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Research Article
Revised

In vitro comparison of three earwax removal formulations for the disintegration of earwax

[version 2; peer review: 2 approved with reservations, 1 not approved]
PUBLISHED 29 Apr 2025
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Abstract

Introduction

Impacted cerumen is a widespread reason that patients visit their health care providers. It effects approximately 2–6% of the general population and disproportionately impacts up to 65% of patients over 65. This study compared a new cerumen (earwax) removal product (Solution 1; EOS-002; a glycolic acid/bicarbonate formulation) versus two commercially available products (Solution 2 and Solution 3; both containing carbamide peroxide 6.5%) for their cerumenolytic activity in vitro.

Methods

Samples of human cerumen were placed in 10 x 75 mm polypropylene test tubes. Approximately 1 mL of each test solution was added and incubated at room temperature for 30 minutes. The vials were shaken at the 15- and 30-minute time points to simulate rinsing in a clinical setting. Breakdown of the cerumen was graded at 5-, 10-, 15-, and 30-minute time points in a masked manner on a 5-point scale (Grade 0 = no change; Grade 4 = complete disintegration).

Results

Significantly greater disintegration of the cerumen was observed in the samples exposed to EOS-002 at every time point (P < 0.0001). At 5 minutes, disintegration was observed in 39 out of 43 samples exposed to EOS-002, 0 out of 24 samples exposed to Solution 2, and 1 out of 19 samples exposed to Solution 3. Mean disintegration scores at 5, 10, 15, and 30 minutes were 1.65, 2.38, 2.95, and 3.24 for EOS-002; 0, 0, 0, and 0.2 for Solution 2; and 0.05, 0.13, 0.16, and 0.21 for Solution 3, respectively.

Discussion

EOS-002 exhibited a significantly greater ability to breakdown cerumen than the two other products. Disintegration of cerumen occurred with EOS-002 within 5 minutes in 91% (39/43) of the samples. Therefore, EOS-002 provides rapid disintegration of human cerumen in vitro.

Keywords

Earwax, Cerumen, Cerumenolytic, Cerumen impaction

Revised Amendments from Version 1

The article was updated to include additional details related to the experimental methods, choice of incubation conditions, simulated rinsing procedure, comparator product selection rationale, additional formulation details/safety data and description of a completed human clinical trial to support the value of this article. Additional minor editorial changes are included.

See the authors' detailed response to the review by Carlotta Pipolo
See the authors' detailed response to the review by Yehudah Roth

Introduction

The excess accumulation of cerumen (earwax) is a common cause for patients to seek treatment by a general physician, family physician, or otolaryngologist1. At least 8 million ear irrigations are performed each year for this condition2. Cerumen impaction is estimated to affect between 2 and 6% of the general population in the United States. As many as 65% of individuals over 65 years of age and up to 36% of those with intellectual disability experience cerumen impactions25.

Cerumen impaction has important clinical implications in terms of the general well-being of patients and may be associated with temporary hearing loss, pain, itching, tinnitus, external otitis, vertigo, and even chronic cough5. Cerumen impaction can temporarily decrease hearing acuity by as much as 45 dB6. For the elderly, this hearing impairment can have a negative impact on quality of life by causing difficulties with communication, cognition, social isolation, anxiety, depression, and even physical mobility1,7,8. All too often, decreased hearing with advancing age, either gradual or acute, is perceived by the patients and/or their caregivers as a natural, almost expected, phenomenon, which does not warrant intervention1. However, studies have shown that hearing is significantly improved following the removal of impacted cerumen4,9.

There are currently several commercially available cerumen removal products. These products include oil-based (e.g., almond oil), water-based (e.g., acetic acid), and non-water, and non-oil-based (e.g., propylene glycol) preparations10. Unfortunately, these preparations are minimally effective at disintegrating cerumen impactions and often require multiple doses per day over several days to achieve satisfactory results11,12.

None of the agents that are currently available have shown a clear advantage in terms of efficacy in removing cerumen2,10,13,14. Previous studies have found that these products are often less effective or no better than deionized water12,15. Moreover, they typically clear cerumen less than half of the time10,16. Systemic reviews have found no topical cerumenolytic clearly superior to any other or to saline or sterile water10,13,14.

These results have prompted the search for a better cerumenolytic agent, and we have identified ingredients that could quickly, effectively, and safely breakdown or dissolve human cerumen when combined. Consequently, a new product has been developed, which benefits from a dual-action mechanism for breaking down human cerumen. The current study compared the new cerumen removal product (EOS-002) with two commercially available products for their ability to breakdown or disintegrate samples of human cerumen in vitro.

Methods

Institutional Board Approval of the University of North Texas Health Science Center (UNTHSC) and patient informed consent were obtained prior to commencement of this study.

At the time of this study, there was not a verified/validated in vitro method to evaluate the effectiveness of an ear canal cleaning product. A review of the existing studies helped guide the methods of this study that attempted to reflect a real-world setting as closely as possible. Human cerumen samples (approximately 30 to 50 μg each) were placed in 10 x 75 mm polypropylene test tubes at room temperature. The samples were taken without restriction in terms of patient characteristics. The physician utilized a curette to remove the cerumen from the subjects outer ear canal. The samples were placed in small plastic storage tubes with lids, labeled with date of extraction along with a general description of the physical characteristics (dry, wet or mixed). The samples were required to be at least 30 μg in size. Approximately 1 mL of each test solution was added to each test tube, and the samples were incubated at room temperature for 30 minutes, with grading recorded at 5, 10, 15 and 30 minutes. The decision to incubate at room temperature (vs 37° C) was, in part, to remain consistent with a previously published study evaluating the in vitro efficacy of cerumenolytics (Saxby et al.15). In addition, since the directions for us for the marketed comparator products instruct the consumer to instill 5–10 drops into the ear and wait several minutes, then rinse, it is unexpected that these drops would acclimate to a steady-state body temperature in this short time. As such, room temperature was determined to be most appropriate. Photographs were taken for representative samples at 2.5-minute intervals. Each comparison for each time point was performed in replicate tubes (n = 24 or 19). The sample size was driven by the availability of subjects willing to participate in the collection trial. A total of 86 cerumen samples were available during the duration of the testing. The comparative products were used as controls, as these products are commercially available and well recognized by physicians and consumers.

The samples were graded at 5 minute and 10-minute time points, without moving the tubes. The test tubes were shaken at the 15-minute and 30-minute time points to simulate the rinse procedure that would normally occur in the clinical use setting. It was theorized that an effective ear wax removal product could result in the disruption/displacement of the compacted wax from the wall of the ear canal allowing the solution to have full (360 degree) access to the ear wax. Including a step to shake the product would simulate this.

The test solutions were as follows:

  • Solution 1 - Glycolic acid/bicarbonate formulation also containing glycerin and a preservation system (E002; Eosera Inc., Fort Worth, TX; 2016)

  • Solution 2 - Carbamide peroxide 6.5% (Debrox®, Prestige Brands, Tarrytown, NY; 2016)

  • Solution 3 - Carbamide peroxide 6.5% (Murine® Earwax Removal System, Prestige Brands, Tarrytown, NY; 2016)17

A grader (affiliated with the sponsor company) was blinded as to the identity of the test solutions assessed the disintegration (breakdown) of cerumen at 5, 10, 15, and 30 minutes. A 5-point disintegration grading scale was developed for assessing the effects of different formulations on human cerumen (Table 1). This grading scale was adapted from those of Jimenez et al.18 and Fraser19.

Table 1. Cerumen disintegration scale.

Adapted from Jimenez et al., 200818 and Fraser, 197019.

GradeDescription
Grade 0No change in wax appearance
Grade 1Slight disintegration
Swelling and/or minor changes in
appearance, small fragment disruption
Grade 2Moderate disintegration
Moderate swelling and/or moderate disruption
Grade 3Substantial disintegration
Substantial swelling and/or disruption
Grade 4Complete disintegration
Major swelling and/or disruption

Means and standard deviations were calculated for each treatment group at the 5, 10, 15, and 30 minute time points. Between-group comparisons were performed using Student’s t test. A P value of ≤ 0.05 denoted a statistically significant difference between treatment groups. Statistical analysis was conducted with Microsoft Excel for Mac 2011, version 14.6.0.

Results

For the comparison between EOS-002 and Solution 2, 24 samples each were available for each time point. The time course found significant differences between EOS-002 and Solution 2 (P < 0.0001) in grading scores at all time points (5 min, 10 min, 15 min, and 30 min) (Figure 1). The mean disintegration scores at 5 minutes were 1.63 ± 0.7 for EOS-002 and 0 ± 0 for Solution 2. No sample out of the 24 samples in the Solution 2 group had a score above 0 at 5 minutes compared with 24 out of 24 for EOS-002 (range 1 to 3). See Underlying data20 for the raw data for Figure 1.

e3e035e6-91f3-42b7-926f-31d2ff5ed3e8_figure1.gif

Figure 1. Time course of cerumen incubations with EOS-002 (n = 24) and Solution 2 (n = 24) showing disintegration scores.

All incubations were performed at room temperature. *P < 0.0001.

For the evaluations of EOS-002 and Solution 3, 19 samples each were available for each time point. Similarly, the time course demonstrated significant differences between EOS-002 and Solution 3 (P < 0.0001) in grading scores at all time points (Figure 2). The mean disintegration scores at 5 minutes were 1.68 ± 1.0 for EOS-002 and 0.05 ± 0.2 for Solution 2. Only 1 out of 19 samples in the Solution 2 group had a score above 0 (1) at 5 minutes, compared with 16 out of 19 samples for EOS-002 (range 0 to 3). See Underlying data20 for the raw data for Figure 2.

e3e035e6-91f3-42b7-926f-31d2ff5ed3e8_figure2.gif

Figure 2. Time course of cerumen incubations with EOS-002 (n = 19) and Solution 3 (n = 19) showing disintegration scores.

All incubations were performed at room temperature. *P < 0.0001.

When the data for both comparisons were combined, the mean disintegration scores at 10 minutes were 2.38 ± 1.1 for the EOS-002-treated samples and 0.06 ± 0.3 for the carbamide peroxide 6.5%-treated samples (n = 43 for both groups; Figure 3). As expected, all time points showed significant differences in favor of EOS-002 in terms of the disintegration scores. See Underlying data20 for the raw data for Figure 3.

e3e035e6-91f3-42b7-926f-31d2ff5ed3e8_figure3.gif

Figure 3. Time course of all cerumen incubations with EOS-002 (n = 42) and carbamide peroxide (n = 42) showing disintegration scores.

All performed were conducted at room temperature. *P < 0.0001.

For the comparison between EOS-002 and Solution 2, the cerumen samples started to swell and disintegrate within 2.5 minutes of exposure to EOS-002 (Figure 4). At 15 minutes, these samples were noticeably disrupted and dispersed compared with their appearance prior to treatment. However, after 15 minutes of exposure to Solution 2, there was no discernable change to the samples.

e3e035e6-91f3-42b7-926f-31d2ff5ed3e8_figure4.gif

Figure 4. Photos of representative cerumen samples incubated in EOS-002 and Solution 2 for up to 15 minutes.

All incubations were performed at room temperature.

As with the above experiments, for the evaluations of EOS-002 and Solution 3, within 2.5 minutes of exposure to EOS-002, the cerumen samples started to swell and disintegrate (Figure 5). At 15 minutes, the EOS-002 sample was noticeably disrupted and dispersed compared with its appearance before treatment. However, after 15 minutes of exposure to Solution 3, there was little to no change to the sample.

e3e035e6-91f3-42b7-926f-31d2ff5ed3e8_figure5.gif

Figure 5. Photos of representative cerumen samples incubated in EOS-002 and Solution 3 for up to 15 minutes.

All incubations were performed at room temperature.

Discussion

Both photographic records and the time course studies for disintegration scores demonstrated that EOS-002 was effective at quickly breaking down human cerumen under room temperature conditions. Samples incubated in EOS-002 demonstrated significantly higher disintegration scores than the two comparators at every time point measured (P < 0.0001). From the photographic studies, differences between EOS-002 and the other two products could be seen within 2.5 minutes. Differences in disintegration scores were also observed within 5 minutes (the earliest graded time point). Only a small amount of disintegration was observed for the samples exposed to the 2 products containing carbamide peroxide 6.5%, even after 30 minutes.

An in vitro study, conducted by Saxby et al.15, evaluated the cerumenolytic activity of 6 different preparations (distilled water; olive oil; sodium bicarbonate 5%, dexamethasone 0.05% + framycetin sulphate 0.5% + gramicidin 0.005% [Sofradex, Sanofi-Aventis, Guildford, UK]; urea + hydrogen peroxide 5% in glycerol; and bethamethasone sodium phosphate 0.1% [Vistamethasone, Cardinal Health Martindale Products, Brentwood, UK]). Each cerumen sample (5 mm in diameter and 3 mm thick) was placed into a test tube that contained 5 mL of one of the test solutions and allowed to incubate at room temperature. At 30 minutes of exposure, the aqueous-based solutions had caused a slight amount of disintegration, while the oil-based solutions (olive oil or urea + hydrogen peroxide) produced no visible change to the cerumen samples (Table 2). Distilled water and sodium bicarbonate 5% produced the greatest amounts of disintegration. It should be noted that it might not be feasible for a patient to treat their ears with a cerumenolytic for 30 minutes prior to irrigation. The current study suggests substantial disintegration of cerumen might be possible in as little as 5 minutes of exposure with the novel glycolic acid/bicarbonate formulation.

Table 2. Comparison of cerumen disintegration in vitro under different conditions.

1Grading scale adapted from Fraser et al., 1970, and Jimenez et al., 2008. Grade 0 = no change; Grade 1 = slight disintegration; Grade 2 = moderate disintegration; Grade 3 = substantial disintegration; Grade 4 = complete disintegration.

2 – = no visible change; + = slight disintegration; ++ = partial disintegration; +++ = substantial disintegration.

3 – = no visible change; + = coloration of the agent; ++ = slight disintegration; +++ = partial disintegration; ++++ = substantial disintegration; +++++ = complete disintegration.

4 – = no visible change; + = slight solvent effect; ++ = partial disintegration; +++ = complete disintegration.

Min = minutes; h = hours; d = days.

5 min10 min15 min30 min1 h2 h3 h12 h3 d
Current study1,2 (Performed in test tubes at room temperature)
EOS-0021.652.382.953.24
Carbamide peroxide 6.5%0.020.060.070.12
Saxby et al., 20132 (Performed in centrifuge tubes at room temperature)
Distilled water++++++
Olive oil---
Sodium bicarbonate++++++
Dexamethasone 0.05%/framycetin
sulphate 0.5%/gramicidin 0.005%
+++++
Urea + hydrogen peroxide---
Betamethasone sodium phosphate
0.1%
+++++
Bellini et al., 19893 (Performed in centrifuge tubes at 36.4°C)
Arachis oil base containing 10 %
oil of terebinth (turpentine) and
dichlorobenzene, chlorbutol, and
benzocaine
-+++
Dioctyl sodium sulphosuccinate+++++++++++++++
Earex-+++
Stores Own+++++++++++++
Olive oil-+++
Water+++++++++++++++
Bicarbonate+++++++
Bellini et al., 19893 (Performed in pasteur pipettes at 36.4°C)
Arachis oil base containing 10 %
oil of terebinth (turpentine) and
dichlorobenzene, chlorbutol, and
benzocaine
--++
Dioctyl sodium sulphosuccinate+++++++++++++++++
Earex--++
Acetone---+
Olive oil++++
Water++++++++++++++++
Water (2)++++++++++++++
Bicarbonate++++++++
Fraser et al., 19704 (Performed in test tubes at 37°C)
Arachis oil base containing 10 %
oil of terebinth (turpentine) and
dichlorobenzene, chlorbutol, and
benzocaine
---
Dioctyl sodium sulphosuccinate-++++
Olive oil---
Sodium bicarbonate--+++
Triethanolamine polypeptide
oleate 10% in propylene glycol
--++
Dioctyl sodium sulphosuccinate in a
corn oil base (ear capsules)
---

Bellini et al.21 performed an in vitro study on eight different preparations (Waxsol, dioctyl sodium sulphosuccinate 0.5% in a water-miscible base; Cerumol, paradichlorobenzene 2%, chlorbutol 5%, and turpentine oil 10%; Earex, arachis oil 33.3% v/v, almond oil 33.3% v/v, rectified camphor oil 33.3% v/v; dioctyl sodium sulpho-succinate 5% w/v; olive oil; sodium bicarbonate; distilled water; and acetone). The tubes containing the samples (40 mg) and test solutions (0.5 mL) were incubated at 36.4˚C for up to 2 hours in either pasteur pipettes (Series 1) or plastic centrifuge tubes (Series 2) (Table 2). Bellini and colleagues found a modest amount of cerumenolytic activity with sodium bicarbonate, a component of the EOS-002 formulation. No changes were observed at 15 minutes for Earex and the preparations containing arachis oil, and olive oil. Conversely, the present study found moderate to substantial disintegration of cerumen with EOS-002 at 15 minutes at room temperature.

Fraser and colleagues19 also conducted their studies of different cerumenolytic preparations in test tubes incubated at 37˚C for up to 3 days. Interestingly, they found no visible change with any of the preparations at 15 minutes (Table 2). Contrast this with the cerumen samples in the current study exposed to EOS-002, which showed observable disintegration within 5 minutes.

Another in vitro study evaluated a liquid enzyme-based cerumenolytic formulation18. Samples of cerumen (30 mg) were incubated in glass test tubes at 37˚C without agitation. After 5 minutes of exposure, there was evidence of disintegration with the enzyme-based formulation. However, at 30 minutes, there was almost no qualitative change in the samples exposed to the commercial formulations, one of which was the same product as Solution 3 in the current study. The results of the current study corroborate this previous observation. Little change to the samples were observed after 15 minutes with Solution 3.

The EOS-002 formulation contains Sodium bicarbonate, potassium bicarbonate, glycerin, glycolic acid, along with a preservation system. It is proposed that EOS-002 uses a dual-action mechanism to disintegrate human cerumen. Wax ester and fatty acid lipid components of the cerumen are disrupted by the bicarbonate (sodium and potassium) system of the formulation22,23. This system breaks carboxylic acids down to their more water-soluble carboxylate salts. The glycolic acid system of the product chelates calcium ions from the calcium-dependent cell adhesion molecules resulting in the disruption of cadhedrins, which allows the cells of the keratin sheet to break apart24,25. It is also feasible that the glycolic acid also works in conjunction with glycerin to create an osmolarity variance between the formulation and the keratinocytes, leading to an influx of water into the cells leading to swelling and disruption of the wax mass26.

The current study is limited by its in vitro design. The incubations were conducted at room temperature and results could vary at body temperatures in vivo. These results should be confirmed in a prospective randomized clinical study.

Overall, evidence from the literature suggests aqueous preparations are better for disrupting human cerumen than oil-based preparations15,19,21. Furthermore, bicarbonate formulations have demonstrated efficacy for causing the disintegration of cerumen in vitro. Another study showed that an acidic preparation had moderate efficacy in breaking down cerumen in vitro27. These findings support the results of the current study, which demonstrated the rapid disintegration of cerumen in sample exposed to EOS-002 comprising a glycolic acid/bicarbonate formulation. Conversely, two commercially available products, both containing carbamide peroxide 6.5%, had minimal effects on the cerumen samples. The in vitro results with EOS-002 are promising. The topical safety of the test solution was evaluated in a Human Repeat Insult Patch Test (hRIPT) by a dermatologist. In this study, the product was considered to be a Non-Primary Irritatant and a Non-Primary Sensitizer28. In addition, a pilot safety and efficacy study in humans has been published. This study demonstrated that the test formula was safe for use and effective at cleaning the ear canal of debris including ear wax. In this study, human ears with at least 50% occlusion were treated with one or two 15-minute treatments of the test solution (EOS-002). 50% of ears treated with one treatment showed full clearance measured by otoscopy with 100% visualization of the tympanic membrane. 86% of ears treated with one or two treatments of the test solution (EOS-002) followed by warm-water irrigation showed complete removal of ear wax measured by otoscopy with 100% visualization of the tympanic membrane29.

Ethics statement

Institutional Board Approval of the University of North Texas Health Science Center (UNTHSC IRB Project # 2015-114) and patient informed consent were obtained prior to commencement of this study.

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Knebl J, Harty B, Anderson CE et al. In vitro comparison of three earwax removal formulations for the disintegration of earwax [version 2; peer review: 2 approved with reservations, 1 not approved]. F1000Research 2025, 5:2784 (https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.10279.2)
NOTE: If applicable, it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article.
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Key to Reviewer Statuses VIEW
ApprovedThe paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested
Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit.
Not approvedFundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions
Version 2
VERSION 2
PUBLISHED 29 Apr 2025
Revised
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Reviewer Report 30 May 2025
Satoshi Hara, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan 
Approved with Reservations
VIEWS 6
This study compares cerumen removal products based on their cerumenolytic activity in vitro. The authors demonstrated that the efficacy of EOS-002 was significantly greater than that of the two comparator products. Notably, the product shown to be effective was developed ... Continue reading
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HOW TO CITE THIS REPORT
Hara S. Reviewer Report For: In vitro comparison of three earwax removal formulations for the disintegration of earwax [version 2; peer review: 2 approved with reservations, 1 not approved]. F1000Research 2025, 5:2784 (https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.180212.r383693)
NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article.
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PUBLISHED 29 Nov 2016
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Reviewer Report 15 Jun 2017
Carlotta Pipolo, Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy 
Not Approved
VIEWS 43
Persistence of Earwax during otoscopy still represents a challenge especially for paediatricians and general practitioners during diagnosis. Finding appropriate and efficacious solutions that can make removal easier is surely very important.

The article by Knebl et al ... Continue reading
CITE
CITE
HOW TO CITE THIS REPORT
Pipolo C. Reviewer Report For: In vitro comparison of three earwax removal formulations for the disintegration of earwax [version 2; peer review: 2 approved with reservations, 1 not approved]. F1000Research 2025, 5:2784 (https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.11070.r23502)
NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article.
  • Author Response 29 Apr 2025
    Joe Griffin, Eosera, Inc., Fort Worth, USA
    29 Apr 2025
    Author Response
    Reviewer 1 Responses: (Yehudah Roth)
    Comment 1: The test reported is of very simple methodology, of preliminary and partial nature, compared with other, similar in-vitro studied that are cited by the authors. There ... Continue reading
COMMENTS ON THIS REPORT
  • Author Response 29 Apr 2025
    Joe Griffin, Eosera, Inc., Fort Worth, USA
    29 Apr 2025
    Author Response
    Reviewer 1 Responses: (Yehudah Roth)
    Comment 1: The test reported is of very simple methodology, of preliminary and partial nature, compared with other, similar in-vitro studied that are cited by the authors. There ... Continue reading
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48
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Reviewer Report 11 Jan 2017
Yehudah Roth, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Edith Wolfson Medical Center, Tel-Aviv University Sackler School of Medicine, Holon, Israel 
Approved with Reservations
VIEWS 48
This is a brief report on an in-vitro assessment which may or may not be applicable to earwax removal, hence the title is somewhat misleading.

The test reported is of very simple methodology, of preliminary and partial ... Continue reading
CITE
CITE
HOW TO CITE THIS REPORT
Roth Y. Reviewer Report For: In vitro comparison of three earwax removal formulations for the disintegration of earwax [version 2; peer review: 2 approved with reservations, 1 not approved]. F1000Research 2025, 5:2784 (https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.11070.r19185)
NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article.
  • Author Response 29 Apr 2025
    Joe Griffin, Eosera, Inc., Fort Worth, USA
    29 Apr 2025
    Author Response
    Reviewer 1 Responses: (Yehudah Roth)
    Comment 1: The test reported is of very simple methodology, of preliminary and partial nature, compared with other, similar in-vitro studied that are cited by the authors. There ... Continue reading
COMMENTS ON THIS REPORT
  • Author Response 29 Apr 2025
    Joe Griffin, Eosera, Inc., Fort Worth, USA
    29 Apr 2025
    Author Response
    Reviewer 1 Responses: (Yehudah Roth)
    Comment 1: The test reported is of very simple methodology, of preliminary and partial nature, compared with other, similar in-vitro studied that are cited by the authors. There ... Continue reading

Comments on this article Comments (0)

Version 2
VERSION 2 PUBLISHED 29 Nov 2016
Comment
Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article:
Approved - the paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested
Approved with reservations - A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit.
Not approved - fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions
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