Case Report: Frontalis sign for early bedside consideration of impending uncal herniation

Sunil Munakomi; Bijoy Mohan Kumar

doi:10.12688/f1000research.7871.2

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Case Report

Revised

Case Report: Frontalis sign for early bedside consideration of impending uncal herniation

[version 2; peer review: 2 approved]

Previously titled 'Case Report: Frontalis sign for early bedside diagnosis of impending uncal herniation'

Sunil Munakomi ¹, Bijoy Mohan Kumar¹

PUBLISHED 04 Aug 2016

Author details Author details

¹ Department of Neurosurgery, College of Medical Sciences, Bharatpur, Nepal

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Abstract

It is prudent to have early diagnosis and timely management of uncal herniation for better management of neurosurgical patients. There are several clinical and radiological armamentariums that aid in early recognition of the condition. Through this case report, we try to highlight a simple bedside clinical sign that can be a valuable adjunct in early recognition of the impending uncal herniation especially in scenarios wherein it is difficult to assess the pupillary size and reactivity correctly. The improvement in the sign also confirms the resolution of the mass effect in the postoperative period. This is especially helpful for doctors working in the periphery or in resource restrained areas, for a timely referral of the patient to tertiary centre.

Keywords

Trauma, herniation, sign

Corresponding author: Sunil Munakomi

Competing interests: No competing interests were disclosed.

Grant information: The author(s) declared that no grants were involved in supporting this work.

Copyright: © 2016 Munakomi S and Mohan Kumar B. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

How to cite: Munakomi S and Mohan Kumar B. Case Report: Frontalis sign for early bedside consideration of impending uncal herniation [version 2; peer review: 2 approved]. F1000Research 2016, 5:125 (https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.7871.2) First published: 01 Feb 2016, 5:125 (https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.7871.1) Latest published: 04 Aug 2016, 5:125 (https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.7871.2)

Revised Amendments from Version 1

We have highlighted the role of 'Frontalis sign' only as an adjunct clinical marker in considering early impending herniation. Assessing pupillary size and reactivity still is the workhorse in diagnosing the condition. We have made appropriate changes as per the suggestions of our referees.

See the authors' detailed response to the review by G. Bryan Young

Introduction

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is now a global epidemic¹. The prognosis of patients with head injury is dependent on many clinical parameters but one of the major determinants is the time lapsed for appropriate management². TBI has a significant impact not only on the patients and their relatives but also has a major influence on the health and socioeconomical status in the global arena. Thus, it is prudent to have clinical tools for early recognition of life threatening neurosurgical emergencies. Herein we discuss one such example: Frontalis sign for detecting early uncal herniation. This may be helpful for early referral of patients to tertiary care centres and for timely management of the same. It could therefore have a positive impact on these patients, resulting in a better outcome.

Case report

A 50-year-old male from Siraha, a distant village in Nepal, was referred to our neurosurgical centre following a road traffic accident after being hit by a speeding car. The patient had a brief loss of consciousness and a single episode of vomiting following the incident. There was no history of seizurogenic activity observed during the transfer. On arrival to the emergency department, his Glasgow coma scale (GCS) was E3M6V5 with no paucity in movement of any limbs. His vital parameters were within normal range with blood pressure of 130/90, pulse rate of 86/min and oxygen saturation of 99% in room air. It was difficult to assess differences in pupillary size as he had corneal opacity on the left eye, resulting from an injury sustained during his childhood. However, on close examination, we observed that there was prominence of the forehead wrinkles on the right half of his face especially when the patient was trying to open his eyes during conversation, which we termed as frontalis sign (Figure 1). The wrinkles on the contra lateral half were normal with no abnormal deviation of angle of the mouth dismissing the differential diagnosis of upper facial nerve palsy. Because of the finding, we suspected impending uncal herniation in the patient and thereby advised for an emergency computed tomography (CT) scan of the head. It revealed right sided huge temporo-parietal contusion with thin fronto-temporo-parietal subdural hematoma with features of uncal herniation (Figure 2). The condition was explained to his relatives and they were counseled for emergency evacuation of the hematoma. On their consent, we performed a craniotomy, evacuation of the subdural hematoma and removal of the contusion. Following the procedure, the brain was lax and pulsatile. The patient was extubated without any untoward events in the postoperative period. The frontalis sign diminished following the surgery (Figure 3). The post operative scan confirmed resolution of the mass effect and normalization of the cisternal anatomy (Figure 4). The patient was started on Levtiracetam 500 mg intravenously every 12 hours which was changed to oral medication after three days as seizure prophylaxis. The patient was discharged after suture removal on the 8th postoperative day. The patient followed up in the outpatient clinic 2 weeks later in sound health. Eye opening was near normal. The patient was advised for monthly follow up.

Figure 1. Prominence of wrinkles on the right forehead during attempted eye opening, along with ptosis termed as frontalis sign.

Figure 2. CT head image showing evidence of right sided uncal herniation with obliteration of the ipsilateral crural and the ambient cisterns following temporo-parietal huge contusion.

Figure 3. Resolution of the frontalis sign in the early postoperative period.

Figure 4. Postoperative CT scan confirmed resolution of the mass effect and normalization of the cisternal anatomy.

Discussion

Levator palpebrae superioris supplied by the third nerve helps in elevation of the lid during eye opening^4,5. However third nerve involvement due to uncal herniation weakens the muscle thereby restricting its action⁶. In order to compensate the deficits, the frontalis belly of the occipito-frontalis muscle supplied by the facial nerve, helps in elevation of the lid^7,8. This leads to prominence of forehead wrinkles in the same side on comparison to the other half. This is termed frontalis sign. This can act as a reliable bedside marker for diagnosing impending herniation. There are other routine signs for impending uncal herniation such as anisocoria. But there may be inter-observer bias in assessing the same⁹. There may be other causes for anisocoria such as Horner’s syndrome following carotid artery dissection, traumatic third nerve palsy, Marcus gun pupil (Relative afferent pupillary defect) and ocular perforations¹⁰. Sometimes drugs such as Ipratropium Bromide used for nebulisation in the intensive care unit can cause anisocoria. It is also difficult to observe the size and reaction of the pupils in patients with severe eye lid swellings¹¹. The frontalis sign can be used as an adjunct for consideration of uncal herniation and thereby initiating the correct management. This is even more valuable for proper patient referral from peripheral and resource limited setups, especially in developing countries like ours who are still far behind implementing the guidelines for managing patients with TBI¹².

Conclusion

The implications of the use of this simple bedside sign for early diagnosis of the uncal diagnosis can be influential in providing timely and correct therapeutic targets for patients with TBI. It can be a valuable adjunct to the present panoply of our armamentarium in diagnosis the traumatic cerebral herniation syndromes.

Consent

Written informed consent was obtained from the daughter of the patient for publication of this case report and any accompanying images and/or other details that could potentially reveal the patient’s identity.

Author contributions

SM reviewed the literature and formatted the paper. BB suggested, revised and edited the final format.

Competing interests

No competing interests were disclosed.

Grant information

The author(s) declared that no grants were involved in supporting this work.

Faculty Opinions recommended

References

1. Jennett B: Epidemiology of head injury. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1996; 60(4): 362–369. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text
2. Jennett B, Teasdale G, Braakman R, et al.: Prognosis of patients with severe head injury. Neurosurgery. 1979; 4(4): 283–289. PubMed Abstract
3. Humphreys I, Wood RL, Phillips CJ, et al.: The costs of traumatic brain injury: a literature review. Clinicoecon Outcomes Res. 2013; 5: 281–287. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text
4. Ettl A, Priglinger S, Kramer J, et al.: Functional anatomy of the levator palpebrae superioris muscle and its connective tissue system. Br J Ophthalmol. 1996; 80(8): 702–707. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text
5. Ng SK, Chan W, Marcet MM, et al.: Levator palpebrae superioris: an anatomical update. Orbit. 2013; 32(1): 76–84. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
6. Maramattom BV, Wijdicks EF: Uncal herniation. Arch Neurol. 2005; 62(12): 1932–1935. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
7. Bérzin F: Occipitofrontalis muscle: functional analysis revealed by electromyography. Electromyogr Clin Neurophysiol. 1989; 29(6): 355–8. PubMed Abstract
8. Kushima H, Matsuo K, Yuzuriha S, et al.: The occipitofrontalis muscle is composed of two physiologically and anatomically different muscles separately affecting the positions of the eyebrow and hairline. Br J Plast Surg. 2005; 58(5): 681–7. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
9. Olson DM, Stutzman S, Saju C, et al.: Interrater Reliability of Pupillary Assessments. Neurocrit Care. 2016; 24(2): 251–7. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
10. Atkins EJ, Newman NJ, Biousse V: Post-traumatic visual loss. Rev Neurol Dis. 2008; 5(2): 73–81. PubMed Abstract | Free Full Text
11. Yalcin S, Pampal K, Erden A, et al.: Do we really need to panic in all anisocoria cases in critical care? Indian J Anaesth. 2010; 54(4): 365–366. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text
12. National Collaborating Centre for Acute Care (UK): Head Injury: Triage, Assessment, Investigation and Early Management of Head Injury in Infants, Children and Adults. London: National Collaborating Centre for Acute Care (UK), (NICE Clinical Guidelines, No. 56.), 2007. PubMed Abstract

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Version 2

VERSION 2 PUBLISHED 01 Feb 2016

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¹ Department of Neurosurgery, College of Medical Sciences, Bharatpur, Nepal

Competing interests

No competing interests were disclosed.

Grant information

The author(s) declared that no grants were involved in supporting this work.

Article Versions (2)

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Revised

Published: 04 Aug 2016, 5:125

https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.7871.2

version 1

Published: 01 Feb 2016, 5:125

https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.7871.1

© 2016 Munakomi S and Mohan Kumar B. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Munakomi S and Mohan Kumar B. Case Report: Frontalis sign for early bedside consideration of impending uncal herniation [version 2; peer review: 2 approved]. F1000Research 2016, 5:125 (https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.7871.2)

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Reviewer Report 05 Sep 2016

G. Bryan Young, Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada

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Reviewer Report 29 Jul 2016

Osman Sinanović, Department of Neurology, Acta Medica Saliniana, University Clinical Center of Tuzla, Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina

Sanela Zukić, Department of Neurology, University Clinical Center Tuzla, Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina

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Reviewer Report 20 May 2016

G. Bryan Young, Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada

Approved with Reservations

https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.8472.r13921

The paper is of interest. The authors should give details of pupillary reactivity. With herniation there is ... Continue reading

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Author Response 04 Jul 2016

Sunil Munakomi, Department of Neurosurgery, College of Medical Sciences, Bharatpur, Nepal

04 Jul 2016

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We thank you for the report on our article.We acknowledge the role of assessing pupillary size in patients with trauma. Here, we are emphasizing on the adjunct role of frontalis ... Continue reading We thank you for the report on our article.We acknowledge the role of assessing pupillary size in patients with trauma. Here, we are emphasizing on the adjunct role of frontalis sign in diagnosing early uncal herniation in cases wherein pupillary assessment is problematic as in severe eye lid swelling,corneal injuries (in our case), following use of sedatives or following post traumatic seizure.
We thank you for the report on our article.We acknowledge the role of assessing pupillary size in patients with trauma. Here, we are emphasizing on the adjunct role of frontalis sign in diagnosing early uncal herniation in cases wherein pupillary assessment is problematic as in severe eye lid swelling,corneal injuries (in our case), following use of sedatives or following post traumatic seizure.
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Author Response 04 Jul 2016

Sunil Munakomi, Department of Neurosurgery, College of Medical Sciences, Bharatpur, Nepal

04 Jul 2016

Author Response

We thank you for the report on our article.We acknowledge the role of assessing pupillary size in patients with trauma. Here, we are emphasizing on the adjunct role of frontalis ... Continue reading We thank you for the report on our article.We acknowledge the role of assessing pupillary size in patients with trauma. Here, we are emphasizing on the adjunct role of frontalis sign in diagnosing early uncal herniation in cases wherein pupillary assessment is problematic as in severe eye lid swelling,corneal injuries (in our case), following use of sedatives or following post traumatic seizure.
We thank you for the report on our article.We acknowledge the role of assessing pupillary size in patients with trauma. Here, we are emphasizing on the adjunct role of frontalis sign in diagnosing early uncal herniation in cases wherein pupillary assessment is problematic as in severe eye lid swelling,corneal injuries (in our case), following use of sedatives or following post traumatic seizure.
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G. Bryan Young, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
Osman Sinanović, University Clinical Center of Tuzla, Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina

Sanela Zukić, University Clinical Center Tuzla, Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina

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G. Bryan Young, Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada

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Approved

The revision is well done and any queries have been addressed.

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Osman Sinanović, Department of Neurology, Acta Medica Saliniana, University Clinical Center of Tuzla, Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina

Sanela Zukić, Department of Neurology, University Clinical Center Tuzla, Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina

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Approved

In this case report authors try to highlight a simple bedside clinical sign (frontalis sign) in early recognition of the impending uncul herniation.

Title “Frontalis sign for early bedside diagnosis of impending uncal herniation" is appropriate for content of the article but with a clinical sign we can not mkae adiagnosis. So, title “Frontalis sign for early bedside consideration of impending uncal herniation” may be more appropriate.

Article content including design, case report and discussion is correct.

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We confirm that we have read this submission and believe that we have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard.

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20 May 2016 | for Version 1

G. Bryan Young, Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada

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Approved With Reservations

The paper is of interest. The authors should give details of pupillary reactivity. With herniation there is usually a change in pupillary size and reactivity before the ptosis. Was this not the case here?

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No competing interests were disclosed.

I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above.

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Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article:

Approved - the paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested

Approved with reservations - A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit.

Not approved - fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions

[1] 1. Jennett B: Epidemiology of head injury. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1996; 60(4): 362–369. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text

[2] 2. Jennett B, Teasdale G, Braakman R, et al.: Prognosis of patients with severe head injury. Neurosurgery. 1979; 4(4): 283–289. PubMed Abstract

[3] 3. Humphreys I, Wood RL, Phillips CJ, et al.: The costs of traumatic brain injury: a literature review. Clinicoecon Outcomes Res. 2013; 5: 281–287. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text

[4] 4. Ettl A, Priglinger S, Kramer J, et al.: Functional anatomy of the levator palpebrae superioris muscle and its connective tissue system. Br J Ophthalmol. 1996; 80(8): 702–707. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text

[5] 5. Ng SK, Chan W, Marcet MM, et al.: Levator palpebrae superioris: an anatomical update. Orbit. 2013; 32(1): 76–84. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text

[6] 6. Maramattom BV, Wijdicks EF: Uncal herniation. Arch Neurol. 2005; 62(12): 1932–1935. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text

[7] 7. Bérzin F: Occipitofrontalis muscle: functional analysis revealed by electromyography. Electromyogr Clin Neurophysiol. 1989; 29(6): 355–8. PubMed Abstract

[8] 8. Kushima H, Matsuo K, Yuzuriha S, et al.: The occipitofrontalis muscle is composed of two physiologically and anatomically different muscles separately affecting the positions of the eyebrow and hairline. Br J Plast Surg. 2005; 58(5): 681–7. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text

[9] 9. Olson DM, Stutzman S, Saju C, et al.: Interrater Reliability of Pupillary Assessments. Neurocrit Care. 2016; 24(2): 251–7. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text

[10] 10. Atkins EJ, Newman NJ, Biousse V: Post-traumatic visual loss. Rev Neurol Dis. 2008; 5(2): 73–81. PubMed Abstract | Free Full Text

[11] 11. Yalcin S, Pampal K, Erden A, et al.: Do we really need to panic in all anisocoria cases in critical care? Indian J Anaesth. 2010; 54(4): 365–366. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text

[12] 12. National Collaborating Centre for Acute Care (UK): Head Injury: Triage, Assessment, Investigation and Early Management of Head Injury in Infants, Children and Adults. London: National Collaborating Centre for Acute Care (UK), (NICE Clinical Guidelines, No. 56.), 2007. PubMed Abstract

Case Report: Frontalis sign for early bedside consideration of impending uncal herniation

Abstract

Keywords

Revised Amendments from Version 1

Introduction

Case report

Figure 1. Prominence of wrinkles on the right forehead during attempted eye opening, along with ptosis termed as frontalis sign.

Figure 2. CT head image showing evidence of right sided uncal herniation with obliteration of the ipsilateral crural and the ambient cisterns following temporo-parietal huge contusion.

Figure 3. Resolution of the frontalis sign in the early postoperative period.

Figure 4. Postoperative CT scan confirmed resolution of the mass effect and normalization of the cisternal anatomy.

Discussion

Conclusion

Consent

Author contributions

Competing interests

Grant information

References

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