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Research Article
Revised

Morphometric study of the lumbar vertebrae in dried anatomical collections

[version 4; peer review: 4 approved]
PUBLISHED 28 Dec 2023
Author details Author details
OPEN PEER REVIEW
REVIEWER STATUS

This article is included in the Manipal Academy of Higher Education gateway.

Abstract

Background

The objective of this anatomical study was to perform the morphometry of dried lumbar vertebrae in human cadavers.

Methods

This study utilized 200 adult human cadaveric dried lumbar vertebrae. The digital Vernier calipers was used to perform the measurements. The height, antero-posterior length, transverse length of the body of the vertebrae, interpedicular distance at the lateral ends, lamina length, height and thickness, superior and inferior articular facet height and width, mid sagittal and transverse diameter of vertebral foramen, height, width and thickness of the pars inter-articularis were measured.

Results

The vertebral body’s anteroposterior length was more at the lower border than at the superior border (p < 0.01). The length of lamina was higher over the right in comparison to the left (p < 0.001). The height of lamina, width of inferior articular facet, diameter of lateral recess and thickness of pars inter-articularis were greater for the left sided specimens (p < 0.01). The statistical significance was not observed for the comparison of the remaining parameters (p > 0.05).

Conclusion

This anatomical study offered several dimensions of lumbar vertebrae, which are essential in the surgical practice. The implants at the lumbar vertebrae need to be manufactured based on the anatomical dimensions of that particular sample population.

Keywords

Lumbar Vertebrae; Pars Interarticularis; Skeletal Fixation

Revised Amendments from Version 3

In this revised version, the changes are performed to the scientific content as per the learned reviewers opinion. Two more recently published literature are cited. The limitations of this study based on the reviewer comments about the statistical analysis, ethnic variations are added. The table 1 was revised and the clarity was given in correlation to Figure 1 with respect to the measurements. The discussion part is added with one more paragraph.

See the authors' detailed response to the review by Nicholas Bacci
See the authors' detailed response to the review by Gyanaranjan Nayak
See the authors' detailed response to the review by Srinivasa Rao Sirasanagandla
See the authors' detailed response to the review by Ravi Kant Narayan

Introduction

In Latin language, ‘lumbus’ means ‘lion’, hence lumbar vertebrae are compared to a lion. They are very flexible and offer stability to the vertebral column. There are few studies available, which offer the morphometric data of the lumbar vertebrae, however there are not many studies available about the dimensions of pars inter-articularis in the anatomical collections. Pars interarticularis is located between the superior and inferior articular facets of the zygapophyseal joints of each vertebra. In the radiographs of the lumbar vertebrae, the pars inter-articularis resembles the neck of a Scottish dog. Since the surgical techniques of the vertebral column involve the utilization of bony anatomical landmarks, the morphometric data of the various parts of the vertebrae are essential. The accurate anatomical dimensional knowledge is important to understand the etiopathogenesis of the lower backache. The bony landmarks like the pars inter-articularis, transverse process, superior and inferior articular facets are particularly important during the internal fixation of the lumbar spine. The pars interarticularis are important parts of lumbar vertebrae, which help during the surgical instrumentation.1 The anatomical studies help in understanding the detail complex morphometry of the vertebral column.2,3 There is an assumption that the morphometry of the vertebrae play a role in degenerative diseases of the vertebral column.4 The measurements are essential while choosing a suitable implant and this may avoid the intervertebral space exceeding and subsequent injury of the blood vessels.5 In this context, the objective of this anatomical study was to perform the morphometry of dried lumbar vertebrae of the human cadavers in sample Indian population.

Methods

This descriptive anatomical study included 200 adult cadaveric dry lumbar vertebrae. The sample size was calculated by referring the article by Singh et al.6

The formula applied was

n=2Z1α/2+Z1β2σ2d2

Z1-α/2=Z value at ‘α’ level of significance

Z1-β=Z value at (1-β) % power

σ=anticipated population standard deviation of the outcome variable (or) common assumed standard deviation between the two groups

d=clinically significant difference

The protocol of this present research is available online at https://www.protocols.io/view/morphometric-study-of-the-lumbar-vertebrae-in-drie-cjqhumt6. The study duration was 6 months from 17.02.2022 to 17.08.2022. The age and sex of the specimens was not taken into consideration. The present study did not segregate the vertebrae into typical or atypical, because of the random collections of the dried vertebrae. We could not number the vertebrae with respect to the lumbar region. Congenitally deformed lumbar vertebrae were excluded from the present study. Measurements of this study are performed by the digital Vernier calipers. All the measurements were performed by one among the authors of this manuscript. The same author performed the measurements to prevent the inter-observer error. Three measurements were performed and the average of it was taken to prevent the intra-observer error.

The data are expressed in millimeters and tabulated as mean±standard deviation. The details of the measurements performed in this investigation are represented in Figure 1 and Table 1. The SPSS software (version 26) was utilized to perform the statistical analysis. The paired ‘t’ test was applied to compare the parameters between the right and left sides.

cbf7761b-5216-4cd9-9297-c76220edb1d7_figure1.gif

Figure 1. Morphometric parameters of the lumbar vertebrae performed in this study (n=200).

Table 1. Morphometric parameters of the lumbar vertebrae (n=200) performed in this study.

1Vertebral body height (A-B)
2Antero-posterior length of body at superior border (C-A)
3Antero-posterior length of the body at inferior border (D-B)
4Transverse length of the body (E-F)
5Distance between the lateral most parts of the pedicles (G-H)
6Lamina length, right and left side (I-J)
7Lamina height (K-L), right side and left side
8Lamina thickness (M-N) on right and left sides
9Superior articular facet height (O-P) and width (Q-R), right and left side
10Inferior articular facet height (S-T) and width (U-V), right and left side
11Mid sagittal anteroposterior diameter of vertebral foramen (W-X)
12Transverse diameter of vertebral foramen (Y-Z)
13Lateral recess diameter, right and left side (A1-B1)
14Pars inter-articularis height on the right and left sides (C1-D1)
15Pars inter-articularis width on the right and left sides (E1-F1)
16Pars inter-articularis thickness over the right and left sides (G1-H1)

The dimensions given here in this table, are to be correlated with Figure 1.

The ethics committee of our institution has approved this research (Institutional Ethics Committee, Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, IEC KMC MLR: 02/2022/60, dated 17.02.2022). Since this is a study from the cadaveric dried bones, the consent from the participants is not applicable. This was waived by our institutional ethics committee. This present research is following the guidelines of the international ethical standards. Since this is a cross sectional study from the dried lumbar vertebrae of the donated cadavers and did not reveal the identity of the body donor, the written informed consent was not taken from the body donor’s family for the use and publication of this research.

Results

The anatomical data obtained in this study are given in Tables 2 and 3. The vertebral body anteroposterior dimension was more at its lower border than at the upper (p<0.01). The length of lamina was higher over the right side (p < 0.001). The height of lamina, width of inferior articular facet, diameter of lateral recess and thickness of pars inter-articularis were greater for the left side (p<0.01). The remaining parameters, which were compared on the right and left sides did not reveal the difference with respect to the statistical significance (p>0.05).

Table 2. Unpaired measurements of the lumbar vertebrae (n=200).

Parameter measuredmean±SD
vertebral body height24.6±1.9
vertebral body AP length at superior border30.1±3.3p<0.01*
vertebral body AP length at inferior border30.6±3
vertebral body transverse length44±5.1
distance between lateral walls of pedicle42.1±8.7
mid sagittal AP diameter of vertebral foramen14.2±1.8
transverse diameter of vertebral foramen21.6±2.5

* p<0.01, statistical test used - paired ‘t’ test.

Table 3. Paired dimensions of the lumbar vertebrae (n=200) (n=200, statistical analysis - paired ‘t’ test).

MeasurementOn right sideOn left side‘p’ value
Length of lamina11.7±2.111.3±2.1p<0.001*
Height of lamina20.8±3.721.4±3.7p<0.001*
Thickness of lamina6.3±1.16.4±1.1p>0.05
Height of superior articular facet12.5±2.312.7±2.1p>0.05
Width of superior articular facet11.8±1.911.7±1.8p>0.05
Width of inferior articular facet11.2±1.911.4±1.8p<0.05*
Height of inferior articular facet13.4±1.913.6±2.1p>0.05
Diameter of lateral recess7.3±1.67.5±1.5p<0.01*
Height of pars inter-articularis41.9±3.841.7±3.7p>0.05
Width of pars inter-articularis13.4±2.113.3±2p>0.05
Thickness of pars inter-articularis8±1.18.4±1.2p<0.001*

* p<0.05-significant; p<0.01-moderately significant; p<0.001-highly significant, statistical test used - paired ‘t’ test.

Discussion

If the significant part of vertebral body is involved in a disease, there will be neurological deficits and instability of the back. Internal fixation of vertebral column is the best management available for the traumatic spine injury, lumbar canal stenosis, spondylolisthesis and malignant tumors. The internal fixation offers better stabilization and decreases the duration of the morbidity. The spinal surgery is also performed in prolapsed intervertebral disc and conditions like scoliosis. It was reported that, this is among the hardest surgeries to perform as it is prone for the postoperative complications.7 Krag et al.8 performed the morphometry of the vertebrae in cadavers, both manually and radiologically. Characterizing the morphology of the spine among populations, would allow personalizing the conditions under which each individual should be exposed. The morphometric data of the vertebrae are not only useful in the field of neurosurgery, but are also essential to the specialties like neurology and orthopedics. Dimensions of the cervical and thoracic spine were already determined in our collections, few years ago.9 This present study was the continuation of this and here we determined the parameters in the lumbar vertebrae. The morphometrical data of various parts of lumbar vertebrae, procured from this study can be considered as the reference data for our study population.

There are not many studies being performed about the morphometry of pars inter-articularis. It offers structural support to the vertebral column and considered as the main support. Pars inter-articularis is a dense cortical bone and is exposed in the posterior approaches. There are morphometrical studies, which are performed by using the radiological methods like utilizing the radiographs and computed tomogram scans.10 The vertebral column robusticity increased significantly over the time affecting the dimensions of the vertebral body as well.10 According to Kapoor et al.,11 the inter-pedicular distance was 18.5 mm at the first lumbar vertebra, 21.5 mm at the lower lumbar vertebrae. Aly and Amin12 reported that the interpedicular distance in the lumbar vertebrae varies from 17 to 43.4 mm and this increases towards inferior region. Nayak et al.13 opined that the dimensions of vertebral foramen are higher in the atypical lumbar vertebrae than in the typical. The height of body of vertebrae was 171 cm in males and 158.2 cm in females.10

During the neurosurgical procedures like pedicle screw insertion, improper design of the implant, the depth of insertion, morphometry, density of bone and iatrogenic mistakes can lead to complications like injury to the meninges, CSF leakage and injury to the neurovascular structures.14 Best knowledge of human anatomy about the morphometry and angulations of the pedicles in relation to the clinically oriented anatomical landmarks can prevent these complications.14 A South African research studied the ethnic variation in the osseous morphology of the dried lumbar vertebrae.15 In this present study, the ethnic variations were not studied and also the comparison with the previously published data was not possible as there were differences in the method of measurements performed.

In the present study, we could not segregate the vertebrae with respect to their number, age and sex. The segregation of the lumbar vertebrae into typical and atypical groups might have added more clarity and specificity. This can be considered as a limitation of this anatomical research. In this study, repeatability of the measurements by asking a secondary observer was not performed. It would have been better if a subset of the sample was measured by a secondary observer and intraclass correlation was applied statistically. If the measurements are consistently taken by one observer incorrectly and then averaged to one value it still might not be representative of the ‘true’ dimensions of the vertebrae. Statistically confirming the agreement between these measurements would strengthen the quality of the research. If the intra-observer error is high, it might suggest the requirement for better measurement definitions or suggest using different tools for them in the field of vertebral morphometry in general.

Since it was just a cross sectional anatomical investigation from the dried vertebrae, the specimens from the same cadaver could not be determined as these are random collections. More studies with larger cohort and validated methods of accurate geometric measurements will be helpful in studying this complex anatomy. However, this study offers data about the pars interarticularis of the lumbar vertebrae, which are scarcely reported in the scientific literature. This makes this study interesting as this is novel in the anatomical literature and different from the previous publications.

Conclusion

We report the measurements of parts of the vertebrae of the lumbar region in sample Indian population. It is believed that, these data will help the operating neurosurgeons and spine surgeons during the surgeries like laminectomy and decompression. They are also essential in planning the accurate sizes of the plates and screws in the internal fixation. The implants have to be manufactured depending on the anatomical dimensions of that particular sample population.

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Ashish S, Kalluraya P, Pai MM et al. Morphometric study of the lumbar vertebrae in dried anatomical collections [version 4; peer review: 4 approved]. F1000Research 2023, 11:1408 (https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.126879.4)
NOTE: If applicable, it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article.
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Key to Reviewer Statuses VIEW
ApprovedThe paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested
Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit.
Not approvedFundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions
Version 4
VERSION 4
PUBLISHED 28 Dec 2023
Revised
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Reviewer Report 19 Jan 2024
Ravi Kant Narayan, ESIC Medical College & Hospital, Bihar, India 
Approved
VIEWS 8
No ... Continue reading
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HOW TO CITE THIS REPORT
Narayan RK. Reviewer Report For: Morphometric study of the lumbar vertebrae in dried anatomical collections [version 4; peer review: 4 approved]. F1000Research 2023, 11:1408 (https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.160287.r234001)
NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article.
Version 3
VERSION 3
PUBLISHED 07 Aug 2023
Revised
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Reviewer Report 20 Nov 2023
Nicholas Bacci, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa 
Approved
VIEWS 8
This paper presents a morphometric investigation of the lumbar vertebrae of the Indian population with relevance and application to spinal orthopedic clinical practice. The authors put forward a well-structured, detailed manuscript of high scientific quality, including a good ethical standard, ... Continue reading
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Bacci N. Reviewer Report For: Morphometric study of the lumbar vertebrae in dried anatomical collections [version 4; peer review: 4 approved]. F1000Research 2023, 11:1408 (https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.152503.r209286)
NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article.
  • Author Response 16 Jan 2024
    Mangala Pai, Department of Anatomy, Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
    16 Jan 2024
    Author Response
    We thank the learned reviewer for the time and expert comments. We have revised the manuscript as per the suggestion.

    1. The accurate definition of the pars interarticularis is ... Continue reading
COMMENTS ON THIS REPORT
  • Author Response 16 Jan 2024
    Mangala Pai, Department of Anatomy, Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
    16 Jan 2024
    Author Response
    We thank the learned reviewer for the time and expert comments. We have revised the manuscript as per the suggestion.

    1. The accurate definition of the pars interarticularis is ... Continue reading
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12
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Reviewer Report 20 Nov 2023
Gyanaranjan Nayak, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India 
Approved
VIEWS 12
First of all, I am privileged to review this article. This seems like a well-conducted research. This is approved by the Institution Ethics Committee which is laudable. Despite working on only dried bones, the authors have ventured to get clearance ... Continue reading
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Nayak G. Reviewer Report For: Morphometric study of the lumbar vertebrae in dried anatomical collections [version 4; peer review: 4 approved]. F1000Research 2023, 11:1408 (https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.152503.r209281)
NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article.
  • Author Response 16 Jan 2024
    Mangala Pai, Department of Anatomy, Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
    16 Jan 2024
    Author Response
    We accept the reviewer opinion and unfortunately, this segregation was not performed. This is added in the revised version as the limitation of the present study.
    Competing Interests: We do not have any competing interests.
COMMENTS ON THIS REPORT
  • Author Response 16 Jan 2024
    Mangala Pai, Department of Anatomy, Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
    16 Jan 2024
    Author Response
    We accept the reviewer opinion and unfortunately, this segregation was not performed. This is added in the revised version as the limitation of the present study.
    Competing Interests: We do not have any competing interests.
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Reviewer Report 20 Nov 2023
Ravi Kant Narayan, ESIC Medical College & Hospital, Bihar, India 
Approved with Reservations
VIEWS 13
  1. The study is a repetition of numerous previous published literature.
     
  2. There is nothing novel in the manuscript except for the data from the unnamed population.
     
  3. There is
... Continue reading
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Narayan RK. Reviewer Report For: Morphometric study of the lumbar vertebrae in dried anatomical collections [version 4; peer review: 4 approved]. F1000Research 2023, 11:1408 (https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.152503.r209288)
NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article.
  • Author Response 16 Jan 2024
    Mangala Pai, Department of Anatomy, Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
    16 Jan 2024
    Author Response
    We thank the reviewer for the expert opinion.
    As per the suggestion, recently published literature is cited in this revised version.

    Priya A, Narayan RK, Ghosh SK, Sarangi PK. ... Continue reading
COMMENTS ON THIS REPORT
  • Author Response 16 Jan 2024
    Mangala Pai, Department of Anatomy, Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
    16 Jan 2024
    Author Response
    We thank the reviewer for the expert opinion.
    As per the suggestion, recently published literature is cited in this revised version.

    Priya A, Narayan RK, Ghosh SK, Sarangi PK. ... Continue reading
Version 2
VERSION 2
PUBLISHED 01 Feb 2023
Revised
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Reviewer Report 09 Feb 2023
Srinivasa Rao Sirasanagandla, Department of Human & Clinical Anatomy, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman 
Approved
VIEWS 8
The authors have responded to all queries raised for version 1 of the ... Continue reading
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Sirasanagandla SR. Reviewer Report For: Morphometric study of the lumbar vertebrae in dried anatomical collections [version 4; peer review: 4 approved]. F1000Research 2023, 11:1408 (https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.143713.r162083)
NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article.
Version 1
VERSION 1
PUBLISHED 30 Nov 2022
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Reviewer Report 23 Dec 2022
Srinivasa Rao Sirasanagandla, Department of Human & Clinical Anatomy, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman 
Approved with Reservations
VIEWS 33
The present study provides the morphometric data of the lumbar vertebrae in dried anatomical collections in the Indian population. The authors presented the manuscript in a detailed manner, along with protocol, and data availability files. However, I have the following ... Continue reading
CITE
CITE
HOW TO CITE THIS REPORT
Sirasanagandla SR. Reviewer Report For: Morphometric study of the lumbar vertebrae in dried anatomical collections [version 4; peer review: 4 approved]. F1000Research 2023, 11:1408 (https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.139335.r156968)
NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article.
  • Author Response 03 Feb 2023
    Mangala Pai, Department of Anatomy, Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
    03 Feb 2023
    Author Response
    Reviewer comment - Introduction - Authors should cite some of the recent articles dealing with the morphometry of lumbar vertebrae. 
    Author Reply: Two more recent references are added in this ... Continue reading
  • Author Response 29 Nov 2023
    Mangala Pai, Department of Anatomy, Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
    29 Nov 2023
    Author Response
    In this revised version, we have removed the headings ‘implications’ and ‘limitations’. The sentence about difference of this study from the previous report is added.
    Competing Interests: There are no conflicts of interest
COMMENTS ON THIS REPORT
  • Author Response 03 Feb 2023
    Mangala Pai, Department of Anatomy, Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
    03 Feb 2023
    Author Response
    Reviewer comment - Introduction - Authors should cite some of the recent articles dealing with the morphometry of lumbar vertebrae. 
    Author Reply: Two more recent references are added in this ... Continue reading
  • Author Response 29 Nov 2023
    Mangala Pai, Department of Anatomy, Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
    29 Nov 2023
    Author Response
    In this revised version, we have removed the headings ‘implications’ and ‘limitations’. The sentence about difference of this study from the previous report is added.
    Competing Interests: There are no conflicts of interest

Comments on this article Comments (0)

Version 4
VERSION 4 PUBLISHED 30 Nov 2022
Comment
Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article:
Approved - the paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested
Approved with reservations - A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit.
Not approved - fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions
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