Investigation of wine fermentation of three-leaf cayratia (<i>Cayratia trifolia</i> L.) using <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i> 2.1

Doan Thi Kieu Tien; Le Doan Quoc Binh; Huynh Thi Ngoc Mi; Nguyen Ngoc Thanh; Bui Hoang Dang Long; Ngo Thi Phuong Dung; Ha Thanh Toan; Huynh Xuan Phong

doi:10.12688/f1000research.129075.4

Home Browse Investigation of wine fermentation of three-leaf cayratia (Cayratia...

ALL Metrics

Views

Downloads

Get PDF

Get XML

Export

▬

✚

Research Article

Revised

Investigation of wine fermentation of three-leaf cayratia (Cayratia trifolia L.) using Saccharomyces cerevisiae 2.1

[version 4; peer review: 1 approved, 2 not approved]

Doan Thi Kieu Tien¹, Le Doan Quoc Binh², Huynh Thi Ngoc Mi¹, [...] Nguyen Ngoc Thanh², Bui Hoang Dang Long², Ngo Thi Phuong Dung², Ha Thanh Toan², Huynh Xuan Phong ²

Doan Thi Kieu Tien¹, Le Doan Quoc Binh², [...] Huynh Thi Ngoc Mi¹, Nguyen Ngoc Thanh², Bui Hoang Dang Long², Ngo Thi Phuong Dung², Ha Thanh Toan², Huynh Xuan Phong ²

PUBLISHED 27 Feb 2025

Author details Author details

¹ Faculty of Biological, Chemical and Food Technology, Can Tho University of Technology, Can Tho City, Vietnam
² Institute of Food and Biotechnology, Can Tho University, Can Tho City, Vietnam

Doan Thi Kieu Tien
Roles: Conceptualization, Formal Analysis

Le Doan Quoc Binh
Roles: Data Curation, Methodology

Huynh Thi Ngoc Mi
Roles: Methodology, Project Administration

Nguyen Ngoc Thanh
Roles: Resources, Validation

Bui Hoang Dang Long
Roles: Resources, Writing – Original Draft Preparation

Ngo Thi Phuong Dung
Roles: Conceptualization, Methodology

Ha Thanh Toan
Roles: Writing – Review & Editing

Huynh Xuan Phong
Roles: Investigation, Methodology, Supervision, Writing – Review & Editing

OPEN PEER REVIEW

REVIEWER STATUS

This article is included in the QUVAE Research and Publications gateway.

This article is included in the Plant Science gateway.

Abstract

Background

Cayratia trifolia has been extensively studied for its bioactive components and medicinal properties. This study was carried out to evaluate the fermentation ability of Saccharomyces cerevisiae 2.1 yeast to determine suitable fermentation conditions.

Methods

The suitable initial sugar content, temperature, and incubation time were investigated in the fermentation in the 100-milliliter flask scale. Besides, a trial fermentation at the 1-liter scale was conducted to assess yeast performance.

Results

All treatments showed that the total sugar content decreased after 9 days of fermentation compared to the initial level. Temperature during fermentation has a direct effect on yeast activity. Temperature increases the growth of yeast and the speed of enzyme activity. The fermentation time changes depending on temperature, initial soluble solid contents, and yeast strains, leading to changes in the ethanol content after the end of fermentation. The results showed that the S. cerevisiae 2.1 was able to ferment at room temperature with an initial pH of 4.5, 24 °Brix, and a yeast density of 107 cells/mL. The appropriate fermentation conditions determined for S. cerevisiae 2.1 were 24 °Brix and incubation at room temperature (28-33°C) with a fermentation time of 11 days. In 1-L scale fermentation, three-leaf cayratia wine had 9.46% (v/v) and the fermentation efficiency was 90.34%. The wine produced had a unique color, flavor, and aroma that met the sensory evaluation of the Vietnamese national standard TCVN-3217:79.

Concusion

The results showed that the S. cerevisiae 2.1 was able to produce wine from Cayratia trifolia extract in suitable conditions with high ethanol content and organoleptic values. The results of this study supplied needed information for further studies on analysis of bioactive compounds produced by the fermentation.

Keywords

Cayratia trifolia, ethanol fermentation, Saccharomyces cerevesiae, three-leaf cayratia wine

Corresponding author: Huynh Xuan Phong

Competing interests: No competing interests were disclosed.

Grant information: The author(s) declared that no grants were involved in supporting this work.

Copyright: © 2025 Kieu Tien DT et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

How to cite: Kieu Tien DT, Quoc Binh LD, Ngoc Mi HT et al. Investigation of wine fermentation of three-leaf cayratia (Cayratia trifolia L.) using Saccharomyces cerevisiae 2.1 [version 4; peer review: 1 approved, 2 not approved]. F1000Research 2025, 12:312 (https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.129075.4) First published: 21 Mar 2023, 12:312 (https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.129075.1) Latest published: 27 Feb 2025, 12:312 (https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.129075.4)

Revised Amendments from Version 3

In this version, the abstract was modified so that the methods and conclusion included the most important information. In the abstract, information on the detailed volume of fermentations was displayed. Besides, the result and conclusion in the abstract were modified to include the important findings and expectations for further studies exploring the bioactive compounds in the wine fermentation of three-leaf cayratia.
The introduction section was edited to provide more neutral information on the benefits of moderate wine consumption to human health. In addition, the authors added some introduction of the background studies on wine fermentation using Cayratia trifolia to demonstrate the advantage of this fruit in food processing. This fortified the reasons why this study was conducted.
To supply the information on statistical analysis, Section 2.2.5 explained in detail how the data was analyzed.
Section 3.1 was added with some discussion on the effect of high and low sugar concentration on yeast growth and fermentation with corresponding references of ref 10 [doi:10.1093/femsyr/fov068] and ref 20 [doi: 10.3390/foods11101388]. In the first paragraph of Section 3.2, the reasonability of the optimal temperature discovered in this study was clarified with similar results from a report conducted by ref 24 [doi: 10.1002/j.2050-0416.1977.tb06813.x]. Moreover, the effects of longer fermentation time on higher ethanol production were linked with the supporting data from Table 3 in the second paragraph of Section 3.3. In Section 2.2.4 and Section 3.4, the methods and results of the sensory evaluation were shown since this is an important criterion for food production.
In the whole manuscript, the word 'fermentability' was changed to 'fermentation ability' for a clearer word choice. Besides, the authors rechecked and revised the manuscript's English writing.
The list of references was added with references 8, 9, 10, 20, and 24 to clarify information in this study.

See the authors' detailed response to the review by Javier Alonso-Del-Real
See the authors' detailed response to the review by Susan Abdul Raheem Hasan and Muazaz Azeez Hasan AL-Hadeethi

1. Introduction

In moderate consumption, wine, a traditional product of microbial fermentation, is proven to contribute benefits to human health and contains various bioactive ingredients. In the past, France and Italy were the cradles of the wine industry. Countries like Australia and New Zealand have created wine brands with modern technology and high quality. In the Asian market, particularly in Vietnam, wine has been conquering the consumer thanks to its abundant production, competitive price, and novel taste. Wines are fermented alcoholic beverages made from various base ingredients, such as apple, banana, papaya, mango, apricot, pineapple, and jackfruit juice. These are classified as grape wine, fruit wine, berry wine, vegetable wine, plant wine, and raisin wine, as well as flavors from flowers and herbs. Typical wine, natural wines (9–14% alcohol), or dessert and appetizer wines (15–21% alcohol) contain ethyl alcohol, sugar, acids, higher alcohols, tannins, aldehydes, esters, amino acids, minerals, vitamins, anthocyanins (Amerine et al., 1980).

Three-leaf cayratia (Cayratia trifolia) has been extensively studied for its bioactive components and medicinal properties. In particular, the abundant source distributed throughout the Mekong Delta of Vietnam gives the advantage for wine fermentation. Interestingly, C. trifolia antioxidant and polyphenolic compound contents were not significantly changed after fermentation (Doan et al., 2018d). Additionally, its color and flavor are specific to three-leaf cayratia wine, particularly proven in our previous studies (Doan et al., 2018d, 2019b), and C. trifolia berries are becoming an expected source of winemaking materials from grapes in Vietnam. However, the isolated thermotolerant yeast from C. trifolia berries is mainly used to ferment three-leaf cayratia wine. At the same time, non-thermotolerant S. cerevisiae is the primary source for winemaking at room temperature.

Currently, several studies were conducted for the fermentation of three-leaf Cayratia juice by S. cerevisiae which demonstrate for potential of wine fermentation using this fruit (Doan et al., 2022, 2024). Besides, yeast fermentation was proven to improve the effects of bio-active compounds including antioxidants in C. trifolia juice (Doan et al., 2022) by S. cerevisiae. According to Ngo et al. (2005), 50 yeast strains have been isolated from wine yeast starters in the Mekong Delta, of which S. cerevisiae 2.1 has the highest performance in fermentation. With these findings, the application of S. cerevisiae 2.1 in C. trifolia juice fermentation promises to create a wine with positive characteristics and quality.

Therefore, this study aimed to investigate and evaluate the wine fermentation of three-leaf cayratia juice by S. cerevisiae isolated from rice wine starters. In addition, 1 liter of C. trifolia juice was fermented to complete the larger-scale fermentation process of three-leaf cayratia wine.

2. Methods

2.1 Materials

Wine fermentation of three-leaf Cayratia (C. trifolia L.) using S. cerevisiae 2.1 was conducted between April 12^th, 2022, and October 25^th, 2022. Three-leaf cayratia samples were collected from shiny ripe, dark black, and undamaged berries in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam. The fresh berries were brought to the Laboratory of the Industrial Microbiology at the Institute of Food and Biotechnology, Can Tho University. The selected un-crushed ripe samples were washed several times with tap water, rinsed with distilled water, and squeezed out of flesh into juice to conduct further experiments.

S. cerevisiae 2.1 strain was isolated from a rice wine starter and stored at the Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology at the Institute of Food and Biotechnology Institute, Can Tho University (Ngo et al., 2005). A single colony of yeast was inoculated in Yeast extract - Peptone - Dextrose (YPD broth) (yeast extract 0.5%, peptone 0.5%, D-glucose 2.0%; sterilized at 121°C for 15 min) and shaken at 180 rpm at 30°C to 10⁹ cells/mL of yeast inoculum level (using Haemocytometer – Neubauer).

2.2 Determination methods of three-leaf cayratia fermentation

2.2.1 Determination of initial sugar for three-leaf cayratia fermentation

Three-leaf cayratia juice was added with NaHSO₃ (140 mg/L) and left alone for 2 h after being adjusted to 20, 24, and 28 °Brix (using sucrose provided by Bien Hoa Sugar Joint Stock Company) and pH 4.5 (Doan et al., 2018b, 2018d). One mL of S. cerevisiae was inoculated to 99 mL of three-leaf cayratia juice (10⁷ cells/mL after inoculation) in a 250 mL Erlenmeyer flask. The flask was sealed with a water lock and incubated at room temperature (in triplicate). The changes in pH, °Brix, and ethanol contents were measured after 9 days of fermentation Nguyen (2007). The total sugar content of the fermentation process was analyzed according to Nielsen (2010), and fermentation efficiency was calculated.

Fermentation efficiency is calculated according to ethanol fermentation efficiency on the amount of sugar used, H (%) = (Et°*0.789*10)/(S*0.5111) where H: fermentation efficiency; Et°: alcohol content obtained (% v/v); 0.789: density of ethanol (0.789 g/cm³); 10: conversion factor; S: the actual amount of sugar used in glucose (following the phenol-sulfuric method); 0.5111: the grams of theoretical ethanol obtained from 1 gram of glucose.

2.2.2 Determination of temperature for three-leaf cayratia fermentation

Three-leaf cayratia juice was prepared with °Brix, selected from Section 2.2.1. After inoculation with 1 mL yeast culture, three-leaf cayratia juice was fermented at 25°C, room temperature (28–33°C), and 35°C for 9 days. The changes in pH, °Brix, and ethanol contents were determined as described above.

2.2.3 Determination of incubation time for three-leaf cayratia fermentation

Three-leaf cayratia juice was prepared with °Brix selected from the experiment as mentioned in Section 2.2.1, and incubated at the selected temperature from the experiment in Section 2.2.2, on days 7, 9, 11, and 13. The changes in pH, °Brix, and ethanol content were determined (see Section 2.2.1).

2.2.4 Trial fermentation in the 1-liter scale of the three-leaf cayratia wine

The initial sugar content, fermentation temperature, and fermentation time were determined based on the selective results of previous screening tests to ferment 1 liter of three-leaf cayratia juice (triplicate). Sensory evaluation of wine was based on the criteria of clarity, color, aroma, taste, and overall confidence according to Vietnamese National Standard 3217:79 (TCVN 3217:79), which is done through a sensory board consisting of 10 members at the Institute of Food and Biotechnology, Institute Can Tho University. The changes in pH, °Brix, ethanol content, and total sugar content were determined (see Section 2.2.1). The chemical and microbiological criteria were analyzed by the National Agro-Forestry Fisheries Quality Assurance Center - Branch 6 (Vietnam) following Vietnam National Standard QCVN 6-3:2010/BYT.

2.2.5 Statistical analysis

The analyzed data were processed using Excel 2013 (RRID:SCR_016137) (Microsoft Inc., USA). The variance and the Lease Significant Difference (LSD) were analyzed using SPSS Version 27.0.1.0 (RRID:SCR_002865) and Statgraphics Centurion XV - https://www.statgraphics.com/ (Manugistics Inc., USA).

3. Results

3.1 The initial sugar of the three-leaf cayratia fermentation using S. cerevisiae 2.1

Three-leaf cayratia fermentation processes were conducted with an initial pH of 4.5 and an initial sugar content of 20, 24, and 28 °Brix, respectively. As to the results, all treatments show that the total sugar contents decreased after 9 days of fermentation compared to the initial level ( Table 1). The ethanol content was the highest at 7.17% v/v in the 24 °Brix treatment, which is a significant difference compared to the 20 and 28 °Brix treatments. When the sugar concentration is too high, yeast fermentation is limited due to high osmotic pressure, lowering the alcoholic production (Kayikci & Nelsen, 2015). In principle, the rate of fermentation and the maximum amount of ethanol decreased when the sugar concentration was increased. However, a particular type of yeast strain can be selected, conditioned to grow at higher sugar concentrations (>30% sugar), and adapted (Matei & Kosseva, 2017). In contrast, at a lower pre-fermentation Brix concentration (20°Brix), ethanol production was limited at 6.23% (v/v) which may be due to the limit in carbon sources supply insufficient nutrients for yeast growth and fermentation (Timmermans et al., 2022).

Table 1. The effects of °Brix on the fermentation ability of S. cerevisiae 2.1.

Initial °Brix	Initial sugar content (g/L)	Used sugar content (g/L)	Residual sugar content (g/L)	Fermentation efficiency (%)	Ethanol content (% v/v) at 20°C
20	142.23	116.67	25.56	82.47^b	6.23^b
24	187.98	121.63	66.35	91.00^a	7.17^a
28	229.47	115.60	113.87	75.13^c	5.64^b

The total sugar content of the samples was determined using the phenol-sulfuric acid method (Nielsen, 2010), measured at a wavelength of λ = 490 nm. The linear regression equation was y = 0.0095x + 0.0049. The total sugar content after fermentation reflected the fermentation efficiency of S. cerevisiae 2.1. The 24 °Brix treatment had the highest fermentation conversion efficiency of 91.00% produced by S. cerevisiae 2.1, 82.47% at 20 °Brix treatment, and 75.13% at 28°Brix treatment, which was significantly different from 5% (p<0.05). The fermentation conversion efficiency was proportional to the ethanol content ( Table 2). The highest alcohol content (7.17%) was produced in the 24 °Brix treatment. S. cerevisiae strains are tolerant to low pH, high sugar content, and high ethanol concentrations compared to other species, thus reducing the risk of bacterial contamination during industrial fermentation (Nevoigt, 2008).

Table 2. The effects of incubation time on fermentation.

Temperature (°C)	Initial °Brix	°Brix after fermentation	Ethanol content (% v/v) at 20°C
Room temp. (28–33°C)	24	12.17	6.94^a
25	24	14.17	6.16^b
35	24	16.83	4.28^c

3.2 Temperature for three-leaf cayratia fermentation

The ethanol content was significantly different depending on the incubation temperature (Doan et al., 2019a). Temperature during fermentation has a direct effect on yeast activity. In this study, the ethanol content was produced at 6.94% (v/v) at room temperature, higher than that of 25°C (6.16% v/v) and 35°C (4.28% v/v). Based on a study, the optimum temperature for the growth and multiplication of S. cerevisiae is 30-35°C and is usually inhibited at temperatures higher than 39.8°C (Walsh & Martin, 1977).

Temperature increases the growth of yeast and the speed of enzyme activity. Because of the increased membrane fluidity, cell sensitivity to the toxic effects of alcohol increases with temperature. Thus, yeast viability may rapidly decline at temperatures above 20°C during wine fermentation. Normal cider production occurs at 20–25°C and lasts for 1 to 4 weeks (Waites et al., 2001).

3.3 Fermentation time for three-leaf cayratia wine

The fermentation time changes depending on temperature, initial soluble solid contents, and yeast strains, leading to changes in the ethanol content after the end of fermentation. The results showed the highest ethanol content at 11 days compared to 13, 9, and 7 days with 8.93%, 8.54%, 6.94%, and 6.23% v/v, respectively. There were no significant differences between 7 to 9 days and 11 to 13. However, these values were significantly different between days 7 and 11 ( Table 3).

Table 3. The fermentation temperature results of S. cerevisiae 2.1.

Incubation time (day)	Initial °Brix	°Brix after fermentation	Ethanol content (% v/v) at 20°C
7	24	14.17	6.94^b
9	24	12.50	6.23^b
11	24	9.33	8.93^a
13	24	9.33	8.54^a

The end time of fermentation was inversely proportional to the degree of Brix after fermentation. Table 3 indicated the higher ethanol concentration of 8.54 % (v/v) and lower Brix of 9.33°Brix at the longest fermentation time at 13 days compared to the shorter times. The longer the time, the lower the °Brix, and the higher the ethanol concentration produced. Initially, when the ethanol concentration was quite low, the ethanol concentration began to increase, and the sugar content decreased.

3.4 Trial fermentation in the 1-liter scale of the three-leaf cayratia wine

The fermentation of fruit wine was tested with a volume of 1 liter, surveyed with a density of S. cerevisiae 2.1 at 10⁷ cells/mL for 11 days at room temperature, and the juice was adjusted to pH 4.5 and 24 °Brix. From the above experiments, it can be seen that S. cerevisiae 2.1 produced an ethanol content of 9.49% (v/v), and the fermentation efficiency was quite high, reaching 90.34%.

After fermentation, the sensory properties were evaluated according to the criteria of TCVN 3217:79. Three-leaf wine was assessed as good in clarity and color, aroma, and taste, reaching 4.4, 4.2, and 3.8 points, respectively ( Figure 1). Sensory evaluation results show that the wine had no strange, cloudy smell, and the color and odor were specific to the product. Compared to the TCVN 3217:79, the sensory quality assessment of left-sided wine received a good rating.

Figure 1. Three-leaf cayratia wine and sensory evaluation chart.

The chemical and microbiological criteria of the final product were analyzed by the National Agro-Forestry Fisheries Quality Assurance Center - Branch 6, Vietnam. The results are shown in Table 4. These values are met to the Vietnam National Standard QCVN 6-3:2010/BYT.

Table 4. Quality evaluation of cayratia wine.

Criteria	Vietnam National Standard QCVN 6-3:2010/BYT	Method	Result
Ethanol (% v/v)		Ref.AOAC 972.11 (LOQ = 0.025%)	9.49
Methanol (mg/L)	<400	Ref.AOAC 972.11 (LOQ = 0.025%)	n.d.
Total microaerophile (CFU/mL)	1,000	ISO 4833-1:2013	<10
Total yeast and mold (CFU/mL)	100	ISO 215227-2:2008	<10
Coliforms (CFU/mL)	0	ISO 4832:2006	0
E. coli (CFU/mL)	0	ISO 16649-2:2001	0
Fecal Streptococci (CFU/mL)	0	ISO 7899-2:2000	0
Clostridium perfringens (CFU/mL)	0	ISO 7937:2004	0

4. Discussion

In a previous study, we isolated 151 strains of yeast from 53 samples of C. trifolia in the Mekong Delta. Of these, 30 isolates were highly fermentative and produced ethanol concentrations between 6.0 and 9.9% (v/v) (Doan et al., 2018c). The fermentation ability of thermotolerant yeast isolates from three-leaf juice showed that the survey with 3.6 of the natural pH, 22 °Brix by adding sucrose, the initial yeast density of 10⁶ cells/mL, and 7 days of incubation time at 37°C. Saccharomyces sp. CT3.2 has a fast-filling time for the gas column in the Durham tube (after 12 h), and the ethanol content after fermentation was not high (5.4% v/v). In contrast, Saccharomyces sp. HG1.3 has a slower gas column filling time (after 18 h) but produces the highest ethanol content (9.9% v/v) (Doan et al., 2018b). Meanwhile, with initial fermentation conditions of pH 4.5, and 20 °Brix fermented at 35°C for 6 days, Saccharomyces sp. HG1.3 gave the ethanol content of post-fermentation three-leaf fruit wine 12.0% v/v (Doan et al., 2018d).

The fermentation ability of thermotolerant yeasts was investigated at pH 4.5, 22 °Brix, 10⁷ cells/mL of the initial three-leaf juice, and at 37°C for 7 days. The ethanol contents of three-leaf wine produced by CM3.2, CM3.3, and BT1.2 were 8.95%, 7.01%, and 6.79% v/v, respectively (Torija et al., 2003; Doan et al., 2018a).

The fermentation of 1-liter results shows that the ethanol content met the Vietnam standard 6-3:2010/BYT of the Ministry of Health for wine (Vietnam National Standard 3217:79, 1979), which is also similar to fermentation studies on watermelon wine (Nguyen, 2010; Ngo et al., 2011), pineapple wine (Nguyen et al., 2013), and sim wine (Nguyen, 2010). However, the concentration value is lower than that of fruit wine fermented by a tolerant yeast strain isolated from fruit but aged at 35°C; for example, the strain S. cerevisiae AG2.1 is 11.36% (v/v) (Doan et al., 2018c), and S. cerevisiae CM3.2 is 12.46% v/v (Doan et al., 2019b).

The fermentation of 1 L results shows that the ethanol content meets the Vietnam Standard 6-3:2010/BYT of the Ministry of Health for wine, which is also similar to fermentation studies on watermelon wine (Ngo et al., 2011), pineapple wine (Nguyen et al., 2013), and sim wine (Nguyen, 2010). However, the concentration value is lower than that of fruit wine fermented by a tolerant yeast strain isolated from fruit but aged at 35 °C; for example, the strain S. cerevisiae AG2.1 is 11.36% (v/v) (Doan et al., 2018c), S. cerevisiae CM3.2 is 12.46% v/v (Doan et al., 2019b).

5. Conclusion

This study aimed to test the fermentative capacity of the S. cerevisiae 2.1 strain isolated from a starter on three-leaf cayratia juice. However, microbiological and physicochemical criteria have not yet been implemented. The results showed that the S. cerevisiae 2.1 strain was able to ferment at room temperature with an initial pH of 4.5, 24 °Brix, and yeast density of 10⁷ cells/mL. Preliminary 1 liter of fermentation for 11 days produced an ethanol content of 9.49% (v/v). The chemical and microbiological criteria of final product was met to the Vietnam National Standard QCVN 6-3:2010/BYT.

5.1 Ethical considerations

This study was approved by the research group at Can Tho University and Can Tho University of Technology, Vietanm. All authors mentioned in the manuscript have agreed to authorship, read and approved the manuscript, and provided consent for submission and subsequent publication of the manuscript. The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Data availability statement

Underlying data

Figshare: Wine fermentation of three-leaf cayratia. figshare. Dataset, https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.22256188.v1 (Phong, 2023).

Data are available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license (CC-BY 4.0).

Acknowledgements

The authors express their appreciation to QUVAE Research and Publications for their valuable aid in depositing raw data to the Figshare repository.

References

Amerine MA, Kunkee R, Ough KCS, et al.: The technology of wine making. 4th ed.Westport, Connecticut: AVI; 1980; 185–703.
Doan TTK, Lu NH, Nguyen TN, et al.: Isolation and selection of thermotolerant yeasts for wine production from three-leaf cayratia (Cayratia trifolia L.), in Vietnamese. The Journal of Agriculture and Development. 2018a; 2: 55–64.
Doan TTK, Vien YTH, Huynh PX, et al.: Selection of thermotolerant yeasts and application in wine production from three-leaf cayratia (Cayratia trifolia L.) in Hau Giang, in Vietnamese. Can Tho University Journal of Science. 2018b; 54(4B): 64–71.
Doan TTK, Huynh THA, Nguyen TNM, et al.: Selection of thermotolerant yeasts for production of three-leaf cayratia (Cayratia trifolia L.) wine in Kien Giang, in Vietnamese. Science and Technology Journal of Agriculture and Rural Development. 2018c; 2: 54–62.
Doan TTK, Huynh MTN, Nguyen DD, et al.: Total polyphenol content and antioxidant capacity of Cayratia trifolia (L) Domin berries before and after fermentation using thermotolerant yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae HG1.3, in Vietnamese. Vietnam Journal of Science and Technology. 2018d; 60(8): 44–60.
Doan TTK, Huynh PX, Yamada M, et al.: Characterization of newly isolated thermotolerant yeasts and evaluation of their potential for use in Cayratia trifolia wine production. Vietnam Journal of Science and Technology. 2019a; 61(1): 68–73. Publisher Full Text
Doan TTK, Huynh MTN, Lu NH, et al.: Evaluation of total polyphenol and antioxidant capacity in wine fermentation of three-leaf cayratia from Ca Mau province using Saccharomyces cerevisiae CM3.2, in Vietnamese. Can Tho University Journal of Science. 2019b; 55(2): 285–291.
Doan TKT, Huynh MTN, Tran VTT, et al.: Fermentation conditions, total polyphenol content, and antioxidant activity of threeleaf cayratia (Cayratia trifolia L.) wine prepared using thermotolerant yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae HG1.3. Asia-Pacific Journal of Science and Technology. 2022; 27(06): APST–27. Publisher Full Text
Doan TKT, Huynh MTN, Tran TTM, et al.: The fermentation conditions of low alcoholic three-leaved (Cayratia trifolia (L.) Domin) cider using Saccharomyces cerevisiae HG1.3. Journal of Applied Biology and Biotechnology. 2024; 12(5): 170–176. Publisher Full Text
Kayikci Ö, Nielsen J: Glucose repression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. FEMS Yeast Research. 2015; 15(6): fov068. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text
Matei F, Kosseva MR: Chapter 2 - Microbiology of Fruit Wine Production. Science and Technology of Fruit Wine Production. Academic Press; 2017; pp. 73–103.
Nevoigt E: Progress in metabolic engineering of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews. 2008; 72(3): 379–412. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text
Ngo DTP, Ly HLH, Huynh PX: Isolation, selection of yeasts and determination of factors affecting watermelon wine fermentation, in Vietnamese. Can Tho University Journal of Science. 2011; 2011(18b): 137–145.
Ngo DTP, Rombouts FM, Nout MJR: Characteristics of some traditional Vietnamese starch-based rice wine fermentation starters (men). Food Science and Technology/LWT. 2005; 40: 130–135.
Nguyen VM: Biochemistry practice. HaNoi: Vietnam National University Press; 2007.
Nguyen TM: Stability and improvement of wine “sim” quality through chemical and biological method. Can Tho University Journal of Science. 2010; 14: 195–204.
Nguyen TV, Nguyen TM, Tran QT, et al.: Isolation, selection and identification of yeast strains for pineapple wine fermentation, in Vietnamese. Can Tho University Journal of Science. 2013; 25: 27–35.
Nielsen SS: Food Analysis Laboratory Manual. 2nd ed.New York: Springer; 2010.
Phong H: Investigaton of wine fermentation of three-leaf cayratia (Cayratia trifolia L.) using Saccharomyces cerevisiae 2.1. figshare. Dataset. 2023. Publisher Full Text
Timmermans E, Bautil A, Brijs K, et al.: Sugar levels determine fermentation dynamics during yeast pastry making and its impact on dough and product characteristics. Foods (Basel, Switzerland). 2022; 11(10): 1388. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text
Torija MJ, Rozès N, Poblet N, et al.: Effects of fermentation temperature on the strain population of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. International Journal of Food Microbiology. 2003; 80(1): 47–53. Publisher Full Text
Vietnam National Standard 3217:79: Liquors, Sensory evaluation-Methodlogy Test by Means of Marking, in Vietnamese. Ha Noi, Viet Nam: Ministry of Science and Technology; 1979.
Waites MJ, Morgan NL, Rockey JS, et al.: Industrial Microbiology. Blackwell Science Ltd.; 2001.
Walsh RM, Martin PA: Growth of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Saccharomyces uvarum in a temperature gradient incubator. Journal of the Institute of Brewing. 1977; 83: 169–172. Publisher Full Text

Comments on this article Comments (0)

Version 4

VERSION 4 PUBLISHED 21 Mar 2023

Author details Author details

¹ Faculty of Biological, Chemical and Food Technology, Can Tho University of Technology, Can Tho City, Vietnam
² Institute of Food and Biotechnology, Can Tho University, Can Tho City, Vietnam

Doan Thi Kieu Tien
Roles: Conceptualization, Formal Analysis

Le Doan Quoc Binh
Roles: Data Curation, Methodology

Huynh Thi Ngoc Mi
Roles: Methodology, Project Administration

Nguyen Ngoc Thanh
Roles: Resources, Validation

Bui Hoang Dang Long
Roles: Resources, Writing – Original Draft Preparation

Ngo Thi Phuong Dung
Roles: Conceptualization, Methodology

Ha Thanh Toan
Roles: Writing – Review & Editing

Huynh Xuan Phong
Roles: Investigation, Methodology, Supervision, Writing – Review & Editing

Competing interests

No competing interests were disclosed.

Grant information

The author(s) declared that no grants were involved in supporting this work.

Article Versions (4)

version 4

Revised

Published: 27 Feb 2025, 12:312

https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.129075.4

version 3

Revised

Published: 11 Mar 2024, 12:312

https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.129075.3

version 2

Revised

Published: 01 Nov 2023, 12:312

https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.129075.2

version 1

Published: 21 Mar 2023, 12:312

https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.129075.1

© 2025 Kieu Tien DT et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Download

Export To

metrics

	Views	Downloads
F1000Research	-	-
PubMed Central Data from PMC are received and updated monthly.	-	-

Citations

SEE MORE DETAILS

CITE

how to cite this article

Kieu Tien DT, Quoc Binh LD, Ngoc Mi HT et al. Investigation of wine fermentation of three-leaf cayratia (Cayratia trifolia L.) using Saccharomyces cerevisiae 2.1 [version 4; peer review: 1 approved, 2 not approved]. F1000Research 2025, 12:312 (https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.129075.4)

NOTE: If applicable, it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article.

track

receive updates on this article

Track an article to receive email alerts on any updates to this article.

Open Peer Review

Current Reviewer Status: ?

Key to Reviewer Statuses VIEW HIDE

ApprovedThe paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested

Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit.

Not approvedFundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions

Version 4

VERSION 4

PUBLISHED 27 Feb 2025

Revised

Views

Reviewer Report 02 Sep 2025

Shatha Abdullah Allaith, University of Kerbala Faculty of Agriculture (Ringgold ID: 125663), Kerbala, Karbala Governorate, Iraq

Not Approved

https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.178047.r408091

1. The experimental design is not up to the required scientific standard, especially since it used a yeast isolate from a previous study but did not utilize it well to demonstrate the importance of the current study.
2. In paragraph 2.1, the researcher did not cite any references when using the YPD broth medium. Why? Why did he use a cell concentration of 10^9 at a temperature of 30°C without citing any references?
3. In paragraph 2.2.1, he relied solely on fermentation efficiency. It would have been preferable to study fermentation kinetics using a mathematical model, such as RSM or others, to study the economics of fermentation so that it could be applied commercially.
4. When measuring the optimum conditions for wine production, it would have been preferable to add it to the results of the previous research from which the yeast was isolated or to include it in a new study that reflects the scientific content of the topic and title of the research.
5. It would have been preferable for the statistical analysis to rely on the mean ± experimental error, as this provides a clearer explanation of the standard error of the experimental parameters.
6. Why did the researcher rely on Brix in the experiment without specifying the type of device used to measure which concentrations, and why? Especially since it is widely used in the fermentation industry, which includes sugar.
7. In Table 1, were the initial sugar content and residual sugar content estimated using the phenolsulfuric acid method? The method was not explained in the method.
8. In Table 2, how the ethanol content was calculated each time at 20°C is shown, while the optimal temperature used was room temperature. The ethanol content was not explained as to how it was calculated each time.
9. The discussion is very brief and unclear, and the research results were not compared well with other studies.
10. The conclusion did not mention the challenges and obstacles and finding appropriate solutions for them in the wine industry, despite the difficulties facing the fermentation process, nor did it mention how conditions are controlled at the laboratory level and transformed to a commercial scale.

I confirm that I have read this manuscript carefully, and based on my experience in the field of food technology and industrial fermentation, I decline to accept the research for the reasons stated above. I hope the researcher will reconsider the above points to improve the manuscript in the future and experimental error, as this provides a clearer explanation of the standard error of the experimental parameters.

Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature?

Yes
Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound?

Partly
Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others?

No
If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate?

Partly
Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility?

Partly
Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results?

Partly

Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed.

Reviewer Expertise: food technology and industrial fermentation

I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to state that I do not consider it to be of an acceptable scientific standard, for reasons outlined above.

CITE

Report a concern

Respond or Comment

Views

Reviewer Report 17 Mar 2025

Javier Alonso-Del-Real, Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia, Valencia, Spain; Instituto de Agroquimica y Tecnología de Alimentos, Paterna, Spain

Not Approved

https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.178047.r368792

Although authors address some of the concerns raised before, the paper still contain some important issues that must be reviewed.

Authors claim that moderate consumption of wine is healthy. As I pointed out in the previous round, recent evidence clearly suggest that no level of alcohol consumption is healthy. Please, correct appropriately.

Authors still hold that temperatures over 20ºC provoke defects in cell viability, which is in strong disagreement with evidence on S. cerevisiae temperature adaptation.

Also, authors should make the analysis of wine composition during the fermentation under the light of S. cerevisiae metabolic properties, exhaustively studied for a very long time.

Another thing that I find interesting, is the fact that fermentation is not conducted until dryness, and ethanol starts lowering down between days 11 and 13. Authors should discuss that.

Please, try to avoid trivial observations such as "The longer the time, the lower the °Brix, and the higher the ethanol concentration produced. Initially, when the ethanol concentration was quite low, the ethanol concentration began to increase, and the sugar content decreased."

Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed.

Reviewer Expertise: Laboratory scale wine fermentation by Saccharomyces cerevisiae

CITE

Report a concern

Respond or Comment

Views

Reviewer Report 05 Mar 2025

Muazaz Azeez Hasan AL-Hadeethi, Botany, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq

Susan Abdul Raheem Hasan, Biology, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq

Approved

https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.178047.r368791

I have ... Continue reading

CITE

Report a concern

Respond or Comment

Version 3

VERSION 3

PUBLISHED 11 Mar 2024

Revised

Views

Reviewer Report 22 Jun 2024

Susan Abdul Raheem Hasan, Biology, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq

Muazaz Azeez Hasan AL-Hadeethi, Botany, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq

Approved with Reservations

https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.163527.r289555

The article (Investigation of wine fermentation of three-leaf cayratia (Cayratia trifolia L.) using Saccharomyces cerevisiae 2.1) investigates the optimal conditions for the fermentation process. It discusses each condition and whether it was appropriate to meet the best efficiency (the aim of the study). This purpose was cleared in the context in detail. The materials were mentioned with their sources clearly and appropriate to their need and use in methods. Some methods details were not mentioned, but the source was written so the reader or researcher could follow the references for some unclear steps in the processes of this work. All following parts of the article were transparent and agreed or disagreed with the indexed sources and references for results and conclusion. It also mentioned some further criteria, such as microbiological and physiochemical to be studied. Some issues need to be solved or cleared to improve the article:

Method in abstract missing details such as (volumes, weights, etc.) that were tested, which then were cleared in the main part of the manuscript.
It is crucial to emphasize the need for additional Statistical analysis, which will further strengthen the validity of the findings.
It is essential to discuss the effect of a lower amount of sugar, as this could potentially significantly impact the fermentation process.
Further information and details should be added to a conclusion as in the abstract.

Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature?

Yes
Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound?

Yes
Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others?

Yes
If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate?

I cannot comment. A qualified statistician is required.
Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility?

Yes
Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results?

Partly

References

1. Doan T, Huynh M, Tran T, Nguyen T, et al.: The fermentation conditions of low alcoholic three-leaved (Cayratia trifolia (L.) Domin) cider using Saccharomyces cerevisiae HG1.3. Journal of Applied Biology & Biotechnology. 2024. Publisher Full Text

Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed.

Reviewer Expertise: Microbiologist and expert in biological fermentation processes, with a particular focus on probiotics and plants.

We confirm that we have read this submission and believe that we have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however we have significant reservations, as outlined above.

CITE

Report a concern

Author Response 27 Feb 2025

Huynh Xuan Phong, Can Tho University, Vietnam

27 Feb 2025

Author Response

1. Method in abstract missing details such as (volumes, weights, etc.) that were tested, which then were cleared in the main part of the manuscript.
This is a valuable comment. ... Continue reading 1. Method in abstract missing details such as (volumes, weights, etc.) that were tested, which then were cleared in the main part of the manuscript.
This is a valuable comment. We clarified the information on the volumes of each fermentation trial (100 milliliters and 1 liter) in the abstract section.

2. It is crucial to emphasize the need for additional Statistical analysis, which will further strengthen the validity of the findings.
We agree with your comments. For that, we added Section 2.2.5 on Lines 87-91 to clarify the method of statistical analysis.

3. It is essential to discuss the effect of a lower amount of sugar, as this could potentially significantly impact the fermentation process.
A discussion on the effect of lower sugar amount on the fermentation was added on Lines 103-106. We also add a reference to clarify the explanation.

4. Further information and details should be added to a conclusion as in the abstract.
We revised the conclusion part of the abstract to include essential findings from our study. For that, we clarify that the result of this study provides information for further investigation conducted in the analysis of bioactive compounds produced by fermentation.
1. Method in abstract missing details such as (volumes, weights, etc.) that were tested, which then were cleared in the main part of the manuscript.
This is a valuable comment. We clarified the information on the volumes of each fermentation trial (100 milliliters and 1 liter) in the abstract section.

2. It is crucial to emphasize the need for additional Statistical analysis, which will further strengthen the validity of the findings.
We agree with your comments. For that, we added Section 2.2.5 on Lines 87-91 to clarify the method of statistical analysis.

3. It is essential to discuss the effect of a lower amount of sugar, as this could potentially significantly impact the fermentation process.
A discussion on the effect of lower sugar amount on the fermentation was added on Lines 103-106. We also add a reference to clarify the explanation.

4. Further information and details should be added to a conclusion as in the abstract.
We revised the conclusion part of the abstract to include essential findings from our study. For that, we clarify that the result of this study provides information for further investigation conducted in the analysis of bioactive compounds produced by fermentation.
Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Close
Report a concern
Respond or Comment

COMMENTS ON THIS REPORT

Author Response 27 Feb 2025

Huynh Xuan Phong, Can Tho University, Vietnam

27 Feb 2025

Author Response

1. Method in abstract missing details such as (volumes, weights, etc.) that were tested, which then were cleared in the main part of the manuscript.
This is a valuable comment. ... Continue reading 1. Method in abstract missing details such as (volumes, weights, etc.) that were tested, which then were cleared in the main part of the manuscript.
This is a valuable comment. We clarified the information on the volumes of each fermentation trial (100 milliliters and 1 liter) in the abstract section.

2. It is crucial to emphasize the need for additional Statistical analysis, which will further strengthen the validity of the findings.
We agree with your comments. For that, we added Section 2.2.5 on Lines 87-91 to clarify the method of statistical analysis.

3. It is essential to discuss the effect of a lower amount of sugar, as this could potentially significantly impact the fermentation process.
A discussion on the effect of lower sugar amount on the fermentation was added on Lines 103-106. We also add a reference to clarify the explanation.

4. Further information and details should be added to a conclusion as in the abstract.
We revised the conclusion part of the abstract to include essential findings from our study. For that, we clarify that the result of this study provides information for further investigation conducted in the analysis of bioactive compounds produced by fermentation.
1. Method in abstract missing details such as (volumes, weights, etc.) that were tested, which then were cleared in the main part of the manuscript.
This is a valuable comment. We clarified the information on the volumes of each fermentation trial (100 milliliters and 1 liter) in the abstract section.

2. It is crucial to emphasize the need for additional Statistical analysis, which will further strengthen the validity of the findings.
We agree with your comments. For that, we added Section 2.2.5 on Lines 87-91 to clarify the method of statistical analysis.

3. It is essential to discuss the effect of a lower amount of sugar, as this could potentially significantly impact the fermentation process.
A discussion on the effect of lower sugar amount on the fermentation was added on Lines 103-106. We also add a reference to clarify the explanation.

4. Further information and details should be added to a conclusion as in the abstract.
We revised the conclusion part of the abstract to include essential findings from our study. For that, we clarify that the result of this study provides information for further investigation conducted in the analysis of bioactive compounds produced by fermentation.
Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Close
Report a concern

Views

Reviewer Report 06 May 2024

Javier Alonso-Del-Real, Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia, Valencia, Spain; Instituto de Agroquimica y Tecnología de Alimentos, Paterna, Spain

Not Approved

https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.163527.r263138

The present paper aims to describe the suitability of a particular yeast strain isolated in a previous related work for the fermentation of Cayratia trifolia fruits. To that purpose authors conduct several fermentation experiments with different amount of initial sugars and temperature set up. Based on that, they determined the most suitable conditions in micro scale fermentation, and then scale up to pilot scale with a positive outcome.

Although the manuscript harbors potential interest from a biotechnological point of view, several issues need to be addressed.

First of all, some of the conclusions presented are not supported by the results or the experiments conducted. Also, The reader may have trouble finding the link between some of the
conclusions and the results supporting them. The authors may find these cases detailed below so that they can improve this aspect.

Moreover, authors should clearly explain the statistical treatment of the obtained data. In the paper, it is stated that three replicates have been used, but there is no indication about what are the values presented (presumably mean values). In addition, errors or standard deviations, as well as tests conducted to determine possible significant differences were not shown.

Also, the writing itself is an issue of concern, as it is sometimes difficult to follow. I would strongly recommend to consider a professional English editing service. Not only phrasing, but punctuation is confusing at some points. Also, the text is unnecessarily repetitive in some occasions, and ideas are not expressed in a cohesive and coherent way.

Some particular comments reflecting these general considerations are the following:

-In Abstract Methods section, the sentence "The temperature for three-leaf cayratia fermentation, incubation time, and preliminary 1 liter of three-leaf cayratia wine fermentation were determined" should be rephrased. Should "preliminary" be accompanying a noun?

-In general, Abstract Methods section reflects a content more suitable for a results section. Please, modify that section accordingly.

-The Conclusion Abstract section also has a content more suitable for a results section.

- The first sentence of the introduction about the impact of alcoholic beverages on health is not in agreement with WHO, based on several recent studies such as Anderson BO et al, 2023 [Ref 2]

-The word "fermentability" is used as a characteristic typical of yeast, but it would rather refer to a carbon source or a growth medium. Anyway, authors should provide an objective set of parameters defining quality of yeast in fermentation to justify the strain selection.

-Some background about in vitro fermentation of three-leaf cayratia, their properties and biotechnological potential should be furthered commented. Otherwise, the work would remain quite out of focus.

-In section 3.1, authors state that yeast die in the highest sugar concentration condition. However, results from a cell viability test should be provided to prove it. Anyway, another explanation would be a slower fermentation rate, probably because adjustment to higher sugar concentrations at the initial must normally requires a significant amount of time. In any case, it would be nice to have data of the dynamics of both the fermentation and the yeast growth.

-In section 3.2, authors claim that ordinary yeast optimal temperature is 30ºC, but they probably refer to S. cerevisiae. There is a wide range of optimal growth temperatures for other yeast. Also, they state that their growth is inhibited above 32ºC, but this is simply not correct [Refer Ref 1]. After that, authors affirm that temperatures above 20ºC could provoke yeast viability to lower down, which seems contradictory. All in all, discussion of the results are not appropriated in its current state.

-In section 3.3, the relationship between fermentation and temperature is introduced. However, the results presented do not correspond to anything about temperature. Also, the method to determine the end of the fermentation is not presented. It rather seems a serial sampling of the same fermentations at different time points.

-Figure 1 relevance is hard to interpret.

Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature?

No
Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound?

Partly
Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others?

No
If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate?

No
Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility?

No
Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results?

No

References

1. Salvadó Z, Arroyo-López FN, Guillamón JM, Salazar G, et al.: Temperature adaptation markedly determines evolution within the genus Saccharomyces.Appl Environ Microbiol. 2011; 77 (7): 2292-302 PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
2. Anderson BO, Berdzuli N, Ilbawi A, Kestel D, et al.: Health and cancer risks associated with low levels of alcohol consumption.Lancet Public Health. 2023; 8 (1): e6-e7 PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text

Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed.

Reviewer Expertise: Laboratory scale wine fermentation by Saccharomyces cerevisiae

CITE

Report a concern

Author Response 27 Feb 2025

Huynh Xuan Phong, Can Tho University, Vietnam

27 Feb 2025

Author Response

1. First of all, some of the conclusions presented are not supported by the results or the experiments conducted. Also, The reader may have trouble finding the link between some ... Continue reading 1. First of all, some of the conclusions presented are not supported by the results or the experiments conducted. Also, The reader may have trouble finding the link between some of the conclusions and the results supporting them. The authors may find these cases detailed below so that they can improve this aspect.
Thank you for your comments, we added discussion on Lines 103-106, 147-148
In this information, we have linked the data with corresponding discussions that improve the discussion quality.

2. Moreover, authors should clearly explain the statistical treatment of the obtained data. In the paper, it is stated that three replicates have been used, but there is no indication about what are the values presented (presumably mean values). In addition, errors or standard deviations, as well as tests conducted to determine possible significant differences were not shown.
This is a valuable comment, we clarified the statistical analysis methods on the information on Lines 87-91 of Section 2.2.5.

3. Also, the writing itself is an issue of concern, as it is sometimes difficult to follow. I would strongly recommend to consider a professional English editing service. Not only phrasing, but punctuation is confusing at some points. Also, the text is unnecessarily repetitive in some occasions, and ideas are not expressed in a cohesive and coherent way.
Thank you for your suggestion, we have read and made needed changes to improve the English writing of the whole manuscript.

4. In Abstract Methods section, the sentence "The temperature for three-leaf cayratia fermentation, incubation time, and preliminary 1 liter of three-leaf cayratia wine fermentation were determined" should be rephrased. Should "preliminary" be accompanying a noun?
We changed the word “preliminary 1-liter” into “trial fermentation in the 1-liter-scale of three-leaf cayratia wine” in the abstract section and the names of sections 2.2.4 (line 76) and 3.4 (Line 152).

5. In general, Abstract Methods section reflects a content more suitable for a results section. Please, modify that section accordingly.
Thank you for your suggestion, we have modified the methods of the abstract section and included only the needed methods for the study. The information related to results was relocated to the result part of the abstract.

6. The Conclusion Abstract section also has a content more suitable for a results section.
We relocated the information related to results from the conclusion to the results of the abstract section. The conclusion part is revised to include only the needed conclusion of the study. Besides, we have clarified that the results of this study can be utilized as a base for further studies conducted in exploring bioactive compounds generated from the fermentation.

7. The first sentence of the introduction about the impact of alcoholic beverages on health is not in agreement with WHO, based on several recent studies such as Anderson BO et al, 2023 [Ref 2]
We agree that wine has both benefits and harmfulness depending on the consumption amount of people. We have modified the introduction stating that moderate consumption of wine can benefit human health on Lines 2-3.

8. The word "fermentability" is used as a characteristic typical of yeast, but it would rather refer to a carbon source or a growth medium. Anyway, authors should provide an objective set of parameters defining quality of yeast in fermentation to justify the strain selection.
We changed the word “fermentability” into “fermentation ability” in the suitable sections of the whole study. The yeast S. cerevisiae 2.1 is demonstrated for the quality and fermentation ability in a previous study of Ngo et al. (2005). In this study, we applied that strain of yeast for the fermentation of three-leaf trifolia.

9. Some background about in vitro fermentation of three-leaf cayratia, their properties and biotechnological potential should be furthered commented. Otherwise, the work would remain quite out of focus.
Thank you for your comment. We added information on the introduction of vivo-fermentation of three-leaf trifolia wine on Lines 24-28 of Section 1 – Introduction.

10. In section 3.1, authors state that yeast die in the highest sugar concentration condition. However, results from a cell viability test should be provided to prove it. Anyway, another explanation would be a slower fermentation rate, probably because adjustment to higher sugar concentrations at the initial must normally requires a significant amount of time. In any case, it would be nice to have data of the dynamics of both the fermentation and the yeast growth.
We modified the text on Lines 99-100 which stated that “when the sugar concentration is too high, yeast fermentation is limited due to high osmotic pressure, lowering the alcoholic production”. Besides, we added one reference to clarify this point. In this test, we focus on ethanol production to assess the fermentation quality.

11. In section 3.2, authors claim that ordinary yeast optimal temperature is 30ºC, but they probably refer to S. cerevisiae. There is a wide range of optimal growth temperatures for other yeast. Also, they state that their growth is inhibited above 32ºC, but this is simply not correct [Refer Ref 1]. After that, authors affirm that temperatures above 20ºC could provoke yeast viability to lower down, which seems contradictory. All in all, discussion of the results are not appropriated in its current state.
We agree with your comments. For that, we modified the text on Lines 128-130 of Section 3.2 stating that the optimal temperature for the growth and fermentation of S. cerevisiae is 30-35°C. We also add one more reference to clarify our explanation.
1. First of all, some of the conclusions presented are not supported by the results or the experiments conducted. Also, The reader may have trouble finding the link between some of the conclusions and the results supporting them. The authors may find these cases detailed below so that they can improve this aspect.
Thank you for your comments, we added discussion on Lines 103-106, 147-148
In this information, we have linked the data with corresponding discussions that improve the discussion quality.

2. Moreover, authors should clearly explain the statistical treatment of the obtained data. In the paper, it is stated that three replicates have been used, but there is no indication about what are the values presented (presumably mean values). In addition, errors or standard deviations, as well as tests conducted to determine possible significant differences were not shown.
This is a valuable comment, we clarified the statistical analysis methods on the information on Lines 87-91 of Section 2.2.5.

3. Also, the writing itself is an issue of concern, as it is sometimes difficult to follow. I would strongly recommend to consider a professional English editing service. Not only phrasing, but punctuation is confusing at some points. Also, the text is unnecessarily repetitive in some occasions, and ideas are not expressed in a cohesive and coherent way.
Thank you for your suggestion, we have read and made needed changes to improve the English writing of the whole manuscript.

4. In Abstract Methods section, the sentence "The temperature for three-leaf cayratia fermentation, incubation time, and preliminary 1 liter of three-leaf cayratia wine fermentation were determined" should be rephrased. Should "preliminary" be accompanying a noun?
We changed the word “preliminary 1-liter” into “trial fermentation in the 1-liter-scale of three-leaf cayratia wine” in the abstract section and the names of sections 2.2.4 (line 76) and 3.4 (Line 152).

5. In general, Abstract Methods section reflects a content more suitable for a results section. Please, modify that section accordingly.
Thank you for your suggestion, we have modified the methods of the abstract section and included only the needed methods for the study. The information related to results was relocated to the result part of the abstract.

6. The Conclusion Abstract section also has a content more suitable for a results section.
We relocated the information related to results from the conclusion to the results of the abstract section. The conclusion part is revised to include only the needed conclusion of the study. Besides, we have clarified that the results of this study can be utilized as a base for further studies conducted in exploring bioactive compounds generated from the fermentation.

7. The first sentence of the introduction about the impact of alcoholic beverages on health is not in agreement with WHO, based on several recent studies such as Anderson BO et al, 2023 [Ref 2]
We agree that wine has both benefits and harmfulness depending on the consumption amount of people. We have modified the introduction stating that moderate consumption of wine can benefit human health on Lines 2-3.

8. The word "fermentability" is used as a characteristic typical of yeast, but it would rather refer to a carbon source or a growth medium. Anyway, authors should provide an objective set of parameters defining quality of yeast in fermentation to justify the strain selection.
We changed the word “fermentability” into “fermentation ability” in the suitable sections of the whole study. The yeast S. cerevisiae 2.1 is demonstrated for the quality and fermentation ability in a previous study of Ngo et al. (2005). In this study, we applied that strain of yeast for the fermentation of three-leaf trifolia.

9. Some background about in vitro fermentation of three-leaf cayratia, their properties and biotechnological potential should be furthered commented. Otherwise, the work would remain quite out of focus.
Thank you for your comment. We added information on the introduction of vivo-fermentation of three-leaf trifolia wine on Lines 24-28 of Section 1 – Introduction.

10. In section 3.1, authors state that yeast die in the highest sugar concentration condition. However, results from a cell viability test should be provided to prove it. Anyway, another explanation would be a slower fermentation rate, probably because adjustment to higher sugar concentrations at the initial must normally requires a significant amount of time. In any case, it would be nice to have data of the dynamics of both the fermentation and the yeast growth.
We modified the text on Lines 99-100 which stated that “when the sugar concentration is too high, yeast fermentation is limited due to high osmotic pressure, lowering the alcoholic production”. Besides, we added one reference to clarify this point. In this test, we focus on ethanol production to assess the fermentation quality.

11. In section 3.2, authors claim that ordinary yeast optimal temperature is 30ºC, but they probably refer to S. cerevisiae. There is a wide range of optimal growth temperatures for other yeast. Also, they state that their growth is inhibited above 32ºC, but this is simply not correct [Refer Ref 1]. After that, authors affirm that temperatures above 20ºC could provoke yeast viability to lower down, which seems contradictory. All in all, discussion of the results are not appropriated in its current state.
We agree with your comments. For that, we modified the text on Lines 128-130 of Section 3.2 stating that the optimal temperature for the growth and fermentation of S. cerevisiae is 30-35°C. We also add one more reference to clarify our explanation.
Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Close
Report a concern
Respond or Comment

COMMENTS ON THIS REPORT

Author Response 27 Feb 2025

Huynh Xuan Phong, Can Tho University, Vietnam

27 Feb 2025

Author Response

1. First of all, some of the conclusions presented are not supported by the results or the experiments conducted. Also, The reader may have trouble finding the link between some ... Continue reading 1. First of all, some of the conclusions presented are not supported by the results or the experiments conducted. Also, The reader may have trouble finding the link between some of the conclusions and the results supporting them. The authors may find these cases detailed below so that they can improve this aspect.
Thank you for your comments, we added discussion on Lines 103-106, 147-148
In this information, we have linked the data with corresponding discussions that improve the discussion quality.

2. Moreover, authors should clearly explain the statistical treatment of the obtained data. In the paper, it is stated that three replicates have been used, but there is no indication about what are the values presented (presumably mean values). In addition, errors or standard deviations, as well as tests conducted to determine possible significant differences were not shown.
This is a valuable comment, we clarified the statistical analysis methods on the information on Lines 87-91 of Section 2.2.5.

3. Also, the writing itself is an issue of concern, as it is sometimes difficult to follow. I would strongly recommend to consider a professional English editing service. Not only phrasing, but punctuation is confusing at some points. Also, the text is unnecessarily repetitive in some occasions, and ideas are not expressed in a cohesive and coherent way.
Thank you for your suggestion, we have read and made needed changes to improve the English writing of the whole manuscript.

4. In Abstract Methods section, the sentence "The temperature for three-leaf cayratia fermentation, incubation time, and preliminary 1 liter of three-leaf cayratia wine fermentation were determined" should be rephrased. Should "preliminary" be accompanying a noun?
We changed the word “preliminary 1-liter” into “trial fermentation in the 1-liter-scale of three-leaf cayratia wine” in the abstract section and the names of sections 2.2.4 (line 76) and 3.4 (Line 152).

5. In general, Abstract Methods section reflects a content more suitable for a results section. Please, modify that section accordingly.
Thank you for your suggestion, we have modified the methods of the abstract section and included only the needed methods for the study. The information related to results was relocated to the result part of the abstract.

6. The Conclusion Abstract section also has a content more suitable for a results section.
We relocated the information related to results from the conclusion to the results of the abstract section. The conclusion part is revised to include only the needed conclusion of the study. Besides, we have clarified that the results of this study can be utilized as a base for further studies conducted in exploring bioactive compounds generated from the fermentation.

7. The first sentence of the introduction about the impact of alcoholic beverages on health is not in agreement with WHO, based on several recent studies such as Anderson BO et al, 2023 [Ref 2]
We agree that wine has both benefits and harmfulness depending on the consumption amount of people. We have modified the introduction stating that moderate consumption of wine can benefit human health on Lines 2-3.

8. The word "fermentability" is used as a characteristic typical of yeast, but it would rather refer to a carbon source or a growth medium. Anyway, authors should provide an objective set of parameters defining quality of yeast in fermentation to justify the strain selection.
We changed the word “fermentability” into “fermentation ability” in the suitable sections of the whole study. The yeast S. cerevisiae 2.1 is demonstrated for the quality and fermentation ability in a previous study of Ngo et al. (2005). In this study, we applied that strain of yeast for the fermentation of three-leaf trifolia.

9. Some background about in vitro fermentation of three-leaf cayratia, their properties and biotechnological potential should be furthered commented. Otherwise, the work would remain quite out of focus.
Thank you for your comment. We added information on the introduction of vivo-fermentation of three-leaf trifolia wine on Lines 24-28 of Section 1 – Introduction.

10. In section 3.1, authors state that yeast die in the highest sugar concentration condition. However, results from a cell viability test should be provided to prove it. Anyway, another explanation would be a slower fermentation rate, probably because adjustment to higher sugar concentrations at the initial must normally requires a significant amount of time. In any case, it would be nice to have data of the dynamics of both the fermentation and the yeast growth.
We modified the text on Lines 99-100 which stated that “when the sugar concentration is too high, yeast fermentation is limited due to high osmotic pressure, lowering the alcoholic production”. Besides, we added one reference to clarify this point. In this test, we focus on ethanol production to assess the fermentation quality.

11. In section 3.2, authors claim that ordinary yeast optimal temperature is 30ºC, but they probably refer to S. cerevisiae. There is a wide range of optimal growth temperatures for other yeast. Also, they state that their growth is inhibited above 32ºC, but this is simply not correct [Refer Ref 1]. After that, authors affirm that temperatures above 20ºC could provoke yeast viability to lower down, which seems contradictory. All in all, discussion of the results are not appropriated in its current state.
We agree with your comments. For that, we modified the text on Lines 128-130 of Section 3.2 stating that the optimal temperature for the growth and fermentation of S. cerevisiae is 30-35°C. We also add one more reference to clarify our explanation.
1. First of all, some of the conclusions presented are not supported by the results or the experiments conducted. Also, The reader may have trouble finding the link between some of the conclusions and the results supporting them. The authors may find these cases detailed below so that they can improve this aspect.
Thank you for your comments, we added discussion on Lines 103-106, 147-148
In this information, we have linked the data with corresponding discussions that improve the discussion quality.

2. Moreover, authors should clearly explain the statistical treatment of the obtained data. In the paper, it is stated that three replicates have been used, but there is no indication about what are the values presented (presumably mean values). In addition, errors or standard deviations, as well as tests conducted to determine possible significant differences were not shown.
This is a valuable comment, we clarified the statistical analysis methods on the information on Lines 87-91 of Section 2.2.5.

3. Also, the writing itself is an issue of concern, as it is sometimes difficult to follow. I would strongly recommend to consider a professional English editing service. Not only phrasing, but punctuation is confusing at some points. Also, the text is unnecessarily repetitive in some occasions, and ideas are not expressed in a cohesive and coherent way.
Thank you for your suggestion, we have read and made needed changes to improve the English writing of the whole manuscript.

4. In Abstract Methods section, the sentence "The temperature for three-leaf cayratia fermentation, incubation time, and preliminary 1 liter of three-leaf cayratia wine fermentation were determined" should be rephrased. Should "preliminary" be accompanying a noun?
We changed the word “preliminary 1-liter” into “trial fermentation in the 1-liter-scale of three-leaf cayratia wine” in the abstract section and the names of sections 2.2.4 (line 76) and 3.4 (Line 152).

5. In general, Abstract Methods section reflects a content more suitable for a results section. Please, modify that section accordingly.
Thank you for your suggestion, we have modified the methods of the abstract section and included only the needed methods for the study. The information related to results was relocated to the result part of the abstract.

6. The Conclusion Abstract section also has a content more suitable for a results section.
We relocated the information related to results from the conclusion to the results of the abstract section. The conclusion part is revised to include only the needed conclusion of the study. Besides, we have clarified that the results of this study can be utilized as a base for further studies conducted in exploring bioactive compounds generated from the fermentation.

7. The first sentence of the introduction about the impact of alcoholic beverages on health is not in agreement with WHO, based on several recent studies such as Anderson BO et al, 2023 [Ref 2]
We agree that wine has both benefits and harmfulness depending on the consumption amount of people. We have modified the introduction stating that moderate consumption of wine can benefit human health on Lines 2-3.

8. The word "fermentability" is used as a characteristic typical of yeast, but it would rather refer to a carbon source or a growth medium. Anyway, authors should provide an objective set of parameters defining quality of yeast in fermentation to justify the strain selection.
We changed the word “fermentability” into “fermentation ability” in the suitable sections of the whole study. The yeast S. cerevisiae 2.1 is demonstrated for the quality and fermentation ability in a previous study of Ngo et al. (2005). In this study, we applied that strain of yeast for the fermentation of three-leaf trifolia.

9. Some background about in vitro fermentation of three-leaf cayratia, their properties and biotechnological potential should be furthered commented. Otherwise, the work would remain quite out of focus.
Thank you for your comment. We added information on the introduction of vivo-fermentation of three-leaf trifolia wine on Lines 24-28 of Section 1 – Introduction.

10. In section 3.1, authors state that yeast die in the highest sugar concentration condition. However, results from a cell viability test should be provided to prove it. Anyway, another explanation would be a slower fermentation rate, probably because adjustment to higher sugar concentrations at the initial must normally requires a significant amount of time. In any case, it would be nice to have data of the dynamics of both the fermentation and the yeast growth.
We modified the text on Lines 99-100 which stated that “when the sugar concentration is too high, yeast fermentation is limited due to high osmotic pressure, lowering the alcoholic production”. Besides, we added one reference to clarify this point. In this test, we focus on ethanol production to assess the fermentation quality.

11. In section 3.2, authors claim that ordinary yeast optimal temperature is 30ºC, but they probably refer to S. cerevisiae. There is a wide range of optimal growth temperatures for other yeast. Also, they state that their growth is inhibited above 32ºC, but this is simply not correct [Refer Ref 1]. After that, authors affirm that temperatures above 20ºC could provoke yeast viability to lower down, which seems contradictory. All in all, discussion of the results are not appropriated in its current state.
We agree with your comments. For that, we modified the text on Lines 128-130 of Section 3.2 stating that the optimal temperature for the growth and fermentation of S. cerevisiae is 30-35°C. We also add one more reference to clarify our explanation.
Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Close
Report a concern

Comments on this article Comments (0)

Version 4

VERSION 4 PUBLISHED 21 Mar 2023

Open Peer Review

Reviewer Status

Reviewer Reports

	Invited Reviewers
	1	2	3
Version 4 (revision) 27 Feb 25	read	read	read
Version 3 (revision) 11 Mar 24	read	read
Version 2 (revision) 01 Nov 23
Version 1 21 Mar 23

Javier Alonso-Del-Real, Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia, Valencia, Spain; Instituto de Agroquimica y Tecnología de Alimentos, Paterna, Spain
Muazaz Azeez Hasan AL-Hadeethi, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq

Susan Abdul Raheem Hasan, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
Shatha Abdullah Allaith, University of Kerbala Faculty of Agriculture (Ringgold ID: 125663), Kerbala, Iraq

Comments on this article

All Comments(0)

Add a comment

Browse by related subjects

Back to all reports

Reviewer Report

5 Views

02 Sep 2025 | for Version 4

Shatha Abdullah Allaith, University of Kerbala Faculty of Agriculture (Ringgold ID: 125663), Kerbala, Karbala Governorate, Iraq

5 Views Cite this report Responses(0)

Not Approved

Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature?

Yes
Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound?

Partly
Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others?

No
If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate?

Partly
Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility?

Partly
Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results?

Partly

Competing Interests

No competing interests were disclosed.

Reviewer Expertise

food technology and industrial fermentation

Respond to this report

Responses (0)

Back to all reports

Reviewer Report

10 Views

17 Mar 2025 | for Version 4

Javier Alonso-Del-Real, Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia, Valencia, Spain; Instituto de Agroquimica y Tecnología de Alimentos, Paterna, Spain

10 Views Cite this report Responses(0)

Not Approved

Competing Interests

No competing interests were disclosed.

Reviewer Expertise

Laboratory scale wine fermentation by Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Respond to this report

Responses (0)

Back to all reports

Reviewer Report

9 Views

05 Mar 2025 | for Version 4

Muazaz Azeez Hasan AL-Hadeethi, Botany, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq

Susan Abdul Raheem Hasan, Biology, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq

9 Views Cite this report Responses(0)

Approved

I have no further comments.

Competing Interests

No competing interests were disclosed.

Reviewer Expertise

Microbiologist and expert in biological fermentation processes, with a particular focus on probiotics and plants.

We confirm that we have read this submission and believe that we have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard.

Respond to this report

Responses (0)

Back to all reports

Reviewer Report

27 Views

22 Jun 2024 | for Version 3

Susan Abdul Raheem Hasan, Biology, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq

Muazaz Azeez Hasan AL-Hadeethi, Botany, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq

27 Views Cite this report Responses(1)

Approved With Reservations

Method in abstract missing details such as (volumes, weights, etc.) that were tested, which then were cleared in the main part of the manuscript.
It is crucial to emphasize the need for additional Statistical analysis, which will further strengthen the validity of the findings.
It is essential to discuss the effect of a lower amount of sugar, as this could potentially significantly impact the fermentation process.
Further information and details should be added to a conclusion as in the abstract.

Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature?

Yes
Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound?

Yes
Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others?

Yes
If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate?

I cannot comment. A qualified statistician is required.
Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility?

Yes
Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results?

Partly

References

Competing Interests

No competing interests were disclosed.

Reviewer Expertise

Microbiologist and expert in biological fermentation processes, with a particular focus on probiotics and plants.

Respond to this report

Responses (1)

Author Response

27 Feb 2025

Huynh Xuan Phong, Can Tho University, Vietnam

1. Method in abstract missing details such as (volumes, weights, etc.) that were tested, which then were cleared in the main part of the manuscript.
This is a valuable comment. We clarified the information on the volumes of each fermentation trial (100 milliliters and 1 liter) in the abstract section.

2. It is crucial to emphasize the need for additional Statistical analysis, which will further strengthen the validity of the findings.
We agree with your comments. For that, we added Section 2.2.5 on Lines 87-91 to clarify the method of statistical analysis.

3. It is essential to discuss the effect of a lower amount of sugar, as this could potentially significantly impact the fermentation process.
A discussion on the effect of lower sugar amount on the fermentation was added on Lines 103-106. We also add a reference to clarify the explanation.

4. Further information and details should be added to a conclusion as in the abstract.
We revised the conclusion part of the abstract to include essential findings from our study. For that, we clarify that the result of this study provides information for further investigation conducted in the analysis of bioactive compounds produced by fermentation.

View more View less

Competing Interests

No competing interests were disclosed.

Back to all reports

Reviewer Report

26 Views

06 May 2024 | for Version 3

Javier Alonso-Del-Real, Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia, Valencia, Spain; Instituto de Agroquimica y Tecnología de Alimentos, Paterna, Spain

26 Views Cite this report Responses(1)

Not Approved

Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature?

No
Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound?

Partly
Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others?

No
If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate?

No
Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility?

No
Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results?

No

References

Competing Interests

No competing interests were disclosed.

Reviewer Expertise

Laboratory scale wine fermentation by Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Respond to this report

Responses (1)

Author Response

27 Feb 2025

Huynh Xuan Phong, Can Tho University, Vietnam

1. First of all, some of the conclusions presented are not supported by the results or the experiments conducted. Also, The reader may have trouble finding the link between some of the conclusions and the results supporting them. The authors may find these cases detailed below so that they can improve this aspect.
Thank you for your comments, we added discussion on Lines 103-106, 147-148
In this information, we have linked the data with corresponding discussions that improve the discussion quality.

2. Moreover, authors should clearly explain the statistical treatment of the obtained data. In the paper, it is stated that three replicates have been used, but there is no indication about what are the values presented (presumably mean values). In addition, errors or standard deviations, as well as tests conducted to determine possible significant differences were not shown.
This is a valuable comment, we clarified the statistical analysis methods on the information on Lines 87-91 of Section 2.2.5.

3. Also, the writing itself is an issue of concern, as it is sometimes difficult to follow. I would strongly recommend to consider a professional English editing service. Not only phrasing, but punctuation is confusing at some points. Also, the text is unnecessarily repetitive in some occasions, and ideas are not expressed in a cohesive and coherent way.
Thank you for your suggestion, we have read and made needed changes to improve the English writing of the whole manuscript.

4. In Abstract Methods section, the sentence "The temperature for three-leaf cayratia fermentation, incubation time, and preliminary 1 liter of three-leaf cayratia wine fermentation were determined" should be rephrased. Should "preliminary" be accompanying a noun?
We changed the word “preliminary 1-liter” into “trial fermentation in the 1-liter-scale of three-leaf cayratia wine” in the abstract section and the names of sections 2.2.4 (line 76) and 3.4 (Line 152).

5. In general, Abstract Methods section reflects a content more suitable for a results section. Please, modify that section accordingly.
Thank you for your suggestion, we have modified the methods of the abstract section and included only the needed methods for the study. The information related to results was relocated to the result part of the abstract.

6. The Conclusion Abstract section also has a content more suitable for a results section.
We relocated the information related to results from the conclusion to the results of the abstract section. The conclusion part is revised to include only the needed conclusion of the study. Besides, we have clarified that the results of this study can be utilized as a base for further studies conducted in exploring bioactive compounds generated from the fermentation.

7. The first sentence of the introduction about the impact of alcoholic beverages on health is not in agreement with WHO, based on several recent studies such as Anderson BO et al, 2023 [Ref 2]
We agree that wine has both benefits and harmfulness depending on the consumption amount of people. We have modified the introduction stating that moderate consumption of wine can benefit human health on Lines 2-3.

8. The word "fermentability" is used as a characteristic typical of yeast, but it would rather refer to a carbon source or a growth medium. Anyway, authors should provide an objective set of parameters defining quality of yeast in fermentation to justify the strain selection.
We changed the word “fermentability” into “fermentation ability” in the suitable sections of the whole study. The yeast S. cerevisiae 2.1 is demonstrated for the quality and fermentation ability in a previous study of Ngo et al. (2005). In this study, we applied that strain of yeast for the fermentation of three-leaf trifolia.

9. Some background about in vitro fermentation of three-leaf cayratia, their properties and biotechnological potential should be furthered commented. Otherwise, the work would remain quite out of focus.
Thank you for your comment. We added information on the introduction of vivo-fermentation of three-leaf trifolia wine on Lines 24-28 of Section 1 – Introduction.

10. In section 3.1, authors state that yeast die in the highest sugar concentration condition. However, results from a cell viability test should be provided to prove it. Anyway, another explanation would be a slower fermentation rate, probably because adjustment to higher sugar concentrations at the initial must normally requires a significant amount of time. In any case, it would be nice to have data of the dynamics of both the fermentation and the yeast growth.
We modified the text on Lines 99-100 which stated that “when the sugar concentration is too high, yeast fermentation is limited due to high osmotic pressure, lowering the alcoholic production”. Besides, we added one reference to clarify this point. In this test, we focus on ethanol production to assess the fermentation quality.

11. In section 3.2, authors claim that ordinary yeast optimal temperature is 30ºC, but they probably refer to S. cerevisiae. There is a wide range of optimal growth temperatures for other yeast. Also, they state that their growth is inhibited above 32ºC, but this is simply not correct [Refer Ref 1]. After that, authors affirm that temperatures above 20ºC could provoke yeast viability to lower down, which seems contradictory. All in all, discussion of the results are not appropriated in its current state.
We agree with your comments. For that, we modified the text on Lines 128-130 of Section 3.2 stating that the optimal temperature for the growth and fermentation of S. cerevisiae is 30-35°C. We also add one more reference to clarify our explanation.

View more View less

Competing Interests

No competing interests were disclosed.

Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article:

Approved - the paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested

Approved with reservations - A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit.

Not approved - fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions

[1] Amerine MA, Kunkee R, Ough KCS, et al.: The technology of wine making. 4th ed.Westport, Connecticut: AVI; 1980; 185–703.

[2] Doan TTK, Lu NH, Nguyen TN, et al.: Isolation and selection of thermotolerant yeasts for wine production from three-leaf cayratia (Cayratia trifolia L.), in Vietnamese. The Journal of Agriculture and Development. 2018a; 2: 55–64.

[3] Doan TTK, Vien YTH, Huynh PX, et al.: Selection of thermotolerant yeasts and application in wine production from three-leaf cayratia (Cayratia trifolia L.) in Hau Giang, in Vietnamese. Can Tho University Journal of Science. 2018b; 54(4B): 64–71.

[4] Doan TTK, Huynh THA, Nguyen TNM, et al.: Selection of thermotolerant yeasts for production of three-leaf cayratia (Cayratia trifolia L.) wine in Kien Giang, in Vietnamese. Science and Technology Journal of Agriculture and Rural Development. 2018c; 2: 54–62.

[5] Doan TTK, Huynh MTN, Nguyen DD, et al.: Total polyphenol content and antioxidant capacity of Cayratia trifolia (L) Domin berries before and after fermentation using thermotolerant yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae HG1.3, in Vietnamese. Vietnam Journal of Science and Technology. 2018d; 60(8): 44–60.

[6] Doan TTK, Huynh PX, Yamada M, et al.: Characterization of newly isolated thermotolerant yeasts and evaluation of their potential for use in Cayratia trifolia wine production. Vietnam Journal of Science and Technology. 2019a; 61(1): 68–73. Publisher Full Text

[7] Doan TTK, Huynh MTN, Lu NH, et al.: Evaluation of total polyphenol and antioxidant capacity in wine fermentation of three-leaf cayratia from Ca Mau province using Saccharomyces cerevisiae CM3.2, in Vietnamese. Can Tho University Journal of Science. 2019b; 55(2): 285–291.

[8] Doan TKT, Huynh MTN, Tran VTT, et al.: Fermentation conditions, total polyphenol content, and antioxidant activity of threeleaf cayratia (Cayratia trifolia L.) wine prepared using thermotolerant yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae HG1.3. Asia-Pacific Journal of Science and Technology. 2022; 27(06): APST–27. Publisher Full Text

[9] Doan TKT, Huynh MTN, Tran TTM, et al.: The fermentation conditions of low alcoholic three-leaved (Cayratia trifolia (L.) Domin) cider using Saccharomyces cerevisiae HG1.3. Journal of Applied Biology and Biotechnology. 2024; 12(5): 170–176. Publisher Full Text

[10] Kayikci Ö, Nielsen J: Glucose repression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. FEMS Yeast Research. 2015; 15(6): fov068. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text

[11] Matei F, Kosseva MR: Chapter 2 - Microbiology of Fruit Wine Production. Science and Technology of Fruit Wine Production. Academic Press; 2017; pp. 73–103.

[12] Nevoigt E: Progress in metabolic engineering of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews. 2008; 72(3): 379–412. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text

[13] Ngo DTP, Ly HLH, Huynh PX: Isolation, selection of yeasts and determination of factors affecting watermelon wine fermentation, in Vietnamese. Can Tho University Journal of Science. 2011; 2011(18b): 137–145.

[14] Ngo DTP, Rombouts FM, Nout MJR: Characteristics of some traditional Vietnamese starch-based rice wine fermentation starters (men). Food Science and Technology/LWT. 2005; 40: 130–135.

[15] Nguyen VM: Biochemistry practice. HaNoi: Vietnam National University Press; 2007.

[16] Nguyen TM: Stability and improvement of wine “sim” quality through chemical and biological method. Can Tho University Journal of Science. 2010; 14: 195–204.

[17] Nguyen TV, Nguyen TM, Tran QT, et al.: Isolation, selection and identification of yeast strains for pineapple wine fermentation, in Vietnamese. Can Tho University Journal of Science. 2013; 25: 27–35.

[18] Nielsen SS: Food Analysis Laboratory Manual. 2nd ed.New York: Springer; 2010.

[19] Phong H: Investigaton of wine fermentation of three-leaf cayratia (Cayratia trifolia L.) using Saccharomyces cerevisiae 2.1. figshare. Dataset. 2023. Publisher Full Text

[20] Timmermans E, Bautil A, Brijs K, et al.: Sugar levels determine fermentation dynamics during yeast pastry making and its impact on dough and product characteristics. Foods (Basel, Switzerland). 2022; 11(10): 1388. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text

[21] Torija MJ, Rozès N, Poblet N, et al.: Effects of fermentation temperature on the strain population of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. International Journal of Food Microbiology. 2003; 80(1): 47–53. Publisher Full Text

[22] Vietnam National Standard 3217:79: Liquors, Sensory evaluation-Methodlogy Test by Means of Marking, in Vietnamese. Ha Noi, Viet Nam: Ministry of Science and Technology; 1979.

[23] Waites MJ, Morgan NL, Rockey JS, et al.: Industrial Microbiology. Blackwell Science Ltd.; 2001.

[24] Walsh RM, Martin PA: Growth of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Saccharomyces uvarum in a temperature gradient incubator. Journal of the Institute of Brewing. 1977; 83: 169–172. Publisher Full Text

Investigation of wine fermentation of three-leaf cayratia (Cayratia trifolia L.) using Saccharomyces cerevisiae 2.1

Abstract

Background

Methods

Results

Concusion

Keywords

Revised Amendments from Version 3

1. Introduction

2. Methods

2.1 Materials

2.2 Determination methods of three-leaf cayratia fermentation

3. Results

3.1 The initial sugar of the three-leaf cayratia fermentation using S. cerevisiae 2.1

Table 1. The effects of °Brix on the fermentation ability of S. cerevisiae 2.1.

Table 2. The effects of incubation time on fermentation.

3.2 Temperature for three-leaf cayratia fermentation

3.3 Fermentation time for three-leaf cayratia wine

Table 3. The fermentation temperature results of S. cerevisiae 2.1.

3.4 Trial fermentation in the 1-liter scale of the three-leaf cayratia wine

Figure 1. Three-leaf cayratia wine and sensory evaluation chart.

Table 4. Quality evaluation of cayratia wine.

4. Discussion

5. Conclusion

5.1 Ethical considerations

Data availability statement

Underlying data

Acknowledgements

References

Comments on this article Comments (0)

Open Peer Review

Comments on this article Comments (0)

Open Peer Review

Reviewer Status

Reviewer Reports

Comments on this article

Browse by related subjects

Competing Interests Policy

Stay Updated