Borneo herbal plant extracts as a natural medication for prophylaxis and treatment of Aeromonas hydrophila and Pseudomonas fluorescens infection in tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

Esti Handayani Hardi; Rudy Agung Nugroho; Irawan Wijaya Kusuma; Wiwin Suwinarti; Agung Sudaryono; Rita Rostika

doi:10.12688/f1000research.16902.2

Home Browse Borneo herbal plant extracts as a natural medication for prophylaxis...

ALL Metrics

Views

Downloads

Get PDF

Get XML

Export

▬

✚

Research Article

Revised

Borneo herbal plant extracts as a natural medication for prophylaxis and treatment of Aeromonas hydrophila and Pseudomonas fluorescens infection in tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

[version 2; peer review: 2 approved, 1 approved with reservations]

Esti Handayani Hardi¹, Rudy Agung Nugroho ², Irawan Wijaya Kusuma³, Wiwin Suwinarti³, Agung Sudaryono⁴, Rita Rostika⁵

Esti Handayani Hardi¹, Rudy Agung Nugroho ², [...] Irawan Wijaya Kusuma³, Wiwin Suwinarti³, Agung Sudaryono⁴, Rita Rostika⁵

PUBLISHED 13 Feb 2019

Author details Author details

¹ Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, Mulawarman University, Samarinda, East Kalimantan, 75123, Indonesia
² Animal Physiology, Development and Molecular Laboratory, Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Mulawarman University, Samarinda, East Kalimantan, 75123, Indonesia
³ Laboratory of Forest Product Chemistry, Faculty of Forestry, Mulawarman University, Samarinda, East Kalimantan, 75123, Indonesia
⁴ Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, Diponegoro University, Semarang, Central Java, 50275, Indonesia
⁵ Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, Padjajaran University, Bandung, West Java, 40600, Indonesia

Esti Handayani Hardi
Roles: Conceptualization, Data Curation, Funding Acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Resources

Rudy Agung Nugroho
Roles: Methodology, Validation, Writing – Review & Editing

Irawan Wijaya Kusuma
Roles: Data Curation, Investigation, Visualization

Wiwin Suwinarti
Roles: Methodology, Resources, Validation

Agung Sudaryono
Roles: Formal Analysis, Project Administration, Validation

Rita Rostika
Roles: Methodology, Project Administration, Validation

OPEN PEER REVIEW

REVIEWER STATUS

Abstract

Background: The combination of some plant extracts to prevent and treat bacterial infections is gaining momentum, because of effectiveness against certain bacteria. This study aims to describe the antibacterial and immunostimulant abilities of Boesenbergia pandurata (BP), Solanum ferox (SF) and Zingiber Zerumbet (ZZ) plant extracts to treat and prevent Aeromonas hydrophila and Pseudomonas fluorescens infection on Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus).
Methods: Tilapia (initial weight 15±2 g) were injected intramuscularly (0.1 ml/fish) with a combination of A. hydrophila and P. fluorescens at a density of 1×10 ⁵ CFU ml ^-1 of each bacteria. Treatment trials were performed at day 7 post-injection with each combined extract, while the prevention trial was performed by including the combined extract into the commercial diet for six and seven days prior to injection. Various extract combinations were 60 mg SF extract/kg feed with 40 mg ZZ/kg feed (SF60/ZZ40), SF50/ZZ50, BP90/SF10, and BP50/SF50. Haemato-immunological parameters were performed for four weeks.
Results: In prevention trials, tilapia fed SF50/ZZ50 showed a significant increase of white and red blood cells. Similarly, significantly increased haematocrit was found in tilapia fed SF50/ZZ50 in the treatment trial but not in the prevention trial. In both trials, haemoglobin of tilapia was not affected by any combined extracts but decreased the number of bacteria. Phagocytic index, respiratory burst, lysozyme activity and survival rate of fish fed combined extracts were found significantly higher than controls. The amount of pathogenic bacteria in fish fed combined extracts was lower than the control at week 4 (P<0.05). In both trials The percentage of survival rate and relative percent survival of tilapia fed SF 50/ZZ 50, showed the optimum results compared to the other combinations.
Conclusions: The combined extract in feed, especially SF50/ZZ50 has a positive effect on the tilapia's innate immune system of tilapia to treat and prevent bacterial infections.

Keywords

Imunomodulator, Concoction, Aeromonas hydrophila, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Prophylaxis

Corresponding author: Rudy Agung Nugroho

Competing interests: No competing interests were disclosed.

Grant information: This research is supported by the Ministry of Research and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia for the support of research funds provided through the National Strategic Research Institutions Fiscal Year 2018, contract No. 121/UN17.41/KL/2018.
The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

Copyright: © 2019 Hardi EH et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

How to cite: Hardi EH, Nugroho RA, Kusuma IW et al. Borneo herbal plant extracts as a natural medication for prophylaxis and treatment of Aeromonas hydrophila and Pseudomonas fluorescens infection in tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) [version 2; peer review: 2 approved, 1 approved with reservations]. F1000Research 2019, 7:1847 (https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.16902.2) First published: 26 Nov 2018, 7:1847 (https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.16902.1) Latest published: 13 Feb 2019, 7:1847 (https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.16902.2)

Revised Amendments from Version 1

We have added short information in the abstract background. The unit of extract is changed from ml/kg to mg/kg. The method of antibody titres has been deleted, while the term phagocytic activity is changed to phagocytic index. Notations in each bar of all graphs and values in tables have been added to show significantly differences. Discussion has been developed by adding some important relevant explanation. Footnotes in the graph have been revised in order to be much clearer. We have added some information regarding Borneo herbal plant extracts as a natural medication for prophylaxis and treatment of Aeromonas hydrophila and Pseudomonas fluorescens infection in tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) based on the reviews from peer reviewers.

See the authors' detailed response to the review by Alim Isnansetyo
See the authors' detailed response to the review by Vishnu K. Venugopal

Introduction

Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) is one of the most widely cultivated fish species in Indonesia. Tilapia is a freshwater fish that can be easily cultivated¹. According to Pridgeon² and Harikrishnan et al.³, freshwater fish culture is inseparable from bacterial infections which are caused by motile Aeromonas septicaemia, furunculosis, edwardsiellosis and Aeromonas hydrophila. Further, Aeromonas species have been identified as major causative bacteria and a serious pathogen in fish^4,5. In Indonesia, particularly East Kalimantan, infection of A. hydrophila and Pseudomonas fluorescens in fish results in high mortality rates of up to 60–80%. In fish, both of these bacteria cause stresses, exophthalmia, ulcers, and watery-looking organs, particularly gallbladder rupture^6–8. In addition, combined bacterial infection in fish is also common, such as infections found in tilapia caused by Salmonella agalactiae and A. hydrophila^9,10.

To reduce high mortalities of cultured fish, aquaculturists and researchers use antibiotics to prevent and treat infection. Nevertheless, due to concerns for maintaining eco-friendly environments, the application of antibiotics should be avoided, because they may enhance antibiotic-resistant pathogens, increase the accumulation of drugs in fish tissue and trigger immunosuppression¹¹. Methods of controlling these infections should be developed as soon as possible because the pathogen disease type has significantly increased¹², while the type of pathogen that leads to edema in the cultivation area still cannot be overcome. One of the effective and safe methods for disease control in aquaculture is by improving the defence system of the fish through the provision of natural immunostimulants¹³, through the use of several plant extracts.

Recently, the popularity of plant extracts as natural immunostimulant is gaining in demand and importance in medical purposes. Various plant extracts, such as Indian almond leaves (Terminalia catappa), oats (Avena sativa), oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus), nettle (Urtica dioica), sea grass (Cymodocea serrulata) and beetroot (Beta vulgaris) have been used as alternatives to antibiotics^5,14–16. Plant extracts also contain levamisole¹³ and saponin¹⁷ which can enhance the work of nonspecific immune systems and increase the activation of phagocytosis¹⁴. Plant extracts could optimize the fish blood function, by enhancing the number of white blood cell to prevent the bacteria⁵. Further, the plant extracts of Boesenbergia pandurata (BP) and Zingiber zerumbet (ZZ) from East Kalimantan have in vitro and in vivo antibacterial activity against A. hydrophila bacteria, while Solanum ferox (SF) has been found to be an antibacterial agent for P. fluorescens bacteria. Similarly, for the prevention and treatment of bacterial infections in tilapia, BP and ZZ are also effective for treating A. hydrophila and P. fluorescens infection^8,18.

The incorporation of some extracts for the prevention and treatment of bacterial infections is likely to increase the effectiveness because some materials can work synergistically, so that the infection of both bacteria in the fish body can be controlled optimally. However, research regarding the combination of plant extracts to treat and prevent bacterial infection is limited. This study therefore aims to determine the effectiveness of the combination of three extracts (BP, ZZ and SF) to prevent and treat bacterial infections of A. hydrophila and P. fluorescens in tilapia.

Methods

Fish and bacteria

In total, 450 Tilapias (Initial weight 15 ± 2 g, age ±2.5 months, random sex) were obtained from Teluk Dalam Village in Tenggarong Seberang, Kutai Kartanegara, Indonesia. The fish were randomly distributed and assigned into five aquariums in triplicates, representing four treatments and one control. The fish were kept in the laboratory for two weeks for acclimatization in the aquarium (60×40×30 cm). Each aquarium was filled with 60 l of freshwater and the water was changed by as much as 50% every 2 days to remove remaining faeces and inedible feed. The average temperature of the water was 27°C. The feed given in the acclimation phase was a commercial feed (PT Rama Jaya Mahakam, Kutai Kartanegara East Kalimantan-Supplier, floating pellets, containing 31–33% protein and 4–6% fat) at a rate of 5% of the body weight of the fish per day. The bacteria used for the challenge test were A. hydrophila (EA-01) and P. fluorescens (EP-01), which was provided from the Aquatic Microbiology Laboratory, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, Mulawarman University, Indonesia. To bring about bacterial challenge, a combination of bacteria at density of 10⁵ CFU ml^-1 of each bacteria was used. Each fish was injected intramuscularly with 0.1 ml of the suspension of the bacteria.

Plant and chemical materials

The plant materials, BP, SF and ZZ, were collected from a traditional market in Samarinda City, East Kalimantan, Indonesia. The plants were cleaned, cut and dried at 40°C for 48 hours in the oven, finely powdered and stored at -4°C for the further extraction stage. Ethanol solution (95%) was used to extract the plant materials, following a method described by Limsuwan & Voravuthikunchai¹⁹. All chemicals used in this research was obtained from commercial sources (Sigma Aldrich, Inc. USA).

Experimental design and challenge test

This treatment and prevention trials were carried out for 28 days. The treatment experiments were conducted with five combination treatments with the following stages: tilapia (average initial weight 15 ± 2 g, n = 30 fish per group, random sex) were injected intramuscularly (0.1 ml) with a mixture of A. hydrophila and P. fluorescens bacteria, each bacteria at density10⁵ CFU ml^-1. At day 7 after injection, the fish were fed with feed combined with extract as follows (mg per kg feed): P1, 60 mg SF extract/kg feed with 40 mg ZZ extract/kg feed (SF60/ZZ40); P2, SF50/ZZ50; P3, BP90/SF10; P4, BP50/SF50; and P5, fed with no additional extract (control). All fish were fed twice a day ad satiation. The remaining feed was siphoned out before the next feeding.

Meanwhile, the prevention trial was performed by providing the same feeding combination and procedure for 6 days prior to intramuscular injection of the fish with 0.1 ml of mixed bacteria at day 7. After injection, feeding combination was continued until the 4^th week. Haematological and immunological parameters were measured every week after the injection with bacteria until week 4.

Haematology and phagocytic index

At days 14, 21 and 28 following bacterial challenge, haematological profiles of fish (n=3 per treatment group) were observed. Fish were anesthetized using 50 mg l^-1 MS 222 (Sigma Aldrich, USA) / dm³ water. The fish blood was taken through the caudal vein, using a 1 ml syringe rinsed with 10% trisodium citrate anticoagulant (fish were kept alive after blood withdrawal). Total red blood cells (RBC) (10⁶ per mm³) and white blood cells (WBC) (10³ / mm³) were determined manually using an improved Neubauer counting chamber. The number of WBC was calculated using the method of Blaxhall and Daisley²⁰. Haemoglobin (Hb) was measured spectrophotometrically at 540 nm using the cyanmethemoglobin method¹⁷. The haematocrit (Htc %) was counted using the microcentrifuge and heparinized was used as a standard solution. Meanwhile, phagocytic index was determined using a modification of previous methods by adding Turk solution into suspension of fish blood and bacteria to remove red blood cells. Thus, the number of white blood cells can be easily counted^20–22.

Respiratory burst and lysozyme activity

Respiratory burst activity test was performed using nitro blue tetrazolium (NBT) reagent, using the method outlined by Secombes and Olivier²³. Meanwhile, lysozyme activity was performed using a microtiter plate ELISA reader at wavelength of 520 nm, following the method described by Soltani and Pourgholam²⁴.

Total Plate Count

To perform the total plate count (TPC), a blood sample of each fish from each group was homogenized and diluted in physiological saline solution of 0.85%. The dilutions were then transferred to bacterial counts. The TPC was conducted following the method of Turkogfu et al.²⁵.

Disease resistance

Both A. hydrophila and P. fluorescens (the pathogenic bacteria) were used for challenge testing (n = 10 fish per aquarium, in triplicates per group). The survival rate (SR) and relative percent survival (RPS) of the fish were recorded on a daily basis for 4 weeks²⁶.

Statistical analysis

Results are expressed as means ± standard error (SE) and the data were analysed using SPSS version 22 (SPSS, Inc., USA). The data of WBC, RBC, haematocrit, Hb, TPC, phagocytic index, respiratory burst and lysozyme activity were subjected to ANOVA, followed by Duncan’s post hoc test to evaluate significant differences among the groups of treatments. The percentage of fish survival were arcsine-transformed. All tests were significant at P < 0.05.

Results

Haematological profile

The present results revealed that the total WBC count of tilapia in the treatment and prevention trials were significantly increased (P<0.05) from weeks 2–4 post-administration with combined extracts. The highest increase of WBC was found in tilapia fed with SF50/ZZ50. Similarly, total RBC and haematocrit of tilapia fed SF50/ZZ50 in the treatment trial showed a significant increase after week 2, while tilapia fed SF60/ZZ40 in the prevention trial led to a positively enhanced result from weeks 2–4. Further, haemoglobin of fish both in treatment and prevention trials were not affected by any various combination of extracts (Table 1).

Table 1. Hematological profile of Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fed different extract combination in treatment and prevention trials.

Variables	Trials	groups	Weeks
Variables	Trials	groups	2	4
WBC (10⁴ cell/mm³)	Treatment	A	1.68±0.1^a	2.07±0.2^b
		B	3.60±0.1^b	8.85±0.2^c
		C	1.88±0.5^a	2.10±0.1^a
		D	1.98±0.5^a	2.20±0.1^b
	E	1.35±0.2^a	1.34±0.1^a
	Prevention	A	1.85±0.15^a	2.4±0.5^b
		B	3.9±0.2^b	7.96±0.2^c
		C	2.0±0.2^a	2.4±0.3^b
		D	2.0±0.3^a	2.5±0.1^b
		E	1.4±0.5^a	1.3±0.1^a
RBC (10⁶cell/mm³)	Treatment	A	5.4±0.3^a	4,2±0.1^b
		B	7.7±0.2^b	8.8±0.2^c
		C	6.3±0.1^b	7,2±0.2^a
		D	6.8±0.2^a	7.0±0.1^b
		E	2.7±0.1^a	2.7±0.1^a
	Prevention	A	6.42±0.25^a	6.0±0.5^b
		B	6.97±0.3^a	7.0±0.2^a
		C	6.23±0.1^a	5.53±0.2^a
		D	5.67±0.1^a	7.0±0.1^a
		E	2.7±0.2^a	2.47±0.1^a
Hematocrit (%)	Treatment	A	27±0.1^a	34±0.1^b
		B	27±0.2^b	36±0.2^c
		C	27±0.2^a	31±0.2^a
		D	27±0.2^a	30±0.2^a
		E	15±0.3^a	15±0.2^a
	Prevention	A	27±0.1^a	27.7±0.1^a
		B	27±0.2^a	34±0.1^a
		C	27±0.1^a	31.5±0.1^a
		D	27±0.1^a	30±0.2^a
		E	14.7±0.2^a	15±0.1^a
Hemoglobin (g dL^-1)	Treatment	A	10±0.3^a	10±0.1^a
		B	10±0.3^a	10±0.1^a
		C	10±0.2^a	10±0.1^a
		D	8±0.2^a	10±0.1^a
		E	8±0.1^a	6±0.2^a
	Prevention	A	10±0.1^a	8±0.2^a
		B	10±0.1^a	10±0.1^a
		C	10±0.1^a	8.3±0.1^a
		D	8±0.1^a	8±0.2^a
		E	8±0.1^a	4±0.1^a

Note: Mean±standard deviation followed by different superscript letters (a,b,c) in the same column in each variable and each treatment or prevention trial showed significantly different at P<0.05. WBC = White blood cell, RBC = Red blood cell, A = SF60/ZZ40, B = SF50/ZZ50, C = BP90/SF10, D = BP50/SF50, E = No extract addition. Extract ratio is in mg per kg feed. BP = Boesenbergia pandurata), SF = Solanum ferox, and ZZ = Zingiber Zerumbet. In treatment and prevention trials, fish was infected with Aeromonas hydrophila and Pseudomonas fluorescence.

Phagocytic index

All combination extracts fed to fish in the treatment (Figure 1) and prevention (Figure 2) trials increased the phagocytic index. The phagocytic index of fish fed SF50/ZZ50 in the diet, in both in treatment and prevention trials, were significantly higher than control and increased from the 2^nd to 4^th week of the post-challenge test.

Figure 1. Phagocytic index (%) of Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fed different extract combination in treatment trials.

BP = Boesenbergia pandurata), SF = Solanum ferox, and ZZ = Zingiber Zerumbet. In treatment trials, fish was infected with Aeromonas hydrophila and Pseudomonas fluorescence. Infected fish fed various combination and ratio of extract, namely: A = SF60/ZZ40, B = SF50/ZZ50, C = BP90/SF10, D = BP50/SF50, E = No extract addition. Extract ratio is in mg kg^-1 feed. * = significantly different between week. Different letter above the bars in each week showed significantly different at P<0.05.

Figure 2. Phagocytic index (%) of Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fed different extract combination in prevention trials.

BP = Boesenbergia pandurata), SF = Solanum ferox, and ZZ = Zingiber Zerumbet. In treatment trials, fish was infected with Aeromonas hydrophila and Pseudomonas fluorescence. Infected fish fed various combination and ratio of extract, namely: A = SF60/ZZ40, B = SF50/ZZ50, C = BP90/SF10, D = BP50/SF50, E = No extract addition.. Extract ratio is in mg kg^-1 feed. * = significantly different between week. Different letter above the bars in each week showed significantly different at P<0.05.

Respiratory burst

The respiratory burst activity of infected fish fed with combination extract increased from week 2 to week 4 in the treatment trial (Figure 3). In addition, SF50/ZZ50 (mg per kg feed) combination extract resulted in a significantly different respiratory burst to other combinations of extracts and the control. Meanwhile, in the prevention test, infected fish fed SF50/ZZ50 combination extract in week 4 were significantly higher than control and other combinations of extracts (P<0.05) (Figure 4).

Figure 3. Respiratory burst activity of Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fed different extract combination in treatment trials.

Figure 4. Respiratory burst activity of Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fed different extract combination in prevention trials.

Lysozyme activity

This study revealed that lysozyme activity of infected tilapia fed SF60/ZZ40, BP90/SF10 and BP50/SF50 combinations of extract did not show a significant increase (P<0.05) at weeks 2 and 4 in the treatment test. However, starting from weeks 2–4, the addition of SF50/ZZ50 combination extract in the diet of fish resulted in significantly better lysozyme activity (Figure 5). Meanwhile, in the prevention test at weeks 2 and 4, the lysozyme activity of tilapia fed SF50/ZZ50 was significantly higher (P<0.05) (Figure 6) than in other combinations.

Figure 5. Lysozyme activity (μg mL^-1) of Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fed different extract combination in treatment trials.

BP = Boesenbergia pandurata), SF = Solanum ferox, and ZZ = Zingiber Zerumbet. In treatment trials, fish was infected with Aeromonas hydrophila and Pseudomonas fluorescence. A = SF60/ZZ40, B = SF50/ZZ50, C = BP90/SF10, D = BP50/SF50, E = No extract addition. Extract ratio is in mg kg^-1 feed. * = significantly different between week. Different letter above the bars in each week showed significantly different at P<0.05.

Figure 6. Lysozyme activity (μg mL^-1) of Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fed different extract combination in prevention trials.

BP = Boesenbergia pandurata), SF = Solanum ferox, and ZZ = Zingiber Zerumbet. In treatment trials, fish was infected with Aeromonas hydrophila and Pseudomonas fluorescence. Infected-fish fed various combination and ratio of extract, namely: A = SF60/ZZ40, B = SF50/ZZ50, C = BP90/SF10, D = BP50/SF50, E = No extract addition. Extract ratio is in mg kg^-1 feed. * = significantly different between week. Different letter above the bars in each week showed significantly different at P<0.05.

TPC

The overall combination of extracts administered to treat and prevent infection by A. hydrophila and P. fluorescens may decrease the number of bacteria in the fish body until the 4^th week of observation (Table 2). The bacterial density, in both the treatment and prevention trials was lower than in the control. Total bacteria of A. hydrophila and P. fluorescens in tilapia fish fed combination extract in the treatment trial decreased from weeks 2–4. Further, the lowest bacterial density in tilapia was obtained from the fish fed SF50/ZZ50 combination extracts in their diet, which was also significantly different (P<0.05) compared to the control.

Table 2. Total Plate Count (10⁶ CFU/mL) in Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fed different extract combination in treatment and prevention trials.

Trials	Groups	Week
Trials	Groups	2	4
Treatment	A	17.4±5^a	10.86±10^c
	B	22.4±15^a	3.05 ±10^d
	C	55±10^b	16±15^c
	D	47±10^b	4.82±10^d
	E	42.85±15^b	30.9±5^b
Prevention	A	7.8±15^a	5.71±15^a
	B	9.16±5^b	3.15±10^d
	C	6.65±10^a	4.6±5^d
	D	11.15±11^c	8.27±10^a
	E	12.68±11^c	15.3±10^c

Note: Mean±standard deviation followed by different superscript letters (a,b,c,d) in the same column in each treatment or prevention trial showed significantly different at P<0.05. A = SF60/ZZ40, B = SF50/ZZ50, C = BP90/SF10, D = BP50/SF50, E = No extract addition. Extract ratio is in mg kg^-1 feed. BP = Boesenbergia pandurata), SF = Solanum ferox, and ZZ = Zingiber Zerumbet. CFU = Colony forming unit. In treatment and prevention trials, fish was infected with Aeromonas hydrophila and Pseudomonas fluorescence.

Survival rate

The administration of extract with different combinations on tilapia injected with A. hydrophila and P. fluorescens bacteria increased the SR and RPS when compared to those not given the extracts (Table 3 and Table 4). The percentage of survival of tilapia in treatment and prevention trials with combination extracts of SF 50/ZZ 50 had the highest SR compared to the other combinations of extract.

Table 3. Survival rate (%) of Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fed different extract combination in treatment and prevention trials.

Trials	Groups	Week
Trials	Groups	4
Treatment	SF 60/ZZ 40	76.67^a
	SF 50/ZZ 50	87.00^a
	BP 90/SF 10	76.67,30^a
	BP 50/SF 50	83.33.00^a
	No extract	33.00^b
Prevention	SF 60/ZZ 40	86.67^a
	SF 50/ZZ 50	90^b
	BP 90/SF 10	80^b
	BP 50/SF 50	76.67^a
	No extract	27^c

Note: Mean±standard deviation followed by different superscript letters (a,b,c) in the same column in each treatment or prevention trial showed significantly different at P<0.05. A = SF60/ZZ40, B = SF50/ZZ50, C = BP90/SF10, D = BP50/SF50, E = No extract addition. Extract ratio is in mg per kg feed. BP = Boesenbergia pandurata), SF = Solanum ferox, and ZZ = Zingiber Zerumbet. In treatment and prevention trials, fish was infected with Aeromonas hydrophila and Pseudomonas fluorescence.

Table 4. Relative Percent Survival (RPS) of Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fed different extract combination in treatment and prevention trials.

Trials	Groups	Week
Trials	Groups	4
Treatment	SF 60/ZZ 40	65^a
	SF 50/ZZ 50	80^b
	BP 90/SF 10	65^a
	BP 50/SF 50	75^b
	No extract
Prevention	SF 60/ZZ 40	82^a
	SF 50/ZZ 50	86^b
	BP 90/SF 10	73^a
	BP 50/SF 50	68^a
	No extract

Note: Mean±standard deviation followed by different superscript letters (a,b,c) in the same column in each treatment or prevention trial showed significantly different at P<0.05. A = SF60/ZZ40, B = SF50/ZZ50, C = BP90/SF10, D = BP50/SF50, E = No extract addition. Extract ratio is in ml per kg feed. BP = Boesenbergia pandurata), SF = Solanum ferox, and ZZ = Zingiber Zerumbet. In treatment and prevention trials, fish was infected with Aeromonas hydrophila and Pseudomonas fluorescence. Extract ratio is in mg kg^-1 feed.

Discussion

The number of infectious diseases caused by pathogenic bacteria such as A. hydrophila have become a pivotal concern in fish culture, causing high economic losses owing to high mortality rates⁵. The use of plant-based extracts as immunodulators has been applied to increase survival and immune system of fish to prevent or cure bacterial pathogen. Several plant extracts that contain active phytochemicals have been found and used as supplements in the feed of fish^26–29.

The current study found that the WBC of tilapia infected by both bacteria in the prevention and treatment trials increased significantly (P<0.05), while the RBC of tilapia infected by both bacteria in the prevention and treatment trials decreased significantly (P<0.05). This result is similar to those of a previous study, which stated that the WBC increased in order to tackle the infection, while the RBC was decreased in tilapia infected with Streptococcus agalactiae bacteria³⁰, S. iniae¹⁰, A. hydrophila and Pseudomonas sp.⁷. In contrast, tilapia fed with a combination of extracts SF60/ZZ40 showed a similar RBC value both in treatment and prevention trials. In addition, tilapia fed SF50/ZZ50 in treatment trial resulted the highest RBC at the end of the trial. The Hb and Htc values were unchanged during the first week of all treatments including control; the decrease in Htc and Hb values occurred in controls without extract from weeks 2–4 post-infection in the prevention and treatment trials. This result indicated that the combined administration of the extracts was capable of improving the performance of the fish immune system by producing more WBC, thus making the fish more able to suppress the growth of bacteria in the body.

RBC, WBC, Hb and Htc can be used as an indicator of the blood profile in fish with respect to the innate immune defence and regulation of immunological function³¹. WBC are particularly responsible for providing protection or resistance to disorders caused by infectious pathogens and non-infectious factors (nutrition, temperature and handling)³². Total value of WBC also describes the health status and immune system of the fish. In addition to haematological statues, the Hb content decreases due to RBC swelling and poor Hb mobilization of the spleen and other haematopoesis organs³³.

Besides blood profiles, the phagocytic index, respiratory burst and lysozyme activity are good indicators for immunological status of fish during infection periods. The present results revealed that infected fish treated with a compound extract of SF50/ZZ50 showed the highest IP and increased from weeks 2–4 post-injection. These results are in line with the results of a previous study, which found that fish treated with immunostimulants usually show enhanced phagocytic cell activities³⁴. Fish have several types of phagocytic leukocytes, which are part of WBC, in the peritoneal cavity, and various tissues. The phagocytic index is also associated with the production of oxygen free radicals by using respiratory bursts, which are important events in bactericidal pathways in fish^35,36.

According to Isnansetyo et al.³⁷, the phagocytic index is an important indicator of the enhancement of the immune system, which is showed by increasing the function of phagocytes. In addition, the increasing of phagocytic activity is affected by a complement that enhances the frequency of antigen-antibody, attaches to the receptor of phagocytosis cells, and stimulates phagocytes cells to make a forward migration to the site of infection Further, the forward migration to the site of infection has a close relationship with phagocytosis index. In addition, Secombes and Olivier²³ revealed that the release of superoxide anions, hydrogen peroxide and hypochlorous acid into the phagosome and extracellular space during the respiratory burst can be also considered as the pivotal mechanisms involved in the bactericidal activity of macrophages.

Total lysozyme level is a tool to measure the humoral component of the non-specific defence mechanism (innate immunity), which can be used to detect infections or injections of foreign material, including bacteria^38–40. The present findings determined that tilapia fed SF 50/ZZ 50 had significantly higher (P<0.05) lysozyme activity. This finding is in line with past research, stating that the lysozyme activity of Jian carp (Cyprinus carpio var. Jian)⁴¹ and large yellow croaker, Pseudosciaena crocea^41,42 were increased after being fed with traditional Chinese medicine formulated from Astragalus root (Radix astragalin seu Heydsari) and Chinese Angelica root (R. angelicae Sinenesis).

Past research stated that the increasing survival rate and relative percent survival related to the increasing immune function of the fish which is affected by plant extract supplementation. Plant extracts containing important phytochemicals may increase monocytes, granulocytes, macrophages and neutrophils in fish, improving non-specific immune responses⁵. Moreover, activated macrophages and neutrophils in the blood of fish also increase the number of reactive oxygen and nitrogen intermediates (ROIs and RNIs), which are toxic to bacteria²².

Conclusion

A combination of plant extracts was found to affect the health status of tilapia when compared with control. A combination of extracts of SF and ZZ (50:50 mg/kg of feed) provides the optimum protection against bacterial infections of A. hydrophila and P. fluorescens in both prevention and treatment assays.

Data availability

Raw data for Tables and Figures can be accessed on OSF, DOI: https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/A42JB⁴³.

Data are available under the terms of the Creative Commons Zero “No rights reserved” data waiver (CC0 1.0 Public domain dedication).

Grant information

The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

Acknowledgments

The research team would like to thank the Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences Mulawarman University, East Kalimantan, for the support of facility and equipment during the research.

Faculty Opinions recommended

References

1. FAO, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations: Fisheries and Aquaculture Statistics. Rome, Italy. 2015. Reference Source
2. Pridgeon JW, Mu X, Klesius PH: Expression profiles of seven channel catfish antimicrobial peptides in response to Edwardsiella ictaluri infection. J Fish Dis. 2012; 35(3): 227–237. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
3. Harikrishnan R, Balasundaram C, Kim MC, et al.: Innate immune response and disease resistance in Carassius auratus by triherbal solvent extracts. Fish Shellfish Immunol. 2009; 27(3): 508–515. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
4. Carriero MM, Mendes Maia AA, Moro Sousa RL, et al.: Characterization of a new strain of Aeromonas dhakensis isolated from diseased pacu fish (Piaractus mesopotamicus) in Brazil. J Fish Dis. 2016; 39(11): 1285–1295. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
5. Nugroho RA, Manurung H, Nur FM, et al.: Terminalia catappa L. extract improves survival, hematological profile and resistance to Aeromonas hydrophila in Betta sp. Arch Pol Fisheries. 2017; 25(2): 103–115. Publisher Full Text
6. Hardi E, Pebrianto C: Isolasi dan uji postulat Koch Aeromonas sp. dan Pseudomonas sp. pada ikan nila (Oreocromis niloticus) di Sentra Budidaya Loa Kulu Kabupaten Kutai Kartanegara. J Ilmu Perikanan Tropis. 2012; 16(2): 35–39.
7. Hardi EH, Kusuma IW, Suwinarti W, et al.: Antibacterial activities of some Borneo plant extracts against pathogenic bacteria of Aeromonas hydrophila and Pseudomonas sp. Aquaculture, Aquarium, Conservation & Legislation-International Journal of the Bioflux Society (AACL Bioflux). 2016; 9(3): 638–646. Reference Source
8. Hardi EH, Saptiani G, Kusuma IW, et al.: Immunomodulatory and antibacterial effects of Boesenbergia pandurata, Solanum ferox, and Zingiber zerumbet on tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. Aquaculture, Aquarium, Conservation & Legislation (AACL Bioflux). 2017; 10(2): 182–190. Reference Source
9. Rijkers G, Teunissen A, Van Oosterom R, et al.: The immune system of cyprinid fish. The immunosuppressive effect of the antibiotic oxytetracycline in carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). Aquaculture. 1980; 19(2): 177–189. Publisher Full Text
10. Sumiati T, Sukenda, Nuryati S, et al.: Development of ELISA method to detect specific immune response in Nile tilapia O. niloticus vaccinated against A. hydrophila and S. agalactiae. Jurnal Riset Akuakultur. 2015; 10: 243–250. Reference Source
11. Raa R, Rorstad G, Engstad R, et al.: The use of immunostimulants to increase resistance of aquatic organisms to microbial infections. Diseases in Asian aquaculture. 1992; 39–50. Reference Source
12. Sudheesh PS, Al-Ghabshi A, Al-Mazrooei N, et al.: Comparative pathogenomics of bacteria causing infectious diseases in fish. Int J Evol Biol. 2012; 2012: 457264. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text
13. Findlay V, Munday B: The immunomodulatory effects of levamisole on the nonspecific immune system of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L. J Fish Dis. 2000; 23(6): 369–378. Publisher Full Text
14. Baba E, Acar Ü, Öntaş C, et al.: The use of Avena sativa extract against Aeromonas hydrophila and its effect on growth performance, hematological and immunological parameters in common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Italian J Anim Sci. 2016; 15(2): 325–333. Publisher Full Text
15. Bilen S, Ünal S, Güvensoy H: Effects of oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) and nettle (Urtica dioica) methanolic extracts on immune responses and resistance to Aeromonas hydrophila in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquaculture. 2016; 454: 90–94. Publisher Full Text
16. Devi KN, Dhayanithi NB, Kumar TT, et al.: In vitro and in vivo efficacy of partially purified herbal extracts against bacterial fish pathogens. Aquaculture. 2016; 458: 121–133. Publisher Full Text
17. Yuniar I, Darmanto W, Soegianto A: Effect of saponin-pods extract Acacia (Acacia mangium) to hematocrit, hemoglobin at Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). UNEJ e-Proceeding. 2017; 67–69. Reference Source
18. Hardi EH, Kusuma IW, Suwinarti W, et al.: Short Communication: Antibacterial activity of Boesenbergia pandurata, Zingiber zerumbet and Solanum ferox extracts against Aeromonas hydrophila and Pseudomonas sp. Nusantara Bioscience. 2016; 8(1): 18–21. Reference Source
19. Limsuwan S, Voravuthikunchai SP: Boesenbergia pandurata (Roxb.) Schltr., Eleutherine americana Merr. and Rhodomyrtus tomentosa (Aiton) Hassk. as antibiofilm producing and antiquorum sensing in Streptococcus pyogenes. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol. 2008; 53(3): 429–36. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
20. Blaxhall PC, Daisley KW: Routine haematological methods for use with fish blood. J Fish Biol. 1973; 5(6): 771–781. Publisher Full Text
21. Watanuki H, Ota K, Tassakka AC, et al.: Immunostimulant effects of dietary Spirulina platensis on carp, Cyprinus carpio. Aquaculture. 2006; 258(1–4): 157–163. Publisher Full Text
22. Isnansetyo A, Fikriyah A, Kasanah N, et al.: Non-specific immune potentiating activity of fucoidan from a tropical brown algae (Phaeophyceae), Sargassum cristaefolium in tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Aquacult Int. 2016; 24(2): 465–477. Publisher Full Text
23. Secombes CJ, Olivier G: Host—Pathogen Interactions in Salmonids. In Furunculosis. Elsevier. 1997; 269–296. Publisher Full Text
24. Soltani M, Pourgholam R: Lysozyme activity of grass carp (Ctenopharingodon idella) following exposure to sublethal concentrations of organophosphate, diazinon. 2007. Reference Source
25. Turkoglu H, Ceylan ZG, Dayisoylu KS: The microbiological and chemical quality of Orgu cheese produced in Turkey. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition. 2003; 2(2): 92–94. Publisher Full Text
26. Citarasu T: Herbal biomedicines: a new opportunity for aquaculture industry. Aquacult Int. 2010; 18(3): 403–414. Publisher Full Text
27. Madhuri S, Mandloi AK, Govind P, et al.: Antimicrobial activity of some medicinal plants against fish pathogen. Int Res J Pharm. 2013; 3(4): 28–30. Reference Source
28. Chakraborty SB, Horn P, Hancz C: Application of phytochemicals as growth-promoters and endocrine modulators in fish culture. Rev Aquac. 2014; 6(1): 1–19. Publisher Full Text
29. Sivasankar P, Anix Vivek Santhiya A, Kanaga V: A review on plants and herbal extracts against viral diseases in aquaculture. JMed Plants Stud. 2015; 3(2): 75–79. Reference Source
30. Seeley K, Gillespie P, Weeks B: A simple technique for the rapid spectrophotometric determination of phagocytosis by fish macrophages. Mar Environ Res. 1990; 30(1): 37–41. Publisher Full Text
31. Ballarin L, Dall'Oro M, Bertotto D, et al.: Haematological parameters in Umbrina cirrosa (Teleostei, Sciaenidae): a comparison between diploid and triploid specimens. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol. 2004; 138(1): 45–51. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
32. Harikrishnan R, Balasundaram C: Antimicrobial activity of medicinal herbs in vitro against fish pathogen, Aeromonas hydrophila. Fish Pathol. 2005; 40(4): 187–189. Publisher Full Text
33. Lie Ø, Evensen Ø, SØrensen A, et al.: Study on lysozyme activity in some fish species. Dis Aquat Organ. 1989; 6: 1–5. Publisher Full Text
34. Sakai M: Current research status of fish immunostimulants. Aquaculture. 1999; 172(1–2): 63–92. Publisher Full Text
35. Sharp G, Secombes C: Observations on the killing of Aeromonas salmonicida by rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss, Walbaum) macrophages. Diseases of Asian Aquaculture. 1992; 1: 379–389.
36. Sharp G, Secombes C: The role of reactive oxygen species in the killing of the bacterial fish pathogen Aeromonas salmonicida by rainbow trout macrophages. Fish Shellfish Immunol. 1993; 3(2): 119–129. Publisher Full Text
37. Isnansetyo A, Irpani H, Wulansari T, et al.: Oral Administration of Alginate From A Tropical Brown Seaweed, Sargassum sp. to Enhance Non-Spesific Defense In Walking Catfish (Clarias sp.). Aquacultura Indonesiana. 2015; 15(1). Publisher Full Text
38. Saurabh S, Sahoo P: Lysozyme: an important defence molecule of fish innate immune system. Aquac Res. 2008; 39(3): 223–239. Publisher Full Text
39. Siwicki A, Studnicka M: The phagocytic ability of neutrophils and serum lysozyme activity in experimentally infected carp, Cyprinus carpio L. J Fish Biol. 1987; 31(sA): 57–60. Publisher Full Text
40. Dotta G, de Andrade JI, Gonçalves EL, et al.: Leukocyte phagocytosis and lysozyme activity in Nile tilapia fed supplemented diet with natural extracts of propolis and Aloe barbadensis. Fish Shellfish Immunol. 2014; 39(2): 280–284. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
41. Jian J, Wu Z: Influences of traditional Chinese medicine on non-specific immunity of Jian Carp (Cyprinus carpio var. Jian). Fish Shellfish Immunol. 2004; 16(2): 185–191. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
42. Jian J, Wu Z: Effects of traditional Chinese medicine on nonspecific immunity and disease resistance of large yellow croaker, Pseudosciaena crocea (Richardson). Aquaculture. 2003; 218(1–4): 1–9. Publisher Full Text
43. Nugroho RA: Borneo Herbal Plant Extracts as a Natural Medication for Prophylaxis and Treatment of Aeromonas Hydrophila and Pseudomonas Fluorescens Infection in Tilapia (Oreochromis Niloticus). OSF. 2019. http://www.doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/A42JB

Comments on this article Comments (2)

Version 2

VERSION 2 PUBLISHED 13 Feb 2019

Revised

Comment

Version 1

VERSION 1 PUBLISHED 26 Nov 2018

Discussion is closed on this version, please comment on the latest version above.

Author Response 13 Dec 2018

Rudy Nugroho, Animal Physiology, Development and Molecular Laboratory, Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Mulawarman University, Samarinda, 75123, Indonesia

13 Dec 2018

Author Response

Dear Dr. Angela Lusiastuti,

Thank you for your valuable comments. We will improve our article.
Competing Interests: No competing interests
Dear Dr. Angela Lusiastuti,

Thank you for your valuable comments. We will improve our article.
Dear Dr. Angela Lusiastuti,

Thank you for your valuable comments. We will improve our article.
Competing Interests: No competing interests Close
Report a concern
Reviewer Response 10 Dec 2018

Angela Lusiastuti, Research Institute for Freshwater Aquaculture and Fisheries Extension, Indonesia

10 Dec 2018

Reviewer Response

After reading and checking the manuscript, I cannot find in the Methods the Total Plate Count (TPC) procedure and what kind of sample was used for the TPC. Please add ... Continue reading After reading and checking the manuscript, I cannot find in the Methods the Total Plate Count (TPC) procedure and what kind of sample was used for the TPC. Please add it.

In the Methods, it was shown that the antibody titres were measured, however I cannot find the antibody titre in the Results and Discussion as well. Please add it.

Please add in the Discussion how the active content of Borneo herbs plant extracts acts to prevent and as a therapy for bacterial infection.
After reading and checking the manuscript, I cannot find in the Methods the Total Plate Count (TPC) procedure and what kind of sample was used for the TPC. Please add it.

In the Methods, it was shown that the antibody titres were measured, however I cannot find the antibody titre in the Results and Discussion as well. Please add it.

Please add in the Discussion how the active content of Borneo herbs plant extracts acts to prevent and as a therapy for bacterial infection.
Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Close
Report a concern
Discussion is closed on this version, please comment on the latest version above.

Author details Author details

Esti Handayani Hardi
Roles: Conceptualization, Data Curation, Funding Acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Resources

Rudy Agung Nugroho
Roles: Methodology, Validation, Writing – Review & Editing

Irawan Wijaya Kusuma
Roles: Data Curation, Investigation, Visualization

Wiwin Suwinarti
Roles: Methodology, Resources, Validation

Agung Sudaryono
Roles: Formal Analysis, Project Administration, Validation

Rita Rostika
Roles: Methodology, Project Administration, Validation

Competing interests

No competing interests were disclosed.

Grant information

This research is supported by the Ministry of Research and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia for the support of research funds provided through the National Strategic Research Institutions Fiscal Year 2018, contract No. 121/UN17.41/KL/2018.
The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

Article Versions (2)

version 2

Revised

Published: 13 Feb 2019, 7:1847

https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.16902.2

version 1

Published: 26 Nov 2018, 7:1847

https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.16902.1

© 2019 Hardi EH et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Download

Export To

metrics

	Views	Downloads
F1000Research	-	-
PubMed Central Data from PMC are received and updated monthly.	-	-

Citations

SEE MORE DETAILS

CITE

how to cite this article

Hardi EH, Nugroho RA, Kusuma IW et al. Borneo herbal plant extracts as a natural medication for prophylaxis and treatment of Aeromonas hydrophila and Pseudomonas fluorescens infection in tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) [version 2; peer review: 2 approved, 1 approved with reservations]. F1000Research 2019, 7:1847 (https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.16902.2)

NOTE: If applicable, it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article.

track

receive updates on this article

Track an article to receive email alerts on any updates to this article.

Open Peer Review

Current Reviewer Status: ?

Key to Reviewer Statuses VIEW HIDE

ApprovedThe paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested

Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit.

Not approvedFundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions

Version 2

VERSION 2

PUBLISHED 13 Feb 2019

Revised

Views

Reviewer Report 28 Mar 2019

Csaba Hancz, Aquaculture and Fishery, Kaposvár University, Kaposvár, Hungary

Approved with Reservations

https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.19635.r44765

There is a significant weakness in the part of M&M of this article but this can be corrected after which its scientific value could surely be elevated.
Some statistical re- evaluation of

There is a significant weakness in the part of M&M of this article but this can be corrected after which its scientific value could surely be elevated.
Some statistical re- evaluation of the data would also be useful.
Please see my annotated copy of the article here which includes additional corrections and suggestions.

Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature?

Yes
Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound?

Partly
Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others?

Partly
If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate?

Partly
Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility?

Partly
Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results?

Partly

Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed.

Reviewer Expertise: Aquaculture, fish nutrition, experimental statistcs

I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above.

CITE

Report a concern

Respond or Comment

Views

Reviewer Report 28 Mar 2019

Alim Isnansetyo, Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Agriculture, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia

Approved

https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.19635.r44431

The authors already addressed almost all reviewer commands, and overall the manuscript quality is improved significantly. However, there is one parameter that should be clarified:

It is still confusing between Phagocytic activity (PA) and Phagocytic Index

CITE

Report a concern

Respond or Comment

Views

Reviewer Report 27 Mar 2019

Vishnu K. Venugopal, Centre for Marine Living Resources & Ecology, Kochi, Kerala , India

Approved

https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.19635.r44432

I am happy to note that the manuscript has now improved significantly from the original submission. ... Continue reading

CITE

Report a concern

Respond or Comment

Version 1

VERSION 1

PUBLISHED 26 Nov 2018

Views

Reviewer Report 13 Dec 2018

Alim Isnansetyo, Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Agriculture, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia

Approved with Reservations

https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.18481.r41178

This article presented the finding of Indonesian herbal extracts for preventing and treating fish diseases. This article might be indexed after several major issues are addressed:

Are Boesenbergia pandurata (BP), Solanum ferox (SF) and Zingiber Zerumbet (ZZ) typical plants in Borneo?

This article presented the finding of Indonesian herbal extracts for preventing and treating fish diseases. This article might be indexed after several major issues are addressed:

Are Boesenbergia pandurata (BP), Solanum ferox (SF) and Zingiber Zerumbet (ZZ) typical plants in Borneo? Are the plants not found in the other parts of Indonesia? If yes, please replace the "Borneo" with "Indonesia" in the title and throughout the article.
Write one sentence of background in the Abstract.
Describe systematically in the Abstract: how to prepare the extracts, design experiment, feed preparation, infection, data collecting (hematology, non-specific immune etc.) and data analysis.
Write the exact concentration for the extract in mg/kg feed instead of ml/kg. Using units of ml/kg feed is not appropriate as the exact concentrations are not known.
Write systematically the results in the Abstract as described in the Methods.
The units are written inconsistently: format (.../...., .... per ...., .... ....^-1 ).
“Antibody titre” is a term to evaluate the effect of vaccines. To evaluate the effect of immunostimulants, we should use the term "Natural Agglutination" as we are not evaluating the specific antibody. No data are presented for Antibody titre/Natural Agglutination, even though this parameter is described in the Methods.
The authors are confused by the terms of phagocytic activity and phagocytic index. Phagocytic index is not described before either in the Abstract or Materials and Methods. However, the authors describe phagocytic activity in Materials and Methods. Phagocytic index and phagocytic activity are two different parameters. Please refer to some of the recommended references. Add deviation standard for each bar in all graphs.
Add the notation in each bar of all graphs and values in tables to show insignificant or significant difference based on DMRT test results.
Discussion: please interpret properly and add additional explanation about why the extracts affect the immune system of fish and increase the SR and RPS. Describe the possible constituents in the extracts by citing the previous publications.
Add these references in the Introduction, Materials and Methods, and Discussion: Yudiati et al. (2016¹), Isnansetyo et al. (2016²) and Isnansetyo et al. (2015³).
Some grammatical errors were found.

Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature?

Partly
Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound?

Yes
Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others?

Partly
If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate?

Yes
Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility?

Partly
Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results?

Partly

References

1. Yudiati E, Isnansetyo A, Murwantoko, Ayuningtyas, et al.: Innate immune-stimulating and immune genes up-regulating activities of three types of alginate from Sargassum siliquosum in Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei.Fish Shellfish Immunol. 2016; 54: 46-53 PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
2. Isnansetyo A, Fikriyah A, Kasanah N, Murwantoko: Non-specific immune potentiating activity of fucoidan from a tropical brown algae (Phaeophyceae), Sargassum cristaefolium in tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Aquaculture International. 2016; 24 (2): 465-477 Publisher Full Text
3. Isnansetyo A, Irpani H, Wulansari T, Kasanah N: Oral Administration of Alginate From A Tropical Brown Seaweed, Sargassum sp. To Enhance Non-Spesific Defense In Walking Catfish (Clarias sp.). Aquacultura Indonesiana. 2015; 15 (1). Publisher Full Text

Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed.

Reviewer Expertise: Immunology, microbiology, fish diseases, natural products

CITE

Report a concern

Author Response 29 Jan 2019

Rudy Nugroho, Animal Physiology, Development and Molecular Laboratory, Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Mulawarman University, Samarinda, 75123, Indonesia

29 Jan 2019

Author Response

Dear Dr. Alim Isnansetyo,

Thank you for your valuable comment on our article. We have added some important information based on your comment and suggestions. We really appreciate it. For further ... Continue reading Dear Dr. Alim Isnansetyo,

Thank you for your valuable comment on our article. We have added some important information based on your comment and suggestions. We really appreciate it. For further details of our responses to your comment, please download the details of our responses from this link below:
https://osf.io/qwy8z/download [direct download link]
Dear Dr. Alim Isnansetyo,

Thank you for your valuable comment on our article. We have added some important information based on your comment and suggestions. We really appreciate it. For further details of our responses to your comment, please download the details of our responses from this link below:
https://osf.io/qwy8z/download [direct download link]
Competing Interests: No competing interests Close
Report a concern
Respond or Comment

COMMENTS ON THIS REPORT

Author Response 29 Jan 2019

Rudy Nugroho, Animal Physiology, Development and Molecular Laboratory, Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Mulawarman University, Samarinda, 75123, Indonesia

29 Jan 2019

Author Response

Dear Dr. Alim Isnansetyo,

Thank you for your valuable comment on our article. We have added some important information based on your comment and suggestions. We really appreciate it. For further ... Continue reading Dear Dr. Alim Isnansetyo,

Thank you for your valuable comment on our article. We have added some important information based on your comment and suggestions. We really appreciate it. For further details of our responses to your comment, please download the details of our responses from this link below:
https://osf.io/qwy8z/download [direct download link]
Dear Dr. Alim Isnansetyo,

Thank you for your valuable comment on our article. We have added some important information based on your comment and suggestions. We really appreciate it. For further details of our responses to your comment, please download the details of our responses from this link below:
https://osf.io/qwy8z/download [direct download link]
Competing Interests: No competing interests Close
Report a concern

Views

Reviewer Report 28 Nov 2018

Vishnu K. Venugopal, Centre for Marine Living Resources & Ecology, Kochi, Kerala , India

Approved with Reservations

https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.18481.r41177

After checking the research article “Borneo herbal plant extracts as a natural medication for prophylaxis and treatment of Aeromonas hydrophila and Pseudomonas fluorescens infection in tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)” by Dr. Rudy et al., I reached the following suggestions to be made ... Continue reading

The overall structure of the manuscript is satisfactory, though some changes are recommended.
In the introduction the mechanism of action of plant extracts and its medical importance could have been added.
The authors didn’t mention the composition of feed.
There is a possibility of residual ethanol in the sample. How can you conclude the results with this concern?
The nature and source of chemicals (Materials) used in this experiment are not mentioned.
Footnotes can be much clearer and the legends used in the figure should be mentioned properly. Also, in some graphs standard deviation is missing.
Give enough information about the figures in figure legends.
The Discussion part can be much stronger.

In conclusion, the content of the manuscript has value for indexing. The mentioned suggestions can be considered and resubmitted.

Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature?

Yes
Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound?

Yes
Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others?

Yes
If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate?

No
Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility?

Yes
Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results?

Yes

References

1. Zahran E, Abd El-Gawad EA, Risha E: Dietary Withania sominefera root confers protective and immunotherapeutic effects against Aeromonas hydrophila infection in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus).Fish Shellfish Immunol. 2018; 80: 641-650 PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text

Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed.

Reviewer Expertise: Clinical biochemistry, Lipid chemistry, Bioactive compounds characterization

CITE

Report a concern

Author Response 29 Jan 2019

Rudy Nugroho, Animal Physiology, Development and Molecular Laboratory, Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Mulawarman University, Samarinda, 75123, Indonesia

29 Jan 2019

Author Response

Dear Dr. Vishnu Venugopal,

First of all, we would like to say thank you for your valuable review and comment. We have revised our article according to your review. We have ... Continue reading Dear Dr. Vishnu Venugopal,

First of all, we would like to say thank you for your valuable review and comment. We have revised our article according to your review. We have also made some responses to your review - for the details of our responses, please see the link below:
http://osf.io/vzsqe/download [direct download link]
Dear Dr. Vishnu Venugopal,

First of all, we would like to say thank you for your valuable review and comment. We have revised our article according to your review. We have also made some responses to your review - for the details of our responses, please see the link below:
http://osf.io/vzsqe/download [direct download link]
Competing Interests: No competing interests Close
Report a concern
Respond or Comment

COMMENTS ON THIS REPORT

Author Response 29 Jan 2019

Rudy Nugroho, Animal Physiology, Development and Molecular Laboratory, Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Mulawarman University, Samarinda, 75123, Indonesia

29 Jan 2019

Author Response

Dear Dr. Vishnu Venugopal,

First of all, we would like to say thank you for your valuable review and comment. We have revised our article according to your review. We have ... Continue reading Dear Dr. Vishnu Venugopal,

First of all, we would like to say thank you for your valuable review and comment. We have revised our article according to your review. We have also made some responses to your review - for the details of our responses, please see the link below:
http://osf.io/vzsqe/download [direct download link]
Dear Dr. Vishnu Venugopal,

First of all, we would like to say thank you for your valuable review and comment. We have revised our article according to your review. We have also made some responses to your review - for the details of our responses, please see the link below:
http://osf.io/vzsqe/download [direct download link]
Competing Interests: No competing interests Close
Report a concern

Comments on this article Comments (2)

Version 2

VERSION 2 PUBLISHED 13 Feb 2019

Revised

Comment

Version 1

VERSION 1 PUBLISHED 26 Nov 2018

Discussion is closed on this version, please comment on the latest version above.

Author Response 13 Dec 2018

Rudy Nugroho, Animal Physiology, Development and Molecular Laboratory, Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Mulawarman University, Samarinda, 75123, Indonesia

13 Dec 2018

Author Response

Dear Dr. Angela Lusiastuti,

Thank you for your valuable comments. We will improve our article.
Competing Interests: No competing interests
Dear Dr. Angela Lusiastuti,

Thank you for your valuable comments. We will improve our article.
Dear Dr. Angela Lusiastuti,

Thank you for your valuable comments. We will improve our article.
Competing Interests: No competing interests Close
Report a concern
Reviewer Response 10 Dec 2018

Angela Lusiastuti, Research Institute for Freshwater Aquaculture and Fisheries Extension, Indonesia

10 Dec 2018

Reviewer Response

After reading and checking the manuscript, I cannot find in the Methods the Total Plate Count (TPC) procedure and what kind of sample was used for the TPC. Please add ... Continue reading After reading and checking the manuscript, I cannot find in the Methods the Total Plate Count (TPC) procedure and what kind of sample was used for the TPC. Please add it.

In the Methods, it was shown that the antibody titres were measured, however I cannot find the antibody titre in the Results and Discussion as well. Please add it.

Please add in the Discussion how the active content of Borneo herbs plant extracts acts to prevent and as a therapy for bacterial infection.
After reading and checking the manuscript, I cannot find in the Methods the Total Plate Count (TPC) procedure and what kind of sample was used for the TPC. Please add it.

In the Methods, it was shown that the antibody titres were measured, however I cannot find the antibody titre in the Results and Discussion as well. Please add it.

Please add in the Discussion how the active content of Borneo herbs plant extracts acts to prevent and as a therapy for bacterial infection.
Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Close
Report a concern
Discussion is closed on this version, please comment on the latest version above.

Open Peer Review

Reviewer Status

Reviewer Reports

	Invited Reviewers
	1	2	3
Version 2 (revision) 13 Feb 19	read	read	read
Version 1 26 Nov 18	read	read

Vishnu K. Venugopal, Centre for Marine Living Resources & Ecology, Kochi, India
Alim Isnansetyo, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
Csaba Hancz, Kaposvár University, Kaposvár, Hungary

Comments on this article

All Comments(2)

Add a comment

Browse by related subjects

Back to all reports

Reviewer Report

12 Views

28 Mar 2019 | for Version 2

Csaba Hancz, Aquaculture and Fishery, Kaposvár University, Kaposvár, Hungary

12 Views Cite this report Responses(0)

Approved With Reservations

There is a significant weakness in the part of M&M of this article but this can be corrected after which its scientific value could surely be elevated.
Some statistical re- evaluation of the data would also be useful.
Please see my annotated copy of the article here which includes additional corrections and suggestions.

Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature?

Yes
Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound?

Partly
Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others?

Partly
If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate?

Partly
Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility?

Partly
Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results?

Partly

Competing Interests

No competing interests were disclosed.

Reviewer Expertise

Aquaculture, fish nutrition, experimental statistcs

Respond to this report

Responses (0)

Back to all reports

Reviewer Report

7 Views

28 Mar 2019 | for Version 2

Alim Isnansetyo, Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Agriculture, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia

7 Views Cite this report Responses(0)

Approved

The authors already addressed almost all reviewer commands, and overall the manuscript quality is improved significantly. However, there is one parameter that should be clarified:

It is still confusing between Phagocytic activity (PA) and Phagocytic Index (PI). The unit for PA is percent (%) and the unit of PI is cells or particles/Phagocyte. I think, the authors observed PA, instead of PI as the unit is %. Please replace the PI to PA.

Competing Interests

No competing interests were disclosed.

Reviewer Expertise

Immunology, microbiology, fish diseases, natural products

I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard.

Respond to this report

Responses (0)

Back to all reports

Reviewer Report

15 Views

27 Mar 2019 | for Version 2

Vishnu K. Venugopal, Centre for Marine Living Resources & Ecology, Kochi, Kerala , India

15 Views Cite this report Responses(0)

Approved

I am happy to note that the manuscript has now improved significantly from the original submission. The corrections made by the authors are satisfactory and I can now recommend this paper for indexing.

Competing Interests

No competing interests were disclosed.

I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard.

Respond to this report

Responses (0)

Back to all reports

Reviewer Report

26 Views

13 Dec 2018 | for Version 1

Alim Isnansetyo, Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Agriculture, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia

26 Views Cite this report Responses(1)

Approved With Reservations

This article presented the finding of Indonesian herbal extracts for preventing and treating fish diseases. This article might be indexed after several major issues are addressed:

Are Boesenbergia pandurata (BP), Solanum ferox (SF) and Zingiber Zerumbet (ZZ) typical plants in Borneo? Are the plants not found in the other parts of Indonesia? If yes, please replace the "Borneo" with "Indonesia" in the title and throughout the article.
Write one sentence of background in the Abstract.
Describe systematically in the Abstract: how to prepare the extracts, design experiment, feed preparation, infection, data collecting (hematology, non-specific immune etc.) and data analysis.
Write the exact concentration for the extract in mg/kg feed instead of ml/kg. Using units of ml/kg feed is not appropriate as the exact concentrations are not known.
Write systematically the results in the Abstract as described in the Methods.
The units are written inconsistently: format (.../...., .... per ...., .... ....^-1 ).
“Antibody titre” is a term to evaluate the effect of vaccines. To evaluate the effect of immunostimulants, we should use the term "Natural Agglutination" as we are not evaluating the specific antibody. No data are presented for Antibody titre/Natural Agglutination, even though this parameter is described in the Methods.
The authors are confused by the terms of phagocytic activity and phagocytic index. Phagocytic index is not described before either in the Abstract or Materials and Methods. However, the authors describe phagocytic activity in Materials and Methods. Phagocytic index and phagocytic activity are two different parameters. Please refer to some of the recommended references. Add deviation standard for each bar in all graphs.
Add the notation in each bar of all graphs and values in tables to show insignificant or significant difference based on DMRT test results.
Discussion: please interpret properly and add additional explanation about why the extracts affect the immune system of fish and increase the SR and RPS. Describe the possible constituents in the extracts by citing the previous publications.
Add these references in the Introduction, Materials and Methods, and Discussion: Yudiati et al. (2016¹), Isnansetyo et al. (2016²) and Isnansetyo et al. (2015³).
Some grammatical errors were found.

Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature?

Partly
Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound?

Yes
Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others?

Partly
If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate?

Yes
Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility?

Partly
Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results?

Partly

References

Competing Interests

No competing interests were disclosed.

Reviewer Expertise

Immunology, microbiology, fish diseases, natural products

Respond to this report

Responses (1)

Back to all reports

Reviewer Report

29 Views

28 Nov 2018 | for Version 1

Vishnu K. Venugopal, Centre for Marine Living Resources & Ecology, Kochi, Kerala , India

29 Views Cite this report Responses(1)

Approved With Reservations

The overall structure of the manuscript is satisfactory, though some changes are recommended.
In the introduction the mechanism of action of plant extracts and its medical importance could have been added.
The authors didn’t mention the composition of feed.
There is a possibility of residual ethanol in the sample. How can you conclude the results with this concern?
The nature and source of chemicals (Materials) used in this experiment are not mentioned.
Footnotes can be much clearer and the legends used in the figure should be mentioned properly. Also, in some graphs standard deviation is missing.
Give enough information about the figures in figure legends.
The Discussion part can be much stronger.

In conclusion, the content of the manuscript has value for indexing. The mentioned suggestions can be considered and resubmitted.

Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature?

Yes
Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound?

Yes
Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others?

Yes
If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate?

No
Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility?

Yes
Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results?

Yes

References

Competing Interests

No competing interests were disclosed.

Reviewer Expertise

Clinical biochemistry, Lipid chemistry, Bioactive compounds characterization

Respond to this report

Responses (1)

Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article:

Approved - the paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested

Approved with reservations - A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit.

Not approved - fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions

[1] 1. FAO, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations: Fisheries and Aquaculture Statistics. Rome, Italy. 2015. Reference Source

[2] 2. Pridgeon JW, Mu X, Klesius PH: Expression profiles of seven channel catfish antimicrobial peptides in response to Edwardsiella ictaluri infection. J Fish Dis. 2012; 35(3): 227–237. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text

[3] 3. Harikrishnan R, Balasundaram C, Kim MC, et al.: Innate immune response and disease resistance in Carassius auratus by triherbal solvent extracts. Fish Shellfish Immunol. 2009; 27(3): 508–515. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text

[4] 4. Carriero MM, Mendes Maia AA, Moro Sousa RL, et al.: Characterization of a new strain of Aeromonas dhakensis isolated from diseased pacu fish (Piaractus mesopotamicus) in Brazil. J Fish Dis. 2016; 39(11): 1285–1295. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text

[5] 5. Nugroho RA, Manurung H, Nur FM, et al.: Terminalia catappa L. extract improves survival, hematological profile and resistance to Aeromonas hydrophila in Betta sp. Arch Pol Fisheries. 2017; 25(2): 103–115. Publisher Full Text

[6] 6. Hardi E, Pebrianto C: Isolasi dan uji postulat Koch Aeromonas sp. dan Pseudomonas sp. pada ikan nila (Oreocromis niloticus) di Sentra Budidaya Loa Kulu Kabupaten Kutai Kartanegara. J Ilmu Perikanan Tropis. 2012; 16(2): 35–39.

[7] 7. Hardi EH, Kusuma IW, Suwinarti W, et al.: Antibacterial activities of some Borneo plant extracts against pathogenic bacteria of Aeromonas hydrophila and Pseudomonas sp. Aquaculture, Aquarium, Conservation & Legislation-International Journal of the Bioflux Society (AACL Bioflux). 2016; 9(3): 638–646. Reference Source

[8] 8. Hardi EH, Saptiani G, Kusuma IW, et al.: Immunomodulatory and antibacterial effects of Boesenbergia pandurata, Solanum ferox, and Zingiber zerumbet on tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. Aquaculture, Aquarium, Conservation & Legislation (AACL Bioflux). 2017; 10(2): 182–190. Reference Source

[9] 9. Rijkers G, Teunissen A, Van Oosterom R, et al.: The immune system of cyprinid fish. The immunosuppressive effect of the antibiotic oxytetracycline in carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). Aquaculture. 1980; 19(2): 177–189. Publisher Full Text

[10] 10. Sumiati T, Sukenda, Nuryati S, et al.: Development of ELISA method to detect specific immune response in Nile tilapia O. niloticus vaccinated against A. hydrophila and S. agalactiae. Jurnal Riset Akuakultur. 2015; 10: 243–250. Reference Source

[11] 11. Raa R, Rorstad G, Engstad R, et al.: The use of immunostimulants to increase resistance of aquatic organisms to microbial infections. Diseases in Asian aquaculture. 1992; 39–50. Reference Source

[12] 12. Sudheesh PS, Al-Ghabshi A, Al-Mazrooei N, et al.: Comparative pathogenomics of bacteria causing infectious diseases in fish. Int J Evol Biol. 2012; 2012: 457264. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text

[13] 13. Findlay V, Munday B: The immunomodulatory effects of levamisole on the nonspecific immune system of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L. J Fish Dis. 2000; 23(6): 369–378. Publisher Full Text

[14] 14. Baba E, Acar Ü, Öntaş C, et al.: The use of Avena sativa extract against Aeromonas hydrophila and its effect on growth performance, hematological and immunological parameters in common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Italian J Anim Sci. 2016; 15(2): 325–333. Publisher Full Text

[15] 15. Bilen S, Ünal S, Güvensoy H: Effects of oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) and nettle (Urtica dioica) methanolic extracts on immune responses and resistance to Aeromonas hydrophila in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquaculture. 2016; 454: 90–94. Publisher Full Text

[16] 16. Devi KN, Dhayanithi NB, Kumar TT, et al.: In vitro and in vivo efficacy of partially purified herbal extracts against bacterial fish pathogens. Aquaculture. 2016; 458: 121–133. Publisher Full Text

[17] 17. Yuniar I, Darmanto W, Soegianto A: Effect of saponin-pods extract Acacia (Acacia mangium) to hematocrit, hemoglobin at Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). UNEJ e-Proceeding. 2017; 67–69. Reference Source

[18] 18. Hardi EH, Kusuma IW, Suwinarti W, et al.: Short Communication: Antibacterial activity of Boesenbergia pandurata, Zingiber zerumbet and Solanum ferox extracts against Aeromonas hydrophila and Pseudomonas sp. Nusantara Bioscience. 2016; 8(1): 18–21. Reference Source

[19] 19. Limsuwan S, Voravuthikunchai SP: Boesenbergia pandurata (Roxb.) Schltr., Eleutherine americana Merr. and Rhodomyrtus tomentosa (Aiton) Hassk. as antibiofilm producing and antiquorum sensing in Streptococcus pyogenes. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol. 2008; 53(3): 429–36. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text

[20] 20. Blaxhall PC, Daisley KW: Routine haematological methods for use with fish blood. J Fish Biol. 1973; 5(6): 771–781. Publisher Full Text

[21] 21. Watanuki H, Ota K, Tassakka AC, et al.: Immunostimulant effects of dietary Spirulina platensis on carp, Cyprinus carpio. Aquaculture. 2006; 258(1–4): 157–163. Publisher Full Text

[22] 22. Isnansetyo A, Fikriyah A, Kasanah N, et al.: Non-specific immune potentiating activity of fucoidan from a tropical brown algae (Phaeophyceae), Sargassum cristaefolium in tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Aquacult Int. 2016; 24(2): 465–477. Publisher Full Text

[23] 23. Secombes CJ, Olivier G: Host—Pathogen Interactions in Salmonids. In Furunculosis. Elsevier. 1997; 269–296. Publisher Full Text

[24] 24. Soltani M, Pourgholam R: Lysozyme activity of grass carp (Ctenopharingodon idella) following exposure to sublethal concentrations of organophosphate, diazinon. 2007. Reference Source

[25] 25. Turkoglu H, Ceylan ZG, Dayisoylu KS: The microbiological and chemical quality of Orgu cheese produced in Turkey. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition. 2003; 2(2): 92–94. Publisher Full Text

[26] 26. Citarasu T: Herbal biomedicines: a new opportunity for aquaculture industry. Aquacult Int. 2010; 18(3): 403–414. Publisher Full Text

[27] 27. Madhuri S, Mandloi AK, Govind P, et al.: Antimicrobial activity of some medicinal plants against fish pathogen. Int Res J Pharm. 2013; 3(4): 28–30. Reference Source

[28] 28. Chakraborty SB, Horn P, Hancz C: Application of phytochemicals as growth-promoters and endocrine modulators in fish culture. Rev Aquac. 2014; 6(1): 1–19. Publisher Full Text

[29] 29. Sivasankar P, Anix Vivek Santhiya A, Kanaga V: A review on plants and herbal extracts against viral diseases in aquaculture. JMed Plants Stud. 2015; 3(2): 75–79. Reference Source

[30] 30. Seeley K, Gillespie P, Weeks B: A simple technique for the rapid spectrophotometric determination of phagocytosis by fish macrophages. Mar Environ Res. 1990; 30(1): 37–41. Publisher Full Text

[31] 31. Ballarin L, Dall'Oro M, Bertotto D, et al.: Haematological parameters in Umbrina cirrosa (Teleostei, Sciaenidae): a comparison between diploid and triploid specimens. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol. 2004; 138(1): 45–51. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text

[32] 32. Harikrishnan R, Balasundaram C: Antimicrobial activity of medicinal herbs in vitro against fish pathogen, Aeromonas hydrophila. Fish Pathol. 2005; 40(4): 187–189. Publisher Full Text

[33] 33. Lie Ø, Evensen Ø, SØrensen A, et al.: Study on lysozyme activity in some fish species. Dis Aquat Organ. 1989; 6: 1–5. Publisher Full Text

[34] 34. Sakai M: Current research status of fish immunostimulants. Aquaculture. 1999; 172(1–2): 63–92. Publisher Full Text

[35] 35. Sharp G, Secombes C: Observations on the killing of Aeromonas salmonicida by rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss, Walbaum) macrophages. Diseases of Asian Aquaculture. 1992; 1: 379–389.

[36] 36. Sharp G, Secombes C: The role of reactive oxygen species in the killing of the bacterial fish pathogen Aeromonas salmonicida by rainbow trout macrophages. Fish Shellfish Immunol. 1993; 3(2): 119–129. Publisher Full Text

[37] 37. Isnansetyo A, Irpani H, Wulansari T, et al.: Oral Administration of Alginate From A Tropical Brown Seaweed, Sargassum sp. to Enhance Non-Spesific Defense In Walking Catfish (Clarias sp.). Aquacultura Indonesiana. 2015; 15(1). Publisher Full Text

[38] 38. Saurabh S, Sahoo P: Lysozyme: an important defence molecule of fish innate immune system. Aquac Res. 2008; 39(3): 223–239. Publisher Full Text

[39] 39. Siwicki A, Studnicka M: The phagocytic ability of neutrophils and serum lysozyme activity in experimentally infected carp, Cyprinus carpio L. J Fish Biol. 1987; 31(sA): 57–60. Publisher Full Text

[40] 40. Dotta G, de Andrade JI, Gonçalves EL, et al.: Leukocyte phagocytosis and lysozyme activity in Nile tilapia fed supplemented diet with natural extracts of propolis and Aloe barbadensis. Fish Shellfish Immunol. 2014; 39(2): 280–284. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text

[41] 41. Jian J, Wu Z: Influences of traditional Chinese medicine on non-specific immunity of Jian Carp (Cyprinus carpio var. Jian). Fish Shellfish Immunol. 2004; 16(2): 185–191. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text

[42] 42. Jian J, Wu Z: Effects of traditional Chinese medicine on nonspecific immunity and disease resistance of large yellow croaker, Pseudosciaena crocea (Richardson). Aquaculture. 2003; 218(1–4): 1–9. Publisher Full Text

[43] 43. Nugroho RA: Borneo Herbal Plant Extracts as a Natural Medication for Prophylaxis and Treatment of Aeromonas Hydrophila and Pseudomonas Fluorescens Infection in Tilapia (Oreochromis Niloticus). OSF. 2019. http://www.doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/A42JB

Borneo herbal plant extracts as a natural medication for prophylaxis and treatment of Aeromonas hydrophila and Pseudomonas fluorescens infection in tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

Abstract

Keywords

Revised Amendments from Version 1

Introduction

Methods

Fish and bacteria

Plant and chemical materials

Experimental design and challenge test

Haematology and phagocytic index

Respiratory burst and lysozyme activity

Total Plate Count

Disease resistance

Statistical analysis

Results

Haematological profile

Table 1. Hematological profile of Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fed different extract combination in treatment and prevention trials.

Phagocytic index

Figure 1. Phagocytic index (%) of Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fed different extract combination in treatment trials.

Figure 2. Phagocytic index (%) of Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fed different extract combination in prevention trials.

Respiratory burst

Figure 3. Respiratory burst activity of Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fed different extract combination in treatment trials.

Figure 4. Respiratory burst activity of Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fed different extract combination in prevention trials.

Lysozyme activity

Figure 5. Lysozyme activity (μg mL-1) of Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fed different extract combination in treatment trials.

Figure 6. Lysozyme activity (μg mL-1) of Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fed different extract combination in prevention trials.

TPC

Table 2. Total Plate Count (106 CFU/mL) in Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fed different extract combination in treatment and prevention trials.

Survival rate

Table 3. Survival rate (%) of Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fed different extract combination in treatment and prevention trials.

Table 4. Relative Percent Survival (RPS) of Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fed different extract combination in treatment and prevention trials.

Discussion

Conclusion

Data availability

Grant information

Acknowledgments

References

Comments on this article Comments (2)

Open Peer Review

Comments on this article Comments (2)

Open Peer Review

Reviewer Status

Reviewer Reports

Comments on this article

Browse by related subjects

Competing Interests Policy

Stay Updated

Figure 5. Lysozyme activity (μg mL^-1) of Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fed different extract combination in treatment trials.

Figure 6. Lysozyme activity (μg mL^-1) of Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fed different extract combination in prevention trials.

Table 2. Total Plate Count (10⁶ CFU/mL) in Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fed different extract combination in treatment and prevention trials.