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Research Article
Revised

The discovery of human Plasmodium among domestic animals in West Sumba and Fakfak, Indonesia

[version 2; peer review: 1 approved with reservations, 1 not approved]
PUBLISHED 15 Feb 2023
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Abstract

Background: In Indonesia, malaria incidence is at a high rate despite maximum preventive efforts. Therefore, this study aims to determine the possibility of a Plasmodium reservoir among domestic animals in malaria-endemic areas.
Methods:  Animal blood was collected using EDTA tubes, then smeared and stained with Giemsa for Plasmodium microscopic identification. About 10 µl of blood was dropped on to a filter paper to capture Plasmodium DNA. Nested PCR was used for parasite molecular detection, while Plasmodium species were identified using the sequenced DNA.
Results: A total of 208 and 62 animal blood samples were collected from Gaura village, West Sumba and Fakfak village, West Papua, Indonesia respectively. In total, 32 samples from Gaura contained P. falciparum or P. vivax, while the Plasmodium percentage in buffalo, horse, goat, and dogs were 20.7%, 14.3%, 5.8%, 16.7%, respectively. P. knowlesi was not found in any of the samples, and no other species were detected in 18 pig blood samples.
Conclusion: Human Plasmodium existence among domestic animals in Indonesia partly explains the high prevalence and persistence of malaria in some endemic areas due to a reservoir host presence. Therefore, future studies need to ascertain the cause.

Keywords

Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax, malaria, animals, host reservoir, PCR.

Revised Amendments from Version 1

Based on reviewers' feedback, this version includes some changes to make this article more clear and understandable. In Introduction, we added some information in terms of this research. We had some improvement in the details of methods. At the results, we replace the figure 3 and contained information of all the sample. We have also expended the discussion section for more understandable of malaria parasites and the new host of this parasites and clarify this finding in terms of malaria elimination in conclusion.

See the authors' detailed response to the review by Jaishree Raman
See the authors' detailed response to the review by Paul Cliff Simon Divis
See the authors' detailed response to the review by Alfred Amambua-Ngwa

Introduction

Indonesia has made great strides toward becoming a malaria-free region through the Malaria Control Programme. Many efforts have been carried out to eradicate this disease, starting from early detection, treatment and eradication of mosquito vectors, but until now the disease has not been eliminated. In addition, parasite resistance to antimalarial drugs, mosquito resistance to insecticides, and inadequate health system performance. Another factor may make elimination difficult in this region is the presence of a host reservoir.

Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax commonly infect humans with high morbidity and mortality in Indonesia. Before molecular diagnostics development, only humans were assumed to be the primary host for Plasmodium falciparum, P. vivax, P. malariae, and P. ovale. However, studies in the last two decades on Plasmodium reported that the parasites originated from animals. Further stating that P. falciparum originated in the gorilla (Liu et al., 2010) and chimpanzee (Duval et al., 2010; Krief et al., 2010), P. vivax was from African apes (Liu et al., 2014), P. malariae was from chimpanzees (Duval et al., 2010) and P. knowlesi was from monkeys (Knowlesi, 1935; Zhang et al., 2016), while P. ovale in humans and chimpanzees are genetically identical (Duval et al., 2009). The factors hypothesized to explain this situation include primate’s habitat loss and human’s aggressiveness in exploring forest (Davidson et al., 2019). A study from South Kalimantan reported the contribution of forest workers to malaria incidence (Rahayu et al., 2016). Hence, this research was conducted in Gaura village, West Sumba and Fakfak, West Papua which has a high percentage of forestry workers.

East Nusa Tenggara and West Papua are known as malaria-endemic province areas in Indonesia as their annual parasite incidence (API) in 2015 was 31.29% and 7.04%, respectively (Kemenkes, 2016), while in 2018 was 8.49% and 3.42%, respectively. Even though there was a decrease in API numbers, according to the health office in both the districts, the API rate in Fakfak, West Papua and East Nusa Tenggara, West Sumba still high cases, which have 4.85% and 12.9%, respectively (Public Health Office of Fakfak and West Sumba, unpublished data). The trend of malaria cases in each region is different, although reports in several provinces have decreased, both areas still have a high malaria incidence. Due to this situation, we aimed to explore the presence of human Plasmodium among domestic animals that are a potential reservoir host in high malaria transmission areas. Therefore we can ascertain one of the reasons why these areas still has a high endemicity rate.

Methods

Study area and population

This study was conducted in October 2018 in Gaura village, West Sumba Regency, an area 29.96 km 2 in size inhabited by 9,584 people, and Fakfak, West Papua Province, in August 2019 with an area of 11,036 km 2 inhabited by 84,692 people (Figure 1). The residents’ main occupation is farming, while livestock such as goats, horses, cows, pigs, and buffalos are commonly found in their enclosures located around the owner’s residence. Furthermore, they also own pets such as dogs and cats. The average distance between enclosure and home in Fakfak was 225 meters while in Gaura village the distance was 0-10 meters.

0c685b79-b607-4a78-9949-c28f3d3f301d_figure1.gif

Figure 1. Study area: Map of Gaura Village, West Lamboya, West Sumba, Indonesia and Fakfak Regency, West Papua, Indonesia.

Sample collection

Sampling was carried out by the veterinarian and staff from West Sumba and Fakfak Animal Husbandry Office. The buffaloes, goats, pigs, and horses’ blood samples were collected in 5 ml EDTA tubes from the jugular vein located in the ventrolateral area of the neck using vacutainer needles, size 16–18. Meanwhile, the dog’s blood was drawn from the cephalic antebrachial vein in the leg using a size 21 vacutainer needle. By using a sterile micropipette, approximately 10 ul of EDTA blood was dropped onto a microscope slide, then smeared and stained with Giemsa (MERCK Millipore, Germany) for Plasmodium microscopic identification, while the remaining blood was dropped by sterile micropipet (about 20 ml) onto a filter paper (Whatman CAT No. 1442-090) until it absorbed to about 1.5 cm in diameter and hold back until blood at filter paper dry. The dry filter paper was put on a sterile clip seal plastic bags and stored at room temperature for a maximum of 10 days. All the sample collection process was done by sterile conditions.

DNA extraction

A dried blood spot (DBS) isolation kit for DNA extraction on filter paper (Cat. no. 36000) from Norgen Biotec was used. A 6 × 3 mm piece of blood-stained filter paper was put into a 1.5 ml tube containing 100 μl of digestion buffer B. It was vortexed and incubated at 85°C for 10 minutes. Afterwards, 20 μl of proteinase K and 300 μl of lysis buffer B were added to the tube and then vortexed before incubation at 56°C for 10 minutes. About 250 μl of 95% ethanol was added to the tube and then vortexed, while the DNA content was washed by adding 500 μl of WN wash solution and centrifugated for one minute at 8,000 rpm. Washing was carried out again using 500 μl of WN wash solution and centrifugated at 14,000 rpm. For DNA elution, 90 μl of elution buffer B was put into the tube and centrifuged at 8,000 rpm for one minute, and the purified DNA was stored at -20°C.

DNA amplification and electrophoresis

DNA amplification by nested PCR and qPCR were performed as directed by Tiangen Biotech (Beijing). Plasmodium DNA amplification was carried out using the nested PCR method with a 2× Tag Plus PCR mix enzyme (Tiangen). The final volume of 12.5 μl contained 6.25 μl enzyme, 2.25 μl ddH2O, 1 μl forward primers, 1 μl reverse primers, and 2 μl DNA sample. For sequencing, the PCR mixture’s volume was doubled, with the final volume being 25 μl, while the primer sequences of P. falciparum, P. vivax (Snounou et al., 1993a) and P. knowlesi (Lee et al., 2011) can be seen in Table 1.

Table 1. Primer sequences for nested PCR.

Nested PCRSpeciesSequences primersSize (bp)
Nested 1PlasmodiumrPLU6: 5′-TTAAAATTGTTGCAGTTAAAACG-3′
rPLU5: 5′-CCTGTTGTTGCCTTAAACTTC-3
1200
Nested 2P. falciparumrFAL1: 5′-TTAAACTGGTTTGGGAAAACCAAATATATT-3′
rFAL2: 5′-ACACAATGAACTCAATCATGACTACCCGTC-3′
205
Nested 2P. vivaxrVIV1: 5′-CGCTTCTAGCTTAATCCACATAACTGATAC-3′
rVIV2: 5′-ACTTCCAAGCCGAAGCAAAGAAAGTCCTTA-3′
120
Nested 2P. knowlesiKn1f: 5′-CTCAACACGGGAAAACTCACTAGTTTA-3′
Kn3r: 5′-GTATTATTAGGTACAAGGTAGCAGTATGC-3′
296
Other primersP. falciparumrPF1: 5′-AGAAATAGAGTAAAAAACAATTTA-3′
rPF2: 5′-GTAACTATTCTAGGGGAACTA-3′
918
Other primersP. vivaxrPV1: 5′-CCGAATTCAGTCCCACGT-3′
rPV2: 5′-GCTTCGGCTTGGAAGTCC-3′
714

The nested one DNA amplification temperature was set at 94°C denaturation (one minute), 55°C annealing (one minute) and 72°C extension (one minute) for 35 cycles. For nested two, denaturation was carried out at 94°C (30 seconds), 55°C annealing (one minute) and extension was at 72°C (30 seconds) in 35 cycles. There was a difference in the annealing temperature for each species in nested two, namely 55°C (one minute) for PCR multiplex P. falciparum and P. vivax, but 56°C (one minute) for P. knowlesi. Nested one products were used as templates for nested two and both were run on agarose gel 1.5% and 2%, respectively, while qPCR was run on agarose gel 1.5% and view in a gel documentation system. All the stage of DNA amplification was carried out in sterile media and places such us laminar airflow. Molecular work was not performed for P. ovale and P. malariae due to difficulties in finding the positive control, and according to the local health office these species have never been reported from Sumba and Fakfak.

Preventing the possibility of positive contamination of DNA Plasmodium in the first extraction, DNA was re-extracted from the same blood spot at filter paper. The extraction room used was confirmed to have never been used for Plasmodium extraction sample previously. Filter papers were cut by scissors which has been sterilization. PCR was performed using the primers, rPF1 and rPF2, as well as rPV1 and rPV2 (Snounou et al., 1993b) to detect P. falciparum and P. vivax, respectively. The same extraction and amplification method were used as described above.

Sequencing and alignment

To determine the Plasmodium species, in the second round of nested PCR, products having positive band targets were sent to the 1st BASE, Axil Scientific Pte Ltd Singapore for sequencing. The DNA sequence result was adjusted using multiple alignments found in the BioEdit 7.0 application (Hall et al., 2011) and then read by the BLAST program from the NCBI website.

Ethical clearance

This study was approved for ethical clearance by the ethics committee of the Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University (734/H4.8.4.5.31/PP36-KOMETIK/2018). All efforts were made to ameliorate any suffering of animals. To prevent stress, animals were comforted by their owners while blood samples were taken, and sampling was performed by experienced officers. Second and third blood samples were taken if there was a failure in the first sample and only if the animals were cooperative. About 20% of animals were sampled more than once.

Results

A total of 208 and 62 animal blood samples were collected from Gaura and Fakfak villages, respectively. These consisted of 92 buffalos, 21 horses, 121 goats, 18 dogs, and 18 pigs. Using the nested PCR method, 32 of the 270 animals were found to be P. falciparum and P. vivax positive. The percentage of Plasmodium positive animals included 20.7% buffalo, 14.3% horse, 5.8% goat, and 16.7% dog with one buffalo having a mixed infection (P. falciparum and P. vivax). There was no P. knowlesi found in any of the samples and no any form of malaria parasites was found in 18 pig blood samples. PCR gel products, DNA sequence results, and the sample’s quality can be seen in Figures 2, 3 and 4, respectively (Munirah et al., 2021). Plasmodium distribution in the animals’ blood samples from Gaura and Fakfak are presented in Table 2, and it shows that blood containing Plasmodium was only found in Gaura. The results of the qPCR using rPF1–rPF2 and rPV1–rPV2 primers were similar to the nested PCR.

0c685b79-b607-4a78-9949-c28f3d3f301d_figure2.gif

Figure 2. Gel view of PCR product from Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum in domestic animals in Gaura, West Sumba (LD = DNA ladder, PS = positive samples, CN = control negative, CP = control positive) by nested PCR (multiplex PCR).

120 bp for positive Plasmodium vivax, 205 bp for positive Plasmodium falciparum.

0c685b79-b607-4a78-9949-c28f3d3f301d_figure3.gif

Figure 3. Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax DNA sequence alignments from blood samples taken in Gaura village, West Sumba, Indonesia by ClustalW multiple sequence alignment (Kr = buffalo, Ku = Horse, A/An = dog, Ka = goat, P.f = P. falciparum, P.v = P. vivax).

0c685b79-b607-4a78-9949-c28f3d3f301d_figure4.gif

Figure 4. Example of Plasmodium PCR product quality from a blood sample taken in Gaura village, West Sumba, Indonesia.

Table 2. Distribution of animal blood samples and Plasmodium species found in Gaura village, West Sumba, Indonesia and Fakfak, West Papua, Indonesia.

NoDomestic animalsNumber of samplesPositive PlasmodiumTotal positive
Gaura (2018)Fakfak (2019)PfPvPkMix Pf & Pv
1Buffalos (Bubalus bubalis)9201530119
2Horse (Equus caballus)21030003
3Goat (Capra aegagrus hircus)724961007
4Dog (Canis lupus familiaris)10821003
5Pig (Sus scrofa domesticus)13500000
Total20862265-132

Microscopically, trophozoites, schizonts, and gametocyte forms at 100× magnification can be seen in Figure 5. P. falciparum gametocytes found in buffaloes were sausage and crescent-shaped (a, b), while schizonts found in horses were smaller or the same size as the red blood cells (c). The P. vivax gametocyte was larger than the red blood cells found in buffalo (d). P. falciparum gametocyte and trophozoites (ring-shaped) with one or two nuclei was found in goats (e) and P. falciparum trophozoite found in horses had one nucleus (f).

0c685b79-b607-4a78-9949-c28f3d3f301d_figure5.gif

Figure 5. Morphology of Plasmodium in animals from Gaura village, West Sumba, Indonesia.

Gametocytes (a,b,d) in buffalo, schizont in horse (c), gametocyte and trophozoite in goat (e) and trophozoite in horse (f) with magnification 1000 ×.

Discussion

The presence of Plasmodium was suspected in domestic animals because malaria cases in these two villages remained high despite maximum preventive efforts having been applied including insecticide-treated bed nets. About 32 of the 270 blood (11.9%) samples contained human Plasmodium parasites, and this is the first data report and further study is therefore needed.

Previous studies found Plasmodium relictum in avian species (Cox, 2010), P. cephalophi in ungulates (Bruce et al., 1913), P. traguli in mousedeer (Garnham and Edeson, 1962), P. brucei in gray duiker (Bruce et al., 1915; Templeton et al., 2016a), P. bubalis in water buffalo (Sheather, 1919), and P. odocoilei in white-tailed deer (Garnham and Kuttler, 1980; Perkins and Schaer, 2016). Other parasites found included P. caprae in goats (ruminant) (Kaewthamasorn et al., 2018), P. bergei in Rodentia (Vincke and Lips, 1948), and P. cynomolgi, P. inui, and P. fragile in primates (Dixit et al., 2018). The five Plasmodium species that infect humans were originally parasites in primates (Duval et al., 2010; Knowlesi, 1935; Liu et al., 2014; Ng et al., 2008; Singh and Daneshvar, 2013; Zhang et al., 2016). In this study, P. falciparum was found in buffalos, goats, dogs, and horses, while P. vivax was in buffalos, goats, and dogs. Initially, the presence of Plasmodium in these animals’ erythrocytes was not certain. However, the nested PCR showed the same results for all positive samples. The sequencing results of the positive bands in the nested PCR two analysis showed the bands were P. falciparum and P. vivax (Figure 3). The number of positive Plasmodium in buffaloes is higher because these animals are susceptible to parasitic infections. As reported by Mursyid who found as many as 10 parasitic infections in buffalo in Central Lombok (Mursyid et al., 2020). In addition, other studies declare that buffalo ages is one of the factors cause a high risk of parasite infection (Nurhidayah et al., 2019). It is known that the average age of buffaloes is more than 7 years. This is the first investigation reporting human Plasmodium in domestic animals (ruminant, ungulate, and carnivore).

Studies conducted by Templeton, in Thailand, in 2008 and 2015 found P. bubalis in buffalo. Microscopic appearance of P. bubalis can be seen in the journal Templeton et al. (2016b). Through this figure, there is no similarity between P. bubalis and P. falciparum gametocytes that found in buffaloes in our study. Furthermore, in Thailand, Myanmar, Iran, Kenya and Sudan, using molecular examination methods targeting the cytochrome b (cytb) gene found P. caprae in goats. The trophozoites of P. caprae can be seen in a journal published by Kaewthamasorn et al. (2018).

Plasmodium discovery among domestic animals in malaria-endemic areas raises the following questions. How do P. falciparum and P. vivax live in these animals? Are they intermediate hosts for this parasite? Did these Plasmodium species evolve to live in ruminants, ungulates, and carnivores? As a result of repeated exposure, have these animals become more permissive to Plasmodium, which generally lives in humans? Is this parasite pathogenic in animals? P. knowlesi is a commensal microbe in primates but pathogenic in humans (Jongwutiwes et al., 2004; Ng et al., 2008; Singh and Daneshvar, 2013) and its migration from primates to humans is caused by forest loss or human invasion of primate habitat (Davidson et al., 2019). There is a possibility that animal and human proximity aids easier cross parasite transfer between both groups by mosquitoes. In humans, both parasites infect by growing first in liver cells and moving to red blood cells. The parasites multiplicate in red blood and lead to medical conditions characterized by fever, chills, headache, profuse sweating, weakness, rheumatic pain, symptoms of anemia or lack of blood and nausea or vomiting. Until now it is undetermined whether the Plasmodium parasites found in non-primate animals are pathogenic or commensal. Nevertheless, P. brasilianum found in animals, already identified that the sporozoites migrate directly to the liver and multiply itself then release merozoites. The merozoites break out infect erythrocytes then cause symptomatic disease in these animals (Erkenswick et al., 2017). Infected organism by Plasmodium ordinarily malignant if the cycle of parasites advanced to erythrocyte stage or causes malaria due to the rupture of red blood cells. The data regarding intermediate hosts of P. falciparum and P. vivax in livestock are still a challenge to verified. Furthermore, various studies have attempted to provide evidence that these two Plasmodium originated from chimpanzees and gorillas.

The research has conducted by Prugnolle in 2013 stated that there is a link between P. vivax in monkeys and humans. The results declare a possibility of natural transfer from humans to apes and vice versa, particularly if animals were around humans which permit transfer of parasites continuously through vectors (Prugnolle et al., 2013). Another study by Mu in 2005 concluded that P. vivax is a zoonotic parasite (Mu et al., 2005).

Despite high API in Fakfak and Gaura village, West Sumba, only the animals from Gaura village in West Sumba had human Plasmodium. This difference is possibly due to the distance between the residents’ houses and animal enclosures as the enclosures are located approximately 50–500 meters from the main houses in Fakfak. Meanwhile, in Gaura, residents live in stilt houses where the ground floor functions as an animal shelter and around the house, allowing microbial transfer between humans and animals by mosquitoes. In Fakfak, the sampling locations were not easily accessible, and the steep geographical conditions made it difficult to collect many samples compared to Gaura. We conducted a census of vector to both areas. In Gaura village, West Sumba we collected 11 Anopheles namely An. vagus, An. sundaicus, An. aconitus, An. Kochi, An. flavirostris, An. indefinitus, An. maculatus, An. minimum, An. annularis, An. nivipes, and An. subpictus. The molecular examination result show 2 An. sundaicus were infected by Plasmodium, whereas in Fakfak did not find any Anopheles. In India An. sundaicus was reported as zoophilic (Vidhya et al., 2019), whereas in Mekong, Vietnam was reported as more anthropophilic (Trung et al., 2005). The different reports each region regarding behavior of An. sundaicus indicated the reference diversity of the way mosquitoes bited rely on several factors, one of the factors is environmental circumstances. The potential bited An. sundaicus in both animals and humans in Gaura village are possible cause the distance proximity of domestic animals and humans. Nevertheless, it needs further research.

Application of livestock for zooprophylaxis in malaria endemic areas has been widely used because it has several advantages. But undeniable it can also increase the survival of mosquitoes. As it is known, longer life mosquitoes have a high potential to become a vector of disease. One of the most significant factors driving parasite transmission is the close proximity between infected and uninfected organism (Kuris et al., 1980). Research by Hasyim concluded that livestock in malaria endemic areas has a high potential to increase the incidence of malaria in Indonesia (Hasyim et al., 2018). Zoopotentiation frequently take place when livestock are kept indoors or around houses (Donnelly et al., 2015). Location setting of livestock a long way from humans will reduce malaria cases (Franco et al., 2014). Anticipated strategy malaria transmission is separate livestock from humans in sufficient distance to minimize the same mosquito bite between humans and animals. Mosquitoes have obtained animal blood will not seek blood humans anymore. If animal presence is close enough, the pathogen transmission between humans and animals will be massive through intermediary vectors. Zoonoses potential drive by several factors that must be solved including vectors abundance, mosquitoes survival, mosquitoes behavior and other factors such local environment.

Although Plasmodium can be detected microscopically due to erythrocyte size, which is smaller in animals than humans, molecular methods become significant in detecting Plasmodium presence. The nested PCR was used to detect Plasmodium because its sensitivity was equally as high as Real-Time PCR and the cost was relatively lower (Green and Sambrook, 2019; Perandin et al., 2004). The microscopic method of double fluorescent dye utilization with Giemsa stain is recommended for further studies (Guy et al., 2007).

Other research is required to confirm domestic animal Plasmodium by amplifying the cytochrome B sequence and sequencing the invasion ligands such as DBL protein as well as other investigations that emerge from the results of this study. This is necessary to address various challenges in malaria elimination.

Conclusion

This study found Plasmodium species in domestic animals that previously known as human parasites. These results may partly answer the question of why malaria is challenging to eliminate in an area. It is hoped that these findings can be applied to improve public health and become a reference in formulating malaria prevention strategies.

Data availability

Underlying data

Figshare: Underlying data for ‘The discovery of human Plasmodium among domestic animals in West Sumba and Fakfak, Indonesia’, https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.14703012.v3 (Munirah et al., 2021).

This project contains the following underlying data:

  • Gel photo: Result of rPF1–RPF2 primers

  • Gel photo: Result of RPV1–rPV2 primers

  • Gel photo: Nested PCR P. falciparum and P. vivax

Reporting guidelines

Figshare: ARRIVE checklist for ‘The discovery of human Plasmodium among domestic animals in West Sumba and Fakfak, Indonesia’, https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.14703012.v3 (Munirah et al., 2021).

Data are available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license (CC-BY 4.0).

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Munirah M, Wahyuni S, Wahid I and Hamid F. The discovery of human Plasmodium among domestic animals in West Sumba and Fakfak, Indonesia [version 2; peer review: 1 approved with reservations, 1 not approved]. F1000Research 2023, 10:645 (https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.53946.2)
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Reviewer Report 28 Nov 2023
Jaishree Raman, UP Institute for Sustainable Malaria Control, WRIM,, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa;  National Institute for Communicable Diseases, University of the Witwatersrand Johannesburg, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa 
Approved with Reservations
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I thank the authors for revising the article based on the comments of two reviewers. While the scientific content of the manuscript has improved through the review process, it still requires correction in terms of English scientific writing. I recommend ... Continue reading
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Raman J. Reviewer Report For: The discovery of human Plasmodium among domestic animals in West Sumba and Fakfak, Indonesia [version 2; peer review: 1 approved with reservations, 1 not approved]. F1000Research 2023, 10:645 (https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.144004.r163587)
NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article.
  • Author Response 30 May 2024
    Sitti Wahyuni, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, 90245, Indonesia
    30 May 2024
    Author Response
    Thank you for the feedback.
    We have submitted the manuscript to an English scientific writing service provider for language refinement. Subsequently, we have re-uploaded the revised file.

    Sincerely 
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    Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed.
COMMENTS ON THIS REPORT
  • Author Response 30 May 2024
    Sitti Wahyuni, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, 90245, Indonesia
    30 May 2024
    Author Response
    Thank you for the feedback.
    We have submitted the manuscript to an English scientific writing service provider for language refinement. Subsequently, we have re-uploaded the revised file.

    Sincerely 
    Author
    Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed.
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Reviewer Report 22 Dec 2022
Jaishree Raman, UP Institute for Sustainable Malaria Control, WRIM,, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa;  National Institute for Communicable Diseases, University of the Witwatersrand Johannesburg, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa 
Not Approved
VIEWS 40
This manuscript describes the interesting finding of human malaria parasites in domestic pets and farm animals in Indonesia. While this finding has potential implications for countries trying to stem residual transmission with the aim of being certified malaria free, this ... Continue reading
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HOW TO CITE THIS REPORT
Raman J. Reviewer Report For: The discovery of human Plasmodium among domestic animals in West Sumba and Fakfak, Indonesia [version 2; peer review: 1 approved with reservations, 1 not approved]. F1000Research 2023, 10:645 (https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.57382.r156443)
NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article.
  • Author Response 20 Mar 2023
    Sitti Wahyuni, Hasanuddin University, Indonesia
    20 Mar 2023
    Author Response
    This manuscript describes the interesting finding of human malaria parasites in domestic pets and farm animals in Indonesia. While this finding has potential implications for countries trying to stem residual ... Continue reading
COMMENTS ON THIS REPORT
  • Author Response 20 Mar 2023
    Sitti Wahyuni, Hasanuddin University, Indonesia
    20 Mar 2023
    Author Response
    This manuscript describes the interesting finding of human malaria parasites in domestic pets and farm animals in Indonesia. While this finding has potential implications for countries trying to stem residual ... Continue reading
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Reviewer Report 06 Jan 2022
Alfred Amambua-Ngwa, Medical Research Council Unit, The Gambia at London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara, The Gambia 
Not Approved
VIEWS 63
The authors present data showing microscopically identified Plasmodium species in non-primate domestic animals in a region of Indonesia. They followed on to confirm infections with Plasmodium species with molecular methods targeting human malaria parasites P. falciparum, P. vivax, and P. ... Continue reading
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HOW TO CITE THIS REPORT
Amambua-Ngwa A. Reviewer Report For: The discovery of human Plasmodium among domestic animals in West Sumba and Fakfak, Indonesia [version 2; peer review: 1 approved with reservations, 1 not approved]. F1000Research 2023, 10:645 (https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.57382.r101607)
NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article.
  • Author Response 16 Feb 2023
    Sitti Wahyuni, Hasanuddin University, Indonesia
    16 Feb 2023
    Author Response
    Thank you for the suggestions and corrections. The corrections and suggestions were compiled and a revised version of the document is written. We believe that the method used has followed ... Continue reading
COMMENTS ON THIS REPORT
  • Author Response 16 Feb 2023
    Sitti Wahyuni, Hasanuddin University, Indonesia
    16 Feb 2023
    Author Response
    Thank you for the suggestions and corrections. The corrections and suggestions were compiled and a revised version of the document is written. We believe that the method used has followed ... Continue reading

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Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article:
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Approved with reservations - A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit.
Not approved - fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions
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