Keywords
bio-fertilizer, soil respiration, Chernozem, OxiTop
bio-fertilizer, soil respiration, Chernozem, OxiTop
Taking the referees’ advice:
We extended the Introduction chapter to clarify the importance of measuring physical and chemical soil properties when examining soil microbiological activities.
We extended the Methods chapter and named the methods and required sample preparations that were applied for measuring the main soil properties.
Dataset 1 was replaced with table 1 in the main text. This was also updated with a new parameter, Total Nitrogen, according to Prof. Muhammad Aslam Ali's advice.
We responded by comments to Prof. Muhammad Aslam Ali's questions related to the experimental setups, and marks of the figures.
We named 3 more co-authors who strongly contributed to the measurements of the physical and chemical soil properties.
See the authors' detailed response to the review by Muhammad Aslam Ali
The soil can be characterized by physical, chemical and microbiological properties1–4. The quantitative (microbial biomass, number of bacteria)5,6 and qualitative (enzymatic activity, soil respiration)7,8 microbiological properties of the soil greatly contribute to the impact analysis of land use9–11, nutrition12 and soil management13. Research related to the benefits of microbes as biofertilizer has become increasingly important in the agricultural sector. This is due to the possibility of achieving higher crop yields while minimizing negative impact on the environment. It is well known that bio-fertilizers increase plant yield and improve soil fertility14–16. Soil respiration is an important indicator of soil microbial activity17,18. In our experiments, we measured the effect of different chemicals19–22 and a bio-fertilizer on soil microbial activity, using both well-established and novel methods under laboratory conditions. We present some unexpected results from a setup in which Chernozem soil samples were examined.
A total of 24 soil samples were collected near Debrecen, Hungary, on the 19th April 2016, from an upper layer (0–20 cm) of Chernozem soil (47°33’ 55.36” N; 21°28’ 12.27” E).
The phylazonit bio-fertilizer (produced by Phylazonit.Ltd, Hungary) with the following composition: Bacillus megaterium, Bacillus circulans, Pseudomonas putida, was tested (15 l/ha) in an optimized ratio for soil injection. Number of bacteria: 109 piece/cm3.
Soil moisture content was determined gravimetrically, drying the soil at 105°C for 24 hours according to Klimes-Szmik’s method (1970)23. Silt and clay fractions were measured by the settling method24. We measured the Arany-type plasticity index according to Stefanovits (1975)25–27, while the minimal water capacity and soil texture were determined by Klimes-Szmik’s method23. To measure the chemical properties of the soil, the samples were sieved through 2mm mesh and pre-incubated at 25°C for 72 hours. Soil pH in distilled water and in 1M potassium chloride KCl (soil/water, 1/2.5, w/w) were determined according to Buzás (1988)24. The electrical conductivity (EC) (soil/water, 1/5, w/w) was then determined with a glass electrode according to Kong et al, 201328. The hydrolytic acidity (y1) was measured according to Buzás (1988)24, while the concentration of NO3− -N was determined according to Felföldy (1987)29. Total nitrogen was determined according to Kong et al. (2013)28. Nitrate exploration was carried out after 14 days incubation according to Felföldy (1987)29. We determined AL-P2O5 and ALK2O based on Szegi’s method (1979)30. The humus content was determined using potassium dichromate according to Székely (1988)31. Total number of bacteria was counted in bouillon agar using the plate dilution method (Szegi, 1979)30. We measured the organic carbon concentration in K2SO4 extract, following the protocol in Székely et al. (1988)31. Microbial biomass carbon (MBC) was measured using the chloroform fumigation-extraction method. Soil samples were fumigated by adding alcohol-free chloroform at 25°C for 24 hours. The fumigated and unfumigated soil samples were extracted with 50 ml 0.5 M potassium sulfate (K2SO4) according to Vance et al. (1987)32. The following formula was applied to calculate the MBC (Kong et al., 2013)28:
MBC = 2.22 x EC
where EC = organic C extracted from fumigated soils – organic C extracted from unfumigated soils (Table 1).
The experimental design was completely randomized, treatments were incubations (25°C). An OxiTop OC110 respirometer was used to quantify the release and capture of CO2 that is automatically determined by the device after the biological oxygen demand (BOD) required for the degradation of organic matter has been measured. We used a 500 ml glass bottle system following the instruction manual (https://www.wtw.com/en/service/downloads/operating-manuals.html). 10g of soil sample were placed into OxiTop flasks, and capped with the sensor heads according to Barrales-Brito et al. (2014)33. 2.5g of CO2 absorber (sodalime) were then added to a tank to absorb the generated CO233. An induced method was also used, in which 0.1g glucose was added to the soil samples. Each treatment was replicated four times. As Figure 1 shows, four samples were always measured in parallel: Absolute control (does not contain fertilizer, nor added glucose), Induced control (contains added glucose), Treated (contains bio-fertilizer) and Induced treated (contains bio-fertilizer and glucose). The Oxitop automatically provides the values related to CO2 production according to the pressure change measured by its sensor (there is no need to carry out titrations or any additional work).
The induced method was carried out so that the difference between the results of control and the treated soil samples could become detectable sooner. Glucose was applied as inducer. As expected the CO2 values increase or stagnate.
The treated samples produced more CO2 than the controls, as expected (Dataset 1). Each repeat with the exception of one showed increasing CO2 values (Figure 1), as the pressure continuously decreased in the bottle due to gas (oxygen) consumption. One sample produced unexpected results (Figure 2). In the first 12 hours, the treated samples produced more CO2 than the controls in each measurement. Following this, a fluctuation in the values was observed.
After examining the Oxitop device’s operation, this pattern became more interesting to us, as the device quantifies CO2 production by measuring BOD required for the degradation of organic matter. From the decreasing CO2 values, we conclude that there was oxygen production and/or CO2 consumption in the Oxitop bottles.
In a closed system where the pressure decreases due to oxygen consumption, the values of CO2 production must increase or stagnate with the passage of time, but this was not the case with one of the samples (Figure 2). Here, a decrease in CO2 occurred (Dataset 2). The following possible explanations were excluded:
Presence of algae: there was no light in the incubator, so there was no photosynthesis.
Changing pressure caused by changing temperature: the temperature was constant in the setup.
Absorption by the water in the sample: all other samples that produced increasing amount of CO2 had the same or comparable moisture content.
One reason that seemed more likely was that CO2 oxidizing microbes or methanotrophs may have been present in the soil, using the produced CO2 periodically. This is unusual, since most of the studies report the presence of these bacteria in seawater34, paddy fields35 or industrial processes36 and not in well-ventilated Chernozem soil. Further genomics research could detect the bacterial strains that consumed the CO2 in this soil.
Dataset 1: Average values of produced CO2 (ml/l) with different treatments. ’Control’ does not contain fertilizer, nor added glucose. ’Control+Glucose’ contains 0,1 g of added glucose. ’Biofertilizer’ contains Phylazonit bio-fertilizer. ’Biofertilizer+Glucose’ contains Phylazonit bio-fertilizer and 0,1 g of added glucose. DOI, 10.5256/f1000research.12936.d18266337.
Dataset 2: Comparison of produced CO2 (ml/l) in the sample in which unexpected (periodically decreasing CO2) values can be observed. ’Control’ does not contain fertilizer, nor added glucose. ’Control+Glucose’ contains 0,1 g of added glucose. ’Biofertilizer’ contains Phylazonit bio-fertilizer. ’Biofertilizer+Glucose’ contains Phylazonit bio-fertilizer and 0,1 g of added glucose. DOI, 10.5256/f1000research.12936.d18266438.
We are grateful to the Department of Agricultural Chemistry and Soil Sciences at University of Debrecen for providing the experimental setups.
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Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed.
Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature?
Partly
Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound?
Partly
Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others?
Partly
If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate?
Partly
Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility?
Partly
Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results?
Partly
Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed.
Reviewer Expertise: Soil GHGs flux measurement, soil microbes & environment
Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature?
Yes
Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound?
Yes
Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others?
Yes
If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate?
Yes
Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility?
Partly
Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results?
Yes
Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed.
Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article:
Invited Reviewers | ||
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Version 1 03 Nov 17 |
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