Keywords
Nanocrystals, Dental adhesive, Graphene oxide, Hydroxyapatite, Anti-microbial, Biocompatibility, Hydrophobic, Micro-tensile bond strength.
This article is included in the Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research collection.
Graphene is the thinnest, strongest, and stiffest imaginable material. The biocompatible property of graphene oxide can initiate and facilitate cell adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation of periodontal ligament, osteogenic, and oral epithelial cells. Furthermore, the antibiofilm and anti-adhesion properties of graphene oxide in the prevention of dental biofilm infections, dental caries, and dental erosion as well as for implant surface modification and as an anti-quorum sensing agent. Composites are the most often utilized materials for restoration in the field of dentistry due to adhesive resins' improved mechanical and cosmetic properties. To safeguard the dentin and prevent dental cavities, dentin adhesives are utilized to affix hydrophobic resin composites to hydrophilic dentin tissue.
Dental adhesives have a harder time adhering to dentin because it contains more water and is less mineralized than enamel. This makes the method more sensitive.
As a result, it was chosen to assess and contrast the impact of 5% Hydroxyapatite nanoparticles and 2% Graphene oxide nanoparticles, both separately and together, on the Micro tensile bond strength of 5th generation adhesive.
Graphene oxide is the most versatile form of Graphite in structural and functional configuration. Graphene oxide possesses extraordinary physical, chemical, optical, electrical and mechanical properties. Among the graphene family nanomaterials, the reduced form of Graphite adding the oxygenated functional group to the structure increases the surface area and therefore exhibits enviable excellent interaction ability with metal and ions as well as organic species. Graphene oxide in dentistry has provided outstanding results in antimicrobial action, regenerative dentistry, bone tissue engineering, drug delivery, physicochemical properties, enhancement of dental biomaterials and oral cancer treatment.
Nanocrystals, Dental adhesive, Graphene oxide, Hydroxyapatite, Anti-microbial, Biocompatibility, Hydrophobic, Micro-tensile bond strength.
The corrections have been made. The future scopes and implications have been done.
See the authors' detailed response to the review by Mohammed Zahedul Islam Nizami
See the authors' detailed response to the review by Ranj Nadhim Salaie
See the authors' detailed response to the review by Ahmed Al-Noaman
Considering their enhanced aesthetics and increased mechanical qualities, the most used material for restoration in dentistry is dental composite.1 Dentin adhesives are utilized to treat and prevent dental caries as well as to adhere hydrophobic resin composites to hydrophilic dentin tissue.2 Dental adhesives have a harder time adhering to dentin because they contain more water and are less mineralized than enamel. This necessitates meticulous handling as it is highly sensitive to the procedures being performed3 Effectiveness of adherence with dentin in tooth structure is related to the monomers' capacity to extend and enter the gaps between collagen fibers and the stability of the resin-based tags used to create a hybrid layer.4 Loss of adhesive bond over time is considered one of the prime causes of composite restorative failure leading to complications.5 Bond failure as well as the emergence leading to secondary caries are caused by loss of bond, which results in causing the production of nano-gaps.6 To boost dentin interactions with adhesive resins also maybe lessen dentin-adhesive degradation to counteract failure of adhesion over time, also use of inorganic fillers to adhesives is advised.7 Recent research has demonstrated that the addition of fillers in adhesives can improve their mechanical qualities while reducing water sorption and solubility.8,9 Thus, it is extremely desirable to incorporate inorganic nanomaterials as fillers/particles to enhance the physicomechanical characteristics of bonding agents. In recent years, dental researchers have become interested in several materials, including graphene. Materials made of graphene have a large surface area therefore both are thermally and chemically stable.10 Graphene oxide (GO), a member of the graphene family of nanomaterials, is particularly interesting and is produced by oxidizing graphite.11 Graphene is typically thought of as a hydrophobic material, however, because GO has oxygen in its functional groups compared other GFNs (graphene family nanoparticles) it is thought to be hydrophilic.12 Its hydrophilicity could be viewed as a positive trait because it aids in the formation of stable colloid dispersion and prevents aggregation, making GO more cytocompatible.13 Lee et al. incorporated GO into dentin adhesive successfully in 2018 despite using a mix of GO and bioactive glass since it has better antibacterial activity than graphite does.14 Also, the combination of GO with the remineralizing substance hydroxyapatite (HA) will be tested in this study to see how it affects the adhesive's characteristics. HA is an inorganic, non-toxic bioactive substance that is frequently found as a significant component of tooth structure and is available as nanoparticles.15 Due to HA's demonstrated ability to remineralize bone, the number of dental materials that include it has increased.16 Due to the dental adhesives' intimate contact with tooth dentin, the incorporation of HA nanoparticles in resin adhesives aids in remineralizing the caries-affected dentin. Moreover, the hybrid dentin layer's interaction with HA to create an organic bond will make it more difficult for it to separate from the tooth.17 In a study performed earlier, Leitune et al. (2013) found that incorporating nanoparticles of HA in the dental adhesive increased the binding strength between the adhesive and the dentin.18 In a study performed earlier by Bin-Shuwaish et al. (2010) showed how GO particles might enhance the mechanical properties of glue.19 In a related earlier study, Mei et al. in 2017 found that the addition of 1 wt % GO-silica particles might enhance the compressive strength of the adhesives.20 Also, our study compares the impact of 5% Hydroxyapatite nanoparticles and 2% Graphene oxide nanoparticles, onto micro tensile bond strength when used alone and together. It is anticipated that more GO particles will be added to enhance the experimental dentin's binding capacity, durability, and dentin interaction. The conventional dental adhesive systems clinically being used in dentistry and their physical and mechanical properties varied widely in terms of bond strength and adhesion at the dentin interface which further compromised the prognosis leading to failure of the treatment. To improvise the related required properties in the 5th generation adhesive system, the graphene oxide and hydroxyapatite nanoparticles will be incorporated considering their promising structural configuration additive physical and mechanical properties aiding in the enhancement of the dental material. The focus of our study is to evaluate the increase in the tensile Bond strength of the 5th Generation Adhesive system after the incorporation of the graphene oxide and hydroxyapatite nanoparticles. Adhesion of the nanoparticles at the dentin interface leading to widespread surface area may further contribute to the increased bond strength, enhancing the mechanical properties.
Before materials are marketed in dentistry, it is crucial to conduct and analyze mechanical strength tests on them. Through laboratory investigations, these evaluations are carried out in a variety of ways. Using the TBS test method, the bonding strengths of self-adhesive composite resins with various universal bonding methods were examined in this study. The TBS values increased when the adhesive system was used with universal adhesive systems. As a result, our study's null hypothesis was rejected. The fifth-generation resin adhesive's bond integrity, longevity, and contact with dentin were studied in the current study about the addition of nano-HA and different nano-GO particle concentrations (0.5 wt% and 2 wt%). The Hydroxyapatite-graphene oxide nanoparticles 2% group demonstrated greater micro tensile bond strength than the Hydroxyapatite-graphene oxide nanoparticles 0.5% group, which revealed greater than the controls, according to the data. The idea that adding graphene oxide nanoparticles to the bonding agent would strengthen its binding was therefore considered. Adhesives are essential for the clinical outcome of restorations because inadequate restorative adhesive bonds have been linked to secondary caries development, dentin hypersensitivity (DH), and microleakage.21 Dental composites' diverse mechanical and physical qualities are reinforced by the universal use of nanoparticles.22 The nano-HA particles have a great ability to connect with the dental tissues, are biocompatible, and serve as a source of remineralizing ions like Ca and P.23,24 According to the current study, adding nano-HA particles to the adhesive produces all the advantages of using HA in adhesives. Nano-HA particles have been proposed in the past as a way to improve the mechanical characteristics of adhesive and enhance surface area for adhesion.25 This recommendation was carried out, and nano-HA particles were used in the current study (100 nm in size). Nano-GO particles were added to HA-containing glue at two different concentrations (0.5% and 2.0%) to further enhance the adhesive bonding properties of the experimental adhesives. The inclusion of foreign fillers in the glue must be evenly distributed to reap the full benefits. The optimal performance of the adhesive may be compromised by gaps or cracks created by an incomplete or partial diffusion of filler nanoparticles.26 Microorganisms can live in the dental plaque and produce pulpal irritation and dental cavities. According to a prior study by Cantore et al., an alcohol-free mouthwash shows comparable antibacterial effectiveness to regular antimicrobial mouthwash chlorhexidine and can also reduce the risk of plaque formation. Dental caries and pulpal inflammation are prevented by every component of an oral product that is antibacterial and can lower microbial burden.27 Key dental pathogens like Streptococcus mutans are not able to adhere to graphene-based dental adhesives.
1. To evaluate the micro tensile bond strength of the 5th generation bonding agent without incorporating any of the nanoparticles using a universal testing machine.
2. To evaluate the micro tensile bond strength of a 5th generation bonding agent incorporating 2% Graphene oxide nanoparticles in isolation using a universal testing machine.
3. To evaluate the micro tensile bond strength of 5th generation bonding agents incorporating 5% Hydroxy apatite nanoparticles in isolation using a universal testing machine.
4. To compare the micro tensile bond strength of 5th generation bonding agent incorporating 2% graphene oxide and 5% Hydroxyapatite nanoparticles in combination using a universal testing machine.
TRIAL DESIGN: In-vitro study
Protocol
Materials required:
▸ Inclusion criteria
• 84 Maxillary premolars
• Teeth devoid of restorations
▸ Exclusion criteria
• Teeth with previous root canal treatment.
• Extensively carious tooth.
• Abrasion, attrition, fluorosis, or other enamel defects.
• Teeth with developmental anomalies.
• Teeth with external and internal resorption.
➢ A total of 84 samples are used in the study divided into 4 groups, 21 in each group corresponding to the 1, 2, 3, and 4 sample sets.
➢ Group 1 – 5th generation bonding agent
➢ Group 2 – 5th generation bonding agent with graphene oxide nanoparticles.
➢ Group 3 – 5th generation bonding agent with hydroxyapatite nanoparticles
➢ Group 4 – 5th generation bonding agent with a combination of graphene oxide and hydroxyapatite nanoparticles.
Procedure:
1. Addition of HA to the dentin Adhesive
The nano-HA particles will be silanized after being purchased commercially. 5% silane will be added to the 95% adhesive to help the nano-hydroxyapatite stick to it.
Solvent for silanization using acetone. To create a fifth adhesive system that contains 5 wt% nano-Hydroxyapatite particles, the nano-HA particles will be introduced to the experimental adhesive at a 5% concentration (m/m). The experimental adhesive's nano-hydroxyapatite particles will be dispersed using sonication in a centrifuge to encourage homogenization. To allow the solvent to evaporate, the synthesized adhesives will be stored in isolation for 24 hours at 37 degrees C. Due to their short shelf life, the adhesives will thereafter be stored at 4 degrees C and used for 20 days after formulation.
1. Adding Graphene oxide to the dentin Adhesive
The graphene oxide powder will be combined with 2 mL of ethanol in a microbial and ultrasonically processed for 10 minutes at room temperature. The dentin adhesive will get this mixture. The nano-graphene oxide particles will first be combined with resin before being sonicated in an ultrasonic bath for 10 minutes creating a uniform combination. After sonication, the mixture will be homogenized for 60 seconds at room temperature in an ultrasonic homogenizer using pulse on/off technology. Every time the mixture is used, the mix will be homogenized in an ultrasonic homogenizer to ensure that the graphene oxide will disperse uniformly after storage. Calculations will be done to determine the resin volume in milliliters and milligram weight of nanoparticles. Using the following:
2. Addition of GO and HA to the dentin Adhesive
The graphene oxide powder will be combined with 2 mL of ethanol in a microbiological container before being ultrasonically processed for 10 minutes at room temperature. The nano-HA particles were silanized after being purchased commercially. The 95% acetone solvent will receive an addition of 5% silane for silanization to enhance the adherence of nano-hydroxyapatite to the adhesive. Once both the nanoparticles are made, the made solvents will be added to the 5th-generation dentin adhesive. To achieve a homogenous mixture, it will be sonicated in an ultrasonicator duration of 10 min. Post-sonication, the mixture will be homogenized in an ultrasonic homogenizer at pulse on/of for 60 s at room temperature. The mixture will be homogenized in the ultrasonic homogenizer before every use to ensure that graphene oxide and hydroxyapatite nanoparticles will disperse uniformly after storage. Calculations will be done to determine the resin volume in milliliters and milligrams weight of the nanoparticles. This will allow the solvent to evaporate, the synthesized adhesives will be stored in isolation for 24 hours at 37 degrees C. Due to their short shelf life, the adhesives will thereafter be stored at 4 degrees C and will be used within 20 days of the formulation.
The investigation will use extracted permanent maxillary premolars. All teeth will be kept in the storage media for a maximum of three months in distilled water. The 1, 2, 3, and 4 sample sets will be represented by the groups of the 84 premolars, which will be randomly divided into those groups. There will be Class 1 cavity preparation. The 3 M Scotchbond Universal Etchant (30 – 40% phosphoric acid) will be applied to all groups for 15 seconds. The surfaces will then be washed and dried by air. The surplus glue will then be removed using dental cotton rolls after adhesive systems have been placed for 15 seconds. The surfaces will then be exposed to light for nearly 20 seconds at an intensity of around 800 mW/cm2 using a light-curing device. The previously polymerized adhesive layer will be covered with successive 2-mm thick layers using Dentsply Spectrum -restorative material, which will then be light cured for 20 seconds. Following treatment, all of the teeth will be further separated into resin dentin sticks using a diamond disc and water cooling by ISO/TS 11405, with an average cross-sectional area of 1 mm by 1 mm. The samples will then be kept in deionized (DI) water for 24 hours at 37 °C. Next, utilizing the universal testing machine, the created samples will go through a micro-tensile bond strength test. The beams will be secured to a jig with cyanoacrylate adhesive before being put to tensile stresses at a crosshead speed of one millimeter per minute.
Primary Variable - Microtensile bond strength
Sample size formula for difference between two means:
Where;
Zα = level of significance at 5% i.e., 95%
Confidence interval 1.96
Zβ is the power of test 80% 0.84
δ1 SD of MTBS in group 1 29.74 ± 3.81
δ2 SD of MTBS in group 2 25.21 ± 3.60
Difference between two means
4.53
Pooled std. dev. = (3.81+3.60)/2 = 3.71
n 15 teeth needed in each group
The total sample size is 60
Study Reference: [28]
STATISTICAL METHOD: All the results will be calculated using SPSS version 27 software, a proprietary alternative in which the analysis can be carried out is R Studio. Data for outcome variables will be tested for normality using Kolmogorov-Smirnov. The comparative analysis of the micro tensile bond strength will be evaluated on the measurement of Newton. ANOVA will be used to find the significant difference between the mean of the 4 groups. Tukey test will be used for comparative evaluation of measurement between 2 groups pairwise. P-value ≤ 0.05 will be considered significant at a 5% level of significance and 95% confidence interval.
It is expected that among the material used in the study, the 5th generation bonding agent with graphene oxide and nano-hydroxyapatite crystals in combination may give better results as compared to the 5th generation bonding agent with or without incorporation of graphene oxide and nano hydroxyapatite crystals in isolation in routine practice due to its ability of anti-microbial properties, optimal biocompatibility, and increased bond strength.
IMPLICATION: The study can provide with the information about the best material which provide increased bond strength to get the best outcome of the dentin adhesives.
LIMITATIONS
1. The various other concentrations of the Graphene oxide nano particles that can be incorporated and its relative effect.
SCOPE: The future studies can be further carried out using Graphene oxide nano particles relating to its advantageous physical, biological and mechanical property in the field of dentistry.
The focus of our study is to evaluate the increase in the micro tensile bond strength of the 5th-generation adhesive system after the incorporation of graphene oxide and hydroxyapatite nanoparticles. Adhesion of the nanoparticles at the dentin interface leading to widespread surface area may further contribute to the increased bond strength, enhancing the mechanical properties.
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Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed.
Reviewer Expertise: Dental biomaterials, restorative dentistry and cariology
Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed.
Reviewer Expertise: My research interest is surface modification of dental implant with a bioactive material to enhance osseointegration. In addition to that, research in the prevention of peri-implantitis and use of anti-bacterial agents that inhibit bacterial adhesion and proliferation.
Is the rationale for, and objectives of, the study clearly described?
No
Is the study design appropriate for the research question?
Partly
Are sufficient details of the methods provided to allow replication by others?
Partly
Are the datasets clearly presented in a useable and accessible format?
No
Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed.
Reviewer Expertise: Dental biomaterials, restorative dentistry and cariology
Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed.
Reviewer Expertise: My research interest is surface modification of dental implant with a bioactive material to enhance osseointegration. In addition to that, research in the prevention of peri-implantitis and use of anti-bacterial agents that inhibit bacterial adhesion and proliferation.
Is the rationale for, and objectives of, the study clearly described?
Partly
Is the study design appropriate for the research question?
Partly
Are sufficient details of the methods provided to allow replication by others?
No
Are the datasets clearly presented in a useable and accessible format?
Partly
Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed.
Reviewer Expertise: My research interest is surface modification of dental implant with a bioactive material to enhance osseointegration. In addition to that, research in the prevention of peri-implantitis and use of anti-bacterial agents that inhibit bacterial adhesion and proliferation.
Is the rationale for, and objectives of, the study clearly described?
Yes
Is the study design appropriate for the research question?
Yes
Are sufficient details of the methods provided to allow replication by others?
Partly
Are the datasets clearly presented in a useable and accessible format?
Partly
Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed.
Reviewer Expertise: Dental Implantology, Nano coatings, Nano Dentistry, Dental Biomaterials, Antibacterial Biomaterials, Oral Surgery
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