains a higher concentration of fatty acids to increase body weight, feed efficiency, and the best carcass fatty acid composition than other experiments for sago gurami reared in freshwater concrete ponds.

Methods part

Change 3,000 ml to 3 litres and 9,000 ml to 9 litres.
Comment: We are agreed to change 3,000 ml to 3 litres and 9,000 ml to 9 litres

It is suggested not to spell out the producer name or brand of commercial feed used during the study.
Comment: There are several types of feeds produced by manufacturers. Therefore we have to mention the manufacturers and brands of commercial feeds.

Does 2 mm of commercial feed refer to the length of the individual pellet?
Comment: The size 2 mm is the diameter of the individual pellet feed.

Need to mention whether the preparation of experimental diets was only conducted before the feeding trial? If yes, the Authors need to mention the storage condition for the formulated diets during 90 days of the feeding trial.
Comment: The addition of different formula products to the experimental diet was carried out every day before being given to the experimental fish.

We need to mention the reason behind the changes in feeding time from 5:00 PM (during acclimation) to 6:00 PM (during the experiment).
Comment: We wrote that 6:00 PM was a mistake; it should have been 5:00 PM according to the acclimatization schedule.

Need to mention the objective and detail procedures for the fish brain injection. What kind of tools were used?
Comment: Before the fish was euthanized, it was soaked in fresh water at a temperature of 10°C for five minutes. The goal is for the fish to be calmer and pierce their brain easier.The tools used are a large animal syringe (9G x 1 inch).

Need to mention the necessary drying of diet and fish sample at 135 °C for two hours: is it for moisture content analysis? If yes, the authors need to cite suitable reference for this method as normally moisture content analysis conducted at 105 °C for the whole night or after the constant weight of the samples reached.
Comment: The water content analysis should be carried out at a temperature of 105⁰ C.

Result part

Check the statistical analysis of the result presentation. Usually "a" notification refers to the highest value of the results data. This comment applied to all statistical analysis result presentations. e.g. in table 1, the authors write.
Comment: We will consider for other manuscripts.

Table 3. Statement (% dry weight basis) normally refers to the presentation of proximate composition at 0.00% of moisture content.
Comment: We agreed to change to % wet basis because the writing moisture data (Table 3)

Conclusion part:

Need to highlight the growth performances of treated fish rather than the fatty acid compositions.
Comment: we have written at the conclusion, i.e., the increase is related to growth rate, feed conversion ratio, and feed conversion efficiency. The P2 formulation was optimal for feed quality, fish growth, feed efficiency, and carcass fatty acids.
Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Close
Report a concern
Respond or Comment

COMMENTS ON THIS REPORT

Author Response 29 Dec 2023

Hafrijal Syandri, Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, Universitas Bung Hatta, Padang, 25133, Indonesia

29 Dec 2023

Author Response
We have responded to article comments from Prof. Nurul Huda, Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia.
Abstract part

Background: Giant gourami (Osphronemus ... Continue reading
We have responded to article comments from Prof. Nurul Huda, Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia.
Abstract part

Background: Giant gourami (Osphronemus goramy Lacepede, 1801) has become popular aquaculture in Indonesia. However, information on the feed used is minimal. This study analyzed the change in feeding nutrition, fish growth, feed efficiency, and body carcass using product formulated from water coconut, palm sap sugar, and fungus

Methods: A total of 2 litres of coconut water and 1 litres of palm sap sugar solution (10%) were formulated. Each product formulated was added with 6 g of Aspergillus niger (called product P1), 6 g of Rhizopus oligosporus (called product P2), and 6 g of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (called product P3). Commercial feeds supplemented with P1, P2, and P3 products are designated P1, P2, and P3 diets. Commercial feed added to freshwater is called the P4 diet (placebo). Their dosage is 300 ml/kg of feed. Gurami sago juveniles (initial weight 50±2.5 g and length 13.2±0.4 cm) were stocked in triplicate nets (2×1×1 m) in a freshwater concrete pond with a stocking density of 30 fish/net, an initial feeding rate of 3% per day until study termination.

Results: Our results support our hypothesis that different product formulations have a significant effect (p<0.05) on growth performance. The weight gain and feed conversion efficiency in the P1, P2, P3, and P4 diets were 167.24%, 193.99%, 134,22%, 115.98%, and 0.65, 0.73, 0.65, and 0.64, respectively. At the same time, supplementing commercial feed with varying formula products has a significant impact (p<0.05) on the fatty acid composition of the diets and carcass body of gurami sago. Lipid content in fish carcasses fed P1, P2, P3, and P4 diets were 2.90%, 4.42%, 2.98%, and 2.76%, respectively.

Conclusion: Diet P2 contains a higher concentration of fatty acids to increase body weight, feed efficiency, and the best carcass fatty acid composition than other experiments for sago gurami reared in freshwater concrete ponds.

Methods part

Change 3,000 ml to 3 litres and 9,000 ml to 9 litres.
Comment: We are agreed to change 3,000 ml to 3 litres and 9,000 ml to 9 litres

It is suggested not to spell out the producer name or brand of commercial feed used during the study.
Comment: There are several types of feeds produced by manufacturers. Therefore we have to mention the manufacturers and brands of commercial feeds.

Does 2 mm of commercial feed refer to the length of the individual pellet?
Comment: The size 2 mm is the diameter of the individual pellet feed.

Need to mention whether the preparation of experimental diets was only conducted before the feeding trial? If yes, the Authors need to mention the storage condition for the formulated diets during 90 days of the feeding trial.
Comment: The addition of different formula products to the experimental diet was carried out every day before being given to the experimental fish.

We need to mention the reason behind the changes in feeding time from 5:00 PM (during acclimation) to 6:00 PM (during the experiment).
Comment: We wrote that 6:00 PM was a mistake; it should have been 5:00 PM according to the acclimatization schedule.

Need to mention the objective and detail procedures for the fish brain injection. What kind of tools were used?
Comment: Before the fish was euthanized, it was soaked in fresh water at a temperature of 10°C for five minutes. The goal is for the fish to be calmer and pierce their brain easier.The tools used are a large animal syringe (9G x 1 inch).

Need to mention the necessary drying of diet and fish sample at 135 °C for two hours: is it for moisture content analysis? If yes, the authors need to cite suitable reference for this method as normally moisture content analysis conducted at 105 °C for the whole night or after the constant weight of the samples reached.
Comment: The water content analysis should be carried out at a temperature of 105⁰ C.

Result part

Check the statistical analysis of the result presentation. Usually "a" notification refers to the highest value of the results data. This comment applied to all statistical analysis result presentations. e.g. in table 1, the authors write.
Comment: We will consider for other manuscripts.

Table 3. Statement (% dry weight basis) normally refers to the presentation of proximate composition at 0.00% of moisture content.
Comment: We agreed to change to % wet basis because the writing moisture data (Table 3)

Conclusion part:

Need to highlight the growth performances of treated fish rather than the fatty acid compositions.
Comment: we have written at the conclusion, i.e., the increase is related to growth rate, feed conversion ratio, and feed conversion efficiency. The P2 formulation was optimal for feed quality, fish growth, feed efficiency, and carcass fatty acids.
We have responded to article comments from Prof. Nurul Huda, Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia.
Abstract part

Background: Giant gourami (Osphronemus goramy Lacepede, 1801) has become popular aquaculture in Indonesia. However, information on the feed used is minimal. This study analyzed the change in feeding nutrition, fish growth, feed efficiency, and body carcass using product formulated from water coconut, palm sap sugar, and fungus

Methods: A total of 2 litres of coconut water and 1 litres of palm sap sugar solution (10%) were formulated. Each product formulated was added with 6 g of Aspergillus niger (called product P1), 6 g of Rhizopus oligosporus (called product P2), and 6 g of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (called product P3). Commercial feeds supplemented with P1, P2, and P3 products are designated P1, P2, and P3 diets. Commercial feed added to freshwater is called the P4 diet (placebo). Their dosage is 300 ml/kg of feed. Gurami sago juveniles (initial weight 50±2.5 g and length 13.2±0.4 cm) were stocked in triplicate nets (2×1×1 m) in a freshwater concrete pond with a stocking density of 30 fish/net, an initial feeding rate of 3% per day until study termination.

Results: Our results support our hypothesis that different product formulations have a significant effect (p<0.05) on growth performance. The weight gain and feed conversion efficiency in the P1, P2, P3, and P4 diets were 167.24%, 193.99%, 134,22%, 115.98%, and 0.65, 0.73, 0.65, and 0.64, respectively. At the same time, supplementing commercial feed with varying formula products has a significant impact (p<0.05) on the fatty acid composition of the diets and carcass body of gurami sago. Lipid content in fish carcasses fed P1, P2, P3, and P4 diets were 2.90%, 4.42%, 2.98%, and 2.76%, respectively.

Conclusion: Diet P2 contains a higher concentration of fatty acids to increase body weight, feed efficiency, and the best carcass fatty acid composition than other experiments for sago gurami reared in freshwater concrete ponds.

Methods part

Change 3,000 ml to 3 litres and 9,000 ml to 9 litres.
Comment: We are agreed to change 3,000 ml to 3 litres and 9,000 ml to 9 litres

It is suggested not to spell out the producer name or brand of commercial feed used during the study.
Comment: There are several types of feeds produced by manufacturers. Therefore we have to mention the manufacturers and brands of commercial feeds.

Does 2 mm of commercial feed refer to the length of the individual pellet?
Comment: The size 2 mm is the diameter of the individual pellet feed.

Need to mention whether the preparation of experimental diets was only conducted before the feeding trial? If yes, the Authors need to mention the storage condition for the formulated diets during 90 days of the feeding trial.
Comment: The addition of different formula products to the experimental diet was carried out every day before being given to the experimental fish.

We need to mention the reason behind the changes in feeding time from 5:00 PM (during acclimation) to 6:00 PM (during the experiment).
Comment: We wrote that 6:00 PM was a mistake; it should have been 5:00 PM according to the acclimatization schedule.

Need to mention the objective and detail procedures for the fish brain injection. What kind of tools were used?
Comment: Before the fish was euthanized, it was soaked in fresh water at a temperature of 10°C for five minutes. The goal is for the fish to be calmer and pierce their brain easier.The tools used are a large animal syringe (9G x 1 inch).

Need to mention the necessary drying of diet and fish sample at 135 °C for two hours: is it for moisture content analysis? If yes, the authors need to cite suitable reference for this method as normally moisture content analysis conducted at 105 °C for the whole night or after the constant weight of the samples reached.
Comment: The water content analysis should be carried out at a temperature of 105⁰ C.

Result part

Check the statistical analysis of the result presentation. Usually "a" notification refers to the highest value of the results data. This comment applied to all statistical analysis result presentations. e.g. in table 1, the authors write.
Comment: We will consider for other manuscripts.

Table 3. Statement (% dry weight basis) normally refers to the presentation of proximate composition at 0.00% of moisture content.
Comment: We agreed to change to % wet basis because the writing moisture data (Table 3)

Conclusion part:

Need to highlight the growth performances of treated fish rather than the fatty acid compositions.
Comment: we have written at the conclusion, i.e., the increase is related to growth rate, feed conversion ratio, and feed conversion efficiency. The P2 formulation was optimal for feed quality, fish growth, feed efficiency, and carcass fatty acids.
Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Close
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Version 2

VERSION 2 PUBLISHED 08 Nov 2021

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Version 1 08 Nov 21	read	read

Nurul Huda, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia
Norazmi-Lokman Nor Hakim, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
Mohamad Gazali, University of Teuku Umar Meulaboh, Meulaboh, Indonesia; Universiti Malaysia Terengganu (Ringgold ID: 95438), Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia

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2 Views

19 Feb 2024 | for Version 2

2 Views Cite this report Responses(0)

Approved With Reservations

Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature?

Yes
Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound?

Yes
Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others?

Partly
If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate?

Yes
Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility?

No source data required
Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results?

Yes

Competing Interests

No competing interests were disclosed.

Reviewer Expertise

Expertise : Marine Biotechnology

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8 Views

16 Nov 2023 | for Version 1

Norazmi-Lokman Nor Hakim, Fisheries and Aquaculture Centre, Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies – Taroona, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tas, Australia

8 Views Cite this report Responses(1)

Approved With Reservations

Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature?

Yes
Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound?

Partly
Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others?

Yes
If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate?

Partly
Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility?

Yes
Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results?

Yes

Competing Interests

No competing interests were disclosed.

Reviewer Expertise

aquaculture

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Author Response

29 Dec 2023

Hafrijal Syandri, Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, Universitas Bung Hatta, Padang, 25133, Indonesia

The author will revise the title in the new version with the efficacy of feed enriched with fermented coconut water products on growth and carcass composition of gurami sago (Osphronemus goramy Lacepède, 1801) juvenile.
In the introduction part, the authors added this sentence on the new version: On the other hand, the supplementation of commercial feed with a formulated product consisting of coconut water, palm sugar, and fermented various fungi (Aspergillus niger, Rhizopus oligosporus, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae) has never been tested on fish. Therefore, it is crucial to analyze the efficacy of feed enriched with fermented coconut water products on juvenile sago gurami's growth and carcass composition (Osphronemus goramy Lacepède, 1801) in this study. Additionally, we examined the health lipid index of gurami sago by evaluating various types of fatty acids in the carcass.
In the methods after the sentence, The products P1, P2, P3, and P4 were each sprayed evenly on 1 kg of the commercial feed and then dried in the open air for 30 minutes. The feed is given gradually so that the experimental fish eat all of it. This aims to prevent the leaching of sprayed fermentation products so that these products do not dissolve into the rearing water during feeding.
Fish were hand-fed at a 3% body weight rate per day until study termination, which was after rearing them for 90 days from February to April 2021. Each experimental fish received well-fermented pellets so that they finished all the feed given.
In this study, the author did not analyze commercial wet pellet feed.
The author will complete an analysis of the growth performance of juvenile sago gourami fish at each growth measurement point (0, 30, 60, and 90 days) related to Figure 1 using the ANOVA test.
In the new version, The author will discuss the nutritional content of coconut water and palm sugar and how they contribute to the nutritional content of fish feed. The author will also discuss the fermentation process's effect on feed's nutritional content.
We will revise the conclusions to state the most optimal feed for the growth of gorami sago fish.
The author will revise the use of English in this article for the new version.

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Competing Interests

No competing interests were disclosed.

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Reviewer Report

29 Views

28 Jan 2022 | for Version 1

Nurul Huda, Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia

29 Views Cite this report Responses(1)

Approved With Reservations

Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature?

Yes
Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound?

Yes
Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others?

Yes
If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate?

Yes
Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility?

Yes
Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results?

Yes

Competing Interests

No competing interests were disclosed.

Reviewer Expertise

Food Science.

Respond to this report

Responses (1)

Author Response

29 Dec 2023

Hafrijal Syandri, Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, Universitas Bung Hatta, Padang, 25133, Indonesia

We have responded to article comments from Prof. Nurul Huda, Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia.
Abstract part

Background: Giant gourami (Osphronemus goramy Lacepede, 1801) has become popular aquaculture in Indonesia. However, information on the feed used is minimal. This study analyzed the change in feeding nutrition, fish growth, feed efficiency, and body carcass using product formulated from water coconut, palm sap sugar, and fungus

Methods: A total of 2 litres of coconut water and 1 litres of palm sap sugar solution (10%) were formulated. Each product formulated was added with 6 g of Aspergillus niger (called product P1), 6 g of Rhizopus oligosporus (called product P2), and 6 g of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (called product P3). Commercial feeds supplemented with P1, P2, and P3 products are designated P1, P2, and P3 diets. Commercial feed added to freshwater is called the P4 diet (placebo). Their dosage is 300 ml/kg of feed. Gurami sago juveniles (initial weight 50±2.5 g and length 13.2±0.4 cm) were stocked in triplicate nets (2×1×1 m) in a freshwater concrete pond with a stocking density of 30 fish/net, an initial feeding rate of 3% per day until study termination.

Results: Our results support our hypothesis that different product formulations have a significant effect (p<0.05) on growth performance. The weight gain and feed conversion efficiency in the P1, P2, P3, and P4 diets were 167.24%, 193.99%, 134,22%, 115.98%, and 0.65, 0.73, 0.65, and 0.64, respectively. At the same time, supplementing commercial feed with varying formula products has a significant impact (p<0.05) on the fatty acid composition of the diets and carcass body of gurami sago. Lipid content in fish carcasses fed P1, P2, P3, and P4 diets were 2.90%, 4.42%, 2.98%, and 2.76%, respectively.

Conclusion: Diet P2 contains a higher concentration of fatty acids to increase body weight, feed efficiency, and the best carcass fatty acid composition than other experiments for sago gurami reared in freshwater concrete ponds.

Methods part

Change 3,000 ml to 3 litres and 9,000 ml to 9 litres.
Comment: We are agreed to change 3,000 ml to 3 litres and 9,000 ml to 9 litres
It is suggested not to spell out the producer name or brand of commercial feed used during the study.
Comment: There are several types of feeds produced by manufacturers. Therefore we have to mention the manufacturers and brands of commercial feeds.
Does 2 mm of commercial feed refer to the length of the individual pellet?
Comment: The size 2 mm is the diameter of the individual pellet feed.
Need to mention whether the preparation of experimental diets was only conducted before the feeding trial? If yes, the Authors need to mention the storage condition for the formulated diets during 90 days of the feeding trial.
Comment: The addition of different formula products to the experimental diet was carried out every day before being given to the experimental fish.
We need to mention the reason behind the changes in feeding time from 5:00 PM (during acclimation) to 6:00 PM (during the experiment).
Comment: We wrote that 6:00 PM was a mistake; it should have been 5:00 PM according to the acclimatization schedule.
Need to mention the objective and detail procedures for the fish brain injection. What kind of tools were used?
Comment: Before the fish was euthanized, it was soaked in fresh water at a temperature of 10°C for five minutes. The goal is for the fish to be calmer and pierce their brain easier.The tools used are a large animal syringe (9G x 1 inch).
Need to mention the necessary drying of diet and fish sample at 135 °C for two hours: is it for moisture content analysis? If yes, the authors need to cite suitable reference for this method as normally moisture content analysis conducted at 105 °C for the whole night or after the constant weight of the samples reached.
Comment: The water content analysis should be carried out at a temperature of 105⁰ C.

Result part

Check the statistical analysis of the result presentation. Usually "a" notification refers to the highest value of the results data. This comment applied to all statistical analysis result presentations. e.g. in table 1, the authors write.
Comment: We will consider for other manuscripts.
Table 3. Statement (% dry weight basis) normally refers to the presentation of proximate composition at 0.00% of moisture content.
Comment: We agreed to change to % wet basis because the writing moisture data (Table 3)

Conclusion part:

Need to highlight the growth performances of treated fish rather than the fatty acid compositions.
Comment: we have written at the conclusion, i.e., the increase is related to growth rate, feed conversion ratio, and feed conversion efficiency. The P2 formulation was optimal for feed quality, fish growth, feed efficiency, and carcass fatty acids.

View more View less

Competing Interests

No competing interests were disclosed.

Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article:

Approved - the paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested

Approved with reservations - A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit.

Not approved - fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions

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Effect of feed enriched with fermented coconut water products on growth and carcass composition of gurami sago (Osphronemus goramy Lacepède, 1801) juvenile.

Abstract

Background

Methods

Results

Conclusion

Keywords

Revised Amendments from Version 1

Introduction

Methods

Ethical statement

Preparation of formulated product

Preparation of experiment diets

Experimental procedures and sampling

Proximate composition

Fatty acids analysis

Calculations

Data analysis

Results

Growth performance and whole-body biochemical composition from the different treatments

Figure 1. Growth performance of gurami sago at 30, 60, and 90 days for all groups (P1, P2, P3, P4) during the experimental phase.

Table 1. Growth performance of gurami sago from the different treatments after the 90-days experimental period (average ± standard deviation).

Table 2. Biochemical body composition of gurami sago from the different treatments after the 90-days experimental period (average ± standard deviation).

Chemical composition of the diets from the different treatments

Table 3. Proximate composition (% wet weight basis) of the experimental diets (average ± standard deviation).

Effect of different formulation products on the fatty acid profile of the diets

Table 4. Fatty acid composition (% of total FA) and total lipids in the diet supplemented with the formulated products (average ± standard deviation).

Fatty acids profile of the whole body of gurami sago from the different treatments

Table 5. Fatty acids profile (% of total FA) of gurami sago fed with different diets after the 90-days experimental period.

Discussion

Conclusion

Data availability statement

Underlying data

References

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