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Study Protocol

The burden of BRCA1 and BRCA2 gene mutations among Vietnamese women and their associated factors: A protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis

[version 1; peer review: 1 not approved]
Phuc Thai Tran
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2251-9757
1, Duc Quang Tran
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7875-1985
2, Chi Thi Quynh Vu3, Quang Ngoc Phan
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1223-0914
4, Anh Thi Thu Nguyen
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2692-9566
5
Phuc Thai Tran
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2251-9757
1, Duc Quang Tran
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7875-1985
2, [...] Chi Thi Quynh Vu3, Quang Ngoc Phan
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1223-0914
4, Anh Thi Thu Nguyen
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2692-9566
5
PUBLISHED 28 Jul 2022
Author details Author details
OPEN PEER REVIEW
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This article is included in the Oncology gateway.

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This article is included in the Genomics and Genetics gateway.

Abstract

Background: BReast CAncer gene (BRCA)1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers are frequently provided genetic counselling. A precise estimation of the prevalence of BRCA gene mutations is essential to provide an appropriate risk prediction. However, the data in Vietnam is ambiguous and include unreliable risk factors from individual studies. Hence, the objective of this protocol is to provide a method to synthesize evidence pertaining to the proportion of BRCA mutations among Vietnamese women and their risk factors for cancer.
Methods: PRISMA-P was followed in developing and reporting this protocol. From the databases' inception until June 2023, a comprehensive search will be undertaken in electronic PubMed and Scopus databases. In two stages, title/abstract screening and full-text screening, two independent authors will assess all retrieved articles for inclusion. This review includes papers providing the relevant results reflecting the prevalence of BRCA gene mutations in Vietnamese women who are at least 18 years old with or without cancer. Predefined selection criteria will be used to establish each publication's eligibility. Using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale and Cochrane Risk of Bias tools, the quality of included studies will be assessed, and overall evidence quality will be appraised using the GRADE approach. All pertinent data from the included articles will be entered into an Excel spreadsheet for meta-analysis, which will be imported into Rstudio. Meta-analyses using random effects will be used to obtain the pooled percentages. The chi-squared test and I2 parameter will be used to evaluate heterogeneity. Publication bias will be investigated visually using funnel plots for asymmetry and Egger's statistical tests.
Conclusions: Based on the prevalence of BRCA muations and its associated comprehensive and specific risk factors, we hope our findings will provide a reference for future strategies to build an effective treatment plan and manage the risk of cancer development.
Registration: PROSPERO (CRD42022340152; 30 June 2022).

Keywords

Vietnam, Breast cancer, Ovarian cancer, BRCA1, BRCA2

Corresponding author: Duc Quang Tran
Competing interests: No competing interests were disclosed.
Grant information: The author(s) declared that no grants were involved in supporting this work.
Copyright:  © 2022 Tran PT et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
How to cite: Tran PT, Tran DQ, Vu CTQ et al. The burden of BRCA1 and BRCA2 gene mutations among Vietnamese women and their associated factors: A protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis [version 1; peer review: 1 not approved]. F1000Research 2022, 11:852 (https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.123884.1) First published: 28 Jul 2022, 11:852 (https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.123884.1) Latest published: 28 Jul 2022, 11:852 (https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.123884.1)

Introduction

A significant risk of getting breast cancer and ovarian cancer is posed to women with a pathogenic germline mutation in either the BReast CAncer gene (BRCA)1 and BRCA2 gene, which was discovered in the 1990s.1 For women with a BRCA1 pathogenic variation, the cumulative lifetime risk of breast cancer varies from 40–87%, and the risk of ovarian cancer ranges from 16–68%. Women with a BRCA2 pathogenic variation have a comparable risk, with a lifetime breast cancer risk of 27–84% and ovarian cancer risk of 11–30%.2 In 2020, an estimated 2.3 million women will be diagnosed with breast cancer, leading to the death of 685,050 people worldwide. There were 7.8 million women who had been diagnosed with breast cancer in the last five years as of the end of 2020, making it the most common disease globally.3 Although it is far less frequent than breast cancer, ovarian cancer is the eighth most prevalent form of cancer in women and the 18th most prevalent form of cancer overall. There were around 300,000 new cases of ovarian cancer diagnosed in 2018, and almost 200,000 deaths were attributed to the illness.4 Among them, approximately 10% of breast cancers are inherited and may be traced back to germline mutations in breast cancer susceptibility genes, most notably in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes.5 In comparison, the figure is much higher among those diagnosed with ovarian cancer—approximately 15%.6

In population, it is well established that the BRCA frequency varies significantly. For instance, compared to the general population, which has an inherited mutation rate of 0.2–0.3%, Ashkenazi Jews make up roughly 2.0% of those with a deleterious variation in either BRCA1 or BRCA2. While in the United States, the prevalence of BRCA1 has been reported as high as 11.1%, the prevalence in Japan was just 2.6%.7 Because there is a wide range of estimates, it may be difficult for physicians to choose which one to use.

In Vietnam, the cancer burden has been steadily increasing over the last 30 years, with approximately 165,000 new cancer cases and 115,000 cancer-related deaths occurring annually. The age-adjusted cancer death rate in Vietnam is 104 per 100,000 people, which ranks 57 internationally.8 The epidemiology of BRCA mutations in Vietnamese communities is plagued by a lack of high-quality data and studies devoted to it, even though the incidence of breast cancer is on the rise, with an estimated 21,555 new cases and 9,345 deaths every year. At the same time, ovarian cancer had 1,404 cases and 923 fatalities per year (ranked 21st) in 2020.9

Analysis of the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes is becoming more popular as a method for detecting pathogenic variations in the context of both preventative and therapeutic concerns. Access to BRCA tumour testing in a timely manner is becoming more significant in the therapeutic field to identify cancer patients who may benefit from therapy with poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitor (PARPi).10 Although the test is highly recommended by professional groups such as the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) and the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN)11; however, in Vietnam, the availability of such genetic testing is severely restricted because of the exorbitant cost, as well as a shortage of properly equipped labs and well-trained healthcare professionals.12

Furthermore, no comprehensive statistics about the prevalence of BRCA1 and BRCA 2 gene mutations in Vietnam women are available. Consequently, our study aims to fill this knowledge gap by systematic review and meta-analysis of all the available evidence on the prevalence of BRCA1 and BRCA2 gene mutations among Vietnamese women, including in hospitals and the community.

Research questions

  • 1. What is the pooled prevalence of the BRCA1 and BRCA2 gene mutations in the Vietnamese female population, including in-hospital and community?

  • 2. Which risk factors of Vietnamese women should prompt a physician to perform a BRCA gene test for the client/patient?

Objectives

Our overall objective is to assist physicians and researchers in better understanding the prevalence of BRCA1 and BRCA2 gene mutations and their related risk factors in Vietnamese women. Future research efforts may better guide therapeutically relevant goals.

Methods

The study protocol and reporting

This procedure is carried out in accordance with the standards provided by Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic review and Meta-Analysis Protocols (PRISMA-P) for systematic review protocols13 and the completed checklist can be found under Reporting Guidelines.20 This protocol for a systematic review has been submitted to the PROSPERO database for registration (CRD42022340152; 30 June 2022). The PRISMA guidelines14 and the Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (MOOSE) guidelines15 will be used to construct a systematic review and meta-analysis procedure for this study.

Data source and search strategy

We will enlist the assistance of a genetic consultant and a librarian with extensive expertise in conducting systematic reviews to formulate our search strategy. An exhaustive computerized search of PubMed (RRID:SCR_004846) and Scopus (RRID:SCR_022559) databases from the beginning of the database systems to June 2023 will provide relevant research on the incidence of mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2. In these database searches, we will use the specified query or the appropriate search technique for the database. The scope of the searches will be restricted to English language and human studies only. We do not aim to look for previously unreleased content or manuscripts. Our searches were based on a combination of key phrases and index terms (MeSH and Emtree). The following terms will be used for the search strategy (in all fields): “Vietnam”, “Vietnamese”, “women”, “female”, “breast cancer”, “breast carcinoma”, “mammary cancer”, “breast tumor”, “ovarian cancer”, “ovarian tumors”, “ovarian carcinomas”, “brca1”, “brca2”, “brca” with the cognitive logical operators “AND” and “NOT” are utilized for the purpose of efficiently finding publications. Table 1 provides comprehensive search algorithms for all databases.

Table 1. Methodology for searching the literature using databases.

DatabaseSearch strategy
PubMed((“vietnam”[MeSH Terms] OR “vietnam”[All Fields]) OR (“asians”[MeSH Terms] OR “asians”[All Fields] OR “vietnamese”[All Fields])) AND ((“women”[MeSH Terms] OR “women”[All Fields]) OR (“female”[MeSH Terms] OR “female”[All Fields])) AND ((“breast neoplasms”[MeSH Terms] OR (“breast”[All Fields] AND “neoplasms”[All Fields]) OR “breast neoplasms”[All Fields] OR (“breast”[All Fields] AND “cancer”[All Fields]) OR “breast cancer”[All Fields]) OR (“breast neoplasms”[MeSH Terms] OR (“breast”[All Fields] AND “neoplasms”[All Fields]) OR “breast neoplasms”[All Fields] OR (“breast”[All Fields] AND “carcinoma”[All Fields]) OR “breast carcinoma”[All Fields]) OR (“breast neoplasms”[MeSH Terms] OR (“breast”[All Fields] AND “neoplasms”[All Fields]) OR “breast neoplasms”[All Fields] OR (“mammary”[All Fields] AND “cancer”[All Fields]) OR “mammary cancer”[All Fields]) OR (“breast neoplasms”[MeSH Terms] OR (“breast”[All Fields] AND “neoplasms”[All Fields]) OR “breast neoplasms”[All Fields] OR (“breast”[All Fields] AND “tumor”[All Fields]) OR “breast tumor”[All Fields]) OR (“ovarian neoplasms”[MeSH Terms] OR (“ovarian”[All Fields] AND “neoplasms”[All Fields]) OR “ovarian neoplasms”[All Fields] OR (“ovarian”[All Fields] AND “cancer”[All Fields]) OR “ovarian cancer”[All Fields]) OR (“ovarian neoplasms”[MeSH Terms] OR (“ovarian”[All Fields] AND “neoplasms”[All Fields]) OR “ovarian neoplasms”[All Fields] OR (“ovarian”[All Fields] AND “tumors”[All Fields]) OR “ovarian tumors”[All Fields]) OR (“ovarian neoplasms”[MeSH Terms] OR (“ovarian”[All Fields] AND “neoplasms”[All Fields]) OR “ovarian neoplasms”[All Fields] OR (“ovarian”[All Fields] AND “carcinomas”[All Fields]) OR “ovarian carcinomas”[All Fields])) AND ((“genes, brca1”[MeSH Terms] OR (“genes”[All Fields] AND “brca1”[All Fields]) OR “brca1 genes”[All Fields] OR “brca1”[All Fields]) OR (“genes, brca2”[MeSH Terms] OR (“genes”[All Fields] AND “brca2”[All Fields]) OR “brca2 genes”[All Fields] OR “brca2”[All Fields]) OR BRCA [All Fields])
ScopusALL (((vietnam OR vietnamese) AND (women OR female) AND (breast AND cancer OR breast AND carcinoma OR mammary AND cancer OR breast AND tumor OR ovarian AND cancer OR ovarian AND tumors OR ovarian AND carcinomas) AND (brca1 OR brca2 OR brca)))

Using the Mendeley Data (RRID:SCR_002750) online bibliography management application, we will collect, arrange, and export citations from the aforementioned databases. Duplicates will be detected and eliminated. The remaining citations will be considered for research selection.

Inclusion and exclusion criteria

Types of studies

Only peer-reviewed publications and all research designs to determine the frequency of BRCA1 and/or BRCA2 gene mutations in Vietnamese women will be included; while, case studies, literature reviews, systematic reviews, editorials, letters, and dissertations will not be included in this review.

Types of participants

Studies that include Vietnamese women who are at least eighteen years old will be eligible for inclusion.

Types of comparison/exposure

Studies investigating individual characteristics, cancer diagnoses (if any), and pathogenic mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes are considered eligible. The primary risk of this review will be on patient characteristics that have the potential to serve as risk factors or predictive variables for a future aggravation or malignancy, or cancer development.

Types of outcome measures

We will incorporate the original papers that include the proportion of Vietnamese women who have BRCA1/BRCA2 gene mutations in order to diagnose/to robustly diagnose cancer disease (e.g., breast cancer, ovarian cancer and other relevant cancers) or to estimate the risk of developing these cancers.

Selection of studies for inclusion in the review

The first step will be to create an online sheet in Microsoft Excel (RRID:SCR_016137) for data extraction that can be shared among the team members. After that, we will run a pilot test with five articles chosen randomly and use the results to fine-tune the data extraction form appropriately. Two independent reviewers will evaluate the abstracts of all identified studies. Possible studies include articles that will be collected in full text for further evaluation. We will reach out to the authors to inquire about ambiguous points and request clarification. Disputes over inclusion will be resolved by consensus; if this is not feasible, we intend to bring in a third author who would then make a decision.

Data extraction

These could consist of, but are not limited to, the following:

  • • Study characteristics (e.g., names of the authors, the publishing year, the journal, and the research design, hospital or community);

  • • Demographic characteristics (e.g., age, education, profession, socioeconomic status, beginning menstrual cycles early, entering menopause later);

  • • Prevalence of BRCA gene mutations (e.g., BRCA1, BRCA2 and both mutations);

  • • Oncogenic mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes (e.g., type of genetic analysis method, BRCA variants, novel variant, distribution of pathogenic variants);

  • • Cancer-related characteristics of the patients (e.g., type of cancer, age at diagnosis of cancer, cancer stage, tumour size);

  • • Various health-related factors (e.g., smoking, co-morbidities, Body Mass Index, radiation treatment, exposure to diethylstilbestrol, genetic cancer predisposition syndromes);

  • • Included in this research are those looking at various cancer risk factors, and family history is one of them. The family includes all relatives (parents, siblings, or other biological family members). Registers, medical records, or self-reported information are potential sources for obtaining data on family history. Cancer in the family history should be considered for any cancer, including but not limited to cancer diagnosed at a younger age, particular forms of cancer, relatives who have been diagnosed with two or more cancers or multiple cases of cancer, and relatives that have previously been shown to be carriers of cancer-causing mutations.

Using a tool that has already been pre-piloted, the essential data will be retrieved to an online sheet in Microsoft Excel Online. The data will be gathered separately by the two authors.

Assessment of risk of bias

For observational studies, the included articles will be evaluated using the Newcastle Ottawa Scale (NOS),16 and for randomized controlled trials (RCTs), the Cochrane Risk of Bias (RoB) tool17 will be utilized. Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) criteria18 will be used to grade the quality and strength of the evidence. Both evaluations will be conducted independently by two authors. The first five included studies will be evaluated, and inconsistencies in the assessment will be discussed before reviewing the remainder of the included research to ensure the two authors make equivalent risk assessments. In circumstances when there is disagreement, reaching a consensus will be accomplished via discussion.

Data synthesis

Our narrative synthesis of the results from the included studies will be framed around the characteristics of the subjects, the distribution of probable predictors and outcomes. When applicable, ranges, means (standard deviations) or medians (interquartile ranges), and frequencies (%) will be included in summary statistics. The extracted data will be loaded into RStudio (RRID:SCR_000432) software (version 2022.02.1 Build 461) with “meta” (RRID:SCR_019055), “metafor” (RRID:SCR_003450), and “ggplot2” (RRID:SCR_014601) packages for analysis. Using a random-effects model, the pooled prevalence estimate of BRCA1 gene mutation/BRCA2 gene mutation/both mutations in Vietnamese women will be calculated. The existence of statistical heterogeneity will be evaluated by the Cochrane’s Q statistic (with P<0.10 indicating the presence of statistically significant heterogeneity).19 In addition, the I2 statistic will be used to gauge the degree of statistical heterogeneity among the research (low, medium, and high heterogeneity, respectively, are defined by values of 25, 50, and 75%). If adequate data are available, we will conduct subgroup analyses based on the individual and family factors to identify plausible sources of heterogeneity and to study their effect on the prevalence of BRCA gene mutations. The examination of a funnel plot for signs of asymmetry and the use of Egger’s test will be used to determine the existence of publication bias in the analyses. If P<0.05, we will consider the possibility of publication bias to be present.

Ethics and dissemination

There is no need for ethical approval for this systematic review.

An earlier version of this article can be found on Research Square (https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-1818425/v1).

Study status

This project is still in progress. Given the scarcity of relevant publications, searching for potential information sources such as grey databases are presently underway to carry out this systematic evaluation.

Discussion

Contextually, there is a paucity of national cancer screening programs and a shortage of infrastructure to deal with the rapidly expanding cancer treatment demands in Vietnam. Moreover, although legislative frameworks are in place for cancer control in Vietnam, there is still a lack of suitable financial and governance structures to support long-term cancer prevention and treatment plan. Therefore, the immediate requirement for enhanced cancer screening programs, enhanced risk stratification at clinical decision points, and the determination of the optimal timing for genetic testing concerning surgical decision-making in breast/ovarian cancer patients who carry the BRCA gene mutations are all issues that require urgent attention.

To the best of our knowledge, this systematic review and meta-analysis will be the first to synthesize the data from separate studies to derive reliable estimates of the prevalence of BRCA gene mutations and its related factors among Vietnamese women with and without a cancer diagnosis. Based on our findings, the general public and healthcare practitioners will also have a heightened awareness of the significance of genetic testing and risk management for individuals who possess germline mutations.

Data availability

Underlying data

No data are associated with this article.

Reporting guidelines

Figshare: PRISMA-P checklist for ‘The burden of BRCA1 and BRCA2 gene mutations among Vietnamese women and their associated factors: A protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis’. https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.20308413.20

Data are available under the terms of the Creative Commons Zero “No rights reserved” data waiver (CC0 1.0 Public domain dedication).

References

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  • 2.  Kuchenbaecker KB, Hopper JL, Barnes DR, et al.: Risks of Breast, Ovarian, and Contralateral Breast Cancer for BRCA1 and BRCA2 Mutation Carriers. JAMA. 2017 Jun; 317(23): 2402–2416. Publisher Full Text
  • 3.  World Health Organization: Breast cancer.2021 [cited 2022 Jun 17].Reference Source
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  • 5.  Torres D, Bermejo JL, Rashid MU, et al.: Prevalence and Penetrance of BRCA1 and BRCA2 Germline Mutations in Colombian Breast Cancer Patients. Sci. Rep. 2017; 7(1): 4713. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
  • 6.  Norquist BM, Harrell MI, Brady MF, et al.: Inherited Mutations in Women With Ovarian Carcinoma. JAMA Oncol. 2016 Apr 1; 2(4): 482–490. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
  • 7.  Sharma P, Klemp JR, Kimler BF, et al.: Germline BRCA mutation evaluation in a prospective triple-negative breast cancer registry: implications for hereditary breast and/or ovarian cancer syndrome testing. Breast Cancer Res. Treat. 2014 Jun; 145(3): 707–714. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
  • 8.  World Health Organization: Cancer in Viet Nam. World Health Organization (WHO) Representative Office for Vietnam;2022 [cited 2022 Jun 7].Reference Source
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Tran PT, Tran DQ, Vu CTQ et al. The burden of BRCA1 and BRCA2 gene mutations among Vietnamese women and their associated factors: A protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis [version 1; peer review: 1 not approved]. F1000Research 2022, 11:852 (https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.123884.1)
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Reviewer Report 13 Jun 2024
Weang Kee Ho, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Semenyih, Malaysia 
Boon Hong Ang, Cancer Prevention and Population Science, Cancer Research Malaysia, Subang Jaya, Selangor, 47500, Malaysia 
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https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.136039.r273060
This protocol aims to synthesize evidence regarding the proportion of BRCA mutations and associated risk factors. However, the current protocol lacks clarity on several key aspects, including the review objective, target populations (e.g., type of cancer, healthy or affected individuals, ... Continue reading
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Ho WK and Ang BH. Reviewer Report For: The burden of BRCA1 and BRCA2 gene mutations among Vietnamese women and their associated factors: A protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis [version 1; peer review: 1 not approved]. F1000Research 2022, 11:852 (https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.136039.r273060)
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  1. Weang Kee Ho, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Semenyih, Malaysia
    Boon Hong Ang, Cancer Research Malaysia, Subang Jaya, Malaysia

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