Keywords
Senior, Table Tennis, Quality of life, physical health, psychological health
This article is included in the QUVAE Research and Publications gateway.
Table tennis presented a unique and accessible sport for people of all ages, particularly seniors compared to other sports.
This study utilized a quantitative with 136 Table tennis players those who registered for attending in the Thailand Master Table tennis Championships 2024 which hosted in January 2024 at Chiangmai. The questionnaire based on the measurement quality of life, WHOQOL Thai version, and analyzed using Descriptive statistics, Pearson Correlation.
Pearson correlation coefficients between the scores of the quality of life in four dimensions and the overall score revealed significant correlations (p < 0.01) with all dimensions, including physical health, psychological health, social relationships, and environmental health.
Playing Table tennis for senior in the tournament level helped to improve the quality of life in all domains.
Senior, Table Tennis, Quality of life, physical health, psychological health
Participation in sports has been a well-established phenomenon with documented positive influences on quality of life (Peráčková & Peráček, 2020). Engaging in physical activity, a key component of sports participation, yielded a range of benefits for individuals. These included improved brain health, weight management, disease prevention, enhanced bone and muscle strength, and a greater capacity for performing daily activities (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 2023). Importantly, research has also shown that physical activity was highly effective in managing anxiety, depression symptoms, and distress across various elderly populations (Singh et al., 2023).
Quality of life, a multifaceted concept encompassing physical, psychological, social, and environmental well-being (World Health Organization [WHO], 2024), reflects an individual’s perception of their life situation shaped by cultural values, goals, expectations, and concerns (Cai et al., 2021). Research consistently demonstrates a positive link between physical activity and quality of life (Gavala-González et al., 2022). Notably, participation in sports, a specific type of physical activity, offers distinct advantages for both physical and psychological health, as well as social outcomes in adults (Eather et al., 2023). Several instruments exist for measuring quality of life, such as the Quality-of-Life Scale (Flanagan, 1978), the McGill Quality of Life questionnaire – the World Health Organization Quality of Life Instrument (WHO, 2012), the Health-Related Quality of Life Questionnaire (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2000), and Expanded (Cohen et al., 2019).
Table tennis emerged as a unique and accessible sport for people of all ages, particularly seniors. Compared to other sports, it offered a lower risk of injury, making it suitable for individuals with joint limitations (Killerspin, 2024). Table tennis also provided benefits for youth in various aspects, considering the social ecology, including individual factors, social support networks, and the physical environment where the game is played (Xiao et al., 2020). Additionally, table tennis was relatively inexpensive, required minimal space, and could be played throughout one’s lifespan, making it an attractive option for many (Sportanddev, 2021).
Several studies explored the positive effects of table tennis across different age groups. Research by Naderi et al. (2018) suggested that regular table tennis training improved lipid profiles and body composition in aging men. Similarly, Pradas et al. (2021) found that children playing table tennis regularly for two years exhibited better physical fitness and the development of bone, compared to those who didn’t regularly play. The benefits extended beyond physical health. Deprá et al. (2022) demonstrated that a twice-weekly table tennis program could improve agility and balance in physically active seniors. Finally, Olsson et al. (2020) showed that table tennis training was safe and feasible for individuals with Parkinson’s disease, potentially improving balance, well-being, and self-reported physical activity levels.
This study investigates the quality of life of senior table tennis players in Thailand, particularly focusing on the association between quality-of-life aspects and players characteristics.
This study utilized a quantitative approach. The quantitative analysis involved using descriptive statistics and Pearson correlation to analyze the data collected from 136 table tennis players who participated in the Thailand Master Table Tennis Championships 2024. The questionnaire used for data collection was based on the WHOQOL measurement of quality of life, which consisted of four dimensions: Physical Health, Psychological Health, Social Relationship, and Environmental Health. The instrument used a five-point Likert scale and was measured using five items. The Pearson correlation coefficients were calculated between the scores of the quality of life in the four dimensions and the overall score, revealing significant correlations (p < 0.01) with all dimensions, including physical health, psychological health, social relationships, and environmental health. The quantitative analysis involved both descriptive statistics to describe the characteristics of the participants and Pearson correlation to examine the relationships between quality-of-life dimensions and overall score. Examples of items include: “How satisfied are you with your current health?” and “How satisfied are you with your sleep quality” (To-aj Oam et al., 2024). This research was ethically approved on 30th November 2023 by the Office of the Committee for Research Ethics (Social Sciences), Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, Mahidol University and the approval number is 2023/205.3011. Written consent was obtained from all participants involved in this study. They were clearly instructed about the project and informed that the collected data would be used for publishing the findings. Participants were also given the opportunity to withdraw from the study at any time. However, none of the participants chose to withdraw and they continued until the completion of the study.
The participants were all Table tennis players (136 Table tennis players) those who registered for attending in the Thailand Master Table tennis Championships 2024 which hosted in January 2024 at Chiang Mai, Thailand. The three experienced researchers have been trained and practiced for the data collection protocol to ensure the research process quality. All the participants were collected the data before the competition began. Each participant spent about 30 minutes for completing the questionnaire (To-aj, Oam et al., 2024). All the participants were closely assisted by the research assistants regarding to the questionnaire explanation. All questionnaires have been proved by the researchers to confirm all items were answered.
The questionnaire based on the measurement quality of life, WHOQOL which consisted of 4 dimensions: Physical Health, Psychological Health, Social Relationship, and Environmental Health. The instrument was measured using the five-items of the WHOQOL measured on a five-point Likert scale.
Descriptive statistics, Pearson Correlation by using SPSS version 22 (https://www.ibm.com/spss).
The study found that a majority of respondents were male (61.03%). The average age of participants was 51.56 years, with ages ranging from 40 to 76 years old. The largest group (77.94%) fell within the 40-59 age range. Most respondents (58.82%) held a bachelor’s degree. In terms of employment, the majority (44.85%) were self-employed. Notably, a high proportion (87.50%) reported no history of illness. These details were further presented in Table 1.
The study investigated the quality of life using the WHOQOL-BREF Thai version. The average scores for the four dimensions were: physical health (26.35), psychological health (23.58), social relationships (11.07), and environmental health (29.32). The overall quality of life score was 97.79, suggesting a good quality of life for the participants. Details were presented in Table 2.
The analysis of Pearson correlation coefficients between the quality-of-life dimension scores and the overall quality of life score revealed significant correlations (p < 0.01) between overall quality of life and all four dimensions measured by the WHOQOL-BREF Thai version: physical health, psychological health, social relationships, and environmental health. These findings were presented in detail in Table 2.
When considering the physical health dimension, it was found to be correlated with the psychological health dimension at a statistically significant level of 0.01. The Pearson correlation coefficient (r) was 0.704, indicating a high level of correlation, and they were a direct variation. When considering the social relationship dimension, it was found to be correlated with the environmental health dimension at a statistically significant level of 0.01. The Pearson correlation coefficient (r) was 0.708, indicating a high level of correlation, and they were also a direct variation. They were displayed in Table 3.
When considering the individual factors, the respondents working in private sector needed to be focused on. The study revealed that this group of respondents tend to have higher quality of life levels in the psychological health dimension, ranging from moderate to high, compared to other occupational groups with statistical significance (p <0.001***). The study also revealed that the respondents working in private sector tend to have a moderate level of quality of life in the social relationship dimension compared to other occupational groups. On the other hand, civil servants have a higher level of quality of life in the social relationship dimension compared to other occupational groups with statistical significance (p < 0.023*). Moreover, the same group tend to have a moderate and high level of quality of life in the social relationship dimension compared to other occupational groups with statistical significance (p < 0.038*). All details were demonstrated in Table 4.
Individual characteristics | Domains of quality of life | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Physical Health | Psychological Health | Social Relationship | Environmental Health | Overall | ||||||
Mean | Std. | Mean | Std. | Mean | Std. | Mean | Std. | Mean | Std. | |
Gender | ||||||||||
Male | 3.528 | 0.448 | 3.860 | 0.567 | 3.670 | 0.599 | 3.650 | 0.513 | 3.677 | 0.532 |
Female | 3.824 | 2.221 | 3.747 | 0.628 | 3.723 | 0.656 | 3.688 | 0.624 | 3.746* | 1.032 |
Age (yrs.) | ||||||||||
59 or under | 3.695 | 1.600 | 3.788 | 0.586 | 3.732 | 0.623 | 3.645 | 0.566 | 3.715* | 0.843 |
60 or over | 3.461 | 0.438 | 3.913 | 0.614 | 3.544 | 0.596 | 3.737 | 0.528 | 3.663 | 0.568 |
Education | ||||||||||
Secondary school or under | 4.495 | 0.176 | 3.986 | 0.765 | 3.577 | 0.886 | 3.600 | 0.648 | 3.914 | 0.618 |
Vocational Degree/Bachelor Degree | 3.491 | 0.418 | 3.752 | 0.564 | 3.629 | 0.576 | 3.584 | 0.532 | 3.614 | 0.522 |
Master Degree or over | 3.669 | 0.327 | 3.912 | 0.567 | 3.916 | 0.555 | 3.921 | 0.518 | 4.083* | 0.491 |
Occupation | ||||||||||
Farmer/Civil servant | 3.625 | 0.385 | 4.021 | 0.456 | 3.846 | 0.569 | 3.790 | 0.544 | 3.821 | 0.489 |
Company employee/State enterprise | 3.636 | 0.357 | 3.791 | 0.619 | 3.777 | 0.649 | 3.739 | 0.616 | 3.736 | 0.560 |
Business owner/Other | 3.655 | 1.901 | 3.722 | 0.623 | 3.586 | 0.622 | 3.580 | 0.536 | 3.908* | 0.920 |
Illness | ||||||||||
No | 3.677 | 1.519 | 3.821 | 0.592 | 3.728 | 0.610 | 3.668 | 0.561 | 3.723* | 0.820 |
Yes | 3.411 | 0.387 | 3.776 | 0.607 | 3.431 | 0.642 | 3.647 | 0.545 | 3.566 | 0.545 |
Females had a higher mean (0.069) than males. The mean (0.052) for the 59 or underage group was higher than the 60 or over age group. The master’s degree or over education group (0.169) had a higher mean than both the Secondary school or under group and the Vocational Degree/Bachelor Degree group (0.469). Business owners and others (0.087) had a higher mean than farmers/civil servants (0.172) and company employees/state enterprise employees. Those with no illness (0.157) had a higher mean than those with illness.
The findings of this study align with researches conducted in the past which were as follows;
The study found that the most of them were self-employed. It is in line of Groessl et al. Results found that the average cost/participant was $1134 and $175 for the physical activity (PA) (Groessl et al., 2009).
Our analysis using the WHOQOL-BREF Thai version revealed the environmental health dimension had the highest average score (29.32) among the four quality of life dimensions. This aligns with Jolanki (2021) on senior housing fulfilling its promise of providing accessible physical and social environments. These environments encourage residents to be independent, physically active, and participate in social activities, ultimately promoting well-being and healthy aging. Similarly, Stenner et al. (2019) highlighted the continued importance of physical activity for some older adults, potentially contributing to improved health and well-being. It’s important to acknowledge risk factors as well. Seangpraw et al. (2020) identified factors like alcohol consumption and illness as significant stressors for the rural Thai elderly population.
The study investigated quality of life using the WHOQOL-BREF Thai version. Interestingly, the environmental health dimension had the highest average score (29.32). This finding aligns with Jolanki (2021), which suggested that senior housing that provides accessible physical and social environments can encourage residents to be physically active and independent while fostering social connections and a sense of security. Such an environment demonstrably supports well-being and healthy aging. Similarly, Stenner et al. (2019) found that sport can remain important for some older adults and may contribute to improved health and well-being in later years. Furthermore, Seangpraw et al. (2020) identified risk factors such as alcohol consumption and illness as significantly impacting stress levels among the senior population in rural Thailand.
Our analysis revealed a statistically significant correlation (p < 0.01) between the social relationship and environmental health dimensions. The Pearson correlation coefficient (r) of 0.708 displayed a strong positive correlation, suggesting that these dimensions directly vary together. This finding aligns with research by Jia et al. (2023) who identified a significant correlation between living arrangements, preferred living arrangements, and depression in older adults. Similarly, Pei et al. (2022) demonstrated that living arrangements play a crucial role in indirectly predicting depression through social support. Furthermore, Chen (2019) found that preferred living arrangements reflect needs, cultural norms, and current experiences. Their results support the hypothesis that concordance between preferred and actual living arrangements improves subjective well-being (SWB) in older parents, including reducing depressive symptoms and enhancing happiness.
The study examined individual factors and found that respondents working in the business owner/other tended to have higher quality of life scores in the psychological health dimension, ranging from moderate to high, compared to other occupational groups. This aligns with research by Dirzyte and Patapas (2022) who found that employees in private sector reported greater support, dignity, forgiveness, care, and positive practices, along with higher optimism scores, compared to public sector employees.
Playing Table tennis for senior in the tournament level helped to improve the quality of life in all domains. The results can be applied for those stakeholders that relevant to the Table tennis organizations whether the public or private section which were responsible for supporting the senior in the community to exercise and to compete in the Table tennis tournament. The further study would be able to apply with the different participants such as youth players which the research finding would be the benefit for improving their quality of life.
This research was ethically approved by the Office of the Committee for Research Ethics (Social Sciences), Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, Mahidol University with the approval number 2023/205.3011. The Committee of Research Ethics (Social Sciences) is in full compliance with International Guidelines of Human Resource Protection such as declaration of Helsinki, The Belmont Report, and CIOMS guidelines. Written consent was obtained from all participants involved in this study. They were clearly instructed about the project and informed that the collected data would be used for publishing the findings. Participants were also given the opportunity to withdraw from the study at any time. However, none of the participants chose to withdraw and they continued until the completion of the study.
Figshare- Underlying Data - Table Tennis EN.xlsx, https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.25780110.v2 (To-aj et al., 2024).
This project contains following dataset:
Data are available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license (CC-BY 4.0).
The authors would like to express their gratitude to QUVAE Research and Publications for their valuable assistance with the deposition of the raw data to the Figshare repository.
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Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature?
Partly
Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound?
Yes
Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others?
Yes
If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate?
Yes
Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility?
Yes
Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results?
Partly
Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed.
Reviewer Expertise: Sports Medicine, Sports Biomechanics, Musculoskeletal Simulation
Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature?
Partly
Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound?
Yes
Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others?
No
If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate?
No
Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility?
Yes
Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results?
No
Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed.
Reviewer Expertise: Applied statistics
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