ALL Metrics
-
Views
-
Downloads
Get PDF
Get XML
Cite
Export
Track
Systematic Review
Revised

Leisure-Based Interventions in Adults with Schizophrenia: A Scoping Review

[version 2; peer review: 1 approved, 1 approved with reservations]
PUBLISHED 16 Sep 2024
Author details Author details
OPEN PEER REVIEW
REVIEWER STATUS

This article is included in the Manipal Academy of Higher Education gateway.

Abstract

Background

Schizophrenia is a severe mental illness characterized by psychosis, apathy, social withdrawal, and cognitive impairment, which results in impaired functioning in work, school, parenting, self-care, independent living, interpersonal relationships, and leisure time.

Method

A systematic search was conducted using Arksey and O’Malley’s framework with studies published on leisure-based intervention from January 1990 to December 2023.

Results

The review included 11 articles in the study. In total two studies were pilot interventional study, one randomized controlled study, one case-control, one retrospective study, three were cross sectional, one was cross sectional longitudinal study and two were qualitative in nature. Studies used different types of leisure activities like cooking group, discussions, board games, arts and craft, painting, beading, sewing, clay work, paper craft, etc were used as an intervention. Qualitative studies found that individuals with schizophrenia spent less time in social and leisure activities and more time relaxing and doing nothing.

Conclusion

The study highlights the need to conduct further research on leisure-based interventions using various study designs like randomized controlled trials and mixed methods to understand its effectiveness among individuals with schizophrenia.

Keywords

Leisure-based interventions, schizophrenia, Adults, Recreation, Scoping review

Revised Amendments from Version 1

As per the suggestion of the reviewer, our major modification is in results and discussion. In the results section, we have removed the earlier sub-categories as there were multiple overlaps; and we have categorized them into observational and interventional studies. 
Further, we have rewritten the discussion under the following domains-
1. The finding that patients with schizophrenia spend little time engaging in leisure activities and that the activities they do engage in are usually passive.
2. The fact that the included studies in the review show that engaging in leisure activities benefits patients with schizophrenia. We have specifically addressed how these activities impact cognitive, clinical, functional, and quality of life dimensions.
3. Summarize the findings of the studies that used leisure as an intervention, and examine any differences in outcomes based on sample size, study design, and type of intervention as reported in the included studies. 
We have also modified and elaborated the introduction and conclusion, and added 11 more references.

See the authors' detailed response to the review by Luigi Giuliani

Introduction

Schizophrenia is a severe mental disorder characterized by psychosis, apathy, social withdrawal, and cognitive impairment, which results in impaired functioning in work, school, parenting, self-care, independent living, interpersonal relationships, and leisure time (Geller, 1992). Approximately 24 million individuals worldwide, or 1 in 300, are affected by schizophrenia (World Health Organization, 2022). In adulthood, the corresponding rate is 1 in 222 (World Health Organization, 2022). The most common times for onset are in late teens and the twenties, and in men it happens earlier than in women (World Health Organization, 2022). Schizophrenia is one of the main mental health disorders contributing to the global disease burden, affecting different functioning domains, including social functioning (World Health Organization, 2012). People with schizophrenia have both internal and environmental obstacles to engaging in leisure activities, such as side effects from medicine, cultural stigma, family dynamics, and cultural norms (Rezaie et al., 2017).

Leisure is defined as a “non-obligatory activity that is Intrinsically motivated and engaged in during discretionary time, that is, time not committed to obligatory occupations such as work, self-care, or sleep” (American Occupational Therapy Association, 2014). Leisure plays a crucial role in a meaningful life for those with mental illness, offering benefits such as a strengthened sense of identity, self-belonging, active involvement, reduced boredom, and an effective method for managing stress (Iwasaki et al., 2014). However, leisure/recreational activities pose certain challenges. These involve finding, planning, and carrying out suitable and captivating leisure pursuits (Hein et al., 2020; Giacco et al., 2012). Depending on personal perceptions, leisure can be defined as either casual, serious, or project-based. It can take many different forms, such as instantaneous, brief, and intrinsically fulfilling activities without the need for special skills (i.e., casual leisure); systematic activities carried out by beginners or hobbyists with skills and expertise that could lead to a career itself (serious leisure); or occasionally short-term tasks completed as part of work obligations (project based leisure) (Stebbins, 2008).

Giacco et al. (2012) mention that “negative symptoms of psychosis may make it difficult for a person to participate in leisure activities”. Negative symptoms, such as apathy, anhedonia, and social withdrawal, can significantly hinder motivation and the ability to engage in enjoyable activities (Fervaha et al., 2014). These symptoms can create barriers to participation in leisure, which is essential for mental health recovery. Moreover, cognitive deficits, commonly associated with psychosis, further exacerbate these challenges. Impairments in memory, attention, and executive functioning can make it difficult for individuals with schizophrenia to plan, initiate, and sustain leisure activities. The combination of negative symptoms and cognitive deficits often leads to a reduction in leisure participation, depriving individuals of the therapeutic benefits of these activities, such as stress relief, social connection, and improved quality of life (Lepage et al., 2014; Fervaha et al., 2014). A study by Fervaha et al. (2014) found that cognitive impairment was a significant predictor of reduced engagement in leisure activities among individuals with schizophrenia. Another study highlighted how anhedonia and cognitive dysfunction jointly reduce the likelihood of pursuing pleasurable activities (Der-Avakian & Markou, 2012; Pisoni et al., 2021; Liang et al., 2022), which are critical components of leisure.

Addressing these issues through targeted interventions may enhance their engagement in leisure activities, contributing positively to their overall well-being. Preliminary research shows that active leisure as an intervention has been beneficial in schizophrenia (Lipskaya-Velikovsky et al., 2020; Snethen et al., 2012; Dean et al., 2014; Voruganti et al., 2006; Caddy et al., 2011). However, one study has been precise in inferring that people with schizophrenia participated in active leisure only when it was part of an intervention (Yanos & Robilotta, 2011). The above preliminary findings indicate that leisure-focused therapies could be crucial to achieving recovery oriented results (Iwasaki et al., 2014). Thus, our study aimed to explore the existing literature related to leisure-based interventions for adults with schizophrenia by identifying the findings of the existing studies and the impact and utilization of these interventions.

Methods

The framework proposed by scoping reviews by Arksey & O’Malley (2005) was used in the current scoping review.

Research question

What are the available studies on leisure-based interventions or programs provided for adults with schizophrenia?

Search strategy

Having specific criteria for searching the relevant articles is a requirement to answer the question framed for any scoping review (Arksey & O’Malley, 2005). The databases Scopus, PubMed, and Embase were accessed. The grey literature searches through Google scholar were carried out.

Search keywords

“Schizophrenia” OR “Psychosis” AND “leisure” OR “leisure activity” OR “leisure activities” OR “recreation” OR “activity” OR “activity group” OR “activity groups” OR “creative activity” OR “recreational therapy” OR “leisure-based intervention” AND “Adults” OR “Adult”. The Boolean search strategy was applied to connect using AND, and OR.

The following criteria were decided on for the scoping review by all the reviewers:

Inclusion criteria

  • Studies using leisure-based interventions, qualitative studies, single-case studies, cross-sectional and longitudinal studies with or without a comparison control group from January1990 to December 2023 were included.

  • Full-text articles in only English language were included.

Exclusion criteria

  • Letter to editors, correspondence articles, viewpoints, ideas, opinions, short communications, and conference proceedings were excluded.

Study selection

The search was carried out in the selected databases by two independent reviewers adhering to the established inclusion and exclusion criteria. Following title and abstract screening, the articles included for full-text screening were exported to an Excel sheet for blinding of the selection process. Any disagreement during the selection process was resolved with the help of other reviewers. The included articles were reviewed in full text and data extraction covered the following: title, author(s), year of publication, country, setting, methodology, and results. The extracted data were entered into the Excel sheet, and all the authors reviewed the information. The study details are charted in Table 1(extended data). Three independent authors participated in selecting the studies, and all authors reached a consensus on the studies to be included after discussion. Figure 1 shows the selection of studies in this review.

b9309c86-8355-432d-aa85-17c668c4e48b_figure1.gif

Figure 1. PRISMA chart.

Results

The study yielded 30,194 articles out of which 20,733 articles were screened for title and abstract screening after duplicate removal. After title and abstract screening, 194 articles were eligible for the full text screening, 183 articles were excluded as they did not meet the inclusion criteria, and finally 11 articles were included in the review. In total two studies were pilot interventional study, one randomized controlled study, one case-control, one retrospective study, three were cross sectional, one was cross sectional longitudinal study and two were qualitative in nature. Out of 11 studies, four were conducted in England (Dean et al., 2014; Ngamaba et al., 2021; Shimitras et al., 2003; Cella et al., 2016), three in USA (Iwasaki et al., 2014; Snethen et al. 2012; McCormick et al., 2012), two in Australia (Caddy et al., 2011; Hayes & Halford, 1996), one in France (Voruganti et al., 2006), and one in Israel (Lipskaya-Velikovsky et al., 2020). Further, these studies can be broadly classified into exploratory/observational and interventional studies, many of them being exploratory/observational. The results of these studies are explained below.

Observational studies on impact of leisure in schizophrenia

The first ever study in this area by Hayes and Halford (1996) aimed to understand time use among employed and unemployed single men with schizophrenia as well the impact of employment status on leisure activities. The researchers found that employed individuals with schizophrenia engaged in a more diverse range of activities, including leisure pursuits, compared to unemployed individuals. This suggests that employment not only provides structure but also facilitates greater engagement in leisure activities. The involvement in leisure activities is important as it can contribute to overall well-being and quality of life.

Subsequently, Shimitras et al.(2003) examined the time use of 229 adults diagnosed with schizophrenia using an epidemiological survey in London, England. Twenty-four-hour time budgets were collected, and time use was calculated for 10 major categories of occupations. The study found that individuals with schizophrenia spent a significant portion of their time on passive activities, such as watching television, and less time on productive or social activities. The study concluded that individuals with schizophrenia have limited engagement in varied and meaningful activities, suggesting the need for interventions that promote more active and structured daily routines to enhance quality of life.

Later, a retrospective study by Caddy et al. (2011) examined the mental health outcomes of 403 inpatients with mental illness including schizophrenia participating in art- and craft-based creative therapies at a private psychiatric hospital over 5 years. The data of those who attended at least six sessions of the art and craft based creative activity group was analyzed. The patients showed statistically significant improvements across various psychometric measures like the Depression and Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS-21), The Quality-of-Life Enjoyment and Satisfaction Questionnaire (Q-LES), the Medical Outcomes Short Form Questionnaire, and the Health of the Nation Outcome Scale (HONOS) from admission to discharge, thus showing that participation in creative activity has potential benefits.

McCormick et al. (2012) investigated the association between the type of activities (active/sedentary, leisure/non-leisure) and the emotional experiences of patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSD). The researchers employed the experience sampling method to collect data on the activities and emotional experiences of 45 persons with SSD. The results showed that most of the participants’ leisure activities were sedentary. The study discovered that physically active leisure activities were linked to fewer negative emotional experiences. The authors concluded that studying the emotional experiences linked with various activities can assist in informing interventions and therapy approaches for enhancing subjective well-being in persons with SSD.

Iwasaki et al. (2014) examined the role of leisure in the recovery and health of culturally diverse individuals with mental illness including schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and major depression. The study results found that engaging in leisure activities can provide meaningful experiences, promote a sense of connection and autonomy, reduce feelings of boredom, and enhance overall health. perceived active engagement in leisure is a strong predictor of recovery and lower psychiatric symptoms. It highlighted the importance of cultural diversity in leisure experiences and suggested that mental health services should incorporate leisure-based interventions to support recovery effectively.

Another study Cella et al. (2016) aimed to understand the differences in time use patterns between people with schizophrenia and the general population. Utilizing the Time Use Survey, the results showed that people with schizophrenia spent less time in functional, social, and leisure activities compared to the general population, and more time resting and “doing nothing.” The severity of negative symptoms was associated with more time spent in passive activities and less time in social and leisure activities. The study suggests that time-use mapping can be a useful tool to assess progress toward recovery in people with schizophrenia.

More recently, Ngamaba et al. (2021) investigated the relationship between participation in leisure activities and the quality of life for people with psychosis in England, using a cross-sectional survey design. The measures used were the Time Use Survey (TUS) and the Manchester Short Assessment of Quality of Life (MANSA). Descriptive statistics and multiple regression analyses were conducted. The findings suggested a positive correlation between active participation in leisure activities and improved quality of life among the participants. The study highlighted the importance of leisure activities as a potential therapeutic tool to enhance the well-being of people with psychosis.

Leisure based interventional studies in schizophrenia

In the year 2006, a study aimed to assess the feasibility of a novel adventure- and recreation-based group intervention in the rehabilitation of individuals with schizophrenia. The intervention had a summer module and a winter module, each consisting of 8 weekly sessions. The summer module (camping, canoeing, kayaking, rock climbing, etc) and the winter module (skating, skiing, snowboarding, etc) activities usually lasted a full day, and camping trips occurred over 3 days. Patients in the study group showed marginal improvement in perceived cognitive abilities and on domain-specific functioning measures but experienced a significant improvement in their self-esteem and global functioning. The findings suggest that adventure and recreation activities can be effective in promoting physical health and psychological well-being among individuals with schizophrenia (Voruganti et al., 2006).

Around the same time, a study Snethen et al.(2012) sought to assess Independence through Community Access and Navigation (I-CAN) intervention, which aimed to enhance community participation in adults with schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSD). The I-CAN intervention is a recreational therapy (RT) intervention modeled after the individualized placement and support (IPS) model. At the end of the intervention, seven out of the 10 study participants with schizophrenia revealed that the intervention led to increased community involvement, improved planning skills, and better coping skills, largely due to the therapeutic relationship. The study offers preliminary support for I-CAN as an effective participant-centered approach for individuals with SSD.

Dean et al. (2014) examined the effect of an activity group intervention on mental health and global functioning in people with schizophrenia, compared to standard care alone using a randomized controlled trial study design. The activity groups were run weekly for up to 90 minutes over 12 months, offering a range of activities like discussions, board games, and outings. Primary outcomes were global functioning, assessed using the Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) and mental health symptoms measured using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS). The results showed that while there were improvements in mental health symptoms among those in the activity group, there were no significant differences between the two groups in global functioning or other secondary outcomes at the 12-month follow-up. The authors suggest that further research is needed to understand how to better engage people with schizophrenia in social activities and evaluate the outcomes of such interventions.

A study by Lipskaya-Velikovsky et al., (2020) aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of the “Occupational Connections” (OC) intervention, a manualized, short-term, group-based program designed to enhance participation in meaningful daily activities among individuals with serious mental illness, particularly schizophrenia. Participants were divided into two groups: the OC intervention group (16 participants) and a control group (17 participants) that received treatment as usual, including an open leisure activity group. The intervention was delivered over 10 sessions, with outcomes measured before and after the intervention. The findings suggest that OC intervention was effective in improving participants’ intention to engage in daily activities, diversity of participation, functional capacity, cognitive abilities, and symptoms of schizophrenia. The results indicate that OC may contribute positively to recovery-oriented services in inpatient settings and support community reintegration post-hospitalization.

Discussion

The available literature shows that individuals with schizophrenia spend relatively little time engaging in leisure activities and that those activities are predominantly passive, reflecting a broader issue of reduced social participation and activity engagement within this population. People with schizophrenia often gravitate towards passive leisure activities, such as watching TV, relaxing, or sleeping, rather than engaging in more active or socially engaging pursuits (Hayes & Halford, 1996; Shimitras et al., 2003; Cella et al., 2016). This could be due to several factors intrinsic to the disorder, including negative symptoms like anhedonia, avolition, and social withdrawal, which reduce motivation and pleasure in daily activities (Harris & Horan, 2021). Further, there is a significant difference in time use between individuals with schizophrenia and the general population, with the former group spending considerably less time in active leisure activities (Cella et al., 2016). This difference emphasizes the impact of schizophrenia on social engagement and the potential isolation that comes from reduced participation in meaningful activities. The underutilization of active leisure activities highlights the need for targeted interventions that address the barriers to engagement faced by individuals with schizophrenia.

Also, the studies reveal that engaging in leisure activities offers significant benefits for patients with schizophrenia across multiple dimensions, including cognitive, clinical, functional, and quality of life aspects.

Cognitive benefits:

Leisure activities have been shown to positively impact cognitive functions, which are often impaired in individuals with schizophrenia.. Studies such as those by Lipskaya-Velikovsky et al. (2020) and Snethen et al. (2012) found that participation in structured leisure activities led to improvements in various cognitive domains such as executive functioning, language understanding, and visual memory.

Clinical benefits:

Leisure activities have been associated with reductions in both positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia. Studies reported that engagement in leisure activities can reduce psychiatric symptoms such as anxiety, depression, and negative affect (Iwasaki et al., 2014; McCormick et al., 2012).

Functional benefits:

Engagement in leisure activities provides a structured way for patients to interact with their environment, develop coping strategies, and enhance their ability to manage daily tasks. Studies by Dean et al. (2014) and Snethen et al. (2012) demonstrated that leisure-based interventions could lead to increased community involvement, better planning abilities, and improved coping skills.

Quality of life benefits:

Leisure activities provide meaningful engagement that can enhance the sense of identity, autonomy, and belonging, all of which are essential for improving quality of life. Ngamaba et al. (2021) highlighted that individuals who engaged more frequently in leisure activities reported higher quality of life scores, particularly in domains related to social relationships, physical health, and psychological well-being.

Caddy et al. (2011) and Lipskaya-Velikovsky et al. (2020) both used a pre-post group intervention design. The former had a larger sample size (n=403 patients) compared to the latter (n=33 patients). (Caddy et al. 2011) focused on art- and craft-based creative therapies, whereas Lipskaya-Velikovsky et al. (2020) focused on the “Occupational Connections” intervention, which emphasized meaningful daily activities. Both studies reported improvements in mental health outcomes, but Caddy et al. (2011) demonstrated statistically significant improvements across various psychometric measures, while Lipskaya-Velikovsky et al. (2020) noted significant improvements in participation diversity and cognitive functioning. The larger sample size in Caddy et al. (2011) study may offer more robust statistical power, leading to a broader generalization of results. Lipskaya-Velikovsky et al. (2020) focus on personal meaningful activities aligns with recovery-oriented care, suggesting that interventions tailored to personal relevance may enhance recovery outcomes (Jacob, 2015).

Dean et al. (2014) employed a randomized controlled trial, Voruganti et al. (2006) used a case-control pre-post design and Snethen et al. (2012) employed a pilot intervention study. Dean et al. (2014) utilized an RCT, providing a high level of evidence but might have been limited by the nature of the intervention. Voruganti et al. (2006) employed a case-control design with a focus on physical and adventurous activities, which was likely more effective in promoting changes in self-esteem and global functioning, similar findings were noted in a study by (Mahindru et al., 2023). Snethen et al. (2012) study, although small, highlighted the importance of personalized interventions. Dean et al. (2014) had the largest sample, which typically increases the robustness of findings. Voruganti et al. (2006) and Snethen et al. (2012) had smaller samples, but the nature of their interventions might have led to more impactful outcomes despite this limitation. The type of intervention appears to be a critical factor in the outcomes. In Voruganti et al. (2006) physically demanding and immersive activities seemed to create more substantial changes compared to the more passive activities in (Dean et al., 2014) and the community-focused intervention in Snethen et al. (2012). The differences in outcomes can be attributed to the intensity, physicality, and immersive nature of the interventions. Voruganti et al. (2006) achieved significant improvements in global functioning and self-esteem, likely due to the challenging nature of the activities. Snethen et al. (2012) showed improvements in community involvement, highlighting the value of individualized and participant-centered approaches. Dean et al. (2014) lack of significant differences might suggest that the intervention’s intensity or the types of activities were insufficient to produce substantial changes in global functioning.

The types of leisure activities varied across studies, reflecting differences in cultural factors, feasibility, acceptability, and affordability. This variability suggests that leisure-based interventions should be tailored to individual preferences and contexts. The duration of leisure-based intervention sessions ranged from 45 minutes to 1 hour. The variability in session length may be attributed to the client-centered nature of these interventions.

Hayes & Halford (1996) and Shimitras et al. (2003) employed observational designs, making them suitable for examining time use patterns among individuals with schizophrenia. However, while Hayes and Halford (1996) focused specifically on the impact of employment status, Shimitras et al. (2003) provided a broader overview of daily activities within a larger population. Shimitras et al. (2003) had a significantly larger sample size (n=229 participants) compared to (Hayes & Halford, 1996) (n=48). Though Shimitras et al. (2003) study has a larger sample size, (Hayes & Halford, 1996) study may offer deeper insights into the specific subgroup of employed versus unemployed individuals with schizophrenia. The outcomes of the two studies are complementary. Hayes and Halford (1996) found that employment supports greater diversity in activities, including leisure, which contributes to overall well-being. On the other hand, Shimitras et al. (2003) identified a general lack of engagement in meaningful activities among individuals with schizophrenia, particularly those who may not be employed. Together, these findings suggest that promoting employment and creating opportunities for structured, active engagement could be key strategies for improving the quality of life for individuals with schizophrenia.

Iwasaki et al. (2014) used in-depth interviews, which allowed for a comprehensive understanding of leisure’s role in recovery but may have limited generalizability due to subjective reporting. McCormick et al. (2012) used the experience sampling method, providing real-time data on activities and emotions, which may offer more objective insights but with a smaller sample size. Iwasaki et al. (2014) had a larger sample (n=101), allowing for a broader understanding of leisure’s impact across not only schizophrenia, but other major mental disorders. It also highlighted the broad benefits of leisure activities, including improved recovery outcomes and cultural considerations, reflecting the importance of integrating leisure into treatment plans. McCormick et al. (2012) specifically linked physically active leisure activities to fewer negative emotional experiences, providing more targeted recommendations for improving subjective well-being in SSD patients. Both studies emphasize the importance of activity in mental health but with different approaches, and with varying depths of analysis.

Cella et al. (2016) is the only study that we came across, that compared people with schizophrenia to the general population, revealing that those with schizophrenia spent less time in meaningful activities, similar findings were also observed in (Minato & Zemke, 2004; Ohi et al., 2019; Strassnig et al., 2019). This highlights the impact of schizophrenia on daily life and suggests the need for targeted interventions to increase engagement in meaningful activities. Thus, overall the results of the existing exploratory as well as interventional studies infer that leisure-based interventions have a beneficial role in patients with schizophrenia.

Strength and limitations

To the best of our knowledge, this is the first scoping review on leisure-based interventions in individuals with schizophrenia. The limitation of our study is that only published literature in English was searched in the current review, which may have resulted in missing relevant non-English studies. Our literature search provided a limited number of interventional studies that have used leisure as a therapeutic intervention as most studies are exploratory. The current review may help future researchers conduct relevant research related to the gaps identified in this article. Nevertheless, most of the studies identified in this scoping review have found that there is a positive effect of leisure-based interventions in the treatment of schizophrenia, though there can be a risk of bias that invites us to be cautious when interpreting these results.

Gaps identified and future implications

There are limited studies on leisure-based interventions among individuals with schizophrenia. Future studies may focus on evaluating the effectiveness of leisure-based interventions specifically on various deeds such as activities of daily living (ADL), instrumental activities of daily living, social participation, and other associated factors such as self-confidence, motivation, emotional expressions, and communication skills. Also, we need studies to develop guidelines for the duration and the type of leisure modalities that could be used among persons with schizophrenia. Such studies are all the more essential in low middle income and middle-income countries. The existing research also highlights the need to conduct randomized controlled trials and mixed-method studies, to further understand the effectiveness of leisure-based interventions.

Conclusion

The purpose of this scoping review was to gather and describe the available research on the use of leisure as an intervention among individuals with schizophrenia. have proven beneficial for individuals with schizophrenia, positively impacting clinical, cognitive, functional, and quality of life domains. These interventions improve symptoms, cognitive functions, daily functioning, and overall well-being. The evidence supports incorporating leisure-based activities into therapeutic programs, highlighting their value as a key component of comprehensive care. Sustained employment is a facilitator for active leisure. Flexible, client-centered, and culturally appropriate interventions can help overcome the challenges of passive lifestyles and encourage more active participation in meaningful leisure activities. Future research, especially the interventional studies, should continue to validate leisure based interventions, to optimize treatment strategies for schizophrenia.

Data availability

No data associated with this article

Extended data

Figshare: Leisure based Interventions extended files, 10.6084/m9.figshare.25810243.v1 (Nishad & Nagaraj, 2024).

This project contains the following extended data:

Table 1 Data charting of the included studies

PRISMA Sc-R Checklist (Tricco et al., 2018)

Data are available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license (CC-BY 4.0).

Comments on this article Comments (0)

Version 2
VERSION 2 PUBLISHED 27 Jun 2024
Comment
Author details Author details
Competing interests
Grant information
Copyright
Download
 
Export To
metrics
Views Downloads
F1000Research - -
PubMed Central
Data from PMC are received and updated monthly.
- -
Citations
CITE
how to cite this article
Nishad A, Mysore Nagaraj AK, R Rao C et al. Leisure-Based Interventions in Adults with Schizophrenia: A Scoping Review [version 2; peer review: 1 approved, 1 approved with reservations]. F1000Research 2024, 13:698 (https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.151869.2)
NOTE: If applicable, it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article.
track
receive updates on this article
Track an article to receive email alerts on any updates to this article.

Open Peer Review

Current Reviewer Status: ?
Key to Reviewer Statuses VIEW
ApprovedThe paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested
Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit.
Not approvedFundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions
Version 2
VERSION 2
PUBLISHED 16 Sep 2024
Revised
Views
18
Cite
Reviewer Report 20 Nov 2024
Jason Page, SUNY Cortland, Cortland, New York, USA 
Approved
VIEWS 18
Overall of good scoping review drawing on the limited research available to the authors based on their inclusion exclusion Criteria.
In the Second paragraph of the introduction mentions "leisure/recreational activities" leisure is defined but recreation is not nor is ... Continue reading
CITE
CITE
HOW TO CITE THIS REPORT
Page J. Reviewer Report For: Leisure-Based Interventions in Adults with Schizophrenia: A Scoping Review [version 2; peer review: 1 approved, 1 approved with reservations]. F1000Research 2024, 13:698 (https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.171414.r332633)
NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article.
Version 1
VERSION 1
PUBLISHED 27 Jun 2024
Views
30
Cite
Reviewer Report 06 Aug 2024
Luigi Giuliani, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy 
Approved with Reservations
VIEWS 30
The study by Nishad et al. aims to explore the existing literature related to the leisure-based interventions for adults with schizophrenia by identifying the range of study designs. The results of the present study highlight the need to conduct further ... Continue reading
CITE
CITE
HOW TO CITE THIS REPORT
Giuliani L. Reviewer Report For: Leisure-Based Interventions in Adults with Schizophrenia: A Scoping Review [version 2; peer review: 1 approved, 1 approved with reservations]. F1000Research 2024, 13:698 (https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.166558.r301277)
NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article.
  • Author Response 16 Sep 2024
    Anil Kumar Mysore Nagaraj, Department of Psychiatry, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, India
    16 Sep 2024
    Author Response
    Abstract
    1. The aims of the study are missing.
    Reply: - Thank you for identifying this error. We have incorporated it in the manuscript.
    1. In
    ... Continue reading
COMMENTS ON THIS REPORT
  • Author Response 16 Sep 2024
    Anil Kumar Mysore Nagaraj, Department of Psychiatry, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, India
    16 Sep 2024
    Author Response
    Abstract
    1. The aims of the study are missing.
    Reply: - Thank you for identifying this error. We have incorporated it in the manuscript.
    1. In
    ... Continue reading

Comments on this article Comments (0)

Version 2
VERSION 2 PUBLISHED 27 Jun 2024
Comment
Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article:
Approved - the paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested
Approved with reservations - A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit.
Not approved - fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions
Sign In
If you've forgotten your password, please enter your email address below and we'll send you instructions on how to reset your password.

The email address should be the one you originally registered with F1000.

Email address not valid, please try again

You registered with F1000 via Google, so we cannot reset your password.

To sign in, please click here.

If you still need help with your Google account password, please click here.

You registered with F1000 via Facebook, so we cannot reset your password.

To sign in, please click here.

If you still need help with your Facebook account password, please click here.

Code not correct, please try again
Email us for further assistance.
Server error, please try again.