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Research Article

The quality of life in Thai senior table tennis players

[version 1; peer review: 1 approved with reservations, 1 not approved]
PUBLISHED 17 Sep 2024
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This article is included in the QUVAE Research and Publications gateway.

Abstract

Background

Table tennis presented a unique and accessible sport for people of all ages, particularly seniors compared to other sports.

Methods

This study utilized a quantitative with 136 Table tennis players those who registered for attending in the Thailand Master Table tennis Championships 2024 which hosted in January 2024 at Chiangmai. The questionnaire based on the measurement quality of life, WHOQOL Thai version, and analyzed using Descriptive statistics, Pearson Correlation.

Results

Pearson correlation coefficients between the scores of the quality of life in four dimensions and the overall score revealed significant correlations (p < 0.01) with all dimensions, including physical health, psychological health, social relationships, and environmental health.

Conclusions

Playing Table tennis for senior in the tournament level helped to improve the quality of life in all domains.

Keywords

Senior, Table Tennis, Quality of life, physical health, psychological health

Introduction

Participation in sports has been a well-established phenomenon with documented positive influences on quality of life (Peráčková & Peráček, 2020). Engaging in physical activity, a key component of sports participation, yielded a range of benefits for individuals. These included improved brain health, weight management, disease prevention, enhanced bone and muscle strength, and a greater capacity for performing daily activities (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 2023). Importantly, research has also shown that physical activity was highly effective in managing anxiety, depression symptoms, and distress across various elderly populations (Singh et al., 2023).

Quality of life, a multifaceted concept encompassing physical, psychological, social, and environmental well-being (World Health Organization [WHO], 2024), reflects an individual’s perception of their life situation shaped by cultural values, goals, expectations, and concerns (Cai et al., 2021). Research consistently demonstrates a positive link between physical activity and quality of life (Gavala-González et al., 2022). Notably, participation in sports, a specific type of physical activity, offers distinct advantages for both physical and psychological health, as well as social outcomes in adults (Eather et al., 2023). Several instruments exist for measuring quality of life, such as the Quality-of-Life Scale (Flanagan, 1978), the McGill Quality of Life questionnaire – the World Health Organization Quality of Life Instrument (WHO, 2012), the Health-Related Quality of Life Questionnaire (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2000), and Expanded (Cohen et al., 2019).

Table tennis emerged as a unique and accessible sport for people of all ages, particularly seniors. Compared to other sports, it offered a lower risk of injury, making it suitable for individuals with joint limitations (Killerspin, 2024). Table tennis also provided benefits for youth in various aspects, considering the social ecology, including individual factors, social support networks, and the physical environment where the game is played (Xiao et al., 2020). Additionally, table tennis was relatively inexpensive, required minimal space, and could be played throughout one’s lifespan, making it an attractive option for many (Sportanddev, 2021).

Several studies explored the positive effects of table tennis across different age groups. Research by Naderi et al. (2018) suggested that regular table tennis training improved lipid profiles and body composition in aging men. Similarly, Pradas et al. (2021) found that children playing table tennis regularly for two years exhibited better physical fitness and the development of bone, compared to those who didn’t regularly play. The benefits extended beyond physical health. Deprá et al. (2022) demonstrated that a twice-weekly table tennis program could improve agility and balance in physically active seniors. Finally, Olsson et al. (2020) showed that table tennis training was safe and feasible for individuals with Parkinson’s disease, potentially improving balance, well-being, and self-reported physical activity levels.

This study investigates the quality of life of senior table tennis players in Thailand, particularly focusing on the association between quality-of-life aspects and players characteristics.

Objectives

  • 1. To assess the senior Table tennis players’ quality of life in Thailand

  • 2. To study the association of the quality-of-life domains and its players characteristics

Methods

This study utilized a quantitative approach. The quantitative analysis involved using descriptive statistics and Pearson correlation to analyze the data collected from 136 table tennis players who participated in the Thailand Master Table Tennis Championships 2024. The questionnaire used for data collection was based on the WHOQOL measurement of quality of life, which consisted of four dimensions: Physical Health, Psychological Health, Social Relationship, and Environmental Health. The instrument used a five-point Likert scale and was measured using five items. The Pearson correlation coefficients were calculated between the scores of the quality of life in the four dimensions and the overall score, revealing significant correlations (p < 0.01) with all dimensions, including physical health, psychological health, social relationships, and environmental health. The quantitative analysis involved both descriptive statistics to describe the characteristics of the participants and Pearson correlation to examine the relationships between quality-of-life dimensions and overall score. Examples of items include: “How satisfied are you with your current health?” and “How satisfied are you with your sleep quality” (To-aj Oam et al., 2024). This research was ethically approved on 30th November 2023 by the Office of the Committee for Research Ethics (Social Sciences), Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, Mahidol University and the approval number is 2023/205.3011. Written consent was obtained from all participants involved in this study. They were clearly instructed about the project and informed that the collected data would be used for publishing the findings. Participants were also given the opportunity to withdraw from the study at any time. However, none of the participants chose to withdraw and they continued until the completion of the study.

Participants

The participants were all Table tennis players (136 Table tennis players) those who registered for attending in the Thailand Master Table tennis Championships 2024 which hosted in January 2024 at Chiang Mai, Thailand. The three experienced researchers have been trained and practiced for the data collection protocol to ensure the research process quality. All the participants were collected the data before the competition began. Each participant spent about 30 minutes for completing the questionnaire (To-aj, Oam et al., 2024). All the participants were closely assisted by the research assistants regarding to the questionnaire explanation. All questionnaires have been proved by the researchers to confirm all items were answered.

Instrument

The questionnaire based on the measurement quality of life, WHOQOL which consisted of 4 dimensions: Physical Health, Psychological Health, Social Relationship, and Environmental Health. The instrument was measured using the five-items of the WHOQOL measured on a five-point Likert scale.

Analysis

Descriptive statistics, Pearson Correlation by using SPSS version 22 (https://www.ibm.com/spss).

Results

Assessment of the senior Table tennis players’ quality of life in Thailand

The study found that a majority of respondents were male (61.03%). The average age of participants was 51.56 years, with ages ranging from 40 to 76 years old. The largest group (77.94%) fell within the 40-59 age range. Most respondents (58.82%) held a bachelor’s degree. In terms of employment, the majority (44.85%) were self-employed. Notably, a high proportion (87.50%) reported no history of illness. These details were further presented in Table 1.

Table 1. Number, percentage, and individual characteristics of the senior Table tennis players (N=136).

Individual characteristicsNumberPercentage
Gender
 Male8361.03
 Female5338.97
Average age (Min-Max, SD.)51.56 (40-76, 9.16)
Age (yrs.)
 40-5910677.94
 60 or over3022.06
Education
 Grade 1-632.21
 Grade 7-12128.82
 Vocational degree96.62
 Bachelor degree8058.82
 Master degree2820.59
 Others42.94
Occupation
 Farmer10.74
 Civil servant3626.47
 State enterprise85.88
 Company employee1611.76
 Business owner6144.85
 Other1410.29
Illness
 No11987.50
 Yes1712.50

The study investigated the quality of life using the WHOQOL-BREF Thai version. The average scores for the four dimensions were: physical health (26.35), psychological health (23.58), social relationships (11.07), and environmental health (29.32). The overall quality of life score was 97.79, suggesting a good quality of life for the participants. Details were presented in Table 2.

Table 2. Average scores of the senior Table tennis players’ quality of life each dimension (N=136).

Quality of life DimensionScoreX¯SD
Possible scoreActual score (Max-Min)
Physical Health7-3519-3426.353.35
Psychological Health6-3015-3023.583.12
Social Relationship3-156-1511.071.86
Environmental Health8-4016-4029.324.46
Overall Quality of Life26-13060-12697.7911.95

2. The comparison between the senior Table tennis players’ personal characteristics and the quality-of-life domains

The analysis of Pearson correlation coefficients between the quality-of-life dimension scores and the overall quality of life score revealed significant correlations (p < 0.01) between overall quality of life and all four dimensions measured by the WHOQOL-BREF Thai version: physical health, psychological health, social relationships, and environmental health. These findings were presented in detail in Table 2.

When considering the physical health dimension, it was found to be correlated with the psychological health dimension at a statistically significant level of 0.01. The Pearson correlation coefficient (r) was 0.704, indicating a high level of correlation, and they were a direct variation. When considering the social relationship dimension, it was found to be correlated with the environmental health dimension at a statistically significant level of 0.01. The Pearson correlation coefficient (r) was 0.708, indicating a high level of correlation, and they were also a direct variation. They were displayed in Table 3.

Table 3. The analysis of Pearson correlation coefficients between the scores of the quality of life each dimension and the overall quality of life scores (N=136).

Physical HealthPsychological HealthSocial RelationshipEnvironmental HealthOverall Quality of Life
Physical Health1
Psychological Health0.704**1
Social Relationship0.526**0.578**1
Environmental Health0.601**0.683**0.708**1
Overall Quality of life0.827**0.866**0.777**0.908**1

When considering the individual factors, the respondents working in private sector needed to be focused on. The study revealed that this group of respondents tend to have higher quality of life levels in the psychological health dimension, ranging from moderate to high, compared to other occupational groups with statistical significance (p <0.001***). The study also revealed that the respondents working in private sector tend to have a moderate level of quality of life in the social relationship dimension compared to other occupational groups. On the other hand, civil servants have a higher level of quality of life in the social relationship dimension compared to other occupational groups with statistical significance (p < 0.023*). Moreover, the same group tend to have a moderate and high level of quality of life in the social relationship dimension compared to other occupational groups with statistical significance (p < 0.038*). All details were demonstrated in Table 4.

Table 4. Individual factors associated with quality of life in each domain among senior Table tennis players.

Individual characteristicsDomains of quality of life
Physical HealthPsychological HealthSocial RelationshipEnvironmental HealthOverall
MeanStd.MeanStd.MeanStd.MeanStd.MeanStd.
Gender
Male3.5280.4483.8600.5673.6700.5993.6500.5133.6770.532
Female3.8242.2213.7470.6283.7230.6563.6880.6243.746*1.032
Age (yrs.)
59 or under3.6951.6003.7880.5863.7320.6233.6450.5663.715*0.843
60 or over3.4610.4383.9130.6143.5440.5963.7370.5283.6630.568
Education
Secondary school or under4.4950.1763.9860.7653.5770.8863.6000.6483.9140.618
Vocational Degree/Bachelor Degree3.4910.4183.7520.5643.6290.5763.5840.5323.6140.522
Master Degree or over3.6690.3273.9120.5673.9160.5553.9210.5184.083*0.491
Occupation
Farmer/Civil servant3.6250.3854.0210.4563.8460.5693.7900.5443.8210.489
Company employee/State enterprise3.6360.3573.7910.6193.7770.6493.7390.6163.7360.560
Business owner/Other3.6551.9013.7220.6233.5860.6223.5800.5363.908*0.920
Illness
No3.6771.5193.8210.5923.7280.6103.6680.5613.723*0.820
Yes3.4110.3873.7760.6073.4310.6423.6470.5453.5660.545

* Higher value.

Females had a higher mean (0.069) than males. The mean (0.052) for the 59 or underage group was higher than the 60 or over age group. The master’s degree or over education group (0.169) had a higher mean than both the Secondary school or under group and the Vocational Degree/Bachelor Degree group (0.469). Business owners and others (0.087) had a higher mean than farmers/civil servants (0.172) and company employees/state enterprise employees. Those with no illness (0.157) had a higher mean than those with illness.

Discussion

The findings of this study align with researches conducted in the past which were as follows;

Assessment of the senior Table tennis players’ quality of life in Thailand which was as follows

The study found that the most of them were self-employed. It is in line of Groessl et al. Results found that the average cost/participant was $1134 and $175 for the physical activity (PA) (Groessl et al., 2009).

Our analysis using the WHOQOL-BREF Thai version revealed the environmental health dimension had the highest average score (29.32) among the four quality of life dimensions. This aligns with Jolanki (2021) on senior housing fulfilling its promise of providing accessible physical and social environments. These environments encourage residents to be independent, physically active, and participate in social activities, ultimately promoting well-being and healthy aging. Similarly, Stenner et al. (2019) highlighted the continued importance of physical activity for some older adults, potentially contributing to improved health and well-being. It’s important to acknowledge risk factors as well. Seangpraw et al. (2020) identified factors like alcohol consumption and illness as significant stressors for the rural Thai elderly population.

The study investigated quality of life using the WHOQOL-BREF Thai version. Interestingly, the environmental health dimension had the highest average score (29.32). This finding aligns with Jolanki (2021), which suggested that senior housing that provides accessible physical and social environments can encourage residents to be physically active and independent while fostering social connections and a sense of security. Such an environment demonstrably supports well-being and healthy aging. Similarly, Stenner et al. (2019) found that sport can remain important for some older adults and may contribute to improved health and well-being in later years. Furthermore, Seangpraw et al. (2020) identified risk factors such as alcohol consumption and illness as significantly impacting stress levels among the senior population in rural Thailand.

The comparison between the senior Table tennis player’s personal characteristics and the quality-of-life domains which was as follows

Our analysis revealed a statistically significant correlation (p < 0.01) between the social relationship and environmental health dimensions. The Pearson correlation coefficient (r) of 0.708 displayed a strong positive correlation, suggesting that these dimensions directly vary together. This finding aligns with research by Jia et al. (2023) who identified a significant correlation between living arrangements, preferred living arrangements, and depression in older adults. Similarly, Pei et al. (2022) demonstrated that living arrangements play a crucial role in indirectly predicting depression through social support. Furthermore, Chen (2019) found that preferred living arrangements reflect needs, cultural norms, and current experiences. Their results support the hypothesis that concordance between preferred and actual living arrangements improves subjective well-being (SWB) in older parents, including reducing depressive symptoms and enhancing happiness.

The study examined individual factors and found that respondents working in the business owner/other tended to have higher quality of life scores in the psychological health dimension, ranging from moderate to high, compared to other occupational groups. This aligns with research by Dirzyte and Patapas (2022) who found that employees in private sector reported greater support, dignity, forgiveness, care, and positive practices, along with higher optimism scores, compared to public sector employees.

Conclusions

Playing Table tennis for senior in the tournament level helped to improve the quality of life in all domains. The results can be applied for those stakeholders that relevant to the Table tennis organizations whether the public or private section which were responsible for supporting the senior in the community to exercise and to compete in the Table tennis tournament. The further study would be able to apply with the different participants such as youth players which the research finding would be the benefit for improving their quality of life.

Ethics and consent

This research was ethically approved by the Office of the Committee for Research Ethics (Social Sciences), Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, Mahidol University with the approval number 2023/205.3011. The Committee of Research Ethics (Social Sciences) is in full compliance with International Guidelines of Human Resource Protection such as declaration of Helsinki, The Belmont Report, and CIOMS guidelines. Written consent was obtained from all participants involved in this study. They were clearly instructed about the project and informed that the collected data would be used for publishing the findings. Participants were also given the opportunity to withdraw from the study at any time. However, none of the participants chose to withdraw and they continued until the completion of the study.

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To-aj O, Krajangkantamatr S, Saenkla P et al. The quality of life in Thai senior table tennis players [version 1; peer review: 1 approved with reservations, 1 not approved]. F1000Research 2024, 13:1064 (https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.153625.1)
NOTE: If applicable, it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article.
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ApprovedThe paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested
Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit.
Not approvedFundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions
Version 1
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PUBLISHED 17 Sep 2024
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Reviewer Report 01 Oct 2024
Yuqi He, University of Pannonia, Veszprém, Hungary 
Approved with Reservations
VIEWS 34
This manuscript entitled “Axial rotation affects the cognitive characteristics of spatial ability” is encouraging research, but there are several questions which lists below. You can revise this paper more properly.
1. The meaning and application of this research should be ... Continue reading
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HOW TO CITE THIS REPORT
He Y. Reviewer Report For: The quality of life in Thai senior table tennis players [version 1; peer review: 1 approved with reservations, 1 not approved]. F1000Research 2024, 13:1064 (https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.168544.r325064)
NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article.
  • Author Response 14 Nov 2024
    Sornpravate Krajangkantamatr, Mahidol University, Salaya, Thailand
    14 Nov 2024
    Author Response
    This manuscript entitled "The quality of life in Thai senior table tennis players" is encouraging research, but there are several questions which lists below. You can revise this paper more properly.
    ... Continue reading
COMMENTS ON THIS REPORT
  • Author Response 14 Nov 2024
    Sornpravate Krajangkantamatr, Mahidol University, Salaya, Thailand
    14 Nov 2024
    Author Response
    This manuscript entitled "The quality of life in Thai senior table tennis players" is encouraging research, but there are several questions which lists below. You can revise this paper more properly.
    ... Continue reading
Views
26
Cite
Reviewer Report 20 Sep 2024
Johnny Lo, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia 
Not Approved
VIEWS 26
1. The literature review was good, however, it's not clear how this study contributes to new knowledge as the knowledge gaps are no clearly stated.
2. More information is required regarding the WHOQOL-BREF tool, i.e. how each item and ... Continue reading
CITE
CITE
HOW TO CITE THIS REPORT
Lo J. Reviewer Report For: The quality of life in Thai senior table tennis players [version 1; peer review: 1 approved with reservations, 1 not approved]. F1000Research 2024, 13:1064 (https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.168544.r325061)
NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article.
  • Author Response 18 Oct 2024
    Sornpravate Krajangkantamatr, Mahidol University, Salaya, Thailand
    18 Oct 2024
    Author Response
    We have made the following improvements to the manuscript:
     
    1. We have clarified how our study contributes to new knowledge by addressing specific gaps in existing research on
    ... Continue reading
COMMENTS ON THIS REPORT
  • Author Response 18 Oct 2024
    Sornpravate Krajangkantamatr, Mahidol University, Salaya, Thailand
    18 Oct 2024
    Author Response
    We have made the following improvements to the manuscript:
     
    1. We have clarified how our study contributes to new knowledge by addressing specific gaps in existing research on
    ... Continue reading

Comments on this article Comments (0)

Version 4
VERSION 4 PUBLISHED 17 Sep 2024
Comment
Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article:
Approved - the paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested
Approved with reservations - A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit.
Not approved - fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions
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